1
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Wong RK, Selvanayagam J, Johnston KD, Everling S. Delay-related activity in marmoset prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:3523-3537. [PMID: 35945687 PMCID: PMC10068290 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent delay-period activity in prefrontal cortex (PFC) has long been regarded as a neural signature of working memory (WM). Electrophysiological investigations in macaque PFC have provided much insight into WM mechanisms; however, a barrier to understanding is the fact that a portion of PFC lies buried within the principal sulcus in this species and is inaccessible for laminar electrophysiology or optical imaging. The relatively lissencephalic cortex of the New World common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) circumvents such limitations. It remains unknown, however, whether marmoset PFC neurons exhibit persistent activity. Here, we addressed this gap by conducting wireless electrophysiological recordings in PFC of marmosets performing a delayed-match-to-location task on a home cage-based touchscreen system. As in macaques, marmoset PFC neurons exhibited sample-, delay-, and response-related activity that was directionally tuned and linked to correct task performance. Models constructed from population activity consistently and accurately predicted stimulus location throughout the delay period, supporting a framework of delay activity in which mnemonic representations are relatively stable in time. Taken together, our findings support the existence of common neural mechanisms underlying WM performance in PFC of macaques and marmosets and thus validate the marmoset as a suitable model animal for investigating the microcircuitry underlying WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond K Wong
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Janahan Selvanayagam
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Kevin D Johnston
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Stefan Everling
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
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2
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Samandra R, Haque ZZ, Rosa MGP, Mansouri FA. The marmoset as a model for investigating the neural basis of social cognition in health and disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 138:104692. [PMID: 35569579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Social-cognitive processes facilitate the use of environmental cues to understand others, and to be understood by others. Animal models provide vital insights into the neural underpinning of social behaviours. To understand social cognition at even deeper behavioural, cognitive, neural, and molecular levels, we need to develop more representative study models, which allow testing of novel hypotheses using human-relevant cognitive tasks. Due to their cooperative breeding system and relatively small size, common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) offer a promising translational model for such endeavours. In addition to having social behavioural patterns and group dynamics analogous to those of humans, marmosets have cortical brain areas relevant for the mechanistic analysis of human social cognition, albeit in simplified form. Thus, they are likely suitable animal models for deciphering the physiological processes, connectivity and molecular mechanisms supporting advanced cognitive functions. Here, we review findings emerging from marmoset social and behavioural studies, which have already provided significant insights into executive, motivational, social, and emotional dysfunction associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranshikha Samandra
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Zakia Z Haque
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Marcello G P Rosa
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Australia.
| | - Farshad Alizadeh Mansouri
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Australia.
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3
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Ose T, Autio JA, Ohno M, Frey S, Uematsu A, Kawasaki A, Takeda C, Hori Y, Nishigori K, Nakako T, Yokoyama C, Nagata H, Yamamori T, Van Essen DC, Glasser MF, Watabe H, Hayashi T. Anatomical variability, multi-modal coordinate systems, and precision targeting in the marmoset brain. Neuroimage 2022; 250:118965. [PMID: 35122965 PMCID: PMC8948178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.118965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Localising accurate brain regions needs careful evaluation in each experimental species due to their individual variability. However, the function and connectivity of brain areas is commonly studied using a single-subject cranial landmark-based stereotactic atlas in animal neuroscience. Here, we address this issue in a small primate, the common marmoset, which is increasingly widely used in systems neuroscience. We developed a non-invasive multi-modal neuroimaging-based targeting pipeline, which accounts for intersubject anatomical variability in cranial and cortical landmarks in marmosets. This methodology allowed creation of multi-modal templates (MarmosetRIKEN20) including head CT and brain MR images, embedded in coordinate systems of anterior and posterior commissures (AC-PC) and CIFTI grayordinates. We found that the horizontal plane of the stereotactic coordinate was significantly rotated in pitch relative to the AC-PC coordinate system (10 degrees, frontal downwards), and had a significant bias and uncertainty due to positioning procedures. We also found that many common cranial and brain landmarks (e.g., bregma, intraparietal sulcus) vary in location across subjects and are substantial relative to average marmoset cortical area dimensions. Combining the neuroimaging-based targeting pipeline with robot-guided surgery enabled proof-of-concept targeting of deep brain structures with an accuracy of 0.2 mm. Altogether, our findings demonstrate substantial intersubject variability in marmoset brain and cranial landmarks, implying that subject-specific neuroimaging-based localization is needed for precision targeting in marmosets. The population-based templates and atlases in grayordinates, created for the first time in marmoset monkeys, should help bridging between macroscale and microscale analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Ose
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan; Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Joonas A Autio
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Ohno
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
| | | | - Akiko Uematsu
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Kawasaki
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Chiho Takeda
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Yuki Hori
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan; Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Kantaro Nishigori
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan; Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Tomokazu Nakako
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan; Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Chihiro Yokoyama
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan; Faculty of Human life and Environmental Science, Nara women's University, Nara, Japan.
| | | | - Tetsuo Yamamori
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan.
| | - David C Van Essen
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University Medical School, St Louis, MO USA.
| | - Matthew F Glasser
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University Medical School, St Louis, MO USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University Medical School, St Louis, MO USA.
