1
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Dolai A, Bhunia S, Manna K, Bera S, Box SM, Bhattacharya K, Saha R, Sarkar S, Samanta S. Visible-Light-Sensitive Photoliquefiable Arylazoisoxazoles for the Solar Energy Conversion, Storage and Controlled-Release of Heat at Room Temperature or Lower Temperatures. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202301700. [PMID: 38329884 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The photoswitchable MOlecular Solar Thermal (MOST) energy storage systems that are capable of exhibiting high energy storage densities are found to suffer from the poor cyclability, the use of less abundant UV light of the solar spectrum, or reduced charging/discharging rates and poor photoconversions in solid states. Herein, we have designed and readily synthesized a novel set of para-thioalkyl substituted arylazoisoxazoles, that undergo high trans-cis and cis-trans photoconversions under visible light, and show fast charging/discharging and impressive cyclability. Remarkably, the presence of C6-or C10-thioalkyl chainin photochromes permitted reversible solid-liquid phase transition with the formation of cis-enriched charged states by 400 nm light irradiation and trans-enriched discharged states by 530 nm light at various temperatures (10-35 °C). The solid-to-liquid phase transition enabled storage of the latent heat in addition to the isomerization energy, resulting in a high net energy storage density of 189-196 J/g, which are substantially higher than that of many recently reported azobenzene-based MOST compounds (100-161 J/g). Using a high-resolution infrared camera, we further demonstrated that a brief irradiation of green light can be employed to readily release the trapped photon energy as heat. Our results suggest that the arylazoisoxazole with C6-thioalkyl chain at para-position can serve as an effective and eco-friendly photoliquefiable MOST material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Dolai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Supriya Bhunia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Kalipada Manna
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, India
| | - Satyajit Bera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Sk Majid Box
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Kallol Bhattacharya
- Department of Applied Optics & Photonics, University of Calcutta, Sector-III, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700 106, India
| | - Ritabrata Saha
- College of Medicine & Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kamarhati, Kolkata, 700058
| | - Subhasish Sarkar
- College of Medicine & Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kamarhati, Kolkata, 700058
| | - Subhas Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
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2
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Salthouse RJ, Moth-Poulsen K. Multichromophoric photoswitches for solar energy storage: from azobenzene to norbornadiene, and MOST things in between. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2024; 12:3180-3208. [PMID: 38327567 PMCID: PMC10846599 DOI: 10.1039/d3ta05972c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The ever-increasing global demands for energy supply and storage have led to numerous research efforts into finding and developing renewable energy technologies. Molecular solar thermal energy storage (MOST) systems utilise molecular photoswitches that can be isomerized to a metastable high-energy state upon solar irradiation. These high-energy isomers can then be thermally or catalytically converted back to their original state, releasing the stored energy as heat on-demand, offering a means of emission-free energy storage from a closed system, often from only organic materials. In this context, multichromophoric systems which incorporate two or more photochromic units may offer additional functionality over monosubstituted analogues, due to their potential to access multiple states as well as having more attractive physical properties. The extended conjugation offered by these systems can lead to a red shift in the absorption profile and hence a better overlap with the solar spectrum. Additionally, the multichromophoric design may lead to increased energy storage densities due to some of the molecular weight being 'shared' across several energy storage units. This review provides an overview and analysis of multichromophoric photoswitches incorporating the norbornadiene/quadricyclane (NBD/QC) couple, azobenzene (AZB), dihydroazulene (DHA) and diarylethene (DAE) systems, in the context of energy storage applications. Mixed systems, where two or more different chromophores are linked together in one molecule, are also discussed, as well as limitations such as the loss of photochromism due to inner filter effects or self-quenching, and how these challenges may be overcome in future designs of multichromophoric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Salthouse
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE Eduard Maristany 16 08019 Barcelona Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE Eduard Maristany 16 08019 Barcelona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Llu'ıs Companys 23 Barcelona Spain
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivagen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
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3
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Castro F, Gancheff JS, Ramos JC, Seoane G, Bazzicalupi C, Bianchi A, Ridi F, Savastano M. A Norbornadiene-Based Molecular System for the Storage of Solar-Thermal Energy in an Aqueous Solution: Study of the Heat-Release Process Triggered by a Co(II)-Complex. Molecules 2023; 28:7270. [PMID: 37959690 PMCID: PMC10650538 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It is urgent yet challenging to develop new environmentally friendly and cost-effective sources of energy. Molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems for energy capture and storage are a promising option. With this in mind, we have prepared a new water-soluble (pH > 6) norbornadiene derivative (HNBD1) whose MOST properties are reported here. HNBD1 shows a better matching to the solar spectrum compared to unmodified norbornadiene, with an onset absorbance of λonset = 364 nm. The corresponding quadricyclane photoisomer (HQC1) is quantitatively generated through the light irradiation of HNBD1. In an alkaline aqueous solution, the MOST system consists of the NBD1-/QC1- pair of deprotonated species. QC1- is very stable toward thermal back-conversion to NBD1-; it is absolutely stable at 298 K for three months and shows a marked resistance to temperature increase (half-life t½ = 587 h at 371 K). Yet, it rapidly (t½ = 11 min) releases the stored energy in the presence of the Co(II) porphyrin catalyst Co-TPPC (ΔHstorage = 65(2) kJ∙mol-1). Under the explored conditions, Co-TPPC maintains its catalytic activity for at least 200 turnovers. These results are very promising for the creation of MOST systems that work in water, a very interesting solvent for environmental sustainability, and offer a strong incentive to continue research towards this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Castro
- Área Química Inorgánica, Departamento Estrella Campos, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay;
- Laboratorio de Química Fina, Instituto Polo Tecnológico de Pando, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, By Pass de Rutas 8 y 101 s/n, Pando 91000, Uruguay;
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Jorge S. Gancheff
- Área Química Inorgánica, Departamento Estrella Campos, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay;
| | - Juan C. Ramos
- Laboratorio de Química Fina, Instituto Polo Tecnológico de Pando, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, By Pass de Rutas 8 y 101 s/n, Pando 91000, Uruguay;
- Área Química Orgánica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay;
| | - Gustavo Seoane
- Área Química Orgánica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay;
| | - Carla Bazzicalupi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (C.B.); (A.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Antonio Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (C.B.); (A.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Francesca Ridi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (C.B.); (A.B.); (F.R.)
