1
|
Chen GQ, Guo HY, Quan ZS, Shen QK, Li X, Luan T. Natural Products-Pyrazine Hybrids: A Review of Developments in Medicinal Chemistry. Molecules 2023; 28:7440. [PMID: 37959859 PMCID: PMC10649211 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrazine is a six-membered heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen, and many of its derivatives are biologically active compounds. References have been downloaded through Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, and SciFinder Scholar. The structure, biological activity, and mechanism of natural product derivatives containing pyrazine fragments reported from 2000 to September 2023 were reviewed. Publications reporting only the chemistry of pyrazine derivatives are beyond the scope of this review and have not been included. The results of research work show that pyrazine-modified natural product derivatives have a wide range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, antiparasitic, and antioxidant activities. Many of these derivatives exhibit stronger pharmacodynamic activity and less toxicity than their parent compounds. This review has a certain reference value for the development of heterocyclic compounds, especially pyrazine natural product derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (G.-Q.C.); (H.-Y.G.); (Z.-S.Q.); (Q.-K.S.)
| | - Hong-Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (G.-Q.C.); (H.-Y.G.); (Z.-S.Q.); (Q.-K.S.)
| | - Zhe-Shan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (G.-Q.C.); (H.-Y.G.); (Z.-S.Q.); (Q.-K.S.)
| | - Qing-Kun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (G.-Q.C.); (H.-Y.G.); (Z.-S.Q.); (Q.-K.S.)
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (G.-Q.C.); (H.-Y.G.); (Z.-S.Q.); (Q.-K.S.)
| | - Tian Luan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kulmány ÁE, Herman BE, Zupkó I, Sinreih M, Rižner TL, Savić M, Oklješa A, Nikolić A, Nagy V, Ocsovszki I, Szécsi M, Jovanović-Šanta S. Heterocyclic androstane and estrane d-ring modified steroids: Microwave-assisted synthesis, steroid-converting enzyme inhibition, apoptosis induction, and effects on genes encoding estrogen inactivating enzymes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 214:105997. [PMID: 34509617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
d-ring-fused and d-homo lactone compounds in estratriene and androstane series were synthesized using microwave-assisted reaction conditions. Microwave-irradiated synthesis methods were convenient and effective, and provided high yields with short reaction times. Their inhibition of C17,20-lyase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-HSD1) activities were studied in in vitro enzyme assays. d-ring-fused triazolyl estrone analog 24 showed potent inhibition of NADH-complexed 17β-HSD1, with a binding affinity similar to that of the substrate estrone; its inhibition against NADPH-complexed 17β-HSD1 was markedly weaker. Compound 24 also significantly and selectively reduced proliferation of cancer cell lines of gynecological origin. This estrane triazole changed the cell cycle and induced apoptosis of HeLa, SiHa, and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells, measured by both increased subG1 fraction of cells and activation of caspase-independent signaling pathways. A third mode of anti-estrogenic action of 24 saw increased mRNA expression of the SULT1E1 gene in HeLa cells; in contrast, its 3-benzyloxy analog 23 increased mRNA expression of the HSD17B2 gene, thus showing pronounced pro-drug anti-estrogenic activity. Estradiol-derived d-ring triazole compound 24 thus acts at the enzyme, gene expression and cellular levels to decrease the production of active estrogen hormones, demonstrating its pharmacological potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Erika Kulmány
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - István Zupkó
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Masa Sinreih
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tea Lanišnik Rižner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marina Savić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Oklješa
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Andrea Nikolić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Viktória Nagy
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imre Ocsovszki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mihály Szécsi
- Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Suzana Jovanović-Šanta
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mottinelli M, Sinreih M, Rižner TL, Leese MP, Potter BVL. N-Phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: An Alternative Scaffold for the Design of 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 1 Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:259-291. [PMID: 33151004 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases catalyse interconversion at the C17 position between oxidized and reduced forms of steroidal nuclear receptor ligands. The type 1 enzyme, expressed in malignant cells, catalyses reduction of the less-active estrone to estradiol, and inhibitors have therapeutic potential in estrogen-dependent diseases such as breast and ovarian cancers and in endometriosis. Synthetic decoration of the nonsteroidal N-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) template was pursued by using Pomeranz-Fritsch-Bobbitt, Pictet-Spengler and Bischler-Napieralski approaches to explore the viability of this scaffold as a steroid mimic. Derivatives were evaluated biologically in vitro as type 1 enzyme inhibitors in a bacterial cell homogenate as source of recombinant protein. Structure-activity relationships are discussed. THIQs possessing a 6-hydroxy group, lipophilic substitutions at the 1- or 4-positions in combination with N-4'-chlorophenyl substitution were most favourable for activity. Of these, one compound had an IC50 of ca. 350 nM as a racemate, testifying to the applicability of this novel approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mottinelli
- Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY, Bath, UK.,Present address: Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1345 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Maša Sinreih
- Institute of Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tea L Rižner
- Institute of Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mathew P Leese
- Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY, Bath, UK
| | - Barry V L Potter
- Drug Discovery & Medicinal Chemistry Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.,Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY, Bath, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Salah M, Abdelsamie AS, Frotscher M. Inhibitors of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, 2 and 14: Structures, biological activities and future challenges. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 489:66-81. [PMID: 30336189 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During the past 25 years, the modulation of estrogen action by inhibition of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 and 2 (17β-HSD1 and 17β-HSD2), respectively, has been pursued intensively. In the search for novel treatment options for estrogen-dependent diseases (EDD) and in order to explore estrogenic signaling pathways, a large number of steroidal and nonsteroidal inhibitors of these enzymes has been described in the literature. The present review gives a survey on the development of inhibitor classes as well as the structural formulas and biological properties of their most interesting representatives. In addition, rationally designed dual inhibitors of both 17β-HSD1 and steroid sulfatase (STS) as well as the first inhibitors of 17β-HSD14 are covered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salah
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ahmed S Abdelsamie
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus E81, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany; Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Martin Frotscher
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Microwave-Assisted Stereoselective Heterocyclization to Novel Ring d-fused Arylpyrazolines in the Estrone Series. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030569. [PMID: 30720767 PMCID: PMC6384934 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microwave-assisted syntheses of novel ring d-condensed 2-pyrazolines in the estrone series were efficiently carried out from steroidal α,β-enones and hydrazine derivatives. The ring-closure reaction of 16-benzylidene estrone 3-methyl ether with hydrazine in acetic acid resulted in a 2:1 diastereomeric mixture of two 16,17-cis fused pyrazolines, which is contrary to the former literature data for both stereoselectivity and product structure. However, the cyclization reactions of a mestranol-derived unsaturated ketone with different arylhydrazines in acidic ethanol furnished the heterocyclic products in good to excellent yields independently of the substituents present on the aromatic ring of the reagents applied. The MW conditions also permitted the ring-closure reaction with p-nitrophenylhydrazine which is unfavorable under conventional heating. Moreover, the transformations led to the heterocyclic compounds stereoselectively with a 16α,17α-cis ring junction without being susceptible to spontaneous and promoted oxidation to pyrazoles.
Collapse
|
6
|
Herman BE, Kiss A, Wölfling J, Mernyák E, Szécsi M, Schneider G. Synthesis of substituted 15β-alkoxy estrone derivatives and their cofactor-dependent inhibitory effect on 17β-HSD1. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:1271-1286. [PMID: 31307240 PMCID: PMC6691805 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1634064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-HSD1) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of 17β-estradiol. Novel estrone-based compounds bearing various 15β-oxa-linked substituents and hydroxy, methoxy, benzyloxy, and sulfamate groups in position C3 as potential 17β-HSD1 inhibitors have been synthesized. In addition, in vitro inhibitory potentials measured in the presence of excess amount of NADPH or NADH were investigated. We observed substantial inhibitory potentials for several derivatives (IC50 < 1 µM) and increased binding affinities compared to unsubstituted core molecules. Binding and inhibition were found to be cofactor-dependent for some of the compounds and we propose structural explanations for this phenomenon. Our results may contribute to the development of new 17β-HSD1 inhibitors, potential drug candidates for antiestrogen therapy of hormone-dependent gynecological cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anita Kiss
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Wölfling
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Mernyák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mihály Szécsi
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gyula Schneider
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pathe GK, Konduru NK, Parveen I, Ahmed N. Anti-proliferative activities of flavone–estradiol Stille-coupling adducts and of indanone-based compounds obtained by SnCl4/Zn-catalysed McMurry cross-coupling reactions. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra15685h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavone–estradiol adducts and indanophen based tamoxifen analogs are synthesized using SnCl4–Zn reagent via McMurry reaction and evaluated in human cervical (HeLa) and breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) for the anti-proliferative activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Naveen K. Konduru
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247 667
- India
| | - Iram Parveen
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247 667
- India
| | - Naseem Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247 667
- India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zavarzin IV, Antonov YS, Chernoburova EI, Shchetinina MA, Kolotyrkina NG, Shashkov AS. Interaction of 16-hydroxymethylidene derivatives of androstane and estrone with thiohydrazides of oxamic acids. Russ Chem Bull 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-013-0379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