| | - Hiroshi Watabe
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Takuya Hayashi
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan; Department of Brain Connectomics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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4
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Preuss TM, Wise SP. Evolution of prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:3-19. [PMID: 34363014 PMCID: PMC8617185 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) evolved at different times. Agranular parts of the PFC emerged in early mammals, and rodents, primates, and other modern mammals share them by inheritance. These are limbic areas and include the agranular orbital cortex and agranular medial frontal cortex (areas 24, 32, and 25). Rodent research provides valuable insights into the structure, functions, and development of these shared areas, but it contributes less to parts of the PFC that are specific to primates, namely, the granular, isocortical PFC that dominates the frontal lobe in humans. The first granular PFC areas evolved either in early primates or in the last common ancestor of primates and tree shrews. Additional granular PFC areas emerged in the primate stem lineage, as represented by modern strepsirrhines. Other granular PFC areas evolved in simians, the group that includes apes, humans, and monkeys. In general, PFC accreted new areas along a roughly posterior to anterior trajectory during primate evolution. A major expansion of the granular PFC occurred in humans in concert with other association areas, with modifications of corticocortical connectivity and gene expression, although current evidence does not support the addition of a large number of new, human-specific PFC areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Preuss
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
| | - Steven P Wise
- Olschefskie Institute for the Neurobiology of Knowledge, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
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5
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Watanabe S, Kurotani T, Oga T, Noguchi J, Isoda R, Nakagami A, Sakai K, Nakagaki K, Sumida K, Hoshino K, Saito K, Miyawaki I, Sekiguchi M, Wada K, Minamimoto T, Ichinohe N. Functional and molecular characterization of a non-human primate model of autism spectrum disorder shows similarity with the human disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5388. [PMID: 34526497 PMCID: PMC8443557 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a multifactorial disorder with characteristic synaptic and gene expression changes. Early intervention during childhood is thought to benefit prognosis. Here, we examined the changes in cortical synaptogenesis, synaptic function, and gene expression from birth to the juvenile stage in a marmoset model of ASD induced by valproic acid (VPA) treatment. Early postnatally, synaptogenesis was reduced in this model, while juvenile-age VPA-treated marmosets showed increased synaptogenesis, similar to observations in human tissue. During infancy, synaptic plasticity transiently increased and was associated with altered vocalization. Synaptogenesis-related genes were downregulated early postnatally. At three months of age, the differentially expressed genes were associated with circuit remodeling, similar to the expression changes observed in humans. In summary, we provide a functional and molecular characterization of a non-human primate model of ASD, highlighting its similarity to features observed in human ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Watanabe
- grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo Japan
| | - Tohru Kurotani
- grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomofumi Oga
- grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo Japan
| | - Jun Noguchi
- grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo Japan
| | - Risa Isoda
- grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo Japan
| | - Akiko Nakagami
- grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo Japan ,grid.411827.90000 0001 2230 656XDepartment of Psychology, Japan Women’s University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sakai
- grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo Japan
| | - Keiko Nakagaki
- grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo Japan
| | - Kayo Sumida
- grid.459996.e0000 0004 0376 2692Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Konohana-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohei Hoshino
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XPreclinical Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Konohana-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Saito
- grid.459996.e0000 0004 0376 2692Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Konohana-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Izuru Miyawaki
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XPreclinical Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Konohana-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sekiguchi
- grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo Japan
| | - Keiji Wada
- grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo Japan
| | - Takafumi Minamimoto
- grid.482503.80000 0004 5900 003XDepartment of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Noritaka Ichinohe
- grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo Japan
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6
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D'Souza JF, Price NSC, Hagan MA. Marmosets: a promising model for probing the neural mechanisms underlying complex visual networks such as the frontal-parietal network. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:3007-3022. [PMID: 34518902 PMCID: PMC8541938 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The technology, methodology and models used by visual neuroscientists have provided great insights into the structure and function of individual brain areas. However, complex cognitive functions arise in the brain due to networks comprising multiple interacting cortical areas that are wired together with precise anatomical connections. A prime example of this phenomenon is the frontal–parietal network and two key regions within it: the frontal eye fields (FEF) and lateral intraparietal area (area LIP). Activity in these cortical areas has independently been tied to oculomotor control, motor preparation, visual attention and decision-making. Strong, bidirectional anatomical connections have also been traced between FEF and area LIP, suggesting that the aforementioned visual functions depend on these inter-area interactions. However, advancements in our knowledge about the interactions between area LIP and FEF are limited with the main animal model, the rhesus macaque, because these key regions are buried in the sulci of the brain. In this review, we propose that the common marmoset is the ideal model for investigating how anatomical connections give rise to functionally-complex cognitive visual behaviours, such as those modulated by the frontal–parietal network, because of the homology of their cortical networks with humans and macaques, amenability to transgenic technology, and rich behavioural repertoire. Furthermore, the lissencephalic structure of the marmoset brain enables application of powerful techniques, such as array-based electrophysiology and optogenetics, which are critical to bridge the gaps in our knowledge about structure and function in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanita F D'Souza
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Nicholas S C Price
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Maureen A Hagan
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia. .,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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7