- CSGI Consortium, Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Matteo Savastano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umane e Promozione della Qualità della Vita, Università Telematica San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Roma, Italy
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4
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Merino-Robledillo C, Marazzi M. Taking up the quest for novel molecular solar thermal systems: Pros and cons of storing energy with cubane and cubadiene. Front Chem 2023; 11:1171848. [PMID: 37123877 PMCID: PMC10130657 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1171848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems are working their way as a possible technology to store solar light and release it when necessary. Such systems could, in principle, constitute a solution to the energy storage problem characteristic of solar cells and are conceived, at a first instance, as simple molecular photoswitches. Nevertheless, the optimization of their different required properties is presently limiting their technological scale up. From the chemical perspective, we need to design a novel MOST system based on unconventional photoswitches. Here, by applying multi-configurational quantum chemistry methods, we unravel the potentialities of ad hoc-designed molecular photoswitches, which aim to photoproduce cubane or cubadiene as high-energy isomers that can be thermally (or eventually catalytically) reverted to the initial structure, releasing their stored energy. Specifically, while cubane can be photoproduced via different paths depending on the reactant tricycle diene conformation, an undesired bicyclic by-product limits its application to MOST systems. An evolution of this starting design toward cubadiene formation is therefore proposed, avoiding conformational equilibria and by-products, considerably red shifting the absorption to reach the visible portion of the solar spectrum and maintaining an estimated storage density that is expected to overcome the current MOST reference system (norbornadiene/quadricyclane), although consistently increasing the photoisomerization energy barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Merino-Robledillo
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Marazzi
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química ‘‘Andrés M. del Río’’ (IQAR), Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Marco Marazzi,
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5
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Kjaersgaard A, Hölzel H, Moth-Poulsen K, Nielsen MB. Photolytic Studies of Norbornadiene Derivatives under High-Intensity Light Conditions. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6849-6857. [PMID: 36149432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The photoconversion of a norbornadiene (NBD) derivative was studied under high-intensity mono- and polychromatic light conditions at high concentrations. The photoisomerization quantum yield (ϕNBD→QC), proceeding from NBD to its quadricyclane (QC) isomer, was determined using a tunable OPO laser and a solar simulator light source. The solar simulator was designed to mimic the AM1.5G solar spectrum between 300 and 900 nm. Using the OPO laser, ϕNBD→QC was measured at discrete values between 310 and 350 nm in steps of 10 nm, and a variation between 0.81 and 0.96 was observed. Weighting these values of ϕNBD→QC with the spectral profile of the solar simulator, an averaged value of 0.87 ± 0.03 was obtained. Determination of ϕNBD→QC was also performed directly in the solar simulator providing a value of 0.97 ± 0.14, in good agreement with the weighted values from the OPO. Photoisomerization quantum yields were found to decrease slightly at higher concentrations. At high concentrations, we found that correcting for the presence of QC was important due to similar absorption coefficients of the NBD and QC isomers at the absorption tail. Cyclability of the forward and backward NBD/QC conversion was studied over several cycles. The NBD/QC couple exhibited excellent thermal stability, but a slight photodegradation per cycle was observed, increasing with the concentration of the sample. This result indicates that the molecules undergo some intermolecular reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kjaersgaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helen Hölzel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.,The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Oruganti B, Wang J, Durbeej B. Modulating the Photocyclization Reactivity of Diarylethenes through Changes in the Excited-State Aromaticity of the π-Linker. J Org Chem 2022; 87:11565-11571. [PMID: 35997595 PMCID: PMC9442643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations are performed to explore if the reactivity of diarylethene switches toward photocyclization can be controlled by the excited-state aromaticity of their bridging π-linker. Using an archetypal diarylethene with a non-aromatic π-linker as a reference, completely different outcomes are found when the π-linker is allowed to become either aromatic (no reaction) or antiaromatic (fast reaction) upon photoexcitation. The results demonstrate a possibility to use the excited-state aromaticity concept for actual modulation of photochemical reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baswanth Oruganti
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping SE-58183, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry, SRM University-AP, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh 522240, India
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Environment Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
| | - Bo Durbeej
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping SE-58183, Sweden
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7
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Honda A, Ueno N, Fujiwara K, Masuhara H, Miyamura K. Cold crystallization and photo-induced thermal behavior of alkyl-derivatized diarylethene molecules. RSC Adv 2022; 12:21926-21931. [PMID: 36043061 PMCID: PMC9361136 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03898f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermal behavior of alkylated diarylethene molecules (2,3-bis(2,4,5-trimethyl-3-thienyl)-N-alkylmaleimides; DAE-Cn) was investigated. DAE-C1 and DAE-C2 exhibited cold crystallization, which is a heat-storage phenomenon. In addition, DAE-Cn showed photoisomerization; the open-ring isomer O-DAE-Cn was formed by visible light irradiation and transformed to the closed-ring isomer C-DAE-Cn by UV light irradiation. X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy analyses revealed that O-DAE-Cn exhibited cold crystallization and C-DAE-Cn showed poor crystallinity. UV irradiation (365 nm) inhibited cold crystallization, and visible light irradiation (525 nm) triggered cold crystallization, suggesting that heat storage by the cold crystallization of DAE-Cn can be photo-controlled. The alkylated diarylethene molecules exhibited cold crystallization, and their thermal behavior can be photo-controlled.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Honda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Nachi Ueno
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Koki Fujiwara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Hirofumi Masuhara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Kazuo Miyamura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
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8
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Kalapos PP, Mayer PJ, Gazdag T, Demeter A, Oruganti B, Durbeej B, London G. Photoswitching of Local (Anti)Aromaticity in Biphenylene-Based Diarylethene Molecular Switches. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9532-9542. [PMID: 35849785 PMCID: PMC9361354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Photoinduced tuning of (anti)aromaticity and associated
molecular
properties is currently in the focus of attention for both tailoring
photochemical reactivity and designing new materials. Here, we report
on the synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of diarylethene-based
molecular switches embedded in a biphenylene structure composed of
rings with different levels of local (anti)aromaticity. We show that
it is possible to modulate and control the (anti)aromatic character
of each ring through reversible photoswitching of the aryl units of
the system between open and closed forms. Remarkably, it is shown
that the irreversible formation of an annulated bis(dihydro-thiopyran)
side-product that hampers the photoswitching can be efficiently suppressed
when the aryl core formed by thienyl groups in one switch is replaced
by thiazolyl groups in another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Pál Kalapos
- MTA TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter J Mayer
- MTA TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich tér 1, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Gazdag
- MTA TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.,Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/a, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Attila Demeter
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Baswanth Oruganti
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-45041 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Bo Durbeej
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Gábor London
- MTA TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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9
