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Electrochemical Approaches for the Recovery of Metals from Electronic Waste: A Critical Review. RECYCLING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/recycling6030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) management and recycling are gaining significant attention due to the presence of precious, critical, or strategic metals combined with the associated environmental burden of recovering metals from natural mines. Metal recovery from e-waste is being prioritized in metallurgical extraction owing to the fast depletion of natural mineral ores and the limited geographical availability of critical and/or strategic metals. Following collection, sorting, and physical pre-treatment of e-waste, electrochemical processes-based metal recovery involves leaching metals in an ionic form in a suitable electrolyte. Electrochemical metal recovery from e-waste uses much less solvent (minimal reagent) and shows convenient and precise control, reduced energy consumption, and low environmental impact. This critical review article covers recent progress in such electrochemical metal recovery from e-waste, emphasizing the comparative significance of electrochemical methods over other methods in the context of an industrial perspective.
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Bartlett PN, Beanland R, Burt J, Hasan MM, Hector AL, Kashtiban RJ, Levason W, Lodge AW, Marks S, Naik J, Rind A, Reid G, Richardson PW, Sloan J, Smith DC. Exploration of the Smallest Diameter Tin Nanowires Achievable with Electrodeposition: Sub 7 nm Sn Nanowires Produced by Electrodeposition from a Supercritical Fluid. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:941-947. [PMID: 29356551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrodeposition of Sn from supercritical difluoromethane has been performed into anodic alumina templates with pores down to 3 nm in diameter and into mesoporous silica templates with pores of diameter 1.5 nm. Optimized deposits have been characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscopy (bright field, high-angle annular dark field, and energy-dispersive X-ray elemental mapping). Crystalline 13 nm diameter Sn nanowires have been electrodeposited in symmetric pore anodic alumina. Direct transmission electron microscopy evidence of sub 7 nm Sn nanowires in asymmetric anodic alumina has been obtained. These same measurements present indirect evidence for electrodeposition through 3 nm constrictions in the same templates. A detailed transmission electron microscopy study of mesoporous silica films after Sn deposition is presented. These indicate that it is possible to deposit Sn through the 1.5 nm pores in the mesoporous films, but that the nanowires formed are not stable. Suggestions of why this is the case and how such extreme nanowires could be stabilized are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip N Bartlett
- Chemistry, University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Beanland
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Burt
- Chemistry, University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Mahboba M Hasan
- Chemistry, University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew L Hector
- Chemistry, University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Reza J Kashtiban
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - William Levason
- Chemistry, University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W Lodge
- Chemistry, University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Marks
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Jay Naik
- Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Akhtar Rind
- Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Reid
- Chemistry, University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter W Richardson
- Chemistry, University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Sloan
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - David C Smith
- Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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Lodge A, Hasan MM, Bartlett PN, Beanland R, Hector AL, Kashtiban RJ, Levason W, Reid G, Sloan J, Smith DC, Zhang W. Electrodeposition of tin nanowires from a dichloromethane based electrolyte. RSC Adv 2018; 8:24013-24020. [PMID: 35540274 PMCID: PMC9081706 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03183e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tin was electrodeposited from a dichloromethane-based electrolyte at ambient temperature into gold coated anodic alumina membranes with nanoscale pores. The tin nanowires are mainly 〈200〉 aligned, together with some 〈101〉 and 〈301〉 wires. Partial filling of the structure and a distribution of wire lengths was found. Grafting of the pores with hydrophobic surface groups was trialled as a means of modifying the deposition, however, it did not increase the proportion of pores in which wires grew. Under potentiostatic conditions the limited rates of nucleation and diffusion down the 1D pores control the growth of the nanowires. Tin was electrodeposited from a dichloromethane-based electrolyte at ambient temperature into gold coated anodic alumina membranes with nanoscale pores.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gillian Reid
- Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Highfield
- Southampton
- UK
| | - Jeremy Sloan
- Department of Physics
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | - David C. Smith
- Physics and Astronomy
- University of Southampton
- Highfield
- Southampton
- UK
| | - Wenjian Zhang
- Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Highfield
- Southampton
- UK
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Burrows-Medaille: S. Brooker / Breyer-Medaille: P. N. Bartlett / R.-H.-Stokes-Medaille: H. Zhao / A.-M.-Bond-Medaille: S. Ciampi. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Burrows Medal: S. Brooker / Breyer Medal: P. N. Bartlett / R. H. Stokes Medal: H. Zhao / A. M. Bond Medal: S. Ciampi. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13181. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Vieira L, Burt J, Richardson PW, Schloffer D, Fuchs D, Moser A, Bartlett PN, Reid G, Gollas B. Tin, Bismuth, and Tin-Bismuth Alloy Electrodeposition from Chlorometalate Salts in Deep Eutectic Solvents. ChemistryOpen 2017; 6:393-401. [PMID: 28638772 PMCID: PMC5474671 DOI: 10.1002/open.201700045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrodeposition of tin, bismuth, and tin-bismuth alloys from SnII and BiIII chlorometalate salts in the choline chloride/ethylene glycol (1:2 molar ratio) deep eutectic solvent was studied on glassy carbon and gold by cyclic voltammetry, rotating disc voltammetry, and chronoamperometry. The SnII-containing electrolyte showed one voltammetric redox process corresponding to SnII/Sn0. The diffusion coefficient of [SnCl3]-, detected as the dominating species by Raman spectroscopy, was determined from Levich and Cottrell analyses. The BiIII-containing electrolyte showed two voltammetric reduction processes, both attributed to BiIII/Bi0. Dimensionless current/time transients revealed that the electrodeposition of both Sn and Bi on glassy carbon proceeded by 3D-progressive nucleation at a low overpotential and changed to instantaneous at higher overpotentials. The nucleation rate of Bi on glassy carbon was considerably smaller than that of Sn. Elemental Sn and Bi were electrodeposited on Au-coated glass slides from their respective salt solutions, as were Sn-Bi alloys from a 2:1 SnII/BiIII solution. The biphasic Sn-Bi alloys changed from a Bi-rich composition to a Sn-rich composition by making the deposition potential more negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Vieira