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Hori Y, Cléry JC, Schaeffer DJ, Menon RS, Everling S. Functional Organization of Frontoparietal Cortex in the Marmoset Investigated with Awake Resting-State fMRI. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:1965-1977. [PMID: 34515315 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontoparietal networks contribute to complex cognitive functions in humans and macaques, such as working memory, attention, task-switching, response suppression, grasping, reaching, and eye movement control. However, there has been no comprehensive examination of the functional organization of frontoparietal networks using functional magnetic resonance imaging in the New World common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus), which is now widely recognized as a powerful nonhuman primate experimental animal. In this study, we employed hierarchical clustering of interareal blood oxygen level-dependent signals to investigate the hypothesis that the organization of the frontoparietal cortex in the marmoset follows the organizational principles of the macaque frontoparietal system. We found that the posterior part of the lateral frontal cortex (premotor regions) was functionally connected to the anterior parietal areas, while more anterior frontal regions (frontal eye field [FEF]) were connected to more posterior parietal areas (the region around the lateral intraparietal area [LIP]). These overarching patterns of interareal organization are consistent with a recent macaque study. These findings demonstrate parallel frontoparietal processing streams in marmosets and support the functional similarities of FEF-LIP and premotor-anterior parietal pathways between marmoset and macaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hori
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Justine C Cléry
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - David J Schaeffer
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ravi S Menon
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Stefan Everling
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
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8
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Philippens IHCHM, Draaisma L, Baarends G, Krugers HJ, Vermetten E. Ketamine treatment upon memory retrieval reduces fear memory in marmoset monkeys. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 50:1-11. [PMID: 33915317 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Emotionally arousing experiences are retained very well as seen in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Various lines of evidence indicate that reactivation of these memories renders them labile which offers a potential time-window for intervention. We tested in non-human primates whether ketamine, administered during fear memory reactivation, affected passive (inhibitory) avoidance learning. For the consolidation of contextual emotional memory, the unescapable foot-shock paradigm in a passive avoidance task with two compartments (dark vs illuminated) was used. After entering the dark compartment, marmoset monkeys received four random foot-shocks (1 mA, 4 s) within 15-min. This stressful exposure increased the saliva cortisol and heart rate and impaired REM-sleep (p<0.05). One week later the monkeys were re-exposed to the stressful situation for the reconsolidation of the fearful experience. During the re-exposure the monkeys were treated with ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) or saline. In week 3, the monkeys were placed in the experimental setting to test their memory for the fearful experience. In contrast to the vehicle-treated monkeys, who avoided the dark compartment, the ketamine-treated monkeys entered the dark compartment that was previously associated with the fearful experience (p<0.05). Post-mortem analysis of the hippocampus showed that ketamine-treated animals exhibited less doublecortin positive neurons and BrdU-labeled cells in the dentate gyrus. This study reveals that a single low dose of ketamine, administered upon fear retrieval in monkeys, reduce contextual fear memory and attenuate neurogenesis in the hippocampus. These are important findings for considering ketamine as a potential candidate to target traumatic memories in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid H C H M Philippens
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Animal Science Department, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands.
| | - Laurijn Draaisma
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Animal Science Department, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Guus Baarends
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Animal Science Department, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Harm J Krugers
- Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Vermetten
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; ARQ National Psychotrauma Center, Diemen, the Netherlands
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9
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Bakola S, Burman KJ, Bednarek S, Chan JM, Jermakow N, Worthy KH, Majka P, Rosa MGP. Afferent Connections of Cytoarchitectural Area 6M and Surrounding Cortex in the Marmoset: Putative Homologues of the Supplementary and Pre-supplementary Motor Areas. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:41-62. [PMID: 34255833 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical projections to the caudomedial frontal cortex were studied using retrograde tracers in marmosets. We tested the hypothesis that cytoarchitectural area 6M includes homologues of the supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas (SMA and pre-SMA) of other primates. We found that, irrespective of the injection sites' location within 6M, over half of the labeled neurons were located in motor and premotor areas. Other connections originated in prefrontal area 8b, ventral anterior and posterior cingulate areas, somatosensory areas (3a and 1-2), and areas on the rostral aspect of the dorsal posterior parietal cortex. Although the origin of afferents was similar, injections in rostral 6M received higher percentages of prefrontal afferents, and fewer somatosensory afferents, compared to caudal injections, compatible with differentiation into SMA and pre-SMA. Injections rostral to 6M (area 8b) revealed a very different set of connections, with increased emphasis on prefrontal and posterior cingulate afferents, and fewer parietal afferents. The connections of 6M were also quantitatively different from those of the primary motor cortex, dorsal premotor areas, and cingulate motor area 24d. These results show that the cortical motor control circuit is conserved in simian primates, indicating that marmosets can be valuable models for studying movement planning and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Bakola
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.,Monash University Node, ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kathleen J Burman
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.,Monash University Node, ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Sylwia Bednarek
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jonathan M Chan
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.,Monash University Node, ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Natalia Jermakow
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katrina H Worthy
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Piotr Majka
- Monash University Node, ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.,Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcello G P Rosa
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.,Monash University Node, ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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10
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Cléry JC, Hori Y, Schaeffer DJ, Menon RS, Everling S. Neural network of social interaction observation in marmosets. eLife 2021; 10:e65012. [PMID: 33787492 PMCID: PMC8024015 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A crucial component of social cognition is to observe and understand the social interactions of other individuals. A promising nonhuman primate model for investigating the neural basis of social interaction observation is the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a small New World primate that shares a rich social repertoire with humans. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging acquired at 9.4 T to map the brain areas activated by social interaction observation in awake marmosets. We discovered a network of subcortical and cortical areas, predominately in the anterior lateral frontal and medial frontal cortex, that was specifically activated by social interaction observation. This network resembled that recently identified in Old World macaque monkeys. Our findings suggest that this network is largely conserved between New and Old World primates and support the use of marmosets for studying the neural basis of social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine C Cléry
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western OntarioLondonCanada
| | - Yuki Hori
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western OntarioLondonCanada
| | - David J Schaeffer
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western OntarioLondonCanada