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Qiu Q, Yang S, Gerkman MA, Fu H, Aprahamian I, Han GGD. Photon Energy Storage in Strained Cyclic Hydrazones: Emerging Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage Compounds. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12627-12631. [PMID: 35801820 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The generally small Gibbs free energy difference between the Z and E isomers of hydrazone photoswitches has so far precluded their use in photon energy storing applications. Here, we report on a series of cyclic and acyclic hydrazones, which possess varied degrees of ring strain and, hence, stability of E isomers. The photoinduced isomerization and concurrent phase transition of the cyclic hydrazones from a crystalline to a liquid phase result in the storage of a large quantity of energy, comparable to that of azobenzene derivatives. We demonstrate that the macrocyclic photochrome design in combination with phase transition is a promising strategy for molecular solar thermal energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianfeng Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Sirun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Mihael A Gerkman
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Heyifei Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Ivan Aprahamian
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Grace G D Han
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
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10
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Zhang B, Feng Y, Feng W. Azobenzene-Based Solar Thermal Fuels: A Review. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:138. [PMID: 35767090 PMCID: PMC9243213 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00876-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The energy storage mechanism of azobenzene is based on the transformation of molecular cis and trans isomerization, while NBD/QC, DHA/VHF, and fulvalene dimetal complexes realize the energy storage function by changing the molecular structure. Acting as "molecular batteries," they can exhibit excellent charging and discharging behavior by converting between trans and cis isomers or changing molecular structure upon absorption of ultraviolet light. Key properties determining the performance of STFs are stored energy, energy density, half-life, and solar energy conversion efficiency. This review is aiming to provide a comprehensive and authoritative overview on the recent advancements of azobenzene molecular photoswitch system in STFs fields, including derivatives and carbon nano-templates, which is emphasized for its attractive performance. Although the energy storage performance of Azo-STFs has already reached the level of commercial lithium batteries, the cycling capability and controllable release of energy still need to be further explored. For this, some potential solutions to the cycle performance are proposed, and the methods of azobenzene controllable energy release are summarized. Moreover, energy stored by STFs can be released in the form of mechanical energy, which in turn can also promote the release of thermal energy from STFs, implying that there could be a relationship between mechanical and thermal energy in Azo-STFs, providing a potential direction for further research on Azo-STFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyu Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Kjeldal FØ, Mikkelsen KV. Electric Properties of Photochromic Molecules Physisorbed on Silver and Copper Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:3145-3156. [PMID: 35583037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates the electric properties of the photochromic dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene system as it is physisorbed onto silver and copper nanoparticles. Our focus is on how the polarizability and hyperpolarizability of the dihydroazulene, s-cis-vinylheptafulvene, and s-trans-vinylheptafulvene molecules depend on molecular orientation with respect to the nanoparticles, the molecule-cluster separation, and the type of nanoparticle. The computational approach utilizes a combined quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical method in which the molecules are treated quantum mechanically while the nanoparticles are treated with a simpler classical method. The molecules are described with density functional theory. The electric properties are calculated using response theory utilizing the long-range-corrected functional CAM-B3LYP and the correlation consistent basis set aug-cc-pVDZ. The atoms of the nanoparticles are represented using atomic polarizabilities. The interactions between the nanoparticles and the molecular systems are calculated using a polarizable embedding scheme after which the molecular properties are calculated with time-dependent density functional theory. The results show that the electric properties are indeed affected by the presence of the nanoparticles. It is also clear that it is the hyperpolarizabilities that change the most while the polarizabilities are less affected. Furthermore, the influence of the nanoparticles on the molecules depends heavily on the relative molecular orientation with respect to the nanoparticles and molecular conformation. Finally, it is observed that a copper nanoparticle has a larger influence on the molecular systems than a silver nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frederik Ørsted Kjeldal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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12
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Xu X, Wang G. Molecular Solar Thermal Systems towards Phase Change and Visible Light Photon Energy Storage. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107473. [PMID: 35132792 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems have attracted tremendous attention for solar energy conversion and storage, which can generate high-energy metastable isomers upon capturing photon energy, and release the stored energy as heat on demand during back conversion. However, the pristine molecular photoswitches are limited by low storage energy density and UV light photon energy storage. Recently, numerous pioneering works have been focused on the development of MOST systems towards phase change (PC) and visible light photon energy storage to increase their properties. On the one hand, the strategy of simultaneously capturing isomerization enthalpy and PC energy between solid and liquid can not only offer high latent heat, but also promote the development of sustainable energy systems. On the other hand, the efficient photon energy storage in the visible light range opens a tremendously fascinating avenue to fabricate MOST systems powered under natural sunlight. Here, the recent advances of MOST systems towards PC and visible light photon energy storage are systematically summarized, the most promising advantages and current challenges are analyzed, and emerging strategies and future research directions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingtang Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Guojie Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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Christensen O, Schlosser RD, Nielsen RB, Johansen J, Koerstz M, Jensen JH, Mikkelsen KV. A Neural Network Approach for Property Determination of Molecular Solar Cell Candidates. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:1681-1688. [PMID: 35245050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene (DHA/VHF) photocouple is a promising candidate for molecular solar heat batteries, storing and releasing energy in a closed cycle. Much work has been done on improving the energy storage capacity and the half-life of the high-energy isomer via substituent functionalization, but similarly important is keeping these improved properties in common polar solvents, along with being soluble in these, which is tied to the dipole properties. However, the number of possible derivatives makes an overview of this combinatorial space impossible both for experimental work and traditional computational chemistry. Due to the time-consuming nature of running many thousands of computations, we look to machine learning, which bears the advantage that once a model has been trained, it can be used to rapidly estimate approximate values for the given system. Applying a convolutional neural network, we show that it is possible to reach good agreement with traditional computations on a scale that allows us to rapidly screen tens of thousands of the DHA/VHF photocouple, eliminating bad candidates and allowing computational resources to be directed toward meaningful compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Rasmus Buus Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jes Johansen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Koerstz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan H Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Davighi MG, Clemente F, Matassini C, Cardona F, Nielsen MB, Goti A, Morrone A, Paoli P, Cacciarini M. Photoswitchable inhibitors of human β-glucocerebrosidase. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:1637-1641. [PMID: 35107482 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02159a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Light-switchable inhibitors of the enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) have been developed by anchoring a specific azasugar to a dihydroazulene or an azobenzene responsive moiety. Their inhibitory effect towards human GCase, before and after irradiation are reported, and the effect on thermal denaturation of recombinant GCase and cytotoxicity were studied on selected candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giulia Davighi
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto F.no (FI), Italy.