9
|
Ayan D, Maltais R, Roy J, Poirier D. A new nonestrogenic steroidal inhibitor of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I blocks the estrogen-dependent breast cancer tumor growth induced by estrone. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:2096-104. [PMID: 22914440 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-HSD1) converts estrone (E1) into estradiol (E2) and is expressed in many steroidogenic tissues and breast cancer cell lines. Because the potent estrogen E2 stimulates the growth and development of hormone-dependent diseases, inhibition of the final step of E2 synthesis is considered a promising strategy for the treatment of breast cancer. On the basis of our previous study identifying 16β-(m-carbamoylbenzyl)-E2 (CC-156) as a lead compound for the inhibition of 17β-HSD1, we conducted a number of structural modifications to reduce its undesired residual estrogenic activity. The steroid derivative PBRM [3-(2-bromoethyl)-16β-(m-carbamoylbenzyl)-17β-hydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratriene] emerged as a potent inhibitor of 17β-HSD1 with an IC(50) value of 68 nmol/L for the transformation of E1 into E2. When tested in the estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cell line T-47D and in mice, PBRM showed no estrogenic activity in the range of concentrations tested. Furthermore, with the purpose of evaluating the bioavailability of PBRM and CC-156 injected subcutaneously (2.3 mg/kg), we measured their plasmatic concentrations as a function of time, calculated the area under the curve (AUC(0-12h)) and showed a significant improvement for PBRM (772 ng*h/mL) compared with CC-156 (445 ng*h/mL). We next tested the in vivo efficiency of PBRM on the T-47D xenograft tumor model in female ovariectomized athymic nude mice. After a treatment with PBRM, tumor sizes in mice stimulated with exogenous E1 were completely reduced at the control group level (without E1 treatment). As a conclusion, PBRM is a promising nonestrogenic inhibitor of 17β-HSD1 for the treatment of estrogen-dependent diseases such as breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ayan
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CHUQ (CHUL)-Research Center, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bansal R, Guleria S, Thota S, Hartmann RW, Zimmer C. Synthesis of imidazole-derived steroidal hybrids as potent aromatase inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
11
|
Schotes C, Mezzetti A. Alkylidene β-Ketoesters in Asymmetric Catalysis: Recent Developments. ACS Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/cs300035m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schotes
- Department of Chemistry and Applied
Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093
Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Mezzetti
- Department of Chemistry and Applied
Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093
Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rea V, Kolkman AJ, Vottero E, Stronks EJ, Ampt KAM, Honing M, Vermeulen NPE, Wijmenga SS, Commandeur JNM. Active site substitution A82W improves the regioselectivity of steroid hydroxylation by cytochrome P450 BM3 mutants as rationalized by spin relaxation nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Biochemistry 2012; 51:750-60. [PMID: 22208729 DOI: 10.1021/bi201433h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 BM3 from Bacillus megaterium is a monooxygenase with great potential for biotechnological applications. In this paper, we present engineered drug-metabolizing P450 BM3 mutants as a novel tool for regioselective hydroxylation of steroids at position 16β. In particular, we show that by replacing alanine at position 82 with a tryptophan in P450 BM3 mutants M01 and M11, the selectivity toward 16β-hydroxylation for both testosterone and norethisterone was strongly increased. The A82W mutation led to a ≤42-fold increase in V(max) for 16β-hydroxylation of these steroids. Moreover, this mutation improves the coupling efficiency of the enzyme, which might be explained by a more efficient exclusion of water from the active site. The substrate affinity for testosterone increased at least 9-fold in M11 with tryptophan at position 82. A change in the orientation of testosterone in the M11 A82W mutant as compared to the orientation in M11 was observed by T(1) paramagnetic relaxation nuclear magnetic resonance. Testosterone is oriented in M11 with both the A- and D-ring protons closest to the heme iron. Substituting alanine at position 82 with tryptophan results in increased A-ring proton-iron distances, consistent with the relative decrease in the level of A-ring hydroxylation at position 2β.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Rea
- LACDR/Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Pharmacochemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Schotes C, Althaus M, Aardoom R, Mezzetti A. Asymmetric Diels-Alder and Ficini reactions with alkylidene β-ketoesters catalyzed by chiral ruthenium PNNP complexes: mechanistic insight. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:1331-43. [PMID: 22191539 DOI: 10.1021/ja210372u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hydride abstraction from the β-position of the enolato ligand of the previously reported complex [Ru(3a-H)(PNNP)]PF(6) (5a; 3a-H is the enolate of 2-tert-butoxycarbonylcyclopentanone) with (Ph(3)C)PF(6) gives the dicationic complex [Ru(6a)(PNNP)](2+) (7a) as a single diastereoisomer, which contains the unsaturated β-ketoester 2-tert-butoxycarbonyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one (6a) as a chelating ligand. The methyl analogue 2-methoxycarbonylcyclopentanone (3b) gives [Ru(3b-H)(PNNP)]PF(6) as a mixture of noninterconverting diastereoisomers (ester group of 3b trans to P, 5b; or to N, 5c), which were separated by column chromatography. Hydride abstraction from 5b (or 5c) yields diastereomerically pure [Ru(6b)(PNNP)](2+) (7b or 7c). Complexes 7b and 7c do not interconvert at room temperature in CD(2)Cl(2) and form opposite enantiomers of the Diels-Alder adduct upon reaction with Dane's diene (1 equiv). X-ray studies of 7a, 5b, and 5c give insight into the origin of enantioselection and the sense of asymmetric induction in the previously reported asymmetric Diels-Alder and Ficini cycloaddition reactions with 2,3-disubstituted butadienes and ynamides, respectively. Stoichiometric reactions (substrate coordination, cycloaddition, and product displacement) between [Ru(OEt(2))(2)(PNNP)](2+) (2), 6b (or 6a), and Dane's diene (15, to give estrone derivatives) or N-benzyl-N-(cyclohexylethynyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (17, to give cyclobutenamides) suggest that product displacement from the catalyst is turnover limiting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schotes