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of NeurobiologyPittsburghUnited States
| | - Ravi S Menon
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western OntarioLondonCanada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western OntarioLondonCanada
| | - Stefan Everling
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western OntarioLondonCanada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western OntarioLondonCanada
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11
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Feizpour A, Majka P, Chaplin TA, Rowley D, Yu HH, Zavitz E, Price NSC, Rosa MGP, Hagan MA. Visual responses in the dorsolateral frontal cortex of marmoset monkeys. J Neurophysiol 2020; 125:296-304. [PMID: 33326337 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00581.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) has gained attention in neurophysiology research as a new primate model for visual processing and behavior. In particular, marmosets have a lissencephalic cortex, making multielectrode, optogenetic, and calcium-imaging techniques more accessible than other primate models. However, the degree of homology of brain circuits for visual behavior with those identified in macaques and humans is still being ascertained. For example, whereas the location of the frontal eye fields (FEF) within the dorsolateral frontal cortex has been proposed, it remains unclear whether neurons in the corresponding areas show visual responses-an important characteristic of FEF neurons in other species. Here, we provide the first description of receptive field properties and neural response latencies in the marmoset dorsolateral frontal cortex, based on recordings using Utah arrays in anesthetized animals. We find brisk visual responses in specific regions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, particularly in areas 8aV, 8C, and 6DR. As in macaque FEF, the receptive fields were typically large (10°-30° in diameter) and the median responses latency was brisk (60 ms). These results constrain the possible interpretations about the location of the marmoset FEF and suggest that the marmoset model's significant advantages for the use of physiological techniques may be leveraged in the study of visuomotor cognition.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Behavior and cognition in humans and other primates rely on networks of brain areas guided by the frontal cortex. The marmoset offers exciting new opportunities to study links between brain physiology and behavior, but the functions of frontal cortex areas are still being identified in this species. Here, we provide the first evidence of visual receptive fields in the marmoset dorsolateral frontal cortex, an important step toward future studies of visual cognitive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Feizpour
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Piotr Majka
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tristan A Chaplin
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Declan Rowley
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hsin-Hao Yu
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Zavitz
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas S C Price
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marcello G P Rosa
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maureen A Hagan
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Tia B, Takemi M, Kosugi A, Castagnola E, Ricci D, Ushiba J, Fadiga L, Iriki A. Spectral Power in Marmoset Frontal Motor Cortex during Natural Locomotor Behavior. Cereb Cortex 2020; 31:1077-1089. [PMID: 33068002 PMCID: PMC7786367 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During primate arboreal locomotion, substrate orientation modifies body axis orientation and biomechanical contribution of fore- and hindlimbs. To characterize the role of cortical oscillations in integrating these locomotor demands, we recorded electrocorticographic activity from left dorsal premotor, primary motor, and supplementary motor cortices of three common marmosets moving across a branch-like small-diameter pole, fixed horizontally or vertically. Animals displayed behavioral adjustments to the task, namely, the horizontal condition mainly induced quadrupedal walk with pronated/neutral forelimb postures, whereas the vertical condition induced walk and bound gaits with supinated/neutral postures. Examination of cortical activity suggests that β (16–35 Hz) and γ (75–100 Hz) oscillations could reflect different processes in locomotor adjustments. During task, modulation of γ ERS by substrate orientation (horizontal/vertical) and epoch (preparation/execution) suggests close tuning to movement dynamics and biomechanical demands. β ERD was essentially modulated by gait (walk/bound), which could illustrate contribution to movement sequence and coordination. At rest, modulation of β power by substrate orientation underlines its role in sensorimotor processes for postural maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banty Tia
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.,Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Mitsuaki Takemi
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan.,Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Akito Kosugi
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Elisa Castagnola
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Davide Ricci
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Junichi Ushiba
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Luciano Fadiga
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, 44121, Italy.,Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Atsushi Iriki
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
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13
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Schaeffer DJ, Hori Y, Gilbert KM, Gati JS, Menon RS, Everling S. Divergence of rodent and primate medial frontal cortex functional connectivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:21681-21689. [PMID: 32817555 PMCID: PMC7474619 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003181117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With the medial frontal cortex (MFC) centrally implicated in several major neuropsychiatric disorders, it is critical to understand the extent to which MFC organization is comparable between humans and animals commonly used in preclinical research (namely rodents and nonhuman primates). Although the cytoarchitectonic structure of the rodent MFC has mostly been conserved in humans, it is a long-standing question whether the structural analogies translate to functional analogies. Here, we probed this question using ultra high field fMRI data to compare rat, marmoset, and human MFC functional connectivity. First, we applied hierarchical clustering to intrinsically define the functional boundaries of the MFC in all three species, independent of cytoarchitectonic definitions. Then, we mapped the functional connectivity "fingerprints" of these regions with a number of different brain areas. Because rats do not share cytoarchitectonically defined regions of the lateral frontal cortex (LFC) with primates, the fingerprinting method also afforded the unique ability to compare the rat MFC and marmoset LFC, which have often been suggested to be functional analogs. The results demonstrated remarkably similar intrinsic functional organization of the MFC across the species, but clear differences between rodent and primate MFC whole-brain connectivity. Rat MFC patterns of connectivity showed greatest similarity with premotor regions in the marmoset, rather than dorsolateral prefrontal regions, which are often suggested to be functionally comparable. These results corroborate the viability of the marmoset as a preclinical model of human MFC dysfunction, and suggest divergence of functional connectivity between rats and primates in both the MFC and LFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Schaeffer
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada;
| | - Yuki Hori
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Kyle M Gilbert
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Joseph S Gati
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Ravi S Menon
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Stefan Everling
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
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14
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Looming and receding visual networks in awake marmosets investigated with fMRI. Neuroimage 2020; 215:116815. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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15