| | - Francesca Clemente
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto F.no (FI), Italy.
| | - Camilla Matassini
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto F.no (FI), Italy.
| | - Francesca Cardona
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto F.no (FI), Italy. .,Associated with LENS, via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto F.no (FI), Italy
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Andrea Goti
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto F.no (FI), Italy. .,Associated with LENS, via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto F.no (FI), Italy
| | - Amelia Morrone
- Paediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurosciences, Pharmacology and Child Health. University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Paolo Paoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Martina Cacciarini
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto F.no (FI), Italy.
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Volarić J, Szymanski W, Simeth NA, Feringa BL. Molecular photoswitches in aqueous environments. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12377-12449. [PMID: 34590636 PMCID: PMC8591629 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00547a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches enable dynamic control of processes with high spatiotemporal precision, using light as external stimulus, and hence are ideal tools for different research areas spanning from chemical biology to smart materials. Photoswitches are typically organic molecules that feature extended aromatic systems to make them responsive to (visible) light. However, this renders them inherently lipophilic, while water-solubility is of crucial importance to apply photoswitchable organic molecules in biological systems, like in the rapidly emerging field of photopharmacology. Several strategies for solubilizing organic molecules in water are known, but there are not yet clear rules for applying them to photoswitchable molecules. Importantly, rendering photoswitches water-soluble has a serious impact on both their photophysical and biological properties, which must be taken into consideration when designing new systems. Altogether, these aspects pose considerable challenges for successfully applying molecular photoswitches in aqueous systems, and in particular in biologically relevant media. In this review, we focus on fully water-soluble photoswitches, such as those used in biological environments, in both in vitro and in vivo studies. We discuss the design principles and prospects for water-soluble photoswitches to inspire and enable their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Volarić
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nadja A Simeth
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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ortho-Substituted 2-Phenyldihydroazulene Photoswitches: Enhancing the Lifetime of the Photoisomer by ortho-Aryl Interactions. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216462. [PMID: 34770871 PMCID: PMC8588411 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Photochromic molecules are systems that undergo a photoisomerization to high-energy isomers and are attractive for the storage of solar energy in a closed-energy cycle, for example, in molecular solar thermal energy storage systems. One challenge is to control the discharge time of the high-energy isomer. Here, we show that different substituents in the ortho position of a phenyl ring at C-2 of dihydroazulene (DHA-Ph) significantly increase the half-life of the metastable vinylheptafulvene (VHF-Ph) photoisomer; thus, the energy-releasing VHF-to-DHA back-reaction rises from minutes to days in comparison to the corresponding para- and meta-substituted systems. Systems with two photochromic DHA-Ph units connected by a diacetylene bridge either at the para, meta and ortho positions and corresponding to a linear or to a cross-conjugated pathway between the two photochromes are also presented. Here, the ortho substitution was found to compromise the switching properties. Thus, irradiation of ortho-bridged DHA-DHA resulted in degradation, probably due to the proximity of the different functional groups that can give rise to side-reactions.
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17
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Design and Tuning of Photoswitches for Solar Energy Storage. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133796. [PMID: 34206445 PMCID: PMC8270257 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Current energy demand makes it compulsory to explore alternative energy sources beyond fossil fuels. Molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems have been proposed as a suitable technology for the use and storage of solar energy. Compounds used for this application need to fulfil a long series of requirements, being the absorption of sunlight and the energy stored some of the most critical. In this paper, we study different families of well-known molecular photoswitches from the point of view of their potential use as MOST. Starting from basic structures, we use density functional theory (DFT) computational modelling to propose two different strategies to increase the energy difference between isomers and to tune the absorption spectrum. The inclusion of a mechanical lock in the structure, via an alkyl chain and the presence of a hydrogen bonding are shown to directly influence the energy difference and the absorption spectra. Results shown here prove that these two approaches could be relevant for the design of new compounds with improved performance for MOST applications.