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Maltais R, Ayan D, Poirier D. Crucial Role of 3-Bromoethyl in Removing the Estrogenic Activity of 17β-HSD1 Inhibitor 16β-(m-Carbamoylbenzyl)estradiol. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:678-681. [PMID: 21927646 PMCID: PMC3174009 DOI: 10.1021/ml200093v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-HSD1) represents a promising therapeutic target for breast cancer treatment. To reduce the undesirable estrogenic activity of potent 17β-HSD1 inhibitor 16β-(m-carbamoylbenzyl)estradiol (1) (IC50 = 27 nM), a series of analogues with a small functionalized side chain at position 3 were synthesized and tested. The 3-(2-bromoethyl)-16β-(m-carbamoylbenzyl)-estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17β-ol (5) was found to be a potent inhibitor (IC50 = 68 nM) for the transformation of estrone (E1) into estradiol (E2) and, most importantly, did not stimulate the proliferation of estrogen-sensitive MCF-7 cells, suggesting no estrogenic activity. From these results, the crucial role of a bromoalkyl side chain at carbon 3 was identified for the first time. Thus, this new inhibitor represents a good candidate with an interesting profile suitable for further studies including pharmacokinetic and in vivo studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- René Maltais
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Genomic Unit, CHUQ (CHUL) − Research Center and Laval University, Quebec (Quebec) G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Diana Ayan
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Genomic Unit, CHUQ (CHUL) − Research Center and Laval University, Quebec (Quebec) G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Donald Poirier
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Genomic Unit, CHUQ (CHUL) − Research Center and Laval University, Quebec (Quebec) G1V 4G2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Poirier D. Contribution to the development of inhibitors of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 and 7: key tools for studying and treating estrogen-dependent diseases. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 125:83-94. [PMID: 21182944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSDs) belong to a group of key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of steroidal hormones by catalyzing the reduction of 17-ketosteroids or the oxidation of 17β-hydroxysteroids. From three members known in the early nineties, the 17β-HSD functional family has grown to 15 members over the last 20 years. This growing number of 17β-HSD isoforms questioned the importance of each member, especially in their implication in estrogen- and androgen-dependent diseases, such as breast and prostate cancers. One of the strategies used to address the physiological importance of 17β-HSDs is to use potent and selective inhibitors. Furthermore, enzyme inhibitors could also be of therapeutic interest by reducing the level of estradiol (E2). Focusing on estrogens, we targeted 17β-HSD types 1 and 7, two enzymes able to transform the weak estrogen estrone (E1) into the potent estrogen E2. The present review article gives a description of different classes of inhibitors of 17β-HSD1 (C6-derivatives of E2, C16-derivatives of E2 as alkylating and dual action compounds, E2-adenosine hybrids, E2-simplified adenosine hybrids, and C16-derivatives of E1 or E2) and of inhibitors of 17β-HSD7, all these inhibitors developed in our laboratory. The chemical structures and inhibitory activity of these steroidal inhibitors, their potential as therapeutic agents, and their use as tools to elucidate the role of these enzymes in particular biological systems will be discussed. Article from the Special issue on Targeted Inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald Poirier
- Laval University (Faculty of Medicine) and CHUQ (CHUL)-Research Center (Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Genomic Unit), 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec (Quebec) G1V 4G2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Penning TM. Human hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases and pre-receptor regulation: insights into inhibitor design and evaluation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 125:46-56. [PMID: 21272640 PMCID: PMC3104102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) represent a major class of NAD(P)(H) dependent steroid hormone oxidoreductases involved in the pre-receptor regulation of hormone action. This is achieved by HSDs working in pairs so that they can interconvert ketosteroids with hydroxysteroids resulting in a change in ligand potency for nuclear receptors. HSDs belong to two protein superfamilies the aldo-keto reductases and the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductases. In humans, many of the important enzymes have been thoroughly characterized including the elucidation of their three-dimensional structures. Because these enzymes play fundamental roles in steroid hormone action they can be considered to be drug targets for a variety of steroid driven diseases, e.g. metabolic syndrome and obesity, inflammation, and hormone