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Góis Morais PLA, Lima RRM, Ríos‐Flórez JA, Melo TFV, Clascá F, Souza Cavalcante J, Guzen FP, Cavalcanti JRLP, Nascimento Junior ES. Cytoarchitecture and myeloarchitecture of the entorhinal cortex of the common marmoset monkey (
Callithrix jacchus
). J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:1307-1320. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo L. A. Góis Morais
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Natal Brazil
- Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Norte Mossoro Brazil
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16
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Rosa MGP, Soares JGM, Chaplin TA, Majka P, Bakola S, Phillips KA, Reser DH, Gattass R. Cortical Afferents of Area 10 in Cebus Monkeys: Implications for the Evolution of the Frontal Pole. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:1473-1495. [PMID: 29697775 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Area 10, located in the frontal pole, is a unique specialization of the primate cortex. We studied the cortical connections of area 10 in the New World Cebus monkey, using injections of retrograde tracers in different parts of this area. We found that injections throughout area 10 labeled neurons in a consistent set of areas in the dorsolateral, ventrolateral, orbital, and medial parts of the frontal cortex, superior temporal association cortex, and posterior cingulate/retrosplenial region. However, sites on the midline surface of area 10 received more substantial projections from the temporal lobe, including clear auditory connections, whereas those in more lateral parts received >90% of their afferents from other frontal areas. This difference in anatomical connectivity reflects functional connectivity findings in the human brain. The pattern of connections in Cebus is very similar to that observed in the Old World macaque monkey, despite >40 million years of evolutionary separation, but lacks some of the connections reported in the more closely related but smaller marmoset monkey. These findings suggest that the clearer segregation observed in the human frontal pole reflects regional differences already present in early simian primates, and that overall brain mass influences the pattern of cortico-cortical connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello G P Rosa
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Research Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Juliana G M Soares
- Programa de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tristan A Chaplin
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Research Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Piotr Majka
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Research Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sophia Bakola
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Research Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Kimberley A Phillips
- Department of Psychology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, USA.,USA Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - David H Reser
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Research Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Monash Rural Health, Monash University, Churchill, VIC, Australia
| | - Ricardo Gattass
- Programa de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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17
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Schaeffer DJ, Gilbert KM, Hori Y, Hayrynen LK, Johnston KD, Gati JS, Menon RS, Everling S. Task-based fMRI of a free-viewing visuo-saccadic network in the marmoset monkey. Neuroimage 2019; 202:116147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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18
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Preuss TM. Critique of Pure Marmoset. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2019; 93:92-107. [PMID: 31416070 PMCID: PMC6711801 DOI: 10.1159/000500500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The common marmoset, a New World (platyrrhine) monkey, is currently being fast-tracked as a non-human primate model species, especially for genetic modification but also as a general-purpose model for research on the brain and behavior bearing on the human condition. Compared to the currently dominant primate model, the catarrhine macaque monkey, marmosets are notable for certain evolutionary specializations, including their propensity for twin births, their very small size (a result of phyletic dwarfism), and features related to their small size (rapid development and relatively short lifespan), which result in these animals yielding experimental results more rapidly and at lower cost. Macaques, however, have their own advantages. Importantly, macaques are more closely related to humans (which are also catarrhine primates) than are marmosets, sharing approximately 20 million more years of common descent, and are demonstrably more similar to humans in a variety of genomic, molecular, and neurobiological characteristics. Furthermore, the very specializations of marmosets that make them attractive as experimental subjects, such as their rapid development and short lifespan, are ways in which marmosets differ from humans and in which macaques more closely resemble humans. These facts warrant careful consideration of the trade-offs between convenience and cost, on the one hand, and biological realism, on the other, in choosing between non-human primate models of human biology. Notwithstanding the advantages marmosets offer as models, prudence requires continued commitment to research on macaques and other primate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Preuss
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,
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19
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Buckner RL, Margulies DS. Macroscale cortical organization and a default-like apex transmodal network in the marmoset monkey. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1976. [PMID: 31036823 PMCID: PMC6488644 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09812-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Networks of widely distributed regions populate human association cortex. One network, often called the default network, is positioned at the apex of a gradient of sequential networks that radiate outward from primary cortex. Here, extensive anatomical data made available through the Marmoset Brain Architecture Project are explored to show a homologue exists in marmoset. Results reveal that a gradient of networks extend outward from primary cortex to progressively higher-order transmodal association cortex in both frontal and temporal cortex. The apex transmodal network comprises frontopolar and rostral temporal association cortex, parahippocampal areas TH / TF, the ventral posterior midline, and lateral parietal association cortex. The positioning of this network in the gradient and its composition of areas make it a candidate homologue to the human default network. That the marmoset, a physiologically- and genetically-accessible primate, might possess a default-network-like candidate creates opportunities for study of higher cognitive and social functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy L Buckner
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
| | - Daniel S Margulies
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, 75013, France
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20
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Risser L, Sadoun A, Mescam M, Strelnikov K, Lebreton S, Boucher S, Girard P, Vayssière N, Rosa MGP, Fonta C. In vivo localization of cortical areas using a 3D computerized atlas of the marmoset brain. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:1957-1969. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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21
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Schaeffer DJ, Gilbert KM, Ghahremani M, Gati JS, Menon RS, Everling S. Intrinsic functional clustering of anterior cingulate cortex in the common marmoset. Neuroimage 2019; 186:301-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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22