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of MaterialsGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
| | - Jennifer Burt
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, HighfieldUniversity RoadSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Peter W. Richardson
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, HighfieldUniversity RoadSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Daniel Schloffer
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of MaterialsGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
| | - David Fuchs
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of MaterialsGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
| | - Alwin Moser
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of MaterialsGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
| | - Philip N. Bartlett
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, HighfieldUniversity RoadSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Gillian Reid
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, HighfieldUniversity RoadSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Bernhard Gollas
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of MaterialsGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
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Levason W, Pugh D, Reid G. Imidazolium-based ionic liquids with large weakly coordinating anions. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03674k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An investigation into the intramolecular interactions in a series of imidazolium salts with weakly coordinating anions reveals that it is possible to control the strength and location of hydrogen bonding by varying the substituents on the imidazolium cation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Pugh
- Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Southampton
- UK
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Bartlett PN, Cook DA, Hasan M, Hector AL, Marks S, Naik J, Reid G, Sloan J, Smith DC, Spencer J, Webber Z. Supercritical fluid electrodeposition, structural and electrical characterisation of tellurium nanowires. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07092f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystalline sub 20 nm semiconducting nanowires have been electrodeposited from a supercritical fluid for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sam Marks
- Department of Physics
- University of Warwick
- UK
| | - Jay Naik
- Physics and Astronomy
- University of Southampton
- UK
| | | | | | | | - Joe Spencer
- Physics and Astronomy
- University of Southampton
- UK
| | - Zondy Webber
- Physics and Astronomy
- University of Southampton
- UK
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The voltammetry of decamethylferrocene and coboltacene in supercritical difluoromethane (R32). J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Han X, Ke J, Suleiman N, Levason W, Pugh D, Zhang W, Reid G, Licence P, George MW. Phase behaviour and conductivity of supporting electrolytes in supercritical difluoromethane and 1,1-difluoroethane. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:14359-69. [PMID: 27166921 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00466k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present investigations into a variety of supporting electrolytes and supercritical fluids probing the phase and conductivity behaviour of these systems and show that they not only provide sufficient electrical conductivity for an electrodeposition bath, but match the requirements imposed by the different precursors and process parameters, e.g. increased temperature, for potential deposition experiments. The two supercritical fluids that have been explored in this study are difluoromethane (CH2F2) and 1,1-difluoroethane (CHF2CH3). For CH2F2, the phase behaviour and electrical conductivity of eight ionic compounds have been studied. Each compound consists of a cation and an anion from the selected candidates i.e. tetramethylammonium ([N(CH3)4](+)), tetrabutylammonium ([N((n)C4H9)4](+)), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ([EMIM](+)) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([BMIM](+)) for cations, and tetrakis(perfluoro-tert-butoxy)aluminate ([Al(OC(CF3)3)4](-)), chloride (Cl(-)), trifluoromethyl sulfonimide ([NTf2](-)) and tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ([FAP](-)) for anions. For CHF2CH3, [N((n)C4H9)4][BF4] and [N((n)C4H9)4][B{3,5-C6H3(CF3)2}4] have been investigated for comparison with the previously measured solubility and conductivity in CH2F2. We have found that [N((n)C4H9)4][Al(OC(CF3)3)4], [N((n)C4H9)4][FAP] and [N(CH3)4][FAP] have much higher molar conductivity in scCH2F2 at similar conditions than [N((n)C4H9)4][BF4], a widely used commercial electrolyte. Additionally, scCHF2CH3 shows potential for use as the solvent for supercritical fluid electrodeposition, especially at high temperatures since high density of this fluid can be achieved at lower operating pressures than similar fluids that can be used to produce electrochemical baths with comparable conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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Bartlett PN, Burt J, Hasan MM, Hector AL, Levason W, Reid G, Richardson PW. Haloplumbate salts as reagents for the non-aqueous electrodeposition of lead. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra12942k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic voltammetry experiments on the Pb(ii) salts, [PPh4][PbX3] (X = Cl, Br, I) in CH2Cl2 solution ([PPh4]X supporting electrolyte) at Pt electrodes show reproducible nucleation and stripping features consistent with reduction to elemental Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Burt
- Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Southampton SO17 1BJ
- UK
| | | | | | | | - Gillian Reid
- Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Southampton SO17 1BJ
- UK
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12
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Champion MJD, Levason W, Pugh D, Reid G. Hexahalometallate salts of trivalent scandium, yttrium and lanthanum: cation–anion association in the solid state and in solution. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj01068g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The hydrogen bonding of hexahalometallate anions with various organic cations is explored via crystallographic and solution NMR studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Levason
- School of Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Southampton SO17 1BJ
- UK
| | - David Pugh
- School of Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Southampton SO17 1BJ
- UK
| | - Gillian Reid
- School of Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Southampton SO17 1BJ
- UK
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