1
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Barbosa WG, Santos-Jr CV, Andrade RB, Lucena JR, Moura RT. Bond analysis in meta- and para-substituted thiophenols: overlap descriptors, local mode analysis, and QTAIM. J Mol Model 2024; 30:139. [PMID: 38639900 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-05932-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT This study delves into the chemical nuances of thiophenols and their derivatives through a comprehensive computational analysis, moving beyond traditional energetic perspectives such as bond dissociation enthalpy and S-H dissociation dynamics. By employing the overlap model along with its topological descriptors (OP/TOP), quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), and local vibrational mode (LVM) theories, the research provides a deeper understanding of the S-H and C-S bonding scenarios in substituted thiophenols. The investigation follows the electron-donating capacity of S-H substituent variation with the nature and positioning of other ring substituents. Energy profile analyses indicate distinct stability differences in the cis and trans conformations of meta- and para-PhSH systems, influenced by the electron-donating strength of these substituents. The study also uncovers significant variations in S-H bond distances and descriptor values, particularly in para-substituted PhSH, reflecting the influence of electron-donating or withdrawing substituents. In contrast, alterations at the meta-position show minimal effects on C-S bond descriptors, while para-substitutions markedly influence C-S bond characteristics, demonstrating a clear correlation with the electron-donating or withdrawing capabilities of the substituents. This research sheds light on the intricate bond dynamics in aromatic systems with diverse substituents, highlighting the complex interaction between electronic effects and molecular conformation. METHODS The study employs the ω B97X-D/Def2TZVP level of theory for molecular geometries, ensuring accurate characterization of structures as true minima via analytical harmonic frequency determination. The electronic properties of S-H and C-S bonds in variously substituted thiophenols were analyzed using OP/TOP, QTAIM, and LVM methodologies. Computational processes, including conformational scans, geometry optimizations, and vibrational frequency calculations, were conducted using Gaussian 09, with ultra-fine integration grids and tight convergence criteria for the SCF procedure. Bond descriptors were computed utilizing ChemBOS, Multiwfn, and LModeA software, providing a robust and detailed examination of bond properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willis G Barbosa
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Paraiba, Campina Grande, 58429-500, PB, Brazil
| | - Carlos V Santos-Jr
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, 58051-970, PB, Brazil
| | - Railton B Andrade
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Paraiba, Campina Grande, 58429-500, PB, Brazil
| | - Juracy R Lucena
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Paraiba, Campina Grande, 58429-500, PB, Brazil
| | - Renaldo T Moura
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, 58397-000, PB, Brazil.
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, 75275, USA.
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2
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Meurer F, Kleemiss F, Riesinger C, Balázs G, Vuković V, Shenderovich IG, Jelsch C, Bodensteiner M. Probing the Isolobal Relation between Cp'''NiP 3 and White Phosphorus by Experimental Charge Density Analysis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303762. [PMID: 38277228 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
An in-depth analysis of the description of bonding within Cp'''Ni-cyclo-P3 (Cp'''=1,2,4-tri-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl, [Ni]P3) employing X-ray diffraction based multipolar modeling, density functional theory (DFT) as well as an "experimental wavefunction" obtained from X-ray restrained wavefunction (XRW) fitting is presented. The results are compared to DFT calculations on white phosphorus - an isolobal analogue to [Ni]P3. A complementary bonding analysis shows insights into the reactivity of [Ni]P3. The isolobal principle is reflected in every aspect of our analysis and the employed methods seamlessly predict the differences in reactivity of [Ni]P3 and P4. Crystallographic modeling, solid-state NMR, and DFT calculations describe the dynamic behavior of the cyclo-P3 unit in the title molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Meurer
- Faculty for Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Florian Kleemiss
- Faculty for Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, Landoltweg 1a, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Riesinger
- Faculty for Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Faculty for Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Vedran Vuković
- Faculty for Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- Cristallographie, Résonance Magnétique et Modélisations CNRS, UMR 7036, Institut Jean Barriol, CNRS, Université de Lorraine BP 70239, F54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy CEDEX, France
| | - Ilya G Shenderovich
- Faculty for Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Jelsch
- Cristallographie, Résonance Magnétique et Modélisations CNRS, UMR 7036, Institut Jean Barriol, CNRS, Université de Lorraine BP 70239, F54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy CEDEX, France
| | - Michael Bodensteiner
- Faculty for Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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3
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Santos CV, Monteiro SA, Soares ASC, Souto ICA, Moura RT. Decoding Chemical Bonds: Assessment of the Basis Set Effect on Overlap Electron Density Descriptors and Topological Properties in Comparison to QTAIM. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7997-8014. [PMID: 37703453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantum chemical bonding descriptors based on the total and overlap density can provide valuable information about chemical interactions in different systems. However, these descriptors can be sensitive to the basis set used. To address this, different numerical treatments of electron density have been proposed to reduce the basis set dependency. In this work, we introduce overlap properties (OPs) obtained through numerical treatment of the electron density and present the topology of overlap density (TOP) for the first time. We compare the basis set dependency of numerical OP and TOP descriptors with their quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) counterparts, considering the total electron density. Three single (C-C, C-O, and C-F) bonds in ethane, methanol, and fluoromethane and two double (C═C and C═O) bonds in ethene and formaldehyde were analyzed. Diatomic molecules Li-X with X = F, Cl, and Br were also analyzed. Eight parameters, including QTAIM descriptors and OP/TOP descriptors, are used to assess the basis dependency at the ωB97X-D level