dependent malignancies of the endometrium, prostate and breast. This article will review how fundamental knowledge of these enzymes can be exploited in the development of isoform specific HSD inhibitors from both protein superfamilies. Article from the Special issue on Targeted Inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6084, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Moreira VM, Salvador JAR, Beja AM, Paixão JA. The reaction of azoles with 17-chloro-16-formylandrosta-5,16-dien-3β-yl-acetate: synthesis and structural elucidation of novel 16-azolylmethylene-17-oxoandrostanes. Steroids 2011; 76:582-7. [PMID: 21352841 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and structural elucidation, by 1D and 2D NMR and X-ray diffraction techniques, of novel E/Z 16-azolylmethylene-17-oxoandrostanes 2-9 prepared from the Vilsmeier-Hack reaction product 17-chloro-16-formylandrosta-5,16-dien-3β-yl acetate 1 is reported. The reaction proceeds with pyrrole and pyrrole-alike nitrogen heterocycles such as 7-azaindole, indole, and 3-methylindole, in DMF, at 80°C, in the presence of K(2)CO(3), and allowed the attachment of privileged heterocyclic moieties, through the nitrogen atom to the steroid core at C16 via a methine carbon bridge, which is unprecedented in the literature and of potential synthetic and biological interest. Considerations on the possible reaction mechanism are included. All the synthesized compounds are new and are currently being tested for biological activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vânia M Moreira
- Centro de Química de Coimbra, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Möller G, Husen B, Kowalik D, Hirvelä L, Plewczynski D, Rychlewski L, Messinger J, Thole H, Adamski J. Species used for drug testing reveal different inhibition susceptibility for 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10969. [PMID: 20544026 PMCID: PMC2882332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid-related cancers can be treated by inhibitors of steroid metabolism. In searching for new inhibitors of human 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-HSD 1) for the treatment of breast cancer or endometriosis, novel substances based on 15-substituted estrone were validated. We checked the specificity for different 17β-HSD types and species. Compounds were tested for specificity in vitro not only towards recombinant human 17β-HSD types 1, 2, 4, 5 and 7 but also against 17β-HSD 1 of several other species including marmoset, pig, mouse, and rat. The latter are used in the processes of pharmacophore screening. We present the quantification of inhibitor preferences between human and animal models. Profound differences in the susceptibility to inhibition of steroid conversion among all 17β-HSDs analyzed were observed. Especially, the rodent 17β-HSDs 1 were significantly less sensitive to inhibition compared to the human ortholog, while the most similar inhibition pattern to the human 17β-HSD 1 was obtained with the marmoset enzyme. Molecular docking experiments predicted estrone as the most potent inhibitor. The best performing compound in enzymatic assays was also highly ranked by docking scoring for the human enzyme. However, species-specific prediction of inhibitor performance by molecular docking was not possible. We show that experiments with good candidate compounds would out-select them in the rodent model during preclinical optimization steps. Potentially active human-relevant drugs, therefore, would no longer be further developed. Activity and efficacy screens in heterologous species systems must be evaluated with caution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Möller
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bettina Husen
- Solvay Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dorota Kowalik
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Dariusz Plewczynski
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Josef Messinger
- Solvay Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hubert Thole
- Solvay Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bérubé M, Delagoutte F, Poirier D. Preparation of 6beta-estradiol derivative libraries as bisubstrate inhibitors of 7beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type using the multidetachable sulfamate linker. Molecules 2010; 15:1590-631. [PMID: 20336003 PMCID: PMC6257402 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15031590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinatorial chemistry is a powerful tool used to rapidly generate a large number of potentially biologically active compounds. In our goal to develop bisubstrate inhibitors of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17beta-HSD1) that interact with both the substrate (estrone or estradiol) and the cofactor (NAD(P)H) binding sites, we used parallel solid-phase synthesis to prepare three libraries of 16beta-estradiol derivatives with two or three levels of molecular diversity. From estrone, we first synthesized a sulfamate precursor that we loaded on trityl chloride resin using the efficient multidetachable sulfamate linker strategy recently developed in our laboratory. We then introduced molecular diversity [one or two amino acid(s) followed by a carboxylic acid] on steroid nucleus by Fmoc peptide chemistry. Finally, after a nucleophilic cleavage, libraries of 30, 63 and 25 estradiol derivatives were provided. A library of 30 sulfamoylated estradiol derivatives was also generated by acidic cleavage and its members were screened for inhibition of steroid sulfatase. Biological evaluation on homogenated HEK-293 cells overexpressing 17beta-HSD1 of the estradiol derivatives carrying different oligoamide-type chains at C-16 first revealed that three levels of molecular diversity (a spacer of two amino acids) were necessary to interact with the adenosine part of the cofactor binding site. Second, the best inhibition was obtained when hydrophobic residues (phenylalanine) were used as building blocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donald Poirier