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18
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Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Johansen MB, Mikkelsen KV. Promoting the thermal back reaction of vinylheptafulvene to dihydroazulene by physisorbtion on nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:12889-12899. [PMID: 34075905 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02893b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the effects of nanoparticles on molecular solar thermal energy storage systems and how one can tune chemical reactivities of a molecular photo- and thermoswitch by changing the nanoparticles. We have selected the dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene system to illustrate the effects of the nanoparticles on the chemical reactivities of the molecular photo- and thermoswitch. We have utilized the following nanoparticles: a TiO2 nanoparticle along with nanoparticles of gold, silver and copper. We calculate the rate constants for the release of the thermal energy utilizing a QM/MM method coupled to a transition state method. The molecular systems are described by density functional theory whereas the nanoparticles are given by molecular mechanics including electrostatic and polarization dynamics. In order to investigate whether the significant stabilization of the transitions state provided by the nanoparticles is general to the DHA/VHF system, we calculated the transition state rate constant of the parent- and 3-amino-substituted-DHA/VHF systems at 298.15 K in the four different orientations and at the three different separations. We observe that the transition state rate constant of the parent system is only increased as the cyano groups are oriented towards the nanoparticle while the presence of the nanoparticle actually impedes the reactions using the three other orientations. On the other hand, for the substituted system the nanoparticle generally leads to a significant increase in the rate of the reaction. We find that the nanoparticles can have a substantial effect on the calculated rate constants. We observe, depending on the nanoparticle and the molecular orientation, increases of the rate constants by a factor of 106. This illustrates the prospects of utilizing nanoparticles for controlling the release of the stored thermal energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Erbs Hillers-Bendtsen
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Koerstz M, Christensen AS, Mikkelsen KV, Nielsen MB, Jensen JH. High throughput virtual screening of 230 billion molecular solar heat battery candidates. PEERJ PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.7717/peerj-pchem.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene (DHA/VHF) thermocouple is a promising candidate for thermal heat batteries that absorb and store solar energy as chemical energy without the need for insulation. However, in order to be viable the energy storage capacity and lifetime of the high energy form (i.e., the free energy barrier to the back reaction) of the canonical parent compound must be increased significantly to be of practical use. We use semiempirical quantum chemical methods, machine learning, and density functional theory to virtually screen over 230 billion substituted DHA molecules to identify promising candidates. We identify a molecule with a predicted energy density of 0.38 kJ/g, which is significantly larger than the 0.14 kJ/g computed for the parent compound. The free energy barrier to the back reaction is 11 kJ/mol higher than the parent compound, which should correspond to a half-life of about 10 days—4 months. This is considerably longer than the 3–39 h (depending on solvent) observed for the parent compound and sufficiently long for many practical applications. Our paper makes two main important contributions: (1) a novel and generally applicable methodological approach that makes screening of huge libraries for properties involving chemical reactivity with modest computational resources, and (2) a clear demonstration that the storage capacity of the DHA/VHF thermocouple cannot be increased to >0.5 kJ/g by combining simple substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Koerstz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Danmark, Denmark
| | | | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Danmark, Denmark
| | | | - Jan H. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Danmark, Denmark
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20
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Orrego-Hernández J, Dreos A, Moth-Poulsen K. Engineering of Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane Photoswitches for Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage Applications. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1478-1487. [PMID: 32662627 PMCID: PMC7467572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusRenewable energy resources are mostly intermittent and not evenly distributed geographically; for this reason, the development of new technologies for energy storage is in high demand.Molecules that undergo photoinduced isomerization reactions that are capable of absorbing light, storing it as chemical energy, and releasing it as thermal energy on demand are referred to as molecular solar thermal energy storage (MOST) or solar thermal fuels (STF). Such molecules offer a promising solution for solar energy storage applications. Different molecular systems have been investigated for MOST applications, such as norbornadienes, azobenzenes, stilbenes, ruthenium derivatives, anthracenes, and dihydroazulenes. The polycyclic strained molecule norbornadiene (NBD), which photoconverts to quadricyclane (QC), is of great interest because it has a high energy storage density and the potential to store energy for a very long time. Unsubstituted norbornadiene has some limitations in this regard, such as poor solar spectrum match and low quantum yield. In the past decade, our group has developed and tested new NBD systems with improved characteristics. Moreover, we have demonstrated their function in laboratory-scale test devices for solar energy harnessing, storage, and release.This Account describes the most impactful recent findings on how to engineer key properties of the NBD/QC system (photochemistry, energy storage, heat release, stability, and synthesis) as well as examples of test devices for solar energy capture and heat release. While it was known that introducing donor-acceptor groups allows for a red-shifted absorption that better matches the solar spectrum, we managed to introduce donor and acceptor groups with very low molecular weight, which allowed for an unprecedented solar spectrum match combined with high energy density. Strategic steric hindrance in some of these systems dramatically increases the storage time of the photoisomer QC, and dimeric systems have independent energies barriers that lead to an improved solar spectrum match, prolonged storage times, and higher energy densities. These discoveries offer a toolbox of possible chemical modifications that can be used to tune the properties of NBD/QC systems and make them suitable for the desired applications, which can be useful for anyone wanting to take on the challenge of designing efficient MOST systems.Several test devices have been built, for example, a hybrid MOST device that stores sunlight energy and heat water at the same time. Moreover, we developed a device for monitoring catalyzed QC to NBD conversion resulting in the possibility to quantify a significant macroscopic heat generation. Finally, we tested different formulations of polymeric composites that can absorb light during the day and release the energy as heat during the night for possible use in future window coating applications. These lab-scale realizations are formative and contribute to pushing the field forward toward the real-life application of MOST systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Orrego-Hernández
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41286 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ambra Dreos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41286 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41286 Gothenburg, Sweden
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21
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Brøndsted Nielsen M, Ree N, Mikkelsen KV, Cacciarini M. Tuning the dihydroazulene – vinylheptafulvene couple for storage of solar energy. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Kjeldal FØ, Mikkelsen KV. Molecular solar thermal energy storage properties of photochromic molecules physisorbed onto nanoparticles. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.136661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Abedi M, Pápai M, Mikkelsen KV, Henriksen NE, Møller KB. Mechanism of Photoinduced Dihydroazulene Ring-Opening Reaction. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:3944-3949. [PMID: 31264882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The photoinduced ring-opening reaction is a key process in the functioning of dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene (DHA/VHF) photoswitches. Over the years, the mechanism of this reaction has been extensively debated. Herein, by means of nonadiabatic trajectory dynamics simulations and quantum chemistry calculations, we present the first detailed and comprehensive investigation on the mechanism of the photoinduced ring-opening reaction of DHA. The results show the crucial role of the excited-state ring planarization process for the bond breaking. Our dynamics simulations show that the DHA ring opening is an ultrafast reaction that does not follow exponential kinetics but exhibits ballistic dynamics. Upon photoexcitation, the planarization occurs within 300-500 fs. This leads to the ring-opening reaction and concurrent decay of the molecule to the ground state within 100 fs through an S1 → S0 internal conversion process toward forming the VHF isomer. These results are consistent with previous ultrafast time-resolved experiments and lead to a thorough understanding of the DHA/VHF photoconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Abedi
- Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Mátyás Pápai
- Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Niels E Henriksen
- Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Klaus B Møller
- Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
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24
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Skov AB, Ree N, Gertsen AS, Chabera P, Uhlig J, Lissau JS, Nucci L, Pullerits T, Mikkelsen KV, Brøndsted Nielsen M, Sølling TI, Hansen T. Excited‐State Topology Modifications of the Dihydroazulene Photoswitch Through Aromaticity. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anders B. Skov
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Nicolai Ree
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Anders S. Gertsen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
- DTU EnergyTechnical University of Denmark Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde Denmark
| | - Pavel Chabera
- Division of Chemical PhysicsLund Universitet Naturvetarvägen 16 22362 Lund Sweden
| | - Jens Uhlig
- Division of Chemical PhysicsLund Universitet Naturvetarvägen 16 22362 Lund Sweden
| | - Jonas S. Lissau
- SDU NanoSYD, Mads Clausen InstituteUniversity of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2 6400 Sønderborg Denmark
| | - Luigi Nucci
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica IndustrialeUniversitá di Pisa Via Moruzzi 3 Pisa Italy
| | - Tõnu Pullerits
- Division of Chemical PhysicsLund Universitet Naturvetarvägen 16 22362 Lund Sweden
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Theis I. Sølling
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
- King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Bldg. 15, Rm. 6124 Dhahran 31261 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Thorsten Hansen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai‐Li Sun
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD United Kingdom
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD United Kingdom
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD United Kingdom
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26
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Simulation framework for screening of molecular solar thermal systems in the context of a hybrid device. Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Mogensen J, Christensen O, Kilde MD, Abildgaard M, Metz L, Kadziola A, Jevric M, Mikkelsen KV, Nielsen MB. Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage Systems with Long Discharge Times Based on the Dihydroazulene/Vinylheptafulvene Couple. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Mogensen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Oliver Christensen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Martin Drøhse Kilde
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Martin Abildgaard
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Lotte Metz
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Anders Kadziola
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Martyn Jevric
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
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28
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Liepuoniute I, Commins P, Karothu DP, Schramm S, Hara H, Naumov P. Reversible Multicolor Photochromism of Dihydroazulene Crystals. Chemistry 2019; 25:373-378. [PMID: 30388317 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical conversion of 1,8a-dihydroazulene-1,1-dicarbonitrile (DHA) to vinylheptafulvene (VHF) is a positive T-type photoswitch that is well understood in solution, but has not been explored in the solid state. Upon excitation with UV light, DHA is converted into VHF in the solid state, with a distinct color change from yellow to deep-red, and retention of crystallinity. The structure of the ring-opened product was assigned to syn-VHF using variable-temperature infrared spectroscopy, and determined by X-ray photodiffraction in a crystal enriched with the product by two-photon excitation. A radical pathway becomes an observable photoreaction channel at low temperatures, and includes a strongly colored, short-lived diradical intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Liepuoniute
- New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhab, United Arab Emirates
| | - Patrick Commins
- New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhab, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Stefan Schramm
- New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhab, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hideyuki Hara
- Bruker Japan K.K. 3-9, Moriya, Kanagawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 221-0022, Japan
| | - Panče Naumov
- New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhab, United Arab Emirates
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29
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Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Hansen MH, Mikkelsen KV. The influence of nanoparticles on the excitation energies of the photochromic dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene system. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:6689-6698. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06539j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper studies how nanoparticles affect photochromic systems, focusing on the influence of gold nanoparticles on the optical properties of the dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene (DHA/VHF) system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mia Harring Hansen
- Department of Chemistry
- H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry
- H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
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30
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Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Mikkelsen KV. The influence of gold nanoparticles on the two photon absorption of photochromic molecular systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:18577-18588. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03283e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the influence of gold nanoparticles on the nonlinear optical properties of the dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene photo- and thermochromic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Erbs Hillers-Bendtsen
- Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy
- Department of Chemistry
- H. C. Ørsted Institute
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy
- Department of Chemistry
- H. C. Ørsted Institute
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen
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31
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Durbeej B, Wang J, Oruganti B. Molecular Photoswitching Aided by Excited-State Aromaticity. Chempluschem 2018; 83:958-967. [PMID: 31950720 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Central to the development of optoelectronic devices is the availability of efficient synthetic molecular photoswitches, the design of which is an arena where the evolving concept of excited-state aromaticity (ESA) is yet to make a big impact. The aim of this minireview is to illustrate the potential of this concept to become a key tool for the future design of photoswitches. The paper starts with a discussion of challenges facing the use of photoswitches for applications and continues with an account of how the ESA concept has progressed since its inception. Then, following some brief remarks on computational modeling of photoswitches and ESA, the paper describes two different approaches to improve the quantum yields and response times of switches driven by E/Z photoisomerization or photoinduced H-atom/proton transfer reactions through simple ESA considerations. It is our hope that these approaches, verified by quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, will help stimulate the application of the ESA concept as a general tool for designing more efficient photoswitches and other functional molecules used in optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Durbeej
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jun Wang
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Baswanth Oruganti
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry, GITAM Institute of Science (GIS), GITAM University, Visakhapatnam-, 530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
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32
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Frandsen BN, Skov AB, Cacciarini M, Brøndsted Nielsen M, Kjaergaard HG. Computational and Experimental Evidence of Two Competing Thermal Electrocyclization Pathways for Vinylheptafulvene. Chem Asian J 2018; 14:1111-1116. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N. Frandsen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5, DK- 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Anders B. Skov