of theory using 28 basis sets from three classes: Pople, Ahlrichs, and Dunning. The study revealed that the topological overlap electron density properties exhibit comparatively lesser dependence on the basis set compared to their total electron density counterparts. Remarkably, these properties retain their chemical significance even with reduced basis set dependency. Similarly, numerical OP descriptors show less basis set dependency than their QTAIM counterparts. The excess of polarization functions increases charge concentration in the interatomic region and influences both QTAIM and OP descriptors. The basis sets Def2TZVP, 6-31++G(d,p), 6-311++G(d,p), cc-pVDZ, cc-pVTZ, and cc-pVQZ demonstrate reduced variability for the tested bond classes in this study, with particular emphasis on the triple-ζ quality Ahlrichs' basis set. We recommend against using basis sets with numerous polarization functions, such as augmented Dunning's and Ahlrichs' quadruple-ζ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos V Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba 58051-970, Brazil
| | - Shirlene A Monteiro
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Paraiba, Campina Grande, Paraiba 58051-970, Brazil
| | - Amanda S C Soares
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraiba 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Isabeli C A Souto
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraiba 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Renaldo T Moura
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraiba 58397-000, Brazil
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
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4
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Job N, Thirumoorthy K. Chemical Bonding Perspective on Low-Lying SiC 4H 2 Isomers: Conceptual Quantum Chemical Views. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:9366-9374. [PMID: 36512698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The nature of the chemical bonding in seven low-lying isomers of SiC4H2 is analyzed through quantum chemical concepts. Out of the seven, four isomers, 1-ethynyl-3-silacycloprop-1(2)-en-3-ylidene (1), diethynylsilylidene (2), 1-sila-1,2,3,4-pentatetraenylidene (4), and 1,3-butadiynylsilylidene (5), have already been identified in the laboratory. The other three isomers, 2-methylenesilabicyclo[1.1.0]but-1(3)-en-4-ylidene (3), 4-sila-2-methylenebicyclo[1.1.0]but-1(3)-en-4-ylidene (6), and 3-ethynyl-1-silapropadienylidene (7) remain elusive in the laboratory to date (J. Phys. Chem. A, 2020, 124, 987-1002). Deep insight into the characteristics of chemical bonding is explored with different bonding analysis tools. Quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), interaction quantum atoms analysis, natural bond orbital analysis, adaptive natural density partitioning, electron localization function (ELF), Laplacian of electron density, energy decomposition analysis, atomic charge analysis, bond order analysis, and frontier molecular orbital analysis are employed in the present work to gain a better understanding of the chemical bonding perspective in SiC4H2 isomers. Different quantum chemical topology approaches (QTAIM, ELF, and Laplacian of electron density) are employed to complement each other. The obtained results dictate that the lone pair of the silicon atom participate in delocalization and influences the structural stability of isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Job
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnan Thirumoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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5
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Sessa F, Rahm M. Electronegativity Equilibration. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:5472-5482. [PMID: 35939052 PMCID: PMC9393861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the distribution of electrons in materials is the holy grail of chemistry and material science. Practical attempts at this feat are common but are often reliant on simplistic arguments based on electronegativity. One challenge is knowing when such arguments work, and which other factors may play a role. Ultimately, electrons move to equalize chemical potentials. In this work, we outline a theory in which chemical potentials of atoms and molecules are expressed in terms of reinterpretations of common chemical concepts and some physical quantities: electronegativity, chemical hardness, and the sensitivity of electronic repulsion and core levels with respect to changes in the electron density. At the zero-temperature limit, an expression of the Fermi level emerges that helps to connect several of these quantities to a plethora of material properties, theories and phenomena predominantly explored in condensed matter physics. Our theory runs counter to Sanderson's postulate of electronegativity equalization and allows a perspective in which electronegativities of bonded atoms need not be equal. As chemical potentials equalize in this framework, electronegativities equilibrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sessa
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University
of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Rahm
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University
of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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6
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Duvinage D, Puylaert P, Wieduwilt EK, Malaspina LA, Edwards AJ, Lork E, Mebs S, Hupf E, Grabowsky S, Beckmann J. Nickel and Palladium Complexes of a PP(O)P Pincer Ligand Based upon a peri-Substituted Acenaphthyl Scaffold and a Secondary Phosphine Oxide. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:8406-8418. [PMID: 35609007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A PP(O)P pincer ligand based upon a peri-substituted acenaphthyl (Ace) scaffold and a secondary phosphine oxide, (5-Ph2P-Ace-6-)2P(O)H, was prepared and fully characterized including a neutron diffraction study. The reaction with [Ni(H2O)6]Cl2 and PdCl2 produced ionic metal(II) complexes [κ3-P,P',P''((5-Ph2P-Ace-6-)2P(OH))MCl]Cl, which upon addition of Et3N gave rise to zwitterionic metal(II) complexes κ3-P,P',P''((5-Ph2P-Ace-6-)2P(O))MCl (M = Ni, Pd). The reaction with Ni(COD)2 (COD = cyclooctadiene) provided the η3-cyclooctenyl Ni(II) complex κ3-P,P',P''((5-Ph2P-Ace-6-)2P(O))Ni(η3-C8H13). A detailed complementary bonding analysis of the P-H, P-O, and P-M interactions was carried out (M = Ni, Pd).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Duvinage
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 3 & 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Pim Puylaert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 3 & 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Erna K Wieduwilt
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 3 & 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany.,CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Theoriques (LPCT), Université de Lorraine, 1 Boulevard Arago, 57078 Metz, France
| | - Lorraine A Malaspina
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 3 & 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany.,Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alison J Edwards
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, Sydney 2234, Australia
| | - Enno Lork
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 3 & 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Emanuel Hupf
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 3 & 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 3 & 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany.,Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 3 & 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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7
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Becker C, Schwabedissen J, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Mitzel NW. Frustrated Lewis pair chemistry of hydride sponges. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:6547-6564. [PMID: 35319060 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00585a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An improved synthesis for 1,8-bis(dimethylboranyl)naphthalene (1, hydride sponge) was developed avoiding the use of tin(IV) reagents. The related 1,2-bis(dimethylboranyl)benzene (2) was prepared. 1 combined with 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene (3, proton sponge) is a Frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) that forms adducts [1-EHn-1][3-H] with the protic compounds EHn = H2O, NH3, H2S, PH3, H2Se, HCN. Their structures show the chelation of the deprotonated substrates, except for CN- (binds to one B atom of 1). The mechanisms of formation of [1-EHn-1][3-H] were explored by NMR spectroscopy. Similar reactions took places for the FLP system 2 + 3, but the adducts [2-EHn-1][3-H] are less stable; only the PH3 adduct was isolated and AsH3 forms a chelated adduct [2-NC(CD3)AsH2][3-H]. FLP 1 + 3 does not react with molecular hydrogen, but the formal adduct [1-H][3-H] was isolated via salt metathesis from K[1-H] and [3-H]Cl; it is stable towards water, atmospheric oxygen and up to 100 °C; its thermal decomposition proceeds without formation of H2. The stabilities of both, the mixture 1 + 3 + H2 and the formal adduct [1-H][3-H], allow concluding that hydrogen activation of FLP 1 + 3 is kinetically prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Becker
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Jan Schwabedissen
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Norbert W Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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8
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Jacob C, Baguia H, Dubart A, Oger S, Thilmany P, Beaudelot J, Deldaele C, Peruško S, Landrain Y, Michelet B, Neale S, Romero E, Moucheron C, Van Speybroeck V, Theunissen C, Evano G. A general synthesis of azetidines by copper-catalysed photoinduced anti-Baldwin radical cyclization of ynamides. Nat Commun 2022; 13:560. [PMID: 35091551 PMCID: PMC8799647 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A general anti-Baldwin radical 4-exo-dig cyclization from nitrogen-substituted alkynes is reported. Upon reaction with a heteroleptic copper complex in the presence of an amine and under visible light irradiation, a range of ynamides were shown to smoothly cyclize to the corresponding azetidines, useful building blocks in natural product synthesis and medicinal chemistry, with full control of the regioselectivity of the cyclization resulting from a unique and underrated radical 4-exo-dig pathway. The construction of four-membered rings via a 4-exo-dig cyclization was originally theorized to be unfavourable and only recently shown in sparse examples. Here the authors present a photochemical, radical 4-exo-dig cyclization of ynamides to form azetidines, promoted by copper photoredox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Jacob
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hajar Baguia
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amaury Dubart
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Samuel Oger
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Thilmany
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Beaudelot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/08, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christopher Deldaele
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefano Peruško
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yohann Landrain
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bastien Michelet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Samuel Neale
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Tech Lane Ghent Science Park Campus A, Technologiepark 46, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Eugénie Romero
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cécile Moucheron
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/08, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Veronique Van Speybroeck
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Tech Lane Ghent Science Park Campus A, Technologiepark 46, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
| | - Cédric Theunissen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
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9
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Bai J, Yu HT. Theoretical investigation of the structures, stabilities, and vibrational and rotational spectroscopic parameters of linear HOMgNC and HMgNCO molecules by density functional theory and coupled-cluster method. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00715k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Linear HOMgNC and HMgNCO molecules: two appropriate candidates for interstellar observation and experimental preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Bai
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Tao Yu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
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10
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Abstract
One challenge in chemistry is the plethora of often disparate models for rationalizing the electronic structure of molecules. Chemical concepts abound, but their connections are often frail. This work describes a quantum-mechanical framework that enables a combination of ideas from three approaches common for the analysis of chemical bonds: energy decomposition analysis (EDA), quantum chemical topology, and molecular orbital (MO) theory. The glue to our theory is the electron energy density, interpretable as one part electrons and one part electronegativity. We present a three-dimensional analysis of the electron energy density and use it to redefine what constitutes an atom in a molecule. Definitions of atomic partial charge and electronegativity follow in a way that connects these concepts to the total energy of a molecule. The formation of polar bonds is predicted to cause inversion of electronegativity, and a new perspective of bonding in diborane and guanine-cytosine base-pairing is presented. The electronegativity of atoms inside molecules is shown to be predictive of pKa .
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Racioppi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyKemigården 441258GothenburgSweden
| | - Martin Rahm
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyKemigården 441258GothenburgSweden
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11
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Fugel M, Dittmer A, Kleemiss F, Grabowsky S. On the Role of Hydrogen Bonding in Gas-Phase S N2 Reactions at Silicon. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4070-4078. [PMID: 33974418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The shape of the potential energy surface (PES) of gas-phase SN2 reactions at silicon is determined by the type of nucleophile, the leaving group, and substituents which remain bonded to silicon. In this study, we present PES scans along the reaction coordinate of six symmetrical SN2 reactions: X- + SiR3X → XSiR3 + X-, where X = Cl or F and R = H, Me, or OMe. While the fluorine systems and the ClSiH3Cl system only give single-well PESs, ClSiMe3Cl and ClSi(OMe)3Cl give triple- and double-well PESs with stable pre- and post-reaction complexes. A complementary bonding analysis (energy decomposition analysis, quantum theory of atoms in molecules, and natural bond orbitals) reveals that the leaving group (X-) is stabilized by hydrogen bonding in the XSiMe3X and XSi(OMe)3X systems. It is shown that this so far neglected stabilizing contribution, along with σ-hole bonding, is responsible for the shapes of the PESs of ClSiMe3Cl and ClSi(OMe)3Cl in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Fugel
- Fachbereich 2-Biologie/ Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Str. 3, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Anneke Dittmer
- Fachbereich 2-Biologie/ Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Str. 3, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Florian Kleemiss
- Fachbereich 2-Biologie/ Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Str. 3, 28359 Bremen, Germany.,Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- Fachbereich 2-Biologie/ Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Str. 3, 28359 Bremen, Germany.,Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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12
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Sessa F, Olsson M, Söderberg F, Wang F, Rahm M. Experimental Quantum Chemistry: A Hammett-inspired Fingerprinting of Substituent Effects. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:569-576. [PMID: 33502056 PMCID: PMC8049055 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202001053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The quantum mechanically calculable Q descriptor is shown to be a potent quantifier of chemical reactivity in complex molecules - it shows a strong correlation to experimentally derived field effects in non-aromatic substrates and Hammett σm and σp parameters. Models for predicting substituent effects from Q are presented and applied, including on the elusive pentazolyl substituent. The presented approach enables fast computational estimation of substituent effects, and, in extension, medium-throughput screening of molecules and compound design. An experimental dataset is suggested as a candidate benchmark for aiding the general development and comparison of electronic structure analyses. It is here used to evaluate the experimental quantum chemistry (EQC) framework for chemical bonding analysis in larger molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sessa
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologySE-412 96GothenburgSweden
| | - Martina Olsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologySE-412 96GothenburgSweden
| | - Fredrik Söderberg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologySE-412 96GothenburgSweden
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Rhode Island140 Flagg RoadKingstonRhode Island02881USA
| | - Martin Rahm
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologySE-412 96GothenburgSweden
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13
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Gupta R, Rezabal E, Hasrack G, Frison G. Comparison of Chemical and Interpretative Methods: the Carbon-Boron π-Bond as a Test Case*. Chemistry 2020; 26:17230-17241. [PMID: 32780465 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations and NBO, ETS-NOCV, QTAIM and ELF interpretative approaches have been carried out on C-donor ligand-stabilized dihydrido borenium cations. Numerous descriptors of the C-B π-bond strength obtained from orbital localization, energy partitioning or topological methods as well as from structural and chemical parameters have been calculated for 39 C-donor ligands including N-heterocyclic carbenes and carbones. Comparison of the results allows the identification of relative and absolute descriptors of the π interaction. For both families of descriptors excellent correlations are obtained. This enables the establishment of a π-donation capability scale and shows that the interpretative methods, despite their conceptual differences, describe the same chemical properties. These results also reveal noticeable shortcomings in these popular methods, and some precautions that need to be taken to interpret their results adequately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Gupta
- LCM, CNRS, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Elixabete Rezabal
- LCM, CNRS, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France.,Faculty of Chemistry, Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018, Donostia, Spain
| | - Golshid Hasrack
- LCM, CNRS, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Gilles Frison
- LCM, CNRS, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
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14
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Meyer F, Hupf E, Lork E, Grabowsky S, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Bis(6‐diphenylphosphino‐acenaphth‐5‐yl)sulfoxide: A New Ligand for Late Transition Metal Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Meyer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 3 und 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Emanuel Hupf
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 3 und 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Enno Lork
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 3 und 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 3 und 7 28359 Bremen Germany
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie Universität Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 3 und 7 28359 Bremen Germany
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15
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Fortenberry RC, Trabelsi T, Francisco JS. Anharmonic Frequencies and Spectroscopic Constants of OAlOH and AlOH: Strong Bonding but Unhindered Motion. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:8834-8841. [PMID: 33044814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The astrophysical buildup of premineral nanocrystals from atoms to the smallest network-covalent solids will require observations of various small molecules containing the most common elements in minerals including aluminum and oxygen. The present work utilizes high-level quantum chemical quartic force field (QFF) approaches to produce anharmonic vibrational frequencies and spectroscopic constants for such species. The computed Beff for the astrochemically known AlOH molecule at 15780.5 MHz is a mere 40 MHz above the experimental value implying that the Beff for OAlOH at 5580.9 MHz is similarly accurate. The additional 7.31 D dipole moment in OAlOH implies that this molecule is a viable target for interstellar observation. Unlike the other anharmonic vibrational frequencies reported in this work, the Al-O-H bending frequencies in both AlOH and OAlOH are poorly described in the present QFF results. However, this failing actually highlights the fact that these bends are exceptionally floppy yet with counterintuitive exceedingly strong bonding. The Al-O bond energies are 128.2 and 107.2 kcal/mol, respective of AlOH and OAlOH, while the barriers to linearity are meager 16.6 and 380.7 cm-1 (0.1 and 1.1 kcal/mol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Fortenberry
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677-1848, United States
| | - Tarek Trabelsi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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16
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Rohdenburg M, Yang Z, Su P, Bernhardt E, Yuan Q, Apra E, Grabowsky S, Laskin J, Jenne C, Wang XB, Warneke J. Properties of gaseous closo-[B 6X 6] 2- dianions (X = Cl, Br, I). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:17713-17724. [PMID: 32728676 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02581j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Electronic structure, collision-induced dissociation (CID) and bond properties of closo-[B6X6]2- (X = Cl-I) are investigated in direct comparison with their closo-[B12X12]2- analogues. Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) and theoretical investigations reveal that [B6X6]2- dianions are electronically significantly less stable than the corresponding [B12X12]2- species. Although [B6Cl6]2- is slightly electronically unstable, [B6Br6]2- and [B6I6]2- are intrinsically stable dianions. Consistent with the trend in the electron detachment energy, loss of an electron (e- loss) is observed in CID of [B6X6]2- (X = Cl, Br) but not for [B6I6]2-. Halogenide loss (X- loss) is common for [B6X6]2- (X = Br, I) and [B12X12]2- (X = Cl, Br, I). Meanwhile, X˙ loss is only observed for [B12X12]2- (X = Br, I) species. The calculated reaction enthalpies of the three competing dissociation pathways (e-, X- and X˙ loss) indicated a strong influence of kinetic factors on the observed fragmentation patterns. The repulsive Coulomb barrier (RCB) determines the transition state for the e- and X- losses. A significantly lower RCB for X- loss than for e- loss was found in both experimental and theoretical investigations and can be rationalized by the recently introduced concept of electrophilic anions. The positive reaction enthalpies for X- losses are significantly lower for [B6X6]2- than for [B12X12]2-, while enthalpies for X˙ losses are higher. These observations are consistent with a difference in bond character of the B-X bonds in [B6X6]2- and [B12X12]2-. A complementary bonding analysis using QTAIM, NPA and ELI-D based methods suggests that B-X bonds in [B12X12]2- have a stronger covalent character than in [B6X6]2-, in which X has a stronger halide character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rohdenburg
- Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Fachbereich 2-Biologie/Chemie, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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17
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Synthesis, Structure and Bonding Analysis of the Zwitterionic PPP-Pincer Complex (6-Ph2P-Ace-5-)2P(O)AuCl2. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10070564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of (6-Ph2P-Ace-5-)2P(O)H with (tht)AuCl3 proceeds via elimination of tetrahydrothiophene (tht) and HCl, providing the zwitterionic PPP-pincer complex (6-Ph2P-Ace-5-)2P(O)AuCl2 (1) as yellow crystals. The molecular structure of 1 was established and studied by X-ray crystallography. The electronic structure was computationally analyzed using a comprehensive set of real-space bonding indicators derived from electron and electron-pair densities, providing insight into the relative contributions of covalent and non-covalent forces to the polar-covalent Au–Cl, Au–P, and P–O− bonds; the latter being one of the textbook cases for strongly polarized covalent interactions. Partial spatial complementarity between both bonding aspects is suggested by the electronic properties of the distinctively different Au–Cl bonds.
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18
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Grabowsky S, Genoni A, Thomas SP, Jayatilaka D. The Advent of Quantum Crystallography: Form and Structure Factors from Quantum Mechanics for Advanced Structure Refinement and Wavefunction Fitting. 21ST CENTURY CHALLENGES IN CHEMICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY II 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/430_2020_62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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19
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Genoni A, Macetti G, Franchini D, Pieraccini S, Sironi M. X-ray constrained spin-coupled technique: theoretical details and further assessment of the method. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA A-FOUNDATION AND ADVANCES 2019; 75:778-797. [PMID: 31692454 DOI: 10.1107/s2053273319011021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the well-established methods of modern quantum crystallography is undoubtedly the X-ray constrained wavefunction (XCW) approach, a technique that enables the determination of wavefunctions which not only minimize the energy of the system under examination, but also reproduce experimental X-ray diffraction data within the limit of the experimental errors. Initially proposed in the framework of the Hartree–Fock method, the strategy has been gradually extended to other techniques of quantum chemistry, but always remaining limited to a single-determinant ansatz for the wavefunction to extract. This limitation has been recently overcome through the development of the novel X-ray constrained spin-coupled (XCSC) approach [Genoni et al. (2018). Chem. Eur. J.
24, 15507–15511] which merges the XCW philosophy with the traditional spin-coupled strategy of valence bond theory. The main advantage of this new technique is the possibility of extracting traditional chemical descriptors (e.g. resonance structure weights) compatible with the experimental diffraction measurements, without the need to introduce information a priori or perform analyses a posteriori. This paper provides a detailed theoretical derivation of the fundamental equations at the basis of the XCSC method and also introduces a further advancement of its original version, mainly consisting in the use of molecular orbitals resulting from XCW calculations at the Hartree–Fock level to describe the inactive electrons in the XCSC computations. Furthermore, extensive test calculations, which have been performed by exploiting high-resolution X-ray diffraction data for salicylic acid and by adopting different basis sets, are presented and discussed. The computational tests have shown that the new technique does not suffer from particular convergence problems. Moreover, all the XCSC calculations provided resonance structure weights, spin-coupled orbitals and global electron densities slightly different from those resulting from the corresponding unconstrained computations. These discrepancies can be ascribed to the capability of the novel strategy to capture the information intrinsically contained in the experimental data used as external constraints.
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20
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Andrés J, Ayers PW, Boto RA, Carbó-Dorca R, Chermette H, Cioslowski J, Contreras-García J, Cooper DL, Frenking G, Gatti C, Heidar-Zadeh F, Joubert L, Martín Pendás Á, Matito E, Mayer I, Misquitta AJ, Mo Y, Pilmé J, Popelier PLA, Rahm M, Ramos-Cordoba E, Salvador P, Schwarz WHE, Shahbazian S, Silvi B, Solà M, Szalewicz K, Tognetti V, Weinhold F, Zins ÉL. Nine questions on energy decomposition analysis. J Comput Chem 2019; 40:2248-2283. [PMID: 31251411 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The paper collects the answers of the authors to the following questions: Is the lack of precision in the definition of many chemical concepts one of the reasons for the coexistence of many partition schemes? Does the adoption of a given partition scheme imply a set of more precise definitions of the underlying chemical concepts? How can one use the results of a partition scheme to improve the clarity of definitions of concepts? Are partition schemes subject to scientific Darwinism? If so, what is the influence of a community's sociological pressure in the "natural selection" process? To what extent does/can/should investigated systems influence the choice of a particular partition scheme? Do we need more focused chemical validation of Energy Decomposition Analysis (EDA) methodology and descriptors/terms in general? Is there any interest in developing common benchmarks and test sets for cross-validation of methods? Is it possible to contemplate a unified partition scheme (let us call it the "standard model" of partitioning), that is proper for all applications in chemistry, in the foreseeable future or even in principle? In the end, science is about experiments and the real world. Can one, therefore, use any experiment or experimental data be used to favor one partition scheme over another? © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Andrés
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals Universitat Jaume I, 12080, Castelló, Spain
| | - Paul W Ayers
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, L8S 4M1, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ramon Carbó-Dorca
- Institut de Química Computational i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona, C/M Aurelia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Henry Chermette
- Université Lyon 1 et UMR CNRS 5280 Institut Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon, 69622, Paris, France
| | - Jerzy Cioslowski
- Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, Wielkopolska, 15, 70-451, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - David L Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerweinstr. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Carlo Gatti
- CNR-ISTM Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy and Istituto Lombardo Accademia di Scienze e Lettere, via Brera 28, 20121, Milan, Italy
| | - Farnaz Heidar-Zadeh
- Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg and Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Laurent Joubert
- COBRA UMR 6014 & FR 3038, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Université de Rouen Normandie, Mont-St-Aignan, France
| | - Ángel Martín Pendás
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Eduard Matito
- Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P.K. 1072, 20080, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
| | - István Mayer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Alston J Misquitta
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Yirong Mo
- Chemistry Department, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, 49008
| | - Julien Pilmé
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, LCT, UMR 7616, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Paul L A Popelier
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom.,School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Rahm
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eloy Ramos-Cordoba
- Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P.K. 1072, 20080, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona, C/M Aurelia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - W H Eugen Schwarz
- Theoretical Chemistry Center at Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Siegen, Siegen, 57068, Germany
| | - Shant Shahbazian
- Department of Physics, Shahid Beheshti University, P.O. Box 19395-4716, G. C., Evin, 19839, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bernard Silvi
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, LCT, UMR 7616, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona, C/M Aurelia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Krzysztof Szalewicz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Vincent Tognetti
- COBRA UMR 6014 & FR 3038, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Université de Rouen Normandie, Mont-St-Aignan, France
| | - Frank Weinhold
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Émilie-Laure Zins
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, MONARIS, UMR 8233, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, Case Courrier 49, 75252, Paris, France
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21
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Abstract
Chemically binding to argon (Ar) at room temperature has remained the privilege of the most reactive electrophiles, all of which are cationic (or even dicationic) in nature. Herein, we report a concept for the rational design of anionic superelectrophiles that are composed of a strong electrophilic center firmly embedded in a negatively charged framework of exceptional stability. To validate our concept, we synthesized the percyano-dodecoborate [B12(CN)12]2-, the electronically most stable dianion ever investigated experimentally. It serves as a precursor for the generation of the monoanion [B12(CN)11]-, which indeed spontaneously binds Ar at 298 K. Our mass spectrometric and spectroscopic studies are accompanied by high-level computational investigations including a bonding analysis of the exceptional B-Ar bond. The detection and characterization of this highly reactive, structurally stable anionic superelectrophile starts another chapter in the metal-free activation of particularly inert compounds and elements.
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22
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Fugel M, Malaspina LA, Pal R, Thomas SP, Shi MW, Spackman MA, Sugimoto K, Grabowsky S. Revisiting a Historical Concept by Using Quantum Crystallography: Are Phosphate, Sulfate and Perchlorate Anions Hypervalent? Chemistry 2019; 25:6523-6532. [PMID: 30759315 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
There are many examples of atoms in molecules that violate Lewis' octet rule, because they have more than four electron pairs assigned to their valence. These atoms are referred to as hypervalent. However, hypervalency may be regarded as an artifact arising from Lewis' description of molecules, which is based on the assumption that electrons are localized in two-center two-electron bonds and lone pairs. In the present paper, the isoelectronic phosphate (PO4 3- ), sulfate (SO4 2- ) and perchlorate (ClO4 - ) anions were examined with respect to the concept of hypervalency. Lewis formulas containing a hypervalent central atom exist for all three anions. Based on X-ray wavefunction refinements of high-resolution X-ray diffraction data of representative crystal structures (MgNH4 PO4 ⋅6 H2 O, Li2 SO4 ⋅H2 O, and KClO4 ), complementary bonding analyses were performed. In this way, experimental information from the new field of quantum crystallography validate long-known facts, or refute long-standing misunderstandings. It is shown that the P-O and S-O bonds are highly polarized covalent bonds and, thus, the increase in the valence population following three-center four-electron bonding is not sufficient to yield hypervalent phosphorus or sulfur atoms, respectively. However, for the highly covalent Cl-O bond, most bonding indicators imply a hypervalent chlorine atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Fugel
- Department 2-Chemistry/Biology, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 3 and 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Lorraine A Malaspina
- Department 2-Chemistry/Biology, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 3 and 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Rumpa Pal
- Department 2-Chemistry/Biology, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 3 and 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany.,Current address: Division of Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan
| | - Sajesh P Thomas
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Current address: Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center - INANO-Kemi, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ming W Shi
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Mark A Spackman
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Kunihisa Sugimoto
- SPring-8, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- Department 2-Chemistry/Biology, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 3 and 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
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23
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Bresien J, Schulz A, Szych LS, Villinger A, Wustrack R. [E(μ-NBbp)]2 (E = P, As) – group 15 biradicals synthesized from acyclic precursors. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:11103-11111. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01654f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Starting from an acyclic precursor R–N(ECl2)2, the preparation of biradicals of the type [E(μ-NBbp)]2 (E = P, As) was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bresien
- Institut für Chemie
- Universität Rostock
- D-18059 Rostock
- Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für Chemie
- Universität Rostock
- D-18059 Rostock
- Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock
| | | | | | - Ronald Wustrack
- Institut für Chemie
- Universität Rostock
- D-18059 Rostock
- Germany
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24
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Fugel M, Ponomarenko MV, Hesse MF, Malaspina LA, Kleemiss F, Sugimoto K, Genoni A, Röschenthaler GV, Grabowsky S. Complementary bonding analysis of the N–Si interaction in pentacoordinated silicon compounds using quantum crystallography. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:16330-16339. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02772f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The unique combination of quantum crystallography and complementary bonding analysis is used to investigate the bonding of pentacoordinated silicon atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Fugel
- University of Bremen
- Department 2: Biology/Chemistry