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CHUQ (CHUL), Research Center and Laval University, Quebec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Möller G, Deluca D, Gege C, Rosinus A, Kowalik D, Peters O, Droescher P, Elger W, Adamski J, Hillisch A. Structure-based design, synthesis and in vitro characterization of potent 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors based on 2-substitutions of estrone and D-homo-estrone. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6740-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.09.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
22
|
Michiels PJA, Ludwig C, Stephan M, Fischer C, Möller G, Messinger J, van Dongen M, Thole H, Adamski J, Günther UL. Ligand-based NMR spectra demonstrate an additional phytoestrogen binding site for 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 117:93-8. [PMID: 19631742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17beta-HSD1) has become an important drug target for breast cancer because it catalyzes the interconversion of estrone to the biologically more potent estradiol which also plays a crucial role in the etiology of breast cancer. Patients with an increased expression of the 17beta-HSD1 gene have a significantly worse outcome than patients without. Inhibitors for 17beta-HSD1 are therefore included in therapy development. Here we have studied binding of 17beta-HSD1 to substrates and a number of inhibitors using NMR spectroscopy. Ligand observed NMR spectra show a strong pH dependence for the phytoestrogens luteolin and apigenin but not for the natural ligands estradiol and estrone. Moreover, NMR competition experiments show that the phytoestrogens do not replace the estrogens despite their similar inhibition levels in the in vitro assay. These results strongly support an additional 17beta-HSD1 binding site for phytoestrogens which is neither the substrate nor the co-factor binding site. Docking experiments suggest the dimer interface as a possible location. An additional binding site for the phytoestrogens may open new opportunities for the design of inhibitors, not only for 17beta-HSD1, but also for other family members of the short chain dehydrogenases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J A Michiels
- HWB-NMR, CR UK Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lilienkampf A, Karkola S, Alho-Richmond S, Koskimies P, Johansson N, Huhtinen K, Vihko K, Wähälä K. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 (17β-HSD1) Inhibitors Based on a Thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one Core. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6660-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900928k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Lilienkampf
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sampo Karkola
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Alho-Richmond
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pasi Koskimies
- Hormos Medical Ltd., PharmaCity, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Nina Johansson
- Hormos Medical Ltd., PharmaCity, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Kaisa Huhtinen
- Hormos Medical Ltd., PharmaCity, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Kimmo Vihko
- Hormos Medical Ltd., PharmaCity, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Kristiina Wähälä
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Karkola S, Lilienkampf A, Wähälä K. A 3D QSAR model of 17beta-HSD1 inhibitors based on a thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one core applying molecular dynamics simulations and ligand-protein docking. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:461-72. [PMID: 18224704 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17beta-HSD1) enzyme plays a crucial role in female hormonal regulation by catalysing the NADPH-dependent reduction of the less potent estrone E1 into the biologically active estradiol E2. Because 17beta-HSD1 is a key enzyme in E2 biosynthesis, it has emerged as an attractive drug target for inhibitor development. Herein we report the plausible binding modes and a 3D QSAR model of 17beta-HSD1 inhibitors based on a (di)cycloalkenothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one core. Two generated enzyme complexes with potent inhibitors were subjected to molecular dynamics simulation to mimic the dynamic process of inhibitor binding. A set of 17beta-HSD1 inhibitors based on the thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one core were docked into the resulting active site, and a CoMFA model employing the most extensive training set to date was generated. The model was validated with an external test set. Active site residues involved in inhibitor binding and CoMFA fields for steric and electrostatic interactions were identified. The model will be used to guide structural modifications of 17beta-HSD1 inhibitors based on a thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one core in order to improve the biological activity as well as in the design of novel 17beta-HSD1 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sampo Karkola
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Marchais-Oberwinkler S, Kruchten P, Frotscher M, Ziegler E, Neugebauer A, Bhoga U, Bey E, Müller-Vieira U, Messinger J, Thole H, Hartmann RW. Substituted 6-Phenyl-2-naphthols. Potent and Selective Nonsteroidal Inhibitors of 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 (17β-HSD1): Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Pharmacokinetics. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4685-98. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800367k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Marchais-Oberwinkler
- 8.2 Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 15 11 50, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany, Pharmacelsus CRO, Science Park 2, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany, and Solvay Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Hans-Böckler-Allee 20, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Patricia Kruchten