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Abe H, Tani T, Mashiko H, Kitamura N, Hayami T, Watanabe S, Sakai K, Suzuki W, Mizukami H, Watakabe A, Yamamori T, Ichinohe N. Axonal Projections From the Middle Temporal Area in the Common Marmoset. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:89. [PMID: 30425625 PMCID: PMC6218423 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural activity in the middle temporal (MT) area is modulated by the direction and speed of motion of visual stimuli. The area is buried in a sulcus in the macaque, but exposed to the cortical surface in the marmoset, making the marmoset an ideal animal model for studying MT function. To better understand the details of the roles of this area in cognition, underlying anatomical connections need to be clarified. Because most anatomical tracing studies in marmosets have used retrograde tracers, the axonal projections remain uncharacterized. In order to examine axonal projections from MT, we utilized adeno-associated viral (AAV) tracers, which work as anterograde tracers by expressing either green or red fluorescent protein in infected neurons. AAV tracers were injected into three sites in MT based on retinotopy maps obtained via in vivo optical intrinsic signal imaging. Brains were sectioned and divided into three series, one for fluorescent image scanning and two for myelin and Nissl substance staining to identify specific brain areas. Overall projection patterns were similar across the injections. MT projected to occipital visual areas V1, V2, V3 (VLP) and V4 (VLA) and surrounding areas in the temporal cortex including MTC (V4T), MST, FST, FSTv (PGa/IPa) and TE3. There were also projections to the dorsal visual pathway, V3A (DA), V6 (DM) and V6A, the intraparietal areas AIP, LIP, MIP, frontal A4ab and the prefrontal cortex, A8aV and A8C. There was a visuotopic relationship with occipital visual areas. In a marmoset in which two tracer injections were made, the projection targets did not overlap in A8aV and AIP, suggesting topographic projections from different parts of MT. Most of these areas are known to send projections back to MT, suggesting that they are reciprocally connected with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Abe
- Ichinohe Group, Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshiki Tani
- Ichinohe Group, Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiromi Mashiko
- Ichinohe Group, Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naohito Kitamura
- Ichinohe Group, Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Taku Hayami
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sakai
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Suzuki
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mizukami
- Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Akiya Watakabe
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamamori
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Noritaka Ichinohe
- Ichinohe Group, Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Atapour N, Majka P, Wolkowicz IH, Malamanova D, Worthy KH, Rosa MGP. Neuronal Distribution Across the Cerebral Cortex of the Marmoset Monkey (Callithrix jacchus). Cereb Cortex 2018; 29:3836-3863. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Using stereological analysis of NeuN-stained sections, we investigated neuronal density and number of neurons per column throughout the marmoset cortex. Estimates of mean neuronal density encompassed a greater than 3-fold range, from >150 000 neurons/mm3 in the primary visual cortex to ~50 000 neurons/mm3 in the piriform complex. There was a trend for density to decrease from posterior to anterior cortex, but also local gradients, which resulted in a complex pattern; for example, in frontal, auditory, and somatosensory cortex neuronal density tended to increase towards anterior areas. Anterior cingulate, motor, premotor, insular, and ventral temporal areas were characterized by relatively low neuronal densities. Analysis across the depth of the cortex revealed greater laminar variation of neuronal density in occipital, parietal, and inferior temporal areas, in comparison with other regions. Moreover, differences between areas were more pronounced in the supragranular layers than in infragranular layers. Calculations of the number of neurons per unit column revealed a pattern that was distinct from that of neuronal density, including local peaks in the posterior parietal, superior temporal, precuneate, frontopolar, and temporopolar regions. These results suggest that neuronal distribution in adult cortex result from a complex interaction of developmental/ evolutionary determinants and functional requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Atapour
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, 770 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Piotr Majka
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, 770 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ianina H Wolkowicz
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daria Malamanova
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Katrina H Worthy
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marcello G P Rosa
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, 770 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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24
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Majka P, Rosa MGP, Bai S, Chan JM, Huo BX, Jermakow N, Lin MK, Takahashi YS, Wolkowicz IH, Worthy KH, Rajan R, Reser DH, Wójcik DK, Okano H, Mitra PP. Unidirectional monosynaptic connections from auditory areas to the primary visual cortex in the marmoset monkey. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 224:111-131. [PMID: 30288557 PMCID: PMC6373361 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1764-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Until the late twentieth century, it was believed that different sensory modalities were processed by largely independent pathways in the primate cortex, with cross-modal integration only occurring in specialized polysensory areas. This model was challenged by the finding that the peripheral representation of the primary visual cortex (V1) receives monosynaptic connections from areas of the auditory cortex in the macaque. However, auditory projections to V1 have not been reported in other primates. We investigated the existence of direct interconnections between V1 and auditory areas in the marmoset, a New World monkey. Labelled neurons in auditory cortex were observed following 4 out of 10 retrograde tracer injections involving V1. These projections to V1 originated in the caudal subdivisions of auditory cortex (primary auditory cortex, caudal belt and parabelt areas), and targeted parts of V1 that represent parafoveal and peripheral vision. Injections near the representation of the vertical meridian of the visual field labelled few or no cells in auditory cortex. We also placed 8 retrograde tracer injections involving core, belt and parabelt auditory areas, none of which revealed direct projections from V1. These results confirm the existence of a direct, nonreciprocal projection from auditory areas to V1 in a different primate species, which has evolved separately from the macaque for over 30 million years. The essential similarity of these observations between marmoset and macaque indicate that early-stage audiovisual integration is a shared characteristic of primate sensory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Majka
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
- Monash University Node, Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Marcello G P Rosa
- Monash University Node, Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Shi Bai
- Monash University Node, Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Chan
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Bing-Xing Huo
- Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, 351-0106, Japan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Natalia Jermakow
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Meng K Lin
- Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, 351-0106, Japan
| | - Yeonsook S Takahashi
- Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, 351-0106, Japan
| | - Ianina H Wolkowicz
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Katrina H Worthy
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Ramesh Rajan
- Monash University Node, Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - David H Reser
- School of Rural Health, Monash University, Churchill, VIC, 3842, Australia
| | - Daniel K Wójcik
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, 351-0106, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Partha P Mitra
- Monash University Node, Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, 351-0106, Japan.
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA.
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25
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Ghahremani M, Hutchison RM, Menon RS, Everling S. Frontoparietal Functional Connectivity in the Common Marmoset. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:3890-3905. [PMID: 27405331 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the well established macaque monkey, little is known about functional connectivity patterns of common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) that is poised to become the leading transgenic primate model. Here, we used resting-state ultra-high-field fMRI data collected from anesthetized marmosets and macaques along with awake human subjects, to examine and compare the brain's functional organization, with emphasis on the saccade system. Exploratory independent component analysis revealed eight resting-state networks in marmosets that greatly overlapped with corresponding macaque and human networks including a distributed frontoparietal network. Seed-region analyses of the superior colliculus (SC) showed homolog areas in macaques and marmosets. The marmoset SC displayed the strongest frontal functional connectivity with area 8aD at the border to area 6DR. Functional connectivity of this frontal region revealed a similar functional connectivity pattern as the frontal eye fields in macaques and humans. Furthermore, areas 8aD, 8aV, PG,TPO, TE2, and TE3 were identified as major hubs based on region-wise evaluation of betweeness centrality, suggesting that these cortical regions make up the functional core of the marmoset brain. The results support an evolutionarily preserved frontoparietal system and provide a starting point for invasive neurophysiological studies in the marmoset saccade and visual systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghahremani
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ravi S Menon
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan Everling
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Dahlhaus R. Of Men and Mice: Modeling the Fragile X Syndrome. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:41. [PMID: 29599705 PMCID: PMC5862809 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is one of the most common forms of inherited intellectual disability in all human societies. Caused by the transcriptional silencing of a single gene, the fragile x mental retardation gene FMR1, FXS is characterized by a variety of symptoms, which range from mental disabilities to autism and epilepsy. More than 20 years ago, a first animal model was described, the Fmr1 knock-out mouse. Several other models have been developed since then, including conditional knock-out mice, knock-out rats, a zebrafish and a drosophila model. Using these model systems, various targets for potential pharmaceutical treatments have been identified and many treatments have been shown to be efficient in preclinical studies. However, all attempts to turn these findings into a therapy for patients have failed thus far. In this review, I will discuss underlying difficulties and address potential alternatives for our future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Dahlhaus
- Institute for Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer Centre, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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27
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Development of stereotaxic recording system for awake marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Neurosci Res 2018; 135:37-45. [PMID: 29317247 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The common marmoset has been proposed as a potential alternative to macaque monkey as a primate model for neuroscience and medical research. Here, we have newly developed a stereotaxic neuronal recording system for awake marmosets under the head-fixed condition by modifying that for macaque monkeys. Using this system, we recorded neuronal activity in the cerebral cortex of awake marmosets and successfully identified the primary motor cortex by intracortical microstimulation. Neuronal activities of deep brain structures, such as the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellum, in awake marmosets were also successfully recorded referring to magnetic resonance images. Our system is suitable for functional mapping of the brain, since the large recording chamber allows access to arbitrary regions over almost the entire brain, and the recording electrode can be easily moved stereotaxically from one site to another. In addition, our system is desirable for neuronal recording during task performance to assess motor skills and cognitive function, as the marmoset sits in the marmoset chair and can freely use its hands. Moreover, our system can be used in combination with cutting-edge techniques, such as two-photon imaging and optogenetic manipulation. This recording system will contribute to boosting neuroscience and medical research using marmosets.
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28
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Functional rostro-caudal gradient in the human posterior lateral frontal cortex. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:1487-1499. [PMID: 29159665 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1567-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the hypothesis that the posterior motor/premotor region of the lateral frontal cortex is functionally organized along a rostro-caudal axis. During functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning, the subjects performed various tasks assessing basic saccadic eye or hand actions and also tasks requiring the cognitive selection between competing hand or eye movements based on previously learned conditional relations (if A, select movement X, but if B select movement Y). Subject-by-subject analysis demonstrated precise relationships between the foci of functional activity and specific sulci. In agreement with previous reports, basic eye movements activated the Frontal Eye Field (FEF) in the ventral branch of the superior precentral sulcus, but the high-level selection of saccadic eye movements was localized systematically anterior to this region in the superior frontal sulcus. Similarly, basic performance of hand movements activated the primary motor cortex, but the region involved in the high-level selection between competing hand movements was systematically localized within the dorsal branch of the superior precentral sulcus, anterior to the primary motor region. Importantly, there was no overlap between the anterior cognitive selection regions, suggesting an effector specific organization. These results demonstrate a functional rostro-caudal gradient within the posterior lateral frontal cortex reflecting a hierarchical organization of action control.
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29
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Majka P, Chaplin TA, Yu HH, Tolpygo A, Mitra PP, Wójcik DK, Rosa MGP. Towards a comprehensive atlas of cortical connections in a primate brain: Mapping tracer injection studies of the common marmoset into a reference digital template. J Comp Neurol 2017; 524:2161-81. [PMID: 27099164 PMCID: PMC4892968 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The marmoset is an emerging animal model for large‐scale attempts to understand primate brain connectivity, but achieving this aim requires the development and validation of procedures for normalization and integration of results from many neuroanatomical experiments. Here we describe a computational pipeline for coregistration of retrograde tracing data on connections of cortical areas into a 3D marmoset brain template, generated from Nissl‐stained sections. The procedure results in a series of spatial transformations that are applied to the coordinates of labeled neurons in the different cases, bringing them into common stereotaxic space. We applied this procedure to 17 injections, placed in the frontal lobe of nine marmosets as part of earlier studies. Visualizations of cortical patterns of connections revealed by these injections are supplied as Supplementary Materials. Comparison between the results of the automated and human‐based processing of these cases reveals that the centers of injection sites can be reconstructed, on average, to within 0.6 mm of coordinates estimated by an experienced neuroanatomist. Moreover, cell counts obtained in different areas by the automated approach are highly correlated (r = 0.83) with those obtained by an expert, who examined in detail histological sections for each individual. The present procedure enables comparison and visualization of large datasets, which in turn opens the way for integration and analysis of results from many animals. Its versatility, including applicability to archival materials, may reduce the number of additional experiments required to produce the first detailed cortical connectome of a primate brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2161–2181, 2016. © 2016 The Authors The Journal of Comparative Neurology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Majka
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Tristan A Chaplin
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Monash Vision Group, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Hsin-Hao Yu
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Monash Vision Group, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Partha P Mitra
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | | | - Marcello G P Rosa
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Monash Vision Group, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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30
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Tia B, Takemi M, Kosugi A, Castagnola E, Ansaldo A, Nakamura T, Ricci D, Ushiba J, Fadiga L, Iriki A. Cortical control of object-specific grasp relies on adjustments of both activity and effective connectivity: a common marmoset study. J Physiol 2017; 595:7203-7221. [PMID: 28791721 PMCID: PMC5709338 DOI: 10.1113/jp274629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Key points The cortical mechanisms of grasping have been extensively studied in macaques and humans; here, we investigated whether common marmosets could rely on similar mechanisms despite strong differences in hand morphology and grip diversity. We recorded electrocorticographic activity over the sensorimotor cortex of two common marmosets during the execution of different grip types, which allowed us to study cortical activity (power spectrum) and physiologically inferred connectivity (phase‐slope index). Analyses were performed in beta (16–35 Hz) and gamma (75–100 Hz) frequency bands and our results showed that beta power varied depending on grip type, whereas gamma power displayed clear epoch‐related modulation. Strength and direction of inter‐area connectivity varied depending on grip type and epoch. These findings suggest that fundamental control mechanisms are conserved across primates and, in future research, marmosets could represent an adequate model to investigate primate brain mechanisms.
Abstract The cortical mechanisms of grasping have been extensively studied in macaques and humans. Here, we investigated whether common marmosets could rely on similar mechanisms despite striking differences in manual dexterity. Two common marmosets were trained to grasp‐and‐pull three objects eliciting different hand configurations: whole‐hand, finger and scissor grips. The animals were then chronically implanted with 64‐channel electrocorticogram arrays positioned over the left premotor, primary motor and somatosensory cortex. Power spectra, reflecting predominantly cortical activity, and phase‐slope index, reflecting the direction of information flux, were studied in beta (16–35 Hz) and gamma (75–100 Hz) bands. Differences related to grip type, epoch (reach, grasp) and cortical area were statistically assessed. Results showed that whole‐hand and scissor grips triggered stronger beta desynchronization than finger grip. Task epochs clearly modulated gamma power, especially for finger and scissor grips. Considering effective connectivity, finger and scissor grips evoked stronger outflow from primary motor to premotor cortex, whereas whole‐hand grip displayed the opposite pattern. These findings suggest that fundamental control mechanisms, relying on adjustments of cortical activity and connectivity, are conserved across primates. Consistently, marmosets could represent a good model to investigate primate brain mechanisms. The cortical mechanisms of grasping have been extensively studied in macaques and humans; here, we investigated whether common marmosets could rely on similar mechanisms despite strong differences in hand morphology and grip diversity. We recorded electrocorticographic activity over the sensorimotor cortex of two common marmosets during the execution of different grip types, which allowed us to study cortical activity (power spectrum) and physiologically inferred connectivity (phase‐slope index). Analyses were performed in beta (16–35 Hz) and gamma (75–100 Hz) frequency bands and our results showed that beta power varied depending on grip type, whereas gamma power displayed clear epoch‐related modulation. Strength and direction of inter‐area connectivity varied depending on grip type and epoch. These findings suggest that fundamental control mechanisms are conserved across primates and, in future research, marmosets could represent an adequate model to investigate primate brain mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banty Tia
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.,Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mitsuaki Takemi
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan.,Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Akito Kosugi
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Elisa Castagnola
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Ansaldo
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Takafumi Nakamura
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Davide Ricci
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Junichi Ushiba
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan.,Keio Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences (KiPAS), Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Luciano Fadiga
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Atsushi Iriki
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
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31
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Abstract
Structural plasticity of the axon initial segment (AIS), the site of action potential initiation, is observed as part of the normal early development of the cortex, as well as in association with injury and disease. Here, we show that structural AIS plasticity also occurs with normal aging in adult marmosets. Immunohistochemical techniques were used to reveal the extent of the AIS of layer 2/3A pyramidal cells in 8 neocortical areas. We found that the AIS length varied significantly between areas in young adult (2-3 years old) marmosets, with neurons in frontal area 14C having the longest AIS, and those in the primary visual cortex the shortest. Similar interareal differences were observed in aged (12-14 year old) monkeys, but the AIS was significantly shortened in many areas, relative to the corresponding length in young adults. Shortening of the AIS is likely to represent a compensatory response to changes in the excitation-inhibition balance, associated with the loss of GABAergic interneurons in the aged cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Atapour
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Marcello G P Rosa
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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32
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Oikonomidis L, Santangelo AM, Shiba Y, Clarke FH, Robbins TW, Roberts AC. A dimensional approach to modeling symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders in the marmoset monkey. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 77:328-353. [PMID: 27589556 PMCID: PMC5412688 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Some patients suffering from the same neuropsychiatric disorder may have no overlapping symptoms whilst others may share symptoms common to other distinct disorders. Therefore, the Research Domain Criteria initiative recognises the need for better characterisation of the individual symptoms on which to focus symptom-based treatment strategies. Many of the disorders involve dysfunction within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and so the marmoset, due to their highly developed PFC and small size, is an ideal species for studying the neurobiological basis of the behavioural dimensions that underlie these symptoms.Here we focus on a battery of tests that address dysfunction spanning the cognitive (cognitive inflexibility and working memory), negative valence (fear generalisation and negative bias) and positive valence (anhedonia) systems pertinent for understanding disorders such as ADHD, Schizophrenia, Anxiety, Depression and OCD. Parsing the separable prefrontal and striatal circuits and identifying the