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Gruszczynski NR, Hasan SS, Brennan AG, De La Chapa J, Reddy AS, Martin DN, Batchala PP, Stelow EB, Dowling EM, Fedder KL, Garneau JC, Shonka DC. Oncocytic carcinoma of the thyroid: Conclusions from a 20-year patient cohort. Head Neck 2024; 46:2042-2047. [PMID: 38390640 DOI: 10.1002/hed.27700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncocytic carcinoma (OCA) was recently reclassified as a distinct differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). Given its rarity, OCA studies are limited. This study describes the characteristics of OCA in a 20-year cohort. METHODS Retrospective analysis of patients with OCA at a single tertiary care hospital from 2000 to 2021. RESULTS Fifty-one OCA patients (22M:29F) were identified. The mean age at diagnosis was 60.3 years; 90% presented as palpable mass; 24% had a family history of thyroid cancer. None had vocal fold paresis. On ultrasound, most tumors were solid and hypoechoic. FNA (n = 14) showed Bethesda-4 lesions in 93%. All were treated surgically. Histologically, 63% demonstrated angioinvasion, 35% had lymphovascular invasion, and 15% had extrathyroidal extension. Radioactive iodine was used as adjunct therapy in 77%. CONCLUSION OCA has distinct features that distinguish it from other DTCs, and additional focused studies will help clarify the aggressive nature, treatment options, and prognosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson R Gruszczynski
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Shahzeb S Hasan
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ana G Brennan
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Julian De La Chapa
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Adithya S Reddy
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - David N Martin
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Prem P Batchala
- Department of Radiology and Medicine Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Edward B Stelow
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Eric M Dowling
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Katherine L Fedder
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jonathan C Garneau
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - David C Shonka
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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2
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Chen W, Song YS, Lee HS, Lin CW, Lee J, Kang YE, Kim SK, Kim SY, Park YJ, Park JI. Estrogen-related receptor alpha promotes thyroid tumor cell survival via a tumor subtype-specific regulation of target gene networks. Oncogene 2024; 43:2431-2446. [PMID: 38937602 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03078-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Mortalin (encoded by HSPA9) is a mitochondrial chaperone often overexpressed in cancer through as-yet-unknown mechanisms. By searching different RNA-sequencing datasets, we found that ESRRA is a transcription factor highly correlated with HSPA9 in thyroid cancer, especially in follicular, but not C cell-originated, tumors. Consistent with this correlation, ESRRA depletion decreased mortalin expression only in follicular thyroid tumor cells. Further, ESRRA expression and activity were relatively high in thyroid tumors with oncocytic characteristics, wherein ESRRA and mortalin exhibited relatively high functional overlap. Mechanistically, ESRRA directly regulated HSPA9 transcription through a novel ESRRA-responsive element located upstream of the HSPA9 promoter. Physiologically, ESRRA depletion suppressed thyroid tumor cell survival via caspase-dependent apoptosis, which ectopic mortalin expression substantially abrogated. ESRRA depletion also effectively suppressed tumor growth and mortalin expression in the xenografts of oncocytic or ESRRA-overexpressing human thyroid tumor cells in mice. Notably, our Bioinformatics analyses of patient data revealed two ESRRA target gene clusters that contrast oncocytic-like and anaplastic features of follicular thyroid tumors. These findings suggest that ESRRA is a tumor-specific regulator of mortalin expression, the ESRRA-mortalin axis has higher significance in tumors with oncocytic characteristics, and ESRRA target gene networks can refine molecular classification of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Young Shin Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sai Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chien-Wei Lin
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Junguee Lee
- Department of Pathology, Konyang University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yea Eun Kang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital & College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Kyu Kim
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Korea Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-In Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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Sulaiman S, Chirukandath R, Krishnan SK, Rajesh N, Antony M, Mohan K, S S. Unraveling the Enigma: A Five-Year Comprehensive Analysis of Hurthle Cell Tumors in South India's Tertiary Care Center. Cureus 2024; 16:e57166. [PMID: 38681349 PMCID: PMC11056025 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hurthle cell tumors of the thyroid gland constitute a rare and enigmatic group of neoplasms, characterized by the presence of Hurthle cells exhibiting abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and numerous mitochondria. Despite their low incidence, they pose diagnostic challenges and display diverse clinical outcomes. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the clinicopathological profile of Hurthle cell tumors within a tertiary care center in South India. METHODS Through a retrospective approach, we analyzed cases of Hurthle cell tumors diagnosed and treated at a tertiary care center over a five-year period. Clinical, radiological, and histopathological data were meticulously collected and scrutinized. The study focused on examining demographic details, presenting symptoms, imaging features, cytological findings, surgical management, and postoperative outcomes of the patients. RESULTS A total of 32 cases of Hurthle cell tumors were identified during the study period. The majority of patients were female (84%), with a mean age of 49.6 years for Hurthle cell carcinoma. Thyroid enlargement and neck mass were the most common presenting complaints. Fine-needle aspiration cytology showed characteristic features suggestive of Hurthle cell tumors in 33% of cases. Total thyroidectomy remains the mainstay surgical approach. Histopathological evaluation confirmed 62.5% of cases as benign adenomas and 37.5% as malignant carcinomas. Among malignant cases, 67% showed capsular invasion and 33% demonstrated vascular invasion. Of the patients, 33.3% received adjuvant radiotherapy. The overall survival rate was 100%. In our study, we found that thyroid nodules larger than 3 cm demonstrated a higher propensity for Hurthle cell carcinoma. CONCLUSION Our findings support the multidisciplinary approach in managing Hurthle cell tumors, with a focus on tailored treatment plans for each patient based on individual characteristics. By recognizing the female predominance, assessing nodule size, and employing a combination of thyroidectomy and ablative therapy, clinicians can optimize patient care and contribute to better long-term prognosis and quality of life for those affected by Hurthle cell tumors. Continued research and collaborative efforts are necessary to advance our understanding and refine treatment strategies, paving the way for improved outcomes and enhanced patient management in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Sulaiman
- General Surgery, Government Medical College Thrissur, Thrissur, IND
| | | | | | | | - Manoj Antony
- General Surgery, Government Medical College Thrissur, Thrissur, IND
| | - Keerthana Mohan
- General Surgery, Government Medical College Thrissur, Thrissur, IND
| | - Sowndarya S
- General Surgery, Government Medical College Thrissur, Thrissur, IND
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Shi Y, Zheng Y, Zhang H, Dong W, Zhang P. Dynamic estimates of survival in oncocytic cell carcinoma of the thyroid. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:217. [PMID: 38030805 PMCID: PMC10686925 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00839-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about death hazard and conditional survival of oncocytic cell carcinoma of the thyroid (OCC). METHODS Patients diagnosed with OCC between 2004 to 2019 were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the actuarial disease-specific survival (DSS). The annual hazard rate of death was depicted employing the hazard function. Based on the life-table method, the conditional DSS was calculated. RESULTS In terms of DSS rates, there were statistically significant differences among the different stages (P < 0.01). Annual hazard curves for mortality from OCC in the entire study participants demonstrated an overall decreasing tendency with two peaks at 3 and 10 years. In patients with distant disease, the death risk curve was the steepest and decreased quickly and evidently. Conditional DSS tended to increase over time in the entire study population. Patients with distant disease showed more significant alterations than those patients with local or regional disease. CONCLUSIONS Prognosis improved over time in patients with OCC. The largest increase in conditional DSS was observed in patients with distant disease. Conditional survival may provide more relevant prognostic information than conventional survival estimates and allow personalized follow-up and counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shi
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing Bei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuenan Zheng
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing Bei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing Bei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwu Dong
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing Bei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing Bei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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Ganly I, Kuo F, Makarov V, Dong Y, Ghossein R, Xu B, Morris LG, Chan TA. Characterizing the Immune Microenvironment and Neoantigen Landscape of Hürthle Cell Carcinoma to Identify Potential Immunologic Vulnerabilities. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:1409-1422. [PMID: 37529400 PMCID: PMC10389111 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Hürthle cell carcinoma (HCC) is a rare type of thyroid cancer with high rates of distant metastasis and recurrence. Along with the scarcity of effective systemic therapies for HCC, these factors contribute to poor clinical outcomes. The immunologic features of HCC are poorly defined and response rates with immune checkpoint blockade have not been reported. A more comprehensive understanding of the immune landscape and factors that predict response to checkpoint inhibitors is needed. We performed RNA sequencing on 40 tumors to characterize the neoantigen landscape and immune microenvironment of HCC. We analyzed transcriptomic profiles, tumor-infiltrating immune cell populations, and measures of T-cell activation/dysfunction and correlated these to genetic features such as tumor mutation burden, neoantigen burden, mitochondrial mutations, and LOH from chromosomal uniparental disomy. Finally, immune profiles of patients with recurrence were compared with those of patients without recurrence. HCC tumors exhibited low levels of immune infiltration, with the more aggressive widely invasive phenotype associated with more immune depletion. There was a negative correlation between tumor mutation burden, neoantigen burden, programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, and the immune infiltration score. HCC tumors that exhibited a global LOH from chromosomal uniparental disomy or haploidization had the lowest level of immune infiltration. HCC tumors that recurred displayed an immune-depleted microenvironment associated with global LOH and aerobic glycolysis. These findings offer new insights into the functional immune landscapes and immune microenvironment of HCC. Our data identify potential immunologic vulnerabilities for these understudied and often fatal cancers. Significance The immune landscape of HCC is poorly defined and response rates to immunotherapy have not been reported. The authors found the immune microenvironment in HCC to be depleted. This immunosuppression is associated with a global LOH from haploidization and uniparental disomy, resulting in whole chromosome losses across the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Ganly
- Human Oncology and Pathology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Fengshen Kuo
- Human Oncology and Pathology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Vladimir Makarov
- Center for Immunotherapy and Precision Immuno-Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Yiyu Dong
- Human Oncology and Pathology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ronald Ghossein
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Luc G.T. Morris
- Human Oncology and Pathology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Timothy A. Chan
- Center for Immunotherapy and Precision Immuno-Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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Okuyucu K, Ince S, Cınar A, San H, Samsum M, Dizdar N, Alagoz E, Demirci I, Ozkara M, Gunalp B, Karaçalıoglu A. Comportamiento clínico de la variante oncocítica del cáncer papilar de tiroides: comparación de su evolución frente al cáncer papilar, variantes clásica y de células altas. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.remn.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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7
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Clinical behaviour of papillary thyroid cancer oncocytic variant: stage-matched comparison versus classical and tall cell variant papillary thyroid cancer. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2023; 42:100-105. [PMID: 36155103 DOI: 10.1016/j.remnie.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has many variants and most of them are mild tumors. Oncocytic variant (OV) is a rare subtype of PTC. There are controversial results about its prognosis in the literature. We investigated its aggressivity and clinical course by comparing it with classical variant (CV) and tall cell variant (TV) of PTC over a stage-matched design. MATERIAL AND METHODS Pure 100 OV, 71TV and 1219 CV were included in this retrospective cohort study. OV was compared with CV and TV according to independent prognostic parameters. OV was also compared stage by stage with CV and TV for recurrence. RESULTS Mean age was 46,8 years and male/female ratio 25/75 for OV. The recurrence rates in our study were 16% in OV, 13,5% in CV and 56% in TV. There is a statistically significant difference according to recurrence between stage I and stage IV OV and CV (p=0.023, p=0.03, respectively). There is also a statistically significant difference between stage I and stage IV OV and TV according to recurrence (p=0.001, p=0.024, respectively). OV can be supposed to behave between CV and TV, but very closer to CV. CONCLUSIONS OV seems to be slightly more aggressive than CV. Despite an inadequate sample size for stage II and III, our findings imply an increased recurrence risk for OV than CV at the advanced stages (stage III and IV) and CV has an unfavorable prognosis than OV at early stages (stage I and II) according to stage-matched model.
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8
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Wang X, Zheng X, Zhu J, Li Z, Wei T. Radioactive Iodine Therapy Does not Improve Cancer-specific Survival in Hürthle Cell Carcinoma of the Thyroid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:3144-3151. [PMID: 35908290 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT It is unclear whether radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy could improve cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients with Hürthle cell carcinoma (HCC) of the thyroid. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of RAI on CSS in HCC patients. METHODS HCC patients who underwent total thyroidectomy (TT) were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 2000 and 2018. The Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox proportional hazards regression model were used to evaluate CSS. Propensity score-matched (PSM) analyses were performed to control the influence of potential confounders. RESULTS A total of 2279 patients were identified. RAI treatment was not significantly associated with improved CSS in overall or PSM cohort. Subgroup analyses indicated similar results, even in patients with aggressive features such as age 55 years or older, tumor size greater than 40 mm, distant disease in SEER staging, extrathyroidal extension, and lymph node metastases (all P > .05). CONCLUSION RAI has no statistically significant influence on the CSS in HCC patients. This information may aid in decision-making for RAI therapy in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Thyroid & Parathyroid Surgery; Laboratory of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xun Zheng
- Department of Thyroid & Parathyroid Surgery; Laboratory of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jingqiang Zhu
- Department of Thyroid & Parathyroid Surgery; Laboratory of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Department of Thyroid & Parathyroid Surgery; Laboratory of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Wei
- Department of Thyroid & Parathyroid Surgery; Laboratory of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Syed A, Vanka SA, Escudero I, Ismail R, Krayem H. Oncocytic Cell Carcinoma of the Thyroid: A Case Report and an Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment Modalities, and Prognosis. Cureus 2022; 14:e30298. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Humphreys BM, Memeh KO, Funkhouser A, Vaghaiwalla TM. Prognostic factors and survival analysis of Hurthle cell carcinoma: A population-based study. Surgery 2022; 172:1379-1384. [PMID: 36038373 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hurthle cell carcinoma is a rare type of differentiated thyroid cancer and historically associated with a worse prognosis. The aim of this study was to define the demographic and socioeconomic factors, tumor characteristics, and surgical treatment status associated with Hurthle cell carcinoma survival using the most recent population-level data. METHODS The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was queried for adult patients (>18 years of age) diagnosed with Hurthle cell carcinoma from 2000 to 2018. The demographic factors, socioeconomic factors, tumor characteristics, and extent of surgery data were collected as potential predictors. The outcomes of interest were 10-year overall and disease-specific survival, which were estimated using the Kaplan-Maier method. The associations between the potential predictors and survival were evaluated using the Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS In total, 4,643 patients with Hurthle cell carcinoma were identified using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. The cohort was predominately White, had a mean age of 57.7 (±15.6), 69% female sex, and median follow-up was 90 months. The 10-year overall survival and Hurthle cell carcinoma-specific survival were 78.1% (95% confidence interval: 76.7%-79.5%) and 91.8% (95% confidence interval: 90.9%-92.9%), respectively. Younger age <55 years, female sex, White race, Hispanic ethnicity, higher household income, and lower tumor grade and stage were significantly associated with increased survival (P < .01). In the multivariate Cox proportional hazard model, all variables except race and ethnicity remained significantly associated with overall survival. Although patients who underwent thyroid surgery had improved survival compared to no surgery, the extent of surgery did not have any effect on their overall or disease-specific survival. CONCLUSION This study highlighted the aggressive nature of Hurthle cell carcinoma and the effect of socioeconomic factors, such as household income, which may play a role in Hurthle cell carcinoma survivorship. Research is needed to understand the interplay of these factors and their role in predicting patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelvin O Memeh
- Department of Surgery, Methodist University Hospital, Memphis, TN. https://twitter.com/DrMemeh
| | - Alex Funkhouser
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN
| | - Tanaz M Vaghaiwalla
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN.
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Alexander EK, Doherty GM, Barletta JA. Management of thyroid nodules. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2022; 10:540-548. [PMID: 35752201 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the past 30 years, there has been a substantial rise in the detection of thyroid nodules. Largely asymptomatic, thyroid nodules are most often incidental findings that typically pose minimal risk. Data supporting these findings show a rapid rise in the incidental detection of thyroid nodules and cancer, but minimal effect on mortality rates, despite treatment. These data imply that historical approaches to thyroid nodule and cancer care might at times include unnecessary or excessive care. To address this issue, the past decade has witnessed an increasingly conservative approach to nodule management, seeking to individualise care and provide the most focused intervention that leads to favourable outcomes. Benign nodules can be safely monitored with minimal, or long-interval follow-up imaging. Molecular testing should be considered for cytologically indeterminate nodules because of its ability to improve preoperative cancer risk determination and reduce unnecessary surgery. The treatment of biopsy-proven malignant nodules has become increasingly nuanced, since recommendations for near-total thyroidectomy are no longer routine. Hemithyroidectomy is now commonly considered when operative intervention is favoured. Some patients with small volume, isolated cancerous nodules are safely managed non-operatively with active monitoring. In summary, modern management strategies for thyroid nodular disease seek to incorporate the growing amount of available diagnostic and prognostic data, inclusive of demographic, radiological, pathological and molecular findings. Once obtained, an individualised management plan can be effectively formulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik K Alexander
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Gerard M Doherty
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justine A Barletta
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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FDG-PET/CT in indeterminate thyroid nodules: cost-utility analysis alongside a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:3452-3469. [PMID: 35435497 PMCID: PMC9308600 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05794-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate cost-effectiveness of an [18F]FDG-PET/CT-driven diagnostic workup as compared to diagnostic surgery, for thyroid nodules with Bethesda III/IV cytology. [18F]FDG-PET/CT avoids 40% of futile diagnostic surgeries for benign Bethesda III/IV nodules. METHODS Lifelong societal costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were assessed for 132 patients participating in a randomised controlled multicentre trial comparing [18F]FDG-PET/CT to diagnostic surgery. The observed 1-year trial results were extrapolated using a Markov model. The probability of cost-effectiveness was estimated using cost-effectiveness acceptability curves, taking uncertainty about sampling, imputation, and parameters into account. RESULTS The observed 1-year cost difference of [18F]FDG-PET/CT as compared to diagnostic surgery was - €1000 (95% CI: - €2100 to €0) for thyroid nodule-related care (p = 0.06). From the broader societal perspective, the 1-year difference in total societal costs was - €4500 (- €9200 to €150) (p = 0.06). Over the modelled lifelong period, the cost difference was - €9900 (- €23,100 to €3200) (p = 0.14). The difference in QALYs was 0.019 (- 0.045 to 0.083) at 1 year (p = 0.57) and 0.402 (- 0.581 to 1.385) over the lifelong period (p = 0.42). For a willingness to pay of €50,000 per QALY, an [18F]FDG-PET/CT-driven work-up was the cost-effective strategy with 84% certainty. CONCLUSION Following the observed reduction in diagnostic surgery, an [18F]FDG-PET/CT-driven diagnostic workup reduced the 1-year thyroid nodule-related and societal costs while sustaining quality of life. It is very likely cost-effective as compared to diagnostic surgery for Bethesda III/IV nodules. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02208544 (5 August 2014), https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02208544 .
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13
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Kim MJ, Shin JH, Hahn SY, Oh YL, Kim SW, Kim TH, Lim Y, Lee S. Ultrasonographic characteristics of Hurthle cell: prediction of malignancy. Ultrasonography 2022; 41:689-697. [PMID: 36031766 PMCID: PMC9532204 DOI: 10.14366/usg.21264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated the ultrasound (US) features of malignancy in patients with Hürthle cell neoplasms (HCNs) of the thyroid gland. Methods The present study included 139 HCNs that had undergone surgical excision at a single institution from 1996 to 2020 and had preoperative US images. The sonographic characteristics of HCNs were correlated with their pathological results. The US findings associated with malignancy were explored using logistic regression analysis, and the diagnostic performance and cutoff were assessed using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Results The most common US findings of HCNs were a solid content (76.3%), oval to round shape (100%), hypoechogenicity (70.5%), a smooth margin (95.0%), the halo sign (90.6%), and no calcifications (93.5%). HCNs were commonly smaller in pathologic measurements than in US measurements (smaller, same, and greater than US measurements in 60.4%, 21.6%, and 18.0% of HCNs, respectively; P<0.001). On US, malignant nodules were significantly larger than benign nodules (3.4±1.6 cm vs. 2.2±1.2 cm, P<0.001). Multiple logistic regression showed that the US tumor size was an independent predictor of malignancy (P=0.001; odds ratio, 1.730 for a 1-cm increase [95% confidence interval, 1.258 to 2.375]). The best cutoff US tumor size for predicting malignancy was 3.35 cm (sensitivity, 53.1%; specificity, 87.9%). Conclusion The US tumor size was found to be an independent predictor of malignancy in HCNs, and a US tumor size >3.35 cm might be used as a criterion to suggest malignancy. The size of HCNs often showed discrepancies between US and pathologic measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Je Kim
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hee Shin
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence to: Jung Hee Shin, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea Tel. +82-2-3410-2518 Fax. +82-2-3410-2559 E-mail:
| | - Soo Yeon Hahn
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Lyun Oh
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Wook Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Hyuk Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yaeji Lim
- Department of Applied Statistics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sanghyuk Lee
- Department of Applied Statistics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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14
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Matsuura D, Yuan A, Wang L, Ranganath R, Adilbay D, Harries V, Patel S, Tuttle M, Xu B, Ghossein R, Ganly I. Follicular and Hurthle Cell Carcinoma: Comparison of Clinicopathological Features and Clinical Outcomes. Thyroid 2022; 32:245-254. [PMID: 35078345 PMCID: PMC9206490 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2021.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) and Hurthle cell carcinoma (HCC) are rare and aggressive thyroid cancers with limited published data comparing their outcomes or regarding their subtypes. The aim of this study was to describe clinicopathological features and compare clinical outcomes of patients with FTC and HCC based on the 2017 World Health Organization definition and extent of vascular invasion (VI). Methods: We retrospectively studied 190 patients with HCC and FTC primarily treated with surgery at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center between 1986 and 2015. Patients were classified as minimally invasive (MI), encapsulated angioinvasive with focal VI (EA-FVI), encapsulated angioinvasive with extensive VI (EA-EVI), and as widely invasive (WI). To compare clinical outcomes, patients were grouped as follows: group 1 = FTC-MI and FTC EA-FVI, group 2 = FTC EA-EVI and FTC-WI, group 3 = HCC-MI and HCC EA-FVI, group 4 = HCC EA-EVI and HCC-WI. Outcomes of interest were overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRRFS), and distant recurrence-free survival (DRFS). Outcomes were determined using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with log-rank test. Results: Patients with HCC (n = 111) were more likely to be older than 55 years old (59% vs. 27%, p < 0.001) with a tendency to present with more extensive VI (33% vs. 19%, p = 0.07) compared with FTC (n = 79). Comparing groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, group 4 patients were more likely to recur (DFS 98%, 93%, 98% vs. 73%, respectively, p = 0.0069). There was no statistically significant difference in OS, DSS LRRFS, or DRFS. Stratified by extent of VI (no, focal, and extensive VI), patients with extensive VI were more likely to recur (RFS 100%, 95%, 77%, p = 0.0025) and had poorer distant control (DRFS: 100%, 95%, 80%, p = 0.022), compared with patients absent or focal VI. Conclusions: Accurate assessment of the extent of VI and tumor phenotype (follicular vs. Hurthle) are essential in identifying patients at higher risk of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielli Matsuura
- Head and Neck Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Avery Yuan
- Head and Neck Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Laura Wang
- Head and Neck Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rohit Ranganath
- Head and Neck Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dauren Adilbay
- Head and Neck Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Victoria Harries
- Head and Neck Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Snehal Patel
- Head and Neck Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Tuttle
- Endocrinology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied Diseases, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ronald Ghossein
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ian Ganly
- Head and Neck Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Address correspondence to: Ian Ganly, MD, MS, PhD, Head and Neck Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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15
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Chiapponi C, Hartmann MJ, Schmidt M, Faust M, Bruns CJ, Schultheis AM, Alakus H. Hürthle Cell Carcinoma: Single Center Analysis and Considerations for Surgical Management Based on the Recent Literature. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:904986. [PMID: 35846317 PMCID: PMC9276955 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.904986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hürthle cell carcinoma (HCC) of the thyroid is rare. There are contrasting data on its clinical behavior. The aim of this study was to describe clinic-pathological features and outcomes of HCC patients at our institution, in order to adapt our surgical management. METHODS We retrospectively studied 51 cases of HCC treated at the interdisciplinary endocrine center of the University Hospital of Cologne, Germany between 2005 and 2020. RESULTS Patients median age was 63 years (range 29-78) with 64.7% of cases being female. Primary treatment included surgery and postoperative radioiodine therapy with 3.7 GBq in all patients. Surgery consisted of total thyroidectomy in all cases and additional central lymphadenectomy in 90.2% of cases. The median number of harvested lymph nodes was 11 (range 2-31). Lymph node involvement was found in two (4.3%) pT4a tumors. In all other cases (95.7%), central lymphadenectomy was prophylactic and lymph nodes were free of metastasis in final histopathology. Twelve (23.5%) patients with incomplete biochemical response to primary treatment were diagnosed with structural relapse during the course of disease, for which seven (58.4%) underwent resection of isolated cervical metastasis. Histopathology revealed soft tissue implants in all cases and cervical surgery led to biochemical and radiologic cure in only two (28.5%) cases. Five (41.6%) patients developed metastatic disease, followed by systemic therapy in two patients. Vascular invasion of the primary tumor was significantly associated with relapse (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Recurrence of HCC was common in this study. Given the low rate of lymph node metastases both in this study and in recent literature and the nature of relapse (soft tissue instead of nodal metastasis), the benefit of routine prophylactic central lymph node dissection for HCC remains unclear, especially in the absence of vascular invasion from the primary tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Chiapponi
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- *Correspondence: Costanza Chiapponi,
| | - Milan J.M. Hartmann
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmidt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Faust
- Polyclinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christiane J. Bruns
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Hakan Alakus
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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16
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Dong Y, Gong Y, Kuo F, Makarov V, Reznik E, Nanjangud GJ, Aras O, Zhao H, Qu R, Fagin JA, Sherman EJ, Xu B, Ghossein R, Chan TA, Ganly I. Targeting the mTOR Pathway in Hurthle Cell Carcinoma Results in Potent Anti-Tumor Activity. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 21:382-394. [PMID: 34789562 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hurthle cell carcinomas (HCC) are refractory to radioactive iodine and unresponsive to chemotherapeutic agents, with a fatality rate that is the highest among all types of thyroid cancer after anaplastic thyroid cancer. Our previous study on the genomic landscape of HCCs identified a high incidence of disruptions of mTOR pathway effectors. Here, we report a detailed analysis of mTOR signaling in cell line and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models of HCCs. We show that mTOR signaling is upregulated and that targeting mTOR signaling using mTOR inhibitors suppresses tumor growth in primary tumors and distant metastasis. Mechanistically, ablation of mTOR signaling impaired the expression of p-S6 and cyclin A2, resulting in the decrease of S phase and blocking of cancer cell proliferation. Strikingly, mTOR inhibitor treatment significantly reduced lung metastatic lesions, with the decreased expression of Snail in xenograft tumors. Our data demonstrates that mTOR pathway blockade represents a novel treatment strategy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyu Dong
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | | | - Fengshen Kuo
- Immunogenomics & Precision Oncology Platform, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | | | - Ed Reznik
- Computational Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Gouri J Nanjangud
- Molecular Cytogenetics Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Omer Aras
- Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - HuiYong Zhao
- Anti-tumor assessment facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Rui Qu
- Anti-tumor assessment facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - James A Fagin
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Eric J Sherman
- Medical Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Bin Xu
- Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | | | | | - Ian Ganly
- Head and Neck Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
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17
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Hürthle Cell Carcinoma of the Thyroid Gland: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Adv Ther 2021; 38:5144-5164. [PMID: 34423400 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-01876-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hürthle cell carcinoma (HCC) comprises about 5% of thyroid carcinoma cases. Partly because of its rarity there is much we still need to know about HCC as compared to other histological cancer subtypes. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature review following PRISMA guidelines and meta-analysis, from 2000 to 2020, to investigate the main characteristics of HCC and clarify information concerning tumor behavior and treatment. RESULTS Our review included data from 9638 patients reported in 27 articles over the past 20 years. This tumor occurred more frequently in women (67.5%). The mean age was 57.6 years, and the mean size of the neoplasm at diagnosis was 30 mm. Extrathyroidal extension was common (24%) but lymph node metastasis was not (9%). Total thyroidectomy was the most common surgical approach, with neck dissection usually performed in cases with clinically apparent positive neck nodes. Radioiodine therapy was frequently applied (54%), although there is no consensus about its benefits. The mean 5- and 10-year overall survival was 91% and 76%, respectively. CONCLUSION This review serves to further elucidate the main characteristics of this malignancy. HCC of the thyroid is rare and most often presents with a relatively large nodule, whereas lymph node metastases are rare. Given the rarity of HCC, a consensus on their treatment is needed, as doubts remain concerning the role of specific tumor findings and their influence on management.
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18
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Jin M, Kim ES, Kim BH, Kim HK, Kang YE, Jeon MJ, Kim TY, Kang HC, Kim WB, Shong YK, Kim M, Kim WG. Clinicopathological Characteristics and Disease-Free Survival in Patients with Hürthle Cell Carcinoma: A Multicenter Cohort Study in South Korea. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2021; 36:1078-1085. [PMID: 34731935 PMCID: PMC8566133 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2021.1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hürthle cell carcinoma (HCC), a type of thyroid carcinoma, is rare in South Korea, and few studies have investigated its prognosis. METHODS This long-term multicenter retrospective cohort study evaluated the clinicopathological features and clinical outcomes in patients with HCC who underwent thyroid surgery between 1996 and 2009. RESULTS The mean age of the 97 patients included in the study was 50.3 years, and 26.8% were male. The mean size of the primary tumor was 3.2±1.8 cm, and three (3.1%) patients had distant metastasis at initial diagnosis. Ultrasonographic findings were available for 73 patients; the number of nodules with low-, intermediate-, and high suspicion was 28 (38.4%), 27 (37.0%), and 18 (24.7%), respectively, based on the Korean-Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System. Preoperatively, follicular neoplasm (FN) or suspicion for FN accounted for 65.2% of the cases according to the Bethesda category, and 13% had malignancy or suspicious for malignancy. During a median follow-up of 8.5 years, eight (8.2%) patients had persistent/recurrent disease, and none died of HCC. Older age, gross extrathyroidal extension (ETE), and widely invasive types of tumors were significantly associated with distant metastasis (all P<0.01). Gross ETE (hazard ratio [HR], 27.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2 to 346.4; P=0.01) and widely invasive classification (HR, 6.5; 95% CI, 1.1 to 39.4; P=0.04) were independent risk factors for poor disease-free survival (DFS). CONCLUSION The long-term prognosis of HCC is relatively favorable in South Korea from this study, although this is not a nation-wide data, and gross ETE and widely invasive cancer are significant prognostic factors for DFS. The diagnosis of HCC by ultrasonography and cytopathology remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Jin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Sook Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Bo Hyun Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Hee Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yea Eun Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Min Ji Jeon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Yong Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho-Cheol Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Won Bae Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Kee Shong
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mijin Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
- Mijin Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeokro, Seo-gu, Busan 49241, Korea Tel: +82-51-240-7738, Fax: +82-51-254-3237, E-mail:
| | - Won Gu Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Corresponding authors: Won Gu Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea Tel: +82-2-3010-5883, Fax: +82-2-3010-6962, E-mail:
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19
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Simões-Pereira J, Mourinho N, Ferreira TC, Limbert E, Cavaco BM, Leite V. Avidity and Outcomes of Radioiodine Therapy for Distant Metastasis of Distinct Types of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e3911-e3922. [PMID: 34134139 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The recommendations for radioactive-iodine treatment (RAIT) in metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) are mostly based in the experience with papillary histotype and do not consider the differences within the distinct types of DTC, in terms of RAIT uptake and response. OBJECTIVE This work aims to investigate the association between histology and RAIT avidity and response, and to evaluate whether histotype was an independent prognostic factor in progression-free survival (PFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) after RAIT for distant metastatic disease. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted of all DTC patients who underwent RAIT for distant metastatic disease, from 2001 to 2018, at a thyroid cancer referral center. We included 126 patients: 42 (33.3%) classical variant papillary thyroid cancer (cvPTC), 45 (35.7%) follicular variant PTC (fvPTC), 17 (13.5%) follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) and 22 (17.5%) Hürthle cell carcinoma. Main outcome measures included RAIT avidity and response. RESULTS RAIT avidity was independently associated with histology (P < .001) and stimulated thyroglobulin (Tg) at first RAIT for distant lesions (P = .007). Avidity was lowest in HCC (13.6%), intermediate in cvPTC (21.4%), and highest in fvPTC (75.6%) and FTC (76.5%). Regarding RAIT response, HCC and FTC were not different; both showed significantly more often progression after RAIT than fvPTC and cvPTC. Histology influenced PFS (P = .014), but tumor type was not a significant prognostic factor in DSS. Instead, age at diagnosis, resection status, and stimulated Tg at the first RAIT were significantly associated with DSS. CONCLUSION DTC histotype influenced RAIT avidity and PFS. It is crucial to better detect the metastatic patients that may benefit the most from RAIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Simões-Pereira
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, 1099-023 Lisbon, Portugal
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, 1099-023 Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nádia Mourinho
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, 2674-514 Loures, Portugal
| | - Teresa C Ferreira
- Serviço de Medicina Nuclear, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, 1099-023 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Edward Limbert
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, 1099-023 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Branca Maria Cavaco
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, 1099-023 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Valeriano Leite
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, 1099-023 Lisbon, Portugal
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, 1099-023 Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
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20
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Baba HO, Qaradakhy AJ, Abdullah AM, Saliha AM, Salih RQ, Hussein HM, Ali RM, Kakamad FH. Synchronous occurrence of Hurthle cell carcinoma with Hodgkin's lymphoma; the first reported case with literature review. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021; 69:102750. [PMID: 34484724 PMCID: PMC8408629 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hurthle cell carcinoma (HCC) is a rare type of thyroid cancer while Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is an uncommon cancer of the lymphocytes. The synchronous occurrence of HCC and HL in a single person has not been described in the literature. This report aims to present the first case of synchronous HCC and HL. Case report A 31-year-old male presented with a right side neck swelling for three months. Laboratory findings revealed elevated thyroglobulin (286.7 ng/ml). Ultrasound (US) examination showed several enlarged lymph nodes (<20mm) in the right side of the neck with increased vascularity. There was also a solitary solid thyroid nodule (23*20mm) in the right lobe. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the right lobe revealed Hurthle cell neoplasm, and right cervical lymph node was suspicious for Hodgkin's lymphoma. Right lobectomy with right lateral cervical excisional biopsy was performed. Histopathology confirmed HCC and HL. Discussion HCC is a differentiated cancer occurring in old age population. Multiple factors increase the risk of HCC, including the excess iodine, history of thyroid diseases, and exposure to radiation. HL is a cancer of the lymphatic system that affects young adults and older population. There is a significant association between excess body weight and cigarette smoking with the risk of HL. Conclusion Although extremely rare, occurrence of a few cases of other thyroid carcinomas and HL could occur. However, no relation has been described between the two cancers. Hurthle cell carcinoma is a rare, well-differentiated, and aggressive thyroid cancer. Hodgkin's lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphocytes, associated with good prognosis. This report presents the first case of synchronous Hurthle cell carcinoma and Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiwa O Baba
- Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq.,Kscien Organization, Hamdi Str, Azadi Mall, Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq
| | - Aras J Qaradakhy
- Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq.,Shorsh teaching hospital, Sulaimani, Kurdistan,Iraq
| | - Ari M Abdullah
- Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq.,Sulaimani teaching hospital, Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq
| | - Abdulwahid M Saliha
- Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq.,College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq
| | - Rawezh Q Salih
- Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq.,Kscien Organization, Hamdi Str, Azadi Mall, Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq
| | | | - Rawa M Ali
- Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq.,Shorsh teaching hospital, Sulaimani, Kurdistan,Iraq
| | - Fahmi H Kakamad
- Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq.,Kscien Organization, Hamdi Str, Azadi Mall, Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq.,College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq
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21
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Spinal metastases from thyroid cancer: Some prognostic factors. Eur J Surg Oncol 2021; 48:292-298. [PMID: 34503849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal metastases (SpMs) from thyroid cancers (TC) significantly reduce quality of life by causing pain, neurological deficits in addition to increasing mortality. Moreover, prognosis factors including surgery remain debated. METHODS Data were stored in a prospective French national multicenter database of patients treated for SpM between January 2014 and 2017. Fifty-one consecutive patients affected by TC with 173 secondary SpM were included. RESULTS Mean overall survival (OS) time for all patients from the diagnosis of a thyroid SpM event was 9.1 years (SD 8.7 months). The 1-year, 5-year and 10-year survival estimates were 94% (SD 3.3), 83.8.0% (SD 5.2), and 74.5% (SD 9.9). The median period of time between primary thyroid tumor diagnosis and the SpM event was 31.4 months (SD 71.6). In univariate analysis, good ECOG-PS (status 0 and 1) (p < 0.0001), ambulatory status (Frankel score) (p < 0.0001) and no epidural involvement (p = 0.01), were associated with longer survival, whereas cancer subtype (p = 0.436) and spine surgery showed no association (p = 0.937). Cox multivariate proportional hazard model only identified good ECOG-PS: 0 [HR: 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.941; p < 0.0001], 1 [HR: 0.8, 95% CI 0.04-2.124; p = 0.001] and ambulatory neurological status: Frankel E [HR: 0.262, 95% CI 0.048-1.443; p = 0.02] to be independent predictors of better survival. CONCLUSION For cases presenting SpM from TC, we highlighted that the only prognostic factors were the progression of the cancer (ECOG-PS) and the clinical neurological impact of the SpM (Frankel status). Surgery should be discussed mainly for stabilization and neurological decompression.
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Ito Y, Hirokawa M, Fujishima M, Masuoka H, Higashiyama T, Kihara M, Onoda N, Miya A, Miyauchi A. Prognostic significance of vascular invasion and cell-proliferation activity in widely invasive follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. Endocr J 2021; 68:881-888. [PMID: 33746136 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej21-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Widely invasive follicular thyroid carcinoma (wi-FTC) is regarded as having an aggressive character and a dire prognosis, but it has not been known whether all wi-FTCs have a dire prognosis. Herein we retrospectively analyzed the cases of 133 patients with wi-FTCs to determine the prognostic significance of vascular invasion and cell-proliferation activity based on the Ki-67 labeling index (LI). Of the 119 patients without distant metastasis (M0), 11 (9.2%) showed recurrence during the postoperative follow-up. In a univariate analysis, the recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates of the M0 patients with vascular invasion and those with a Ki-67 LI ≥5% were significantly poorer (p = 0.0013 and p = 0.0268, respectively) than those of the patients without vascular invasion or with a Ki-67 LI <5%. Other clinicopathological factors such as patient age, gender, tumor size, and oxyphilic tumor were not significantly related to the patients' RFS. In a multivariate analysis, positive vascular invasion independently affected the RFS (p = 0.0133), but Ki-67 >5% did not (p = 0.1348). To date, only five patients have died of their thyroid carcinoma; four cases were M1. In conclusion, although M0 wi-FTC generally has a favorable prognosis, cases with positive vascular invasion or a high Ki-67 LI are likely to recur, and careful postoperative follow-up is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Ito
- Department of Surgery, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0011, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Hirokawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Cytology, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0011, Japan
| | - Makoto Fujishima
- Department of Surgery, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroo Masuoka
- Department of Surgery, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0011, Japan
| | | | - Minoru Kihara
- Department of Surgery, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0011, Japan
| | - Naoyoshi Onoda
- Department of Surgery, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0011, Japan
| | - Akihiro Miya
- Department of Surgery, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0011, Japan
| | - Akira Miyauchi
- Department of Surgery, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0011, Japan
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Correia M, Lima AR, Batista R, Máximo V, Sobrinho-Simões M. Inherited Thyroid Tumors With Oncocytic Change. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:691979. [PMID: 34177813 PMCID: PMC8220141 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.691979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial non-medullary thyroid carcinoma (FNMTC) corresponds to 5-10% of all follicular cell-derived carcinoma (FCDTC). Oncocytic thyroid tumors have an increased incidence in the familial context in comparison with sporadic FCDTC, encompassing benign and malignant tumors in the same family presenting with some extent of cell oxyphilia. This has triggered the interest of our and other groups to clarify the oncocytic change, looking for genetic markers that could explain the emergence of this phenotype in thyroid benign and malignant lesions, focusing on familial aggregation. Despite some advances regarding the identification of the gene associated with retinoic and interferon-induced mortality 19 (GRIM-19), as one of the key candidate genes affected in the "Tumor with Cell Oxyphilia" (TCO) locus, most of the mutations follow a pattern of "private mutations", almost exclusive to one family. Moreover, no causative genetic alterations were identified so far in most families. The incomplete penetrance of the disease, the diverse benign and malignant phenotypes in the affected familial members and the variable syndromic associations create an additional layer of complexity for studying the genetic alterations in oncocytic tumors. In the present review, we summarized the available evidence supporting genomic-based mechanisms for the oncocytic change, particularly in the context of FNMTC. We have also addressed the challenges and gaps in the aforementioned mechanisms, as well as molecular clues that can explain, at least partially, the phenotype of oncocytic tumors and the respective clinico-pathological behavior. Finally, we pointed to areas of further investigation in the field of oncocytic (F)NMTC with translational potential in terms of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Correia
- Cancer Signalling and Metabolism, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Cancer Signalling and Metabolism, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Marcelo Correia,
| | - Ana Rita Lima
- Cancer Signalling and Metabolism, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Cancer Signalling and Metabolism, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Batista
- Cancer Signalling and Metabolism, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Cancer Signalling and Metabolism, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Valdemar Máximo
- Cancer Signalling and Metabolism, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Cancer Signalling and Metabolism, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Sobrinho-Simões
- Cancer Signalling and Metabolism, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Cancer Signalling and Metabolism, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário São João (CHUSJ), Porto, Portugal
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McFadden DG, Sadow PM. Genetics, Diagnosis, and Management of Hürthle Cell Thyroid Neoplasms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:696386. [PMID: 34177816 PMCID: PMC8223676 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.696386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hürthle cell lesions have been a diagnostic conundrum in pathology since they were first recognized over a century ago. Controversy as to the name of the cell, the origin of the cell, and even which cells in particular may be designated as such still challenge pathologists and confound those treating patients with a diagnosis of "Hürthle cell" anything within the diagnosis, especially if that anything is a sizable mass lesion. The diagnosis of Hürthle cell adenoma (HCA) or Hürthle cell carcinoma (HCC) has typically relied on a judgement call by pathologists as to the presence or absence of capsular and/or vascular invasion of the adjacent thyroid parenchyma, easy to note in widely invasive disease and a somewhat subjective diagnosis for minimally invasive or borderline invasive disease. Diagnostic specificity, which has incorporated a sharp increase in molecular genetic studies of thyroid tumor subtypes and the integration of molecular testing into preoperative management protocols, continues to be challenged by Hürthle cell neoplasia. Here, we provide the improving yet still murky state of what is known about Hürthle cell tumor genetics, clinical management, and based upon what we are learning about the genetics of other thyroid tumors, how to manage expectations, by pathologists, clinicians, and patients, for more actionable, precise classifications of Hürthle cell tumors of the thyroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. McFadden
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Program in Molecular Medicine, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Peter M. Sadow
- Departments of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Peter M. Sadow,
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Lukovic J, Petrovic I, Liu Z, Armstrong SM, Brierley JD, Tsang R, Pasternak JD, Gomez-Hernandez K, Liu A, Asa SL, Mete O. Oncocytic Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Oncocytic Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: Clinical Features, Uptake, and Response to Radioactive Iodine Therapy, and Outcome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:795184. [PMID: 34975765 PMCID: PMC8716491 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.795184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study was to review the clinicopathologic characteristics and outcome of patients with oncocytic papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and oncocytic poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC). The secondary objective was to evaluate the prevalence and outcomes of RAI use in this population. METHODS Patients with oncocytic PTC and PDTC who were treated at a quaternary cancer centre between 2002 and 2017 were retrospectively identified from an institutional database. All patients had an expert pathology review to ensure consistent reporting and definition. The cumulative incidence function was used to analyse locoregional failure (LRF) and distant metastasis (DM) rates. Univariable analysis (UVA) was used to assess clinical predictors of outcome. RESULTS In total, 263 patients were included (PTC [n=218], PDTC [n=45]) with a median follow up of 4.4 years (range: 0 = 26.7 years). Patients with oncocytic PTC had a 5/10-year incidence of LRF and DM, respectively, of 2.7%/5.6% and 3.4%/4.5%. On UVA, there was an increased risk of DM in PTC tumors with widely invasive growth (HR 17.1; p<0.001), extra-thyroidal extension (HR 24.95; p<0.001), angioinvasion (HR 32.58; p=0.002), focal dedifferentiation (HR 19.57, p<0.001), and focal hobnail cell change (HR 8.67, p=0.042). There was additionally an increased risk of DM seen in male PTC patients (HR 5.5, p=0.03).The use of RAI was more common in patients with larger tumors, angioinvasion, and widely invasive disease. RAI was also used in the management of DM and 43% of patients with oncocytic PTC had RAI-avid metastatic disease. Patients with oncocytic PDTC had a higher rate of 5/10-year incidence of LRF and DM (21.4%/45.4%; 11.4%/40.4%, respectively). Patients with extra-thyroidal extension had an increased risk of DM (HR 5.52, p=0.023) as did those with angioinvasion. Of the patients with oncocytic PDTC who received RAI for the treatment of DM, 40% had RAI-avid disease. CONCLUSION We present a large homogenous cohort of patients with oncocytic PTC and PDTC, with consistent pathologic reporting and definition. Patients with oncocytic PTC have excellent clinical outcomes and similar risk factors for recurrence as their non-oncocytic counterparts (angioinvasion, large tumor size, extra-thyroidal extension, and focal dedifferentiation). Compared with oncocytic PTCs, the adverse biology of oncocytic PDTCs is supported with increased frequency of DM and lower uptake of RAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Lukovic
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Jelena Lukovic, ; Ozgur Mete,
| | - Irina Petrovic
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zijin Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Susan M. Armstrong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James D. Brierley
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Richard Tsang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jesse D. Pasternak
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Karen Gomez-Hernandez
- Endocrine Oncology Site Group, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amy Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sylvia L. Asa
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ozgur Mete
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Endocrine Oncology Site Group, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Jelena Lukovic, ; Ozgur Mete,
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Abstract
Oncocytes are cells that have abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm due to the accumulation of mitochondria; they are also known as oxyphils. In the thyroid they have been called Hürthle cells but this is a misnomer, since Hürthle described C cells; for this reason, we propose the use of "oncocyte" as a scientific term rather than an incorrect eponym. Oncocytic change occurs in nontumorous thyroid disorders, in benign and malignant tumors of thyroid follicular cells, in tumors composed of thyroid C cells, and intrathyroidal parathyroid proliferations as well as in metastatic lesions. The morphology of primary oncocytic thyroid tumors is similar to that of their non-oncocytic counterparts but also is complicated by the cytologic features of these cells that include both abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and large cherry red nucleoli. The molecular alterations in oncocytic thyroid tumors echo those of their non-oncocytic counterparts but in addition feature mitochondrial DNA mutations as well as chromosomal gains and losses. In this review we emphasize the importance of recognition of the spectrum of oncocytic thyroid pathology. The cell of origin, morphologic features including architecture, nuclear atypia and invasive growth, as well as high grade features such as mitoses and necrosis, enable accurate classification of these lesions. The molecular alterations underlying the pathological entity are associated with genetic alterations associated with oncocytic change. The arbitrary cut-off of 75% oncocytic change to classify a lesion as an oncocytic variant brings another complexity to the classification scheme of tumors that frequently have mixed oncocytic and non-oncocytic components. This controversial and often confusing area of thyroid pathology requires thoughtful and cautious investigation to clarify accurate diagnosis, prognosis and prediction for patients with oncocytic thyroid lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia L. Asa
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Sylvia L. Asa, ; Ozgur Mete,
| | - Ozgur Mete
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Sylvia L. Asa, ; Ozgur Mete,
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Thyroid Hürthle Cell Carcinoma: Clinical, Pathological, and Molecular Features. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010026. [PMID: 33374707 PMCID: PMC7793513 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hürthle cell carcinoma (HCC) represents 3–4% of thyroid carcinoma cases. It is characterized by its large, granular and eosinophilic cytoplasm, due to an excessive number of mitochondria. Hürthle cells can be identified only after fine needle aspiration cytology biopsy or by histological diagnosis after the surgical operation. Published studies on HCC indicate its putative high aggressiveness. In this article, current knowledge of HCC focusing on clinical features, cytopathological features, genetic changes, as well as pitfalls in diagnosis are reviewed in order to improve clinical management. Abstract Hürthle cell carcinoma (HCC) represents 3–4% of thyroid carcinoma cases. It is considered to be more aggressive than non-oncocytic thyroid carcinomas. However, due to its rarity, the pathological characteristics and biological behavior of HCC remain to be elucidated. The Hürthle cell is characterized cytologically as a large cell with abundant eosinophilic, granular cytoplasm, and a large hyperchromatic nucleus with a prominent nucleolus. Cytoplasmic granularity is due to the presence of numerous mitochondria. These mitochondria display packed stacking cristae and are arranged in the center. HCC is more often observed in females in their 50–60s. Preoperative diagnosis is challenging, but indicators of malignancy are male, older age, tumor size > 4 cm, a solid nodule with an irregular border, or the presence of psammoma calcifications according to ultrasound. Thyroid lobectomy alone is sufficient treatment for small, unifocal, intrathyroidal carcinomas, or clinically detectable cervical nodal metastases, but total thyroidectomy is recommended for tumors larger than 4 cm. The effectiveness of radioactive iodine is still debated. Molecular changes involve cellular signaling pathways and mitochondria-related DNA. Current knowledge of Hürthle cell carcinoma, including clinical, pathological, and molecular features, with the aim of improving clinical management, is reviewed.
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Shin TJ, Rabbani CC, Murthy HD, Traylor K, Sim MW. Hürthle cell neoplasms of the thyroid: Pathologic outcomes and ultrasonographic analysis. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2020; 5:1254-1259. [PMID: 33364419 PMCID: PMC7752084 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of thyroid nodules suspicious for Hürthle cell neoplasms (HCN) have uncertain rate of malignancy. We aim to characterize rate and predictors of malignancy at our institution and compare these findings with established literature to help guide management. METHODS Single tertiary-referral center, retrospective study of 166 adults who underwent hemithyroidectomy or total thyroidectomy following FNA suspicious for HCN from 1998-2018. Demographic information and surgical histopathologic results were collected. Preoperative ultrasonography was independently scored on the American College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) by a board-certified head and neck radiologist. RESULTS There were 39 males and 127 females. Overall, 25 (15.1%) patients had carcinoma, with 15 (9%) being Hürthle cell carcinoma (HCC). Men had higher incidence of carcinoma (25.6% v. 11.8%, P = .035), and especially older males. Contralateral carcinoma was seen in 3 of 13 (23.1%) patients that underwent completion thyroidectomy. Patients with carcinoma had larger nodules (average diameter 3.3 cm versus 2.5 cm, respectively, P = .01), but no association with TI-RADS. CONCLUSION Adults with nodules suspicious for HCN have significant risk of malignancy consistent with prior studies. Older males and larger nodule diameter are associated with malignancy in this cohort, but TI-RADS grade is not. These findings provide a framework for management and counseling for lesions suspicious for HCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryIndiana UniversityIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Cyrus C. Rabbani
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryIndiana UniversityIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | | | - Katie Traylor
- Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- The Department of Radiology and Imaging SciencesIndiana UniversityIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Michael W. Sim
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryIndiana UniversityIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
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de Salins V, Loganadane G, Joly C, Abulizi M, Nourieh M, Boussion H, Belkacemi Y, Tournigand C, Kempf E. Complete response in anaplastic lymphoma kinase–rearranged oncocytic thyroid cancer: A case report and review of literature. World J Clin Oncol 2020; 11:495-503. [PMID: 32821654 PMCID: PMC7407927 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v11.i7.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncocytic carcinoma of the thyroid is a rare disease, characterized by a poor prognosis and low response rate to radioiodine therapy. Crizotinib is a specific anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor, which was initially developed in non-small cell lung cancer. Other solid tumors harboring a translocation in ALK have been described, such as renal carcinoma, thyroid, colorectal, ovarian cancers, and spitzoid melanoma. The research of ALK rearrangements in thyroid tumor is a promising therapeutic track, and treatments need to be explored.
CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 76-year-old woman with a history of multinodular goiter, who was hospitalized for impairment of her general condition. She was diagnosed with metastatic oncocytic thyroid cancer. Synchrone metastases were found: Multiple mediastinal lymphadenopathies, lytic bone lesions and bilateral mammary lumps. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis revealed an ALK rearrangement in 61% of cells. No other mutation was found. A tumor board discussion based on molecular characteristics of the tumor suggested initiating a daily treatment by crizotinib, a specific ALK inhibitor. A positron emission tomography scan performed 4 mo after the initiation of crizotinib showed a complete metabolic response.
CONCLUSION This case highlights an unexpected efficacy of crizotinib in an ALK-rearranged thyroid tumor, and the need of further assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoire de Salins
- Department of Medical Oncology, Henri Mondor et Albert Chenevier Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris-Est Creteil, Créteil 94010, France
| | - Gokoulakrichenane Loganadane
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Breast Center, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris-Est Creteil and IMRB-INSERM 955 Team 21, Creteil 94010, France
| | - Charlotte Joly
- Department of Medical Oncology, Henri Mondor et Albert Chenevier Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris-Est Creteil, Créteil 94010, France
| | - Mukedaisi Abulizi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Henri Mondor et Albert Chenevier Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris-Est Creteil, Créteil 94010, France
| | - Maya Nourieh
- Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor et Albert Chenevier Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris-Est Creteil, Créteil 94010, France
| | - Hélène Boussion
- Department of Medical Oncology, Henri Mondor et Albert Chenevier Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris-Est Creteil, Créteil 94010, France
| | - Yazid Belkacemi
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Breast Center, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris-Est Creteil and IMRB-INSERM 955 Team 21, Creteil 94010, France
| | - Christophe Tournigand
- Department of Medical Oncology, Henri Mondor et Albert Chenevier Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris-Est Creteil, Créteil 94010, France
| | - Emmanuelle Kempf
- Department of Medical Oncology, Henri Mondor et Albert Chenevier Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris-Est Creteil, Créteil 94010, France
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Clinical impact of follicular oncocytic (Hürthle cell) carcinoma in comparison with corresponding classical follicular thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 48:449-460. [PMID: 32683470 PMCID: PMC7835150 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-04952-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There are controversial debates if patients with Hürthle cell carcinoma, also known as oxyphilic or oncocytic cell follicular thyroid carcinoma, have a poorer outcome. In this study, we systematically evaluated the clinical outcome in a large patient cohort following thyroidectomy and initial I-131 radioactive iodine therapy (RIT). METHODS We retrospectively evaluated a total of 378 patients with diagnosed oncocytic follicular Hürthle cell carcinoma (OFTC) (N = 126) or with classical follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) (N = 252). Patients received thyroidectomy and complementary I-131 RIT. Clinical data regarding basic demographic characteristics, tumor grade, persistent disease and recurrence during follow-up, and disease-free, disease-specific, and overall survival were collected during follow-up of 6.9 years (interquartile range 3.7; 11.7 years). Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify factors associated with disease-related and overall survival. RESULTS Before and after matching for risk factors, recurrence was significantly more frequently diagnosed in OFTC patients during follow-up (17% vs. 8%; p value 0.037). Likewise, OFTC patients presented with a reduced mean disease-free survival of 17.9 years (95% CI 16.0-19.8) vs. 20.1 years (95% CI 19.0-21.1) in FTC patients (p value 0.027). Multivariate analysis revealed OFTC (HR 0.502; 95% CI 0.309-0.816) as the only independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival. Distant metastases of OFTC patients were significantly less iodine-avid (p value 0.014). Mean disease-specific and overall survival did not differ significantly (p value 0.671 and 0.687) during follow-up of median 6.9 years (3.7; 11.7 years). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that recurrence is more often seen in OFTC patients. OFTC patients have a poorer prognosis for disease-free survival. Thus, OFTC and FTC behave differently and should be categorized separately. However, patients suffering from OFTC present with the same overall and disease-specific survival at the end of follow-up indifferent to FTC patients after initial RIT.
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Kumari S, Adewale R, Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J. The Molecular Landscape of Hürthle Cell Thyroid Cancer Is Associated with Altered Mitochondrial Function-A Comprehensive Review. Cells 2020; 9:E1570. [PMID: 32605113 PMCID: PMC7408323 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hürthle cell thyroid carcinoma (HTC) accounts for 3-5% of all thyroid malignancies. Widely invasive HTC is characterized by poor prognosis and limited responsiveness to standard therapy with radioiodine. The molecular landscape of HTC is significantly different from the genetic signature seen in other forms of thyroid cancer. We performed a comprehensive literature review on the association between the molecular features of HTC and cancer metabolism. We searched the Pubmed, Embase, and Medline databases for clinical and translational studies published between 1980 and 2020 in English, coupling "HTC" with the following keywords: "genomic analysis", "mutations", "exome sequencing", "molecular", "mitochondria", "metabolism", "oxidative phosphorylation", "glycolysis", "oxidative stress", "reactive oxygen species", and "oncogenes". HTC is characterized by frequent complex I mitochondrial DNA mutations as early clonal events. This genetic signature is associated with the abundance of malfunctioning mitochondria in cancer cells. HTC relies predominantly on aerobic glycolysis as a source of energy production, as oxidative phosphorylation-related genes are downregulated. The enhanced glucose utilization by HTC is used for diagnostic purposes in the clinical setting for the detection of metastases by fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FGD-PET/CT) imaging. A comprehensive metabolomic profiling of HTC in association with its molecular landscape might be necessary for the implementation of tumor-specific therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.K.); (R.A.)
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Zhou X, Zheng Z, Chen C, Zhao B, Cao H, Li T, Liu X, Wang W, Li Y. Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of Hurthle cell carcinoma: a population based study. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:407. [PMID: 32398118 PMCID: PMC7216584 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06915-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid Hurthle cell carcinoma (HCC) is a rare disease with high risk of invasion and metastasis and poor prognosis. The clinical characteristics, prognosis and treatment of HCC are still controversial, and clinical data are still limited to some case reports. Therefore, understanding the characteristics and survival factors of HCC is clinically necessary. Methods This study collected data from HCC patients diagnosed pathologically from 2004 to 2015, including basic population characteristics, tumor characteristics, and epidemiological and survival data. The data were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to conduct a population cohort study. Results A total of 2101 HCC patients with an average age of 55.42 ± 15.27 years were enrolled in this study. Of them, 1740 (82.82%) patients had local disease, 245 (11.66%) had regional disease, and 89 (4.24%) had distant disease. Total thyroidectomy was performed in 1669 (79.44%) patients, partial thyroidectomy was performed in 382 (18.18%) patients, and radioactive iodine (RAI) was used in 1155 (54.97%) patients. The 5-year and 10-year cancer-specific survival rate was 95.4 and 92.6%, respectively. The distant disease group had significantly more male patients, multifocal tumors, and extensive tumors compared to the local disease group. Multivariate survival analysis showed that age (P < 0.05), SEER stage (P < 0.001), and T-stage (P = 0.001) had significant effects on survival. There was no significant difference in survival between total and partial thyroidectomy (P = 0.078), or between RAI and non-RAI (P = 0.733). Conclusion Male gender, multifocal tumors, and extended tumors are associated with increased risk of late stage HCC. Age over 45 years, distant SEER stage, and late T-stage are independent risk factors for mortality in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingtong Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibo Zheng
- Department of International Medical Services, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuyan Chen
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bangbo Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Hongtao Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Tianhao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Liu
- Medical Science Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weibin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.
| | - Yongning Li
- Department of International Medical Services, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Kumar R, Biswas R, Mathur S, Bhasker S, Damle N, Bal CS, Dhamija E. A Report of a Rare Case of Hurthle Cell Carcinoma of Thyroid with Metachronous Renal Metastasis. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_147_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractRenal metastasis from Hurthle cell thyroid carcinoma is an extremely rare phenomenon which when present usually indicates widely disseminated disease. Herein, we present a case of Hurthle cell carcinoma of thyroid in a 58-year-old gentle lady, with metachronous renal metastasis which happens to be the fourth reported case in English literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Kumar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. B.R.A. IRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rituparna Biswas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. B.R.A. IRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep Mathur
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Suman Bhasker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. B.R.A. IRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nishikant Damle
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - CS Bal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ekta Dhamija
- Department of Radiology, Dr. B.R.A. IRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Clinicopathological features and outcomes after radioactive iodine treatment of oncocytic well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas. Nucl Med Commun 2020; 40:888-893. [PMID: 31343615 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the clinicopathological features of Hürthle cell carcinomas (HCC) and oncocytic papillary thyroid carcinomas (OPTC) and to evaluate their response to radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients with histopathologically verified OPTC (group 1) and HCC (group 2), during a 17-year period. All patients underwent total thyroidectomy and received RAI adjuvant therapy. Clinicopathological characteristics of the two groups were compared. Response to initial therapy was assessed 6 to 24 months after RAI ablation according to the American Thyroid Association dynamic risk reclassification. Clinical outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS A total of 28 patients (8 OPTC and 20 HCC) were included. There was no significant difference in clinicopathological features including sex, age, tumour size and vascular invasion. Distant metastases were absent in both groups. OPTC, however, presented more features of local invasion (50% vs. 10%, P = 0.03), extrathyroidal extension (25% vs. 0%, P = 0.07) and lymph node involvement (37.5% vs. 0%, P = 0.01). Median cumulative RAI activity administered to both groups was 200 mCi (range: 100-300 mCi). Response to RAI therapy was excellent in all HCC and 87.5% of OPTC (P = 0.28). One patient with OPTC (12.5%) presented an indeterminate response. Clinical outcomes were favourable after a median follow-up of 87.5 and 49 months, respectively. CONCLUSION Although OPTC presented more locoregional invasion, clinicopathological characteristics of OPTC and HCC were comparable. Both OPTC and HCC were iodine responsive. We suggest that adjuvant RAI therapy after total thyroidectomy is beneficial for OPTC and HCC and may improve disease-free survival.
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Fleeman N, Houten R, Bagust A, Richardson M, Beale S, Boland A, Dundar Y, Greenhalgh J, Hounsome J, Duarte R, Shenoy A. Lenvatinib and sorafenib for differentiated thyroid cancer after radioactive iodine: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2020; 24:1-180. [PMID: 31931920 PMCID: PMC6983913 DOI: 10.3310/hta24020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid cancer is a rare cancer, accounting for only 1% of all malignancies in England and Wales. Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) accounts for ≈94% of all thyroid cancers. Patients with DTC often require treatment with radioactive iodine. Treatment for DTC that is refractory to radioactive iodine [radioactive iodine-refractory DTC (RR-DTC)] is often limited to best supportive care (BSC). OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of lenvatinib (Lenvima®; Eisai Ltd, Hertfordshire, UK) and sorafenib (Nexar®; Bayer HealthCare, Leverkusen, Germany) for the treatment of patients with RR-DTC. DATA SOURCES EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, The Cochrane Library and EconLit were searched (date range 1999 to 10 January 2017; searched on 10 January 2017). The bibliographies of retrieved citations were also examined. REVIEW METHODS We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews, prospective observational studies and economic evaluations of lenvatinib or sorafenib. In the absence of relevant economic evaluations, we constructed a de novo economic model to compare the cost-effectiveness of lenvatinib and sorafenib with that of BSC. RESULTS Two RCTs were identified: SELECT (Study of [E7080] LEnvatinib in 131I-refractory differentiated Cancer of the Thyroid) and DECISION (StuDy of sorafEnib in loCally advanced or metastatIc patientS with radioactive Iodine-refractory thyrOid caNcer). Lenvatinib and sorafenib were both reported to improve median progression-free survival (PFS) compared with placebo: 18.3 months (lenvatinib) vs. 3.6 months (placebo) and 10.8 months (sorafenib) vs. 5.8 months (placebo). Patient crossover was high (≥ 75%) in both trials, confounding estimates of overall survival (OS). Using OS data adjusted for crossover, trial authors reported a statistically significant improvement in OS for patients treated with lenvatinib compared with those given placebo (SELECT) but not for patients treated with sorafenib compared with those given placebo (DECISION). Both lenvatinib and sorafenib increased the incidence of adverse events (AEs), and dose reductions were required (for > 60% of patients). The results from nine prospective observational studies and 13 systematic reviews of lenvatinib or sorafenib were broadly comparable to those from the RCTs. Health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) data were collected only in DECISION. We considered the feasibility of comparing lenvatinib with sorafenib via an indirect comparison but concluded that this would not be appropriate because of differences in trial and participant characteristics, risk profiles of the participants in the placebo arms and because the proportional hazard assumption was violated for five of the six survival outcomes available from the trials. In the base-case economic analysis, using list prices only, the cost-effectiveness comparison of lenvatinib versus BSC yields an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained of £65,872, and the comparison of sorafenib versus BSC yields an ICER of £85,644 per QALY gained. The deterministic sensitivity analyses show that none of the variations lowered the base-case ICERs to < £50,000 per QALY gained. LIMITATIONS We consider that it is not possible to compare the clinical effectiveness or cost-effectiveness of lenvatinib and sorafenib. CONCLUSIONS Compared with placebo/BSC, treatment with lenvatinib or sorafenib results in an improvement in PFS, objective tumour response rate and possibly OS, but dose modifications were required to treat AEs. Both treatments exhibit estimated ICERs of > £50,000 per QALY gained. Further research should include examination of the effects of lenvatinib, sorafenib and BSC (including HRQoL) for both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, and the positioning of treatments in the treatment pathway. STUDY REGISTRATION This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42017055516. FUNDING The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Fleeman
- Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rachel Houten
- Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Adrian Bagust
- Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marty Richardson
- Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sophie Beale
- Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Angela Boland
- Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yenal Dundar
- Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Janette Greenhalgh
- Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Juliet Hounsome
- Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rui Duarte
- Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Aditya Shenoy
- The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Birkenhead, UK
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Yang Q, Zhao Z, Zhong G, Jin A, Yu K. Effect of adjuvant radioactive iodine therapy on survival in rare oxyphilic subtype of thyroid cancer (Hürthle cell carcinoma). PeerJ 2019; 7:e7458. [PMID: 31523497 PMCID: PMC6716497 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Radioactive iodine (RAI) is widely used for adjuvant therapy after thyroidectomy, while its value for thyroid cancer has been controversial recently. The primary objectives of this study were to clarify the influence of Radioactive iodine (RAI) on the survival in rare oxyphilic subtype of thyroid cancer (Hürthle cell carcinoma, HCC). Methods Patients diagnosed with oxyphilic thyroid carcinoma from 2004 to 2015 were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program database. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) among patients who had adjuvant RAI use or not. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were performed for survival analysis, and subsequently visualized by nomogram. Results In all, 2,799 patients were identified, of which 1529 patients had adjuvant RAI use while 1,270 patients had not. Based on multivariate Cox analysis, the RAI therapy confers an improved OS for HCC patients (HR = 0.57, 95% CI [0.44–0.72], P < 0.001), whereas it has no significant benefit in the survival analysis regarding CSS (HR = 0.79, 95% CI [[0.47–1.34], P = 0.382). In a subgroup analysis, the same survival benefit of RAI treatment on OS, but not CSS was observed among patients stratified by AJCC stage and tumor extension. Nevertheless, patients with regional lymph node metastasis benefited from RAI therapy both in OS and CSS (P < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, nomograms used for predicting long term survival of HCC patients exhibited a better prediction power for OS compared with traditional tumor, nodal and metastatic (TNM) stage made by American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) (C-index = 0.833 of the nomogram model vs. 0.696 of the AJCC system). Conclusions This study suggests that RAI therapy is significantly associated with improved OS in patients with Hürthle cell carcinoma. However, there was no association between treatment with radioiodine and CSS, possibly due to small number of deaths that were related to HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Yang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R.China
| | - Zhongsheng Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R.China
| | - Guansheng Zhong
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R.China
| | - Aixiang Jin
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R.China
| | - Kun Yu
- Department of Head, Neck & Thyroid Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R.China
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Wong KS, Lorch JH, Alexander EK, Marqusee E, Cho NL, Nehs MA, Doherty GM, Barletta JA. Prognostic Significance of Extent of Invasion in Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma. Thyroid 2019; 29:1255-1261. [PMID: 31397224 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: The 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumors of Endocrine Organs defines poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) as a tumor with conventional criteria of malignancy (capsular penetration or vascular invasion) with solid, insular, or trabecular growth, a lack of nuclear features of papillary thyroid carcinoma, and increased mitotic activity, tumor necrosis, or convoluted nuclei. The extent of invasion has been shown to be prognostic in follicular thyroid carcinoma and Hürthle cell carcinoma. Our aim was to evaluate how extent of invasion impacts clinical outcome for PDTC. Methods: We retrospectively identified 47 consecutively diagnosed cases of PDTC that were resected between 2005 and 2018. All cases were reviewed to confirm that the tumors met the 2017 Endocrine WHO criteria of PDTC. In addition, tumors were categorized as follows: encapsulated with capsular penetration only, encapsulated with focal vascular invasion (fewer than four foci), encapsulated with extensive vascular invasion (four or more foci), or widely invasive. Histopathologic characteristics and clinical outcome data were recorded. Results: A total of 47 cases of PDTC, including 15 oncocytic tumors, were identified from 28 (60%) women and 19 (40%) men (mean age of 57 years at diagnosis). The mean tumor size was 4.3 cm. Mitoses numbered 8 per 10 high-power fields (HPF) on average (range: 1-34), and necrosis was present in 21 (45%) cases. Eight (17%) cases were encapsulated with capsular penetration only, 5 (11%) were encapsulated with focal vascular invasion, 18 (38%) were encapsulated with extensive vascular invasion, and 16 (34%) were widely invasive. Of the 42 (89%) patients with follow-up data, 7 (17%) died of disease (with a mean survival time of 6.4 years), 11 (26%) have distant metastatic disease, and 24 (57%) have no evidence of disease (mean follow-up 5.6 years). Eight (19%) patients presented with M1 disease at diagnosis. The 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) for patients with M0 disease at diagnosis was 100% for patients with tumors with capsular invasion only or focal vascular invasion (n = 7), 73% for patients with encapsulated tumors with extensive vascular invasion (n = 11), and 17% for patients with widely invasive PDTCs (n = 6). DFS estimates by Kaplan-Meier analysis were significantly different between these groups (p = 0.0016). Conclusions: Extent of invasion appears to be an important parameter that affects clinical outcome for patients with PDTC. In our cohort, patients with encapsulated PDTC with capsular invasion only or focal vascular invasion had an excellent outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine S Wong
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jochen H Lorch
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erik K Alexander
- Division of Endocrinology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ellen Marqusee
- Division of Endocrinology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nancy L Cho
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew A Nehs
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gerard M Doherty
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Justine A Barletta
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Long-term outcome of rare oncocytic papillary (Hürthle cell) thyroid carcinoma following (adjuvant) initial radioiodine therapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2019; 46:2526-2535. [PMID: 31410542 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-019-04456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oncocytic (Hürthle cell) papillary thyroid carcinoma (OPTC) is a rare variant of the papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) which comprises approximately 1 to 11 % of PTC cases. Its clinical course and prognosis have not been comprehensively documented and the clinical outcome remains a controversial issue. Therefore, we investigated the long-term prognosis after thyroidectomy and (adjuvant) initial radioactive iodine therapy (RIT) of OPTC compared to PTC. METHODS A total of 563 patients (47 with OPTC and 516 with PTC) with a median follow-up of 9.9 (0.3; 23.5) years were studied. All patients underwent thyroidectomy followed by (adjuvant) initial RIT. Data on the patients' demographics, pathology, laboratory findings, imaging studies, treatment, and follow-up including recurrence, and disease-specific survival were collected. Cox's multivariate regression model was used to identify independent prognostic factors for survival. RESULTS OPTC patients were significantly older (55.2 ± 12.3 years) than PTC patients (50.3 ± 13.5) at the time of initial diagnosis (p value 0.016). Initial tumor size was larger in the OPTC group (2.8 ± 1.8 cm for OPTC patients, 1.5 ± 1.2 cm for PTC patients, p value < 0.001). Before matching, OPTC patients presented more often with evidence of disease at the last visit of follow-up (p value 0.046). However, this difference was not observed anymore after matching for risk factors (p value 0.637). Disease-specific survival did not differ significantly. Age (HR, 1.183; 95% CI, 1.097-1.276) was identified as an independent prognostic factor for disease-specific survival. OPTC patients predominantly showed a recurrence of distant metastasis within a shorter time despite being not statistically significant. CONCLUSION At initial diagnosis, OPTC shows significant differences in terms of age and initial tumor size compared to PTC. Patients suffering from OPTC present with the same clinical long-term outcome indifferent to PTC after (adjuvant) initial RIT after matching.
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Santana NO, Freitas RMC, Marcos VN, Chammas MC, Camargo RYA, Schmerling CK, Vanderlei FAB, Hoff AO, Marui S, Danilovic DLS. Diagnostic performance of thyroid ultrasound in Hürthle cell carcinomas. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2019; 63:300-305. [PMID: 31038598 PMCID: PMC10522209 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hürthle cell carcinomas (HCCs) of the thyroid have been recently reclassified as a separate entity due to their distinct clinical and molecular profiles. Few studies have assessed the ability of preoperative characteristics in differentiating HCCs from Hürthle cell adenomas (HCAs) due to the low prevalence of both lesions. This study aimed to compare the preoperative features of HCCs and HCAs and evaluate the diagnostic performance of ultrasound in distinguishing between both. SUBJETCS AND METHODS Retrospective study including 101 patients (52 HCCs and 49 HCAs) who underwent thyroid surgery from 2000 to 2016. Clinical, ultrasonographic, and histological data were reviewed. Diagnostic performance of suspicious sonographic features was analyzed in 51 cases (24 HCCs and 27 HCAs). RESULTS Hürthle cell neoplasms were predominant in females. Subjects ≥ 55 years represented 58% of the cases of HCCs and 53% of those of HCAs. Carcinomas were significantly larger (p < 0.001), and a tumor size ≥ 4 cm significantly increased the risk of malignancy (odds ratio 3.67). Other clinical, cytologic, and sonographic data were similar between HCCs and HCAs. Among the HCCs, the lesions were purely solid in 54.2%, hypoechoic in 37.5%, and had coarse calcifications in 12.5%, microcalcifications in 8.3%, irregular contours in 4.2%, and a taller-than-wide shape in 16.7%. Predominantly/exclusive intranodular vascularization was observed in 52.6%. Overall, 58% of the HCCs were classified as TI-RADS 4 or 5 compared with 48% of the HCAs. TI-RADS 4 or 5 had a specificity of only 51.8% and a positive likelihood ratio of 1.21. CONCLUSIONS Apart from the lesion size, no other preoperative feature adequately distinguished HCCs from HCAs. Sonographic characteristics raising suspicion for malignancy, which are mostly present in papillary carcinomas, were infrequent in HCCs. New tools must be developed to improve preoperative diagnosis and deferral of surgery in cases of adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Oliveira Santana
- Universidade de São PauloHospital das ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular (LIM25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Miguel Costa Freitas
- Universidade de São PauloInstituto do Câncer do Estado de São PauloFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Radiologia, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Vinicius Neves Marcos
- Universidade de São PauloInstituto do Câncer do Estado de São PauloFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Radiologia, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Cristina Chammas
- Universidade de São PauloHospital das ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Radiologia, Instituto de Radiologia (InRad), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Rosalinda Yossie Asato Camargo
- Universidade de São PauloHospital das ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular (LIM25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Cláudia Kliemann Schmerling
- Universidade de São PauloInstituto do Câncer do Estado de São PauloFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Departamento de Patologia, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Felipe Augusto Brasileiro Vanderlei
- Universidade de São PauloHospital das ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Departamento de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Ana Oliveira Hoff
- Universidade de São PauloInstituto do Câncer do Estado de São PauloFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Departamento de Endocrinologia, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Suemi Marui
- Universidade de São PauloHospital das ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular (LIM25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Debora Lucia Seguro Danilovic
- Universidade de São PauloHospital das ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular (LIM25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Universidade de São PauloInstituto do Câncer do Estado de São PauloFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Departamento de Endocrinologia, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Abstract
Hürthle cell tumors (HCT), including Hürthle cell adenomas (HCA) and Hürthle cell carcinomas (HCCs), arise in the thyroid gland and are defined in part by an accumulation of mitochondria. These neoplasms were long considered a subtype of follicular neoplasm, although HCT is now generally considered a distinct entity. HCTs exhibit overlapping but distinct clinical features compared to follicular tumors, and several studies have demonstrated that HCTs harbor distinct genomic alterations compared to other forms of thyroid cancer. Two studies recently reported the most complete characterization of the HCC genome to date. These studies assessed complementary cohorts of HCC specimens. The study by Ganly et al. consisted of a large panel of primary HCCs, including 32 widely invasive and 24 minimally invasive primary tumors. Exome and RNA sequencing of material isolated from fresh-frozen tumor specimens was performed. The study by Gopal et al. utilized exome and targeted sequencing to characterize the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of 32 primary tumors and 38 resected regional and distant metastases using DNA isolated from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Here, HCC is briefly reviewed in the context of these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Ganly
- 1 Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Surgery, Head and Neck Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - David G McFadden
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Biochemistry, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Abstract
Although differentiated thyroid carcinomas typically pursue an indolent clinical course, it is important to identify the subset of tumors that are most likely to behave aggressively so that patients with these tumors are counseled and treated appropriately. Extent of disease is fundamental to the prognostication for differentiated thyroid carcinoma; however, there are additional histologic features of the tumor separate from extent of disease that have been shown to affect clinical course. This review will start with a discussion of aggressive variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma, move to the prognostic significance of vascular invasion in follicular thyroid carcinoma, and finish with a discussion of Hürthle cell carcinoma, with an emphasis on why it is not considered a subtype of follicular thyroid carcinoma in the 2017 WHO Classification of Tumors of Endocrine Organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Janovitz
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Justine A Barletta
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Understanding Malignancies of the Thyroid Gland: Institutional Experience. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 70:482-489. [PMID: 30464902 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-018-1492-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the epidemiological, pathological characters and determine survival in patients diagnosed of having thyroid gland malignancies. Retrospective chart review of patients having thyroid gland malignancies, which were managed by the two senior authors at our tertiary care institute from January 2000 to December 2006, were performed and evaluated in terms of various clinical, operative and histological parameters. Patients in which follow up of at least 10 years are available were included in the study. Survival was enquired telephonically in those patients who got cured and did not consent to come for follow up. Slides were reviewed. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS statistical software. Kaplan-Meier method was used for calculating survival. A total of 182 patients were included in the study. Papillary carcinoma was the commonest malignant lesion with a frequency of 87.91% followed by follicular carcinoma (7.69%), medullary carcinoma (3.29%) and anaplastic carcinoma (1.09%). Female predominance was seen (F:M-5.06:1). The 5 year and 10 year survival rates were 89% and 73% respectively. The most common postoperative squeal was transient hypocalcaemia, seen in (27/182) 15% patients which was followed by permanent hypocalcaemia 16/182 (8.79%), transient recurrent laryngeal nerve paresis 12/182 (6.59%) and permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy 8/182 (4.39%). Thyroid malignancies affect all age groups and have good long term prognosis. Management yields promising results and hence early and adequate treatment is emphasized.
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Ganly I, Makarov V, Deraje S, Dong Y, Reznik E, Seshan V, Nanjangud G, Eng S, Bose P, Kuo F, Morris LGT, Landa I, Carrillo Albornoz PB, Riaz N, Nikiforov YE, Patel K, Umbricht C, Zeiger M, Kebebew E, Sherman E, Ghossein R, Fagin JA, Chan TA. Integrated Genomic Analysis of Hürthle Cell Cancer Reveals Oncogenic Drivers, Recurrent Mitochondrial Mutations, and Unique Chromosomal Landscapes. Cancer Cell 2018; 34:256-270.e5. [PMID: 30107176 PMCID: PMC6247912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The molecular foundations of Hürthle cell carcinoma (HCC) are poorly understood. Here we describe a comprehensive genomic characterization of 56 primary HCC tumors that span the spectrum of tumor behavior. We elucidate the mutational profile and driver mutations and show that these tumors exhibit a wide range of recurrent mutations. Notably, we report a high number of disruptive mutations to both protein-coding and tRNA-encoding regions of the mitochondrial genome. We reveal unique chromosomal landscapes that involve whole-chromosomal duplications of chromosomes 5 and 7 and widespread loss of heterozygosity arising from haploidization and copy-number-neutral uniparental disomy. We also identify fusion genes and disrupted signaling pathways that may drive disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Ganly
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Surgery, Head and Neck Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Vladimir Makarov
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shyamprasad Deraje
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - YiYu Dong
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ed Reznik
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Venkatraman Seshan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gouri Nanjangud
- Molecular Cytogenetics Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie Eng
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Promita Bose
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fengshen Kuo
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luc G T Morris
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Surgery, Head and Neck Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Inigo Landa
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pedro Blecua Carrillo Albornoz
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nadeem Riaz
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuri E Nikiforov
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kepal Patel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Endocrine Surgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher Umbricht
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martha Zeiger
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Electron Kebebew
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eric Sherman
- Department of Medicine, Head and Neck Medical Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald Ghossein
- Department of Pathology, Head and Neck Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - James A Fagin
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy A Chan
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Ernaga Lorea A, Migueliz Bermejo I, Anda Apiñániz E, Pineda Arribas J, Toni García M, Martínez de Esteban JP, Insausti Serrano AM. Comparison of clinical characteristics of patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma and Hürthle cell carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 65:136-142. [PMID: 29433918 DOI: 10.1016/j.endinu.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hürthle cell carcinoma (HCC) is an uncommon thyroid cancer historically considered to be a variant of follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC). The aim of this study was to assess the differences between these groups in terms of clinical factors and prognoses. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 230 patients (153 with FTC and 77 with HCC) with a median follow-up of 13.4 years were studied. The different characteristics were compared using SPSS version 20 statistical software. RESULTS Patients with HCC were older (57.3±13.8 years vs. 44.6±15.2 years; P<.001). More advanced TNM stages were also seen in patients with HCC and a greater trend to distant metastases were also seen in patients with HCC (7.8% vs. 2.7%, P=.078). The persistence/recurrence rate at the end of follow-up was higher in patients with HCC (13% vs. 3.9%, P=.011). However, in a multivariate analysis, only age (hazard ratio [HR] 1.10, confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.17; P=.001), size (HR 1.43, CI 1.05-1.94; P=.021), and histological subtype (HR 9.79, CI 2.35-40.81; P=.002), but not presence of HCC, were significantly associated to prognosis. CONCLUSION HCC is diagnosed in older patients and in more advanced stages as compared to FTC. However, when age, size, and histological subtype are similar, disease-free survival is also similar in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ander Ernaga Lorea
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, España.
| | - Iranzu Migueliz Bermejo
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, España
| | - Emma Anda Apiñániz
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, España
| | - Javier Pineda Arribas
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, España
| | - Marta Toni García
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, España
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45
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Zavitsanos P, Amdur RJ, Drew PA, Cusi K, Werning JW, Morris CG. Favorable Outcome of Hurthle Cell Carcinoma of the Thyroid Treated With Total Thyroidectomy, Radioiodine, and Selective Use of External-Beam Radiotherapy. Am J Clin Oncol 2017; 40:433-437. [DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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46
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Kochummen E, Tong S, Umpaichitra V, Chin VL. A Unique Case of Bilateral Hürthle Cell Adenoma in an Adolescent. Horm Res Paediatr 2017; 87:136-142. [PMID: 27467101 DOI: 10.1159/000448216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hürthle cell (HC) neoplasms are rare among pediatric thyroid cancers. HC adenomas (HCA) are typically benign and localized unilaterally without recurrence, and they are thus treated by hemithyroidectomy. HC carcinomas (HCC) can be bilateral and are more aggressive, necessitating total thyroidectomy. Diagnosis relies upon surgical histopathology demonstrating invasion for classification as HCC or lack of invasion in HCA, since fine needle aspiration fails to differentiate between the two. METHODS We report a case of a 14-year-old adolescent female with bilateral HCA. She had an initial left hemithyroidectomy for a large nodule measuring 2 × 1.5 × 1.2 cm3 in the left lobe, while smaller subcentimeter nodules remained under surveillance in the right. One year later, a nodule in the right lobe doubled in size, necessitating a right hemithyroidectomy which also revealed HCA. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of bilateral HCA in pediatrics. It highlights the importance of close surveillance of persistent small nodules, even in patients with previously documented benign lesions such as HCA, which are typically thought to be unilateral and localized. Both HCA and HCC remain unpredictable in behavior, and treatment of HCA should be individualized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elna Kochummen
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, N.Y., USA
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47
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Oluic B, Paunovic I, Loncar Z, Djukic V, Diklic A, Jovanovic M, Garabinovic Z, Slijepcevic N, Rovcanin B, Micic D, Filipovic A, Zivaljevic V. Survival and prognostic factors for survival, cancer specific survival and disease free interval in 239 patients with Hurthle cell carcinoma: a single center experience. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:371. [PMID: 28545571 PMCID: PMC5445517 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hurthle cell carcinoma makes up 3 to 5% of all thyroid cancers and is considered to be a true rarity. The aim of our study was to analyze clinical characteristics and survival rates of patients with Hurthle cell carcinoma. METHODS Clinical data regarding basic demographic characteristics, tumor grade, type of surgical treatment and vital status were collected. Methods of descriptive statistics and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used for statistical analysis. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to identify independent predictors. RESULTS During the period from 1995 to 2014, 239 patients with Hurthle cell carcinoma were treated at our Institution. The average age of the patients was 54.3, with female to male ratio of 3.6:1 and average tumor size was 41.8 mm. The overall recurrence rate was 12.1%, with average time for relapse of 90.74 months and average time without any signs of the disease of 222.4 months. Overall 5-year, 10-year and 20-year survival rates were 89.4%, 77.2%, 61.9% respectively. The 5-year, 10-year and 20-year cancer specific survival rates were 94.6%, 92.5%, 87.4%, respectively. When disease free interval was observed, 5-year, 10-year and 20-year rates were 91.1%, 86.2%, 68.5%, respectively. The affection of both thyroid lobes and the need for reoperation due to local relapse were unfavorable independent prognostic factors, while total thyroidectomy as primary procedure was favorable predictive factor for cancer specific survival. CONCLUSION Hurthle cell carcinoma is a rare tumor with an encouraging prognosis and after adequate surgical treatment recurrences are rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branisav Oluic
- Emergency Center, Clinical Center of Serbia, Pasterova 2, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
| | - Ivan Paunovic
- Center for Endocrine Surgery, Clinical Center of Serbia, Pasterova 2, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Zlatibor Loncar
- Emergency Center, Clinical Center of Serbia, Pasterova 2, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Djukic
- Emergency Center, Clinical Center of Serbia, Pasterova 2, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Diklic
- Center for Endocrine Surgery, Clinical Center of Serbia, Pasterova 2, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Milan Jovanovic
- Center for Endocrine Surgery, Clinical Center of Serbia, Pasterova 2, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Zeljko Garabinovic
- Clinic for Thoracic Surgery, Clinical Center of Serbia, Pasterova 2, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Nikola Slijepcevic
- Center for Endocrine Surgery, Clinical Center of Serbia, Pasterova 2, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Branislav Rovcanin
- Center for Endocrine Surgery, Clinical Center of Serbia, Pasterova 2, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Dusan Micic
- Emergency Center, Clinical Center of Serbia, Pasterova 2, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Filipovic
- Clinical Center of Montenegro, Department of Endocrine Surgery, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Vladan Zivaljevic
- Center for Endocrine Surgery, Clinical Center of Serbia, Pasterova 2, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
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Isolated Liver Metastasis in Hürthle Cell Thyroid Cancer Treated with Microwave Ablation. Case Rep Endocrinol 2017; 2017:2790741. [PMID: 28163939 PMCID: PMC5253501 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2790741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hürthle cell thyroid cancer (HCTC) is a less common form of differentiated thyroid cancer. It rarely metastasizes to the liver, and when it does, the metastasis is almost never isolated. Here we report a 62-year-old male with widely invasive Hürthle cell thyroid cancer, who underwent total thyroidectomy and received adjuvant treatment with I-131 with posttreatment scan showing no evidence of metastatic disease. His thyroglobulin however continued to rise after that and eventually an isolated liver metastasis was identified. He underwent laparoscopic microwave ablation of the liver metastasis, with dramatic decline in thyroglobulin and no structural disease identified to date. This case highlights the rare occurrence of isolated liver metastasis from HCTC and also illustrates the utility of thermoablation as an alternative to surgical resection in the treatment of small isolated liver metastases from HCTC.
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Abstract
Hürthle cell carcinoma (HCC) can present either as a minimally invasive or as a widely invasive tumor. HCC generally has a more aggressive clinical behavior compared with the other differentiated thyroid cancers, and it is associated with a higher rate of distant metastases. Minimally invasive HCC demonstrates much less aggressive behavior; lesions <4 cm can be treated with thyroid lobectomy alone, and without radioactive iodine (RAI). HCC has been observed to be less iodine-avid compared with other differentiated thyroid cancers; however, recent data have demonstrated improved survival with RAI use in patients with HCC >2 cm and those with nodal and distant metastases. Patients with localized iodine-resistant disease who are not candidates for a wait-and-watch approach can be treated with localized therapies. Systemic therapy is reserved for patients with progressive, widely metastatic HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ahmadi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine
| | | | | | - Julie Ann Sosa
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery; Duke Cancer Institute; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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50
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Yoo JY, Stang MT. Current Guidelines for Postoperative Treatment and Follow-Up of Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2016; 25:41-59. [PMID: 26610773 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Well-differentiated thyroid cancer is increasing in incidence but the disease-specific mortality remains very low. The only effective adjuvant treatment is radioactive iodine ablation. Guidelines regarding the use and dosage of radioactive iodine depend on pathologic features of the primary and metastatic tumor that define risk. Long-term treatment includes thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression and surveillance with serum thyroglobulin and radiologic assessment for nodal recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Y Yoo
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Kaufman Building, Suite 101, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael T Stang
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Kaufman Building, Suite 101, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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