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5, DK- 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Martina Cacciarini
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5, DK- 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Florence via della Lastruccia 3–13 50019 Sesto F. no (FI) Italy
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5, DK- 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Henrik G. Kjaergaard
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5, DK- 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
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33
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Mansø M, Tebikachew BE, Moth-Poulsen K, Nielsen MB. Heteroaryl-linked norbornadiene dimers with redshifted absorptions. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:5585-5590. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01470a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The longest-wavelength absorption maximum of norbornadiene dimers with potential for molecular solar thermal systems can be finely tuned by varying the electronic nature of a heteroaryl spacer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Mansø
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø
- Denmark
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | | | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chalmers University of Technology
- 412 96 Gothenburg
- Sweden
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34
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Boye IMI, Hansen MH, Mikkelsen KV. The influence of nanoparticles on the polarizabilities and hyperpolarizabilities of photochromic molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:23320-23327. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03645d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We consider how nanoparticles affect molecular photoswitches and our focus is on how the polarizabilities and hyperpolarizabilities of the dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene system changes, when the compounds interact with gold nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Marie Ingmer Boye
- Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Mia Harring Hansen
- Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
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35
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Kilde MD, Arroyo PG, Gertsen AS, Mikkelsen KV, Nielsen MB. Molecular solar thermal systems – control of light harvesting and energy storage by protonation/deprotonation. RSC Adv 2018; 8:6356-6364. [PMID: 35540374 PMCID: PMC9078237 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13762a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The optical properties of pyridyl-substituted dihydroazulene (DHA) photoswitches can be tuned by protonation/deprotonation as well as the thermal back-reaction rate and amount of heat release from the vinylheptafulvene (VHF) photoisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anders S. Gertsen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
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36
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Lennartson A, Moth-Poulsen K. Molecular Solar-Thermal Energy Storage: Molecular Design and Functional Devices. GREEN CHEMISTRY AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5924-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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37
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Ree N, Hansen MH, Gertsen AS, Mikkelsen KV. Density Functional Theory Study of the Solvent Effects on Systematically Substituted Dihydroazulene/Vinylheptafulvene Systems: Improving the Capability of Molecular Energy Storage. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:8856-8865. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Ree
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mia Harring Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Anders S. Gertsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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38
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Galego J, Garcia-Vidal FJ, Feist J. Many-Molecule Reaction Triggered by a Single Photon in Polaritonic Chemistry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:136001. [PMID: 29341675 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.136001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The second law of photochemistry states that, in most cases, no more than one molecule is activated for an excited-state reaction for each photon absorbed by a collection of molecules. In this Letter, we demonstrate that it is possible to trigger a many-molecule reaction using only one photon by strongly coupling the molecular ensemble to a confined light mode. The collective nature of the resulting hybrid states of the system (the so-called polaritons) leads to the formation of a polaritonic "supermolecule" involving the degrees of freedom of all molecules, opening a reaction path on which all involved molecules undergo a chemical transformation. We theoretically investigate the system conditions for this effect to take place and be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Galego
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Garcia-Vidal
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), E-20018 Donostia/San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Johannes Feist
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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39
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Wang Z, Udmark J, Börjesson K, Rodrigues R, Roffey A, Abrahamsson M, Nielsen MB, Moth‐Poulsen K. Evaluating Dihydroazulene/Vinylheptafulvene Photoswitches for Solar Energy Storage Applications. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:3049-3055. [PMID: 28644559 PMCID: PMC5655704 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201700679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Efficient solar energy storage is a key challenge in striving toward a sustainable future. For this reason, molecules capable of solar energy storage and release through valence isomerization, for so-called molecular solar thermal energy storage (MOST), have been investigated. Energy storage by photoconversion of the dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene (DHA/VHF) photothermal couple has been evaluated. The robust nature of this system is determined through multiple energy storage and release cycles at elevated temperatures in three different solvents. In a nonpolar solvent such as toluene, the DHA/VHF system can be cycled more than 70 times with less than 0.01 % degradation per cycle. Moreover, the [Cu(CH3 CN)4 ]PF6 -catalyzed conversion of VHF into DHA was demonstrated in a flow reactor. The performance of the DHA/VHF couple was also evaluated in prototype photoconversion devices, both in the laboratory by using a flow chip under simulated sunlight and under outdoor conditions by using a parabolic mirror. Device experiments demonstrated a solar energy storage efficiency of up to 0.13 % in the chip device and up to 0.02 % in the parabolic collector. Avenues for future improvements and optimization of the system are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden
| | - Jonas Udmark
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 52100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgKemigården 441296GothenburgSweden
| | - Rita Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden
| | - Anna Roffey
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden
| | - Maria Abrahamsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden
| | | | - Kasper Moth‐Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden
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40
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Single-molecule detection of dihydroazulene photo-thermal reaction using break junction technique. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15436. [PMID: 28530248 PMCID: PMC5477511 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Charge transport by tunnelling is one of the most ubiquitous elementary processes in nature. Small structural changes in a molecular junction can lead to significant difference in the single-molecule electronic properties, offering a tremendous opportunity to examine a reaction on the single-molecule scale by monitoring the conductance changes. Here, we explore the potential of the single-molecule break junction technique in the detection of photo-thermal reaction processes of a photochromic dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene system. Statistical analysis of the break junction experiments provides a quantitative approach for probing the reaction kinetics and reversibility, including the occurrence of isomerization during the reaction. The product ratios observed when switching the system in the junction does not follow those observed in solution studies (both experiment and theory), suggesting that the junction environment was perturbing the process significantly. This study opens the possibility of using nano-structured environments like molecular junctions to tailor product ratios in chemical reactions. The conductance across single-molecule junctions is highly dependent on the electronic properties of the molecule in question. Here the authors use this fact to monitor a photo-thermal reaction by analysing break junction data, and observe significant differences compared to solution state behaviour.