- 8.2 Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 15 11 50, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany, Pharmacelsus CRO, Science Park 2, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany, and Solvay Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Hans-Böckler-Allee 20, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Frotscher
- 8.2 Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 15 11 50, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany, Pharmacelsus CRO, Science Park 2, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany, and Solvay Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Hans-Böckler-Allee 20, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Erika Ziegler
- 8.2 Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 15 11 50, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany, Pharmacelsus CRO, Science Park 2, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany, and Solvay Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Hans-Böckler-Allee 20, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Neugebauer
- 8.2 Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 15 11 50, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany, Pharmacelsus CRO, Science Park 2, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany, and Solvay Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Hans-Böckler-Allee 20, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Umadevi Bhoga
- 8.2 Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 15 11 50, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany, Pharmacelsus CRO, Science Park 2, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany, and Solvay Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Hans-Böckler-Allee 20, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Bey
- 8.2 Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 15 11 50, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany, Pharmacelsus CRO, Science Park 2, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany, and Solvay Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Hans-Böckler-Allee 20, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ursula Müller-Vieira
- 8.2 Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 15 11 50, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany, Pharmacelsus CRO, Science Park 2, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany, and Solvay Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Hans-Böckler-Allee 20, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Josef Messinger
- 8.2 Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 15 11 50, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany, Pharmacelsus CRO, Science Park 2, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany, and Solvay Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Hans-Böckler-Allee 20, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hubert Thole
- 8.2 Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 15 11 50, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany, Pharmacelsus CRO, Science Park 2, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany, and Solvay Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Hans-Böckler-Allee 20, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- 8.2 Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 15 11 50, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany, Pharmacelsus CRO, Science Park 2, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany, and Solvay Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Hans-Böckler-Allee 20, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bey E, Marchais-Oberwinkler S, Kruchten P, Frotscher M, Werth R, Oster A, Algül O, Neugebauer A, Hartmann RW. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of bis(hydroxyphenyl) azoles as potent and selective non-steroidal inhibitors of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-HSD1) for the treatment of estrogen-dependent diseases. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:6423-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
27
|
Day JM, Foster PA, Tutill HJ, Parsons MFC, Newman SP, Chander SK, Allan GM, Lawrence HR, Vicker N, Potter BVL, Reed MJ, Purohit A. 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type 1, and not Type 12, is a target for endocrine therapy of hormone-dependent breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:1931-40. [PMID: 18183589 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oestradiol (E2) stimulates the growth of hormone-dependent breast cancer. 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSDs) catalyse the pre-receptor activation/inactivation of hormones and other substrates. 17beta-HSD1 converts oestrone (E1) to active E2, but it has recently been suggested that another 17beta-HSD, 17beta-HSD12, may be the major enzyme that catalyses this reaction in women. Here we demonstrate that it is 17beta-HSD1 which is important for E2 production and report the inhibition of E1-stimulated breast tumor growth by STX1040, a non-oestrogenic selective inhibitor of 17beta-HSD1, using a novel murine model. 17beta-HSD1 and 17beta-HSD12 mRNA and protein expression, and E2 production, were assayed in wild type breast cancer cell lines and in cells after siRNA and cDNA transfection. Although 17beta-HSD12 was highly expressed in breast cancer cell lines, only 17beta-HSD1 efficiently catalysed E2 formation. The effect of STX1040 on the proliferation of E1-stimulated T47D breast cancer cells was determined in vitro and in vivo. Cells inoculated into ovariectomised nude mice were stimulated using 0.05 or 0.1 microg E1 (s.c.) daily, and on day 35 the mice were dosed additionally with 20 mg/kg STX1040 s.c. daily for 28 days. STX1040 inhibited E1-stimulated proliferation of T47D cells in vitro and significantly decreased tumor volumes and plasma E2 levels in vivo. In conclusion, a model was developed to study the inhibition of the major oestrogenic 17beta-HSD, 17beta-HSD1, in breast cancer. Both E2 production and tumor growth were inhibited by STX1040, suggesting that 17beta-HSD1 inhibitors such as STX1040 may provide a novel treatment for hormone-dependent breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Day