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | | | - Maxie F. Hesse
- University of Bremen
- Department 2: Biology/Chemistry
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Lorraine A. Malaspina
- University of Bremen
- Department 2: Biology/Chemistry
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Florian Kleemiss
- University of Bremen
- Department 2: Biology/Chemistry
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Kunihisa Sugimoto
- JASRI/Diffraction & Scattering Division
- Hyogo 679-5198
- Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
| | | | | | - Simon Grabowsky
- University of Bremen
- Department 2: Biology/Chemistry
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
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25
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Zaremba R, Dranka M, Trzaskowski B, Chęcińska L, Horeglad P. Probing the M–CNHC Bond and Its Effect on the Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of R2MOR(NHC) (M = Al, Ga, In) Complexes. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Zaremba
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Dranka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Trzaskowski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lilianna Chęcińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163/165, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł Horeglad
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
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26
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Genoni A, Franchini D, Pieraccini S, Sironi M. X‐ray Constrained Spin‐Coupled Wavefunction: a New Tool to Extract Chemical Information from X‐ray Diffraction Data. Chemistry 2018; 24:15507-15511. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Genoni
- Université de Lorraine CNRS, Laboratoire LPCT 1 Boulevard Arago 57078 Metz France
| | - Davide Franchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Stefano Pieraccini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM), CNR Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la, Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), UdR Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Maurizio Sironi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM), CNR Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la, Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), UdR Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
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27
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Fugel M, Hesse MF, Pal R, Beckmann J, Jayatilaka D, Turner MJ, Karton A, Bultinck P, Chandler GS, Grabowsky S. Covalency and Ionicity Do Not Oppose Each Other-Relationship Between Si-O Bond Character and Basicity of Siloxanes. Chemistry 2018; 24:15275-15286. [PMID: 29999553 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Covalency and ionicity are orthogonal rather than antipodal concepts. We demonstrate for the case of siloxane systems [R3 Si-(O-SiR2 )n -O-SiR3 ] that both covalency and ionicity of the Si-O bonds impact on the basicity of the Si-O-Si linkage. The relationship between the siloxane basicity and the Si-O bond character has been under debate since previous studies have presented conflicting explanations. It has been shown with natural bond orbital methods that increased hyperconjugative interactions of LP(O)→σ*(Si-R) type, that is, increased orbital overlap and hence covalency, are responsible for the low siloxane basicity at large Si-O-Si angles. On the other hand, increased ionicity towards larger Si-O-Si angles has been revealed with real-space bonding indicators. To resolve this ostensible contradiction, we perform a complementary bonding analysis, which combines orbital-space, real-space, and bond-index considerations. We analyze the isolated disiloxane molecule H3 SiOSiH3 with varying Si-O-Si angles, and n-membered cyclic siloxane systems Si2 H4 O(CH2 )n-3 . All methods from quite different realms show that both covalent and ionic interactions increase simultaneously towards larger Si-O-Si angles. In addition, we present highly accurate absolute hydrogen-bond interaction energies of the investigated siloxane molecules with water and silanol as donors. It is found that intermolecular hydrogen bonding is significant at small Si-O-Si angles and weakens as the Si-O-Si angle increases until no stable hydrogen-bond complexes are obtained beyond φSiOSi =168°, angles typically displayed by minerals or polymers. The maximum hydrogen-bond interaction energy, which is obtained at an angle of 105°, is 11.05 kJ mol-1 for the siloxane-water complex and 18.40 kJ mol-1 for the siloxane-silanol complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Fugel
- University of Bremen, Department 2-Chemistry/Biology, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, Leobener Str. 3 and 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Maxie F Hesse
- University of Bremen, Department 2-Chemistry/Biology, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, Leobener Str. 3 and 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Rumpa Pal
- University of Bremen, Department 2-Chemistry/Biology, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, Leobener Str. 3 and 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- University of Bremen, Department 2-Chemistry/Biology, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, Leobener Str. 3 and 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Dylan Jayatilaka
- University of Western Australia, School of Molecular Sciences, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Michael J Turner
- University of Western Australia, School of Molecular Sciences, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Amir Karton
- University of Western Australia, School of Molecular Sciences, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Patrick Bultinck
- Ghent University, Department of Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Graham S Chandler
- University of Western Australia, School of Molecular Sciences, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- University of Bremen, Department 2-Chemistry/Biology, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, Leobener Str. 3 and 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
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28
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Bresien J, Hering-Junghans C, Schulz A, Thomas M, Villinger A. Reactivity of TerN(SiMe3)BiCl2—Synthesis of an Aminobismuthenium Cation and TerN(SiMe3)Bi(N3)2. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bresien
- Abteilung Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christian Hering-Junghans
- Abteilung Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Abteilung Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Materialdesign, Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Max Thomas
- Abteilung Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Abteilung Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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