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41
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Koerstz M, Elm J, Mikkelsen KV. Benchmark Study of the Structural and Thermochemical Properties of a Dihydroazulene/Vinylheptafulvene Photoswitch. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:3148-3154. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b01207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mads Koerstz
- Department
of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department
of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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42
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Petersen AU, Jevric M, Mandle RJ, Sims MT, Moore JN, Cowling SJ, Goodby JW, Nielsen MB. Photoswitching of Dihydroazulene Derivatives in Liquid-Crystalline Host Systems. Chemistry 2017; 23:5090-5103. [PMID: 28195368 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Photoswitches and dyes in the liquid-crystalline nematic phase have the potential for use in a wide range of applications. A large order parameter is desirable to maximize the change in properties induced by an external stimulus. A set of photochromic and nonphotochromic dyes were investigated for these applications. It was found that a bent-shaped 7-substituted dihydroazulene (DHA) photoswitch exhibited liquid-crystalline properties. Further investigation demonstrated that this material actually followed two distinct reaction pathways on heating, to a deactivated form by a 1,5-sigmatropic shift and to a linear 6-substituted DHA. In addition, elimination of hydrogen cyanide from the photoactive DHA gave both bent and linear azulene dyes. In a nematic host that has no absorbance around 350 nm, it was found that only the linear DHA derivative has nematic properties; however, both 6- and 7-substituted DHAs were found to have large order parameters. In the nematic host, ring opening of either DHA to the corresponding vinylheptafulvene resulted in a decrease in dichroic order parameter and an unusually fast back-reaction to a mixture of both DHAs. Likewise, only the linear azulene derivative showed mesomorphic properties. In the same nematic host, large order parameters were also observed for these dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Ugleholdt Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martyn Jevric
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard J Mandle
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Mark T Sims
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - John N Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Stephen J Cowling
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - John W Goodby
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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43
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Mattalia JMR. The reductive decyanation reaction: an overview and recent developments. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:267-284. [PMID: 28326136 PMCID: PMC5331330 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents an overview of the reductive decyanation reaction with a special interest for recent developments. This transformation allows synthetic chemists to take advantages of the nitrile functional group before its removal. Mechanistic details and applications to organic synthesis are provided.
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44
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Kilde MD, Hansen MH, Broman SL, Mikkelsen KV, Nielsen MB. Expanding the Hammett Correlations for the Vinylheptafulvene Ring-Closure Reaction. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Drøhse Kilde
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Mia Harring Hansen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Søren Lindbaek Broman
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
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45
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Skov AB, Petersen JF, Elm J, Frandsen BN, Santella M, Kilde MD, Kjaergaard HG, Mikkelsen KV, Nielsen MB. Towards Storage of Solar Energy in Photochromic Molecules: Benzannulation of the Dihydroazulene/Vinylheptafulvene Couple. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201600046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anders B. Skov
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Johannes F. Petersen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Benjamin N. Frandsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Marco Santella
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Martin Drøhse Kilde
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Henrik G. Kjaergaard
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
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46
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Cacciarini M, Vlasceanu A, Jevric M, Nielsen MB. An effective trigger for energy release of vinylheptafulvene-based solar heat batteries. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:5874-5877. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01050h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient strategy to activate the release of energy in dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene systems is developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Cacciarini
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’
- Università di Firenze
- I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino
- Italy
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Alexandru Vlasceanu
- Department of Chemistry
- Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø
- Denmark
| | - Martyn Jevric
- Department of Chemistry
- Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø
- Denmark
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry
- Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø
- Denmark
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47
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Hansen MH, Elm J, Olsen ST, Gejl AN, Storm FE, Frandsen BN, Skov AB, Nielsen MB, Kjaergaard HG, Mikkelsen KV. Theoretical Investigation of Substituent Effects on the Dihydroazulene/Vinylheptafulvene Photoswitch: Increasing the Energy Storage Capacity. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:9782-9793. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b09646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mia Harring Hansen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department
of Physics, Helsinki University, P.O. Box 64, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stine T. Olsen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Aske Nørskov Gejl
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Freja E. Storm
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Benjamin N. Frandsen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Anders B. Skov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Henrik G. Kjaergaard
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeri Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Hanyang University; Seoul 04763 Korea
- Choate Rosemary Hall; Wallingford CT 06492 USA
| | - Jong Pil Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Hanyang University; Seoul 04763 Korea
| | - Jong-Man Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Hanyang University; Seoul 04763 Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology; Hanyang Unniversity; Seoul 04763 Korea
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49
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Skov AB, Broman SL, Gertsen AS, Elm J, Jevric M, Cacciarini M, Kadziola A, Mikkelsen KV, Nielsen MB. Aromaticity-Controlled Energy Storage Capacity of the Dihydroazulene-Vinylheptafulvene Photochromic System. Chemistry 2016; 22:14567-75. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anders B. Skov
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Søren Lindbaek Broman
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Anders S. Gertsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- University of Helsinki; Department of Physics; Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Martyn Jevric
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Martina Cacciarini
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
- University of Florence; Department of Chemistry; Via della Lastruccia 3-13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Anders Kadziola
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
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Kuisma M, Lundin A, Moth-Poulsen K, Hyldgaard P, Erhart P. Optimization of Norbornadiene Compounds for Solar Thermal Storage by First-Principles Calculations. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:1786-1794. [PMID: 27254282 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches capable of storing solar energy are interesting candidates for future renewable energy applications. Here, using quantum mechanical calculations, we carry out a systematic screening of crucial optical (solar spectrum match) and thermal (storage energy density) properties of 64 such compounds based on the norbornadiene-quadricyclane system. Whereas a substantial number of these molecules reach the theoretical maximum solar power conversion efficiency, this requires a strong red-shift of the absorption spectrum, which causes undesirable absorption by the photoisomer as well as reduced thermal stability. These compounds typically also have a large molecular mass, leading to low storage densities. By contrast, single-substituted systems achieve a good compromise between efficiency and storage density, while avoiding competing absorption by the photo-isomer. This establishes guiding principles for the future development of molecular solar thermal storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Kuisma
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Angelica Lundin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Hyldgaard
- Department of Microtechnology and Nano Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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