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine and Sterix Ltd., Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rouillard F, Roy J, Poirier D. Chemical Synthesis of (S)-Spiro(estradiol-17,2′-[1,4]oxazinan)-6′-one Derivatives Bearing Two Levels of Molecular Diversity. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200701077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
29
|
Allan GM, Vicker N, Lawrence HR, Tutill HJ, Day JM, Huchet M, Ferrandis E, Reed MJ, Purohit A, Potter BVL. Novel inhibitors of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1: templates for design. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:4438-56. [PMID: 18329273 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSDs) catalyze the interconversion between the oxidized and reduced forms of androgens and estrogens at the 17 position. The 17beta-HSD type 1 enzyme (17beta-HSD1) catalyzes the reduction of estrone (E1) to estradiol and is expressed in malignant breast cells. Inhibitors of this enzyme thus have potential as treatments for hormone dependent breast cancer. Syntheses and biological evaluation of novel non-steroidal inhibitors designed to mimic the E1 template are reported using information from potent steroidal inhibitors. Of the templates investigated biphenyl ethanone was promising and led to inhibitors with IC(50) values in the low micromolar range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian M Allan
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Sterix Ltd, University of Bath, Claverton Down BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ahmed N, Dubuc C, Rousseau J, Bénard F, van Lier JE. Synthesis, characterization, and estrogen receptor binding affinity of flavone-, indole-, and furan-estradiol conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:3212-6. [PMID: 17379515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Different flavone-, indole-, and furan-17beta-estradiol conjugates, linked via alkyl spacer chains extending from the 17alpha-position of the estradiol moiety, were synthesized by Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Structures were assigned based on spectroscopic data. In vitro competitive binding assays for the estrogen receptor (alpha-ER), using [(3)H]estradiol (RBA=100) as a competitor, revealed that a two-carbon alkyl linker combined with a flavone conjugate provided the highest binding affinity (RBA approximately 9), warranting further studies on their potential use as selective estrogen-receptor modulators (SERMs) for hormone-replacement therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naseem Ahmed
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wu X, Lukacik P, Kavanagh KL, Oppermann U. SDR-type human hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases involved in steroid hormone activation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 265-266:71-6. [PMID: 17234335 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases catalyze the NAD(P)(H)-dependent oxidoreduction of hydroxyl and oxo-functions at distinct positions of steroid hormones. This reversible reaction constitutes an important pre-receptor control mechanism for nuclear receptor ligands of the androgen, estrogen and glucocorticoid classes, since the conversion "switches" between receptor ligands and their inactive metabolites. The major reversible activities found in mammals acting on steroid hormones comprise 3alpha-, 11beta- and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, and for each group several distinct isozymes have been described. The enzymes differ in their expression pattern, nucleotide cofactor preference, steroid substrate specificity and subcellular localization, and thus constitute a complex system ensuring cell-specific adaptation and regulation of steroid hormone levels. Several isoforms constitute promising drug targets, of particular importance in cancer, metabolic diseases, neurodegeneration and immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiu Wu
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Ciobanu LC, Poirier D. Synthesis of Libraries of 16β-Aminopropyl Estradiol Derivatives for Targeting Two Key Steroidogenic Enzymes. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:1249-59. [PMID: 16986200 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Two libraries, each consisting of 48 16beta-aminopropyl estradiol derivatives, phenols and sulfamates, respectively, were synthesized by solid-phase parallel chemistry through a seven-step reaction sequence. Following the attachment of a C18-steroid sulfamate precursor on a trityl chloride resin, diversity elements were first introduced on the 16beta-aminopropyl chain of the steroid by acylation reactions with eight Fmoc-amino acids. After deprotection, the free amine function of the resulting compounds was reacted with six carboxylic acids for the introduction of a second diversity level. The two variants employed for the cleavage of compounds from the solid support, acidic and nucleophilic, allowed the corresponding libraries of sulfamate and phenol derivatives in yields of 8-50 % and 13-58 % to be obtained with an average HPLC purity of 94 % and 91 %, respectively. Potent steroid sulfatase inhibitors and interesting SAR results were generated from the screening of the sulfamate library. Furthermore, moderate inhibitors of type 1 17beta-HSD resulted from the partial screening of phenol library. Thus, these two categories of compounds were synthesized to rapidly identify potential inhibitors of steroid biosynthesis for the hormonal therapy of estrogen-dependent diseases, and also to demonstrate the versatility and efficiency of the recently developed sulfamate linker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liviu C Ciobanu
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, CHUQ-Pavillon CHUL, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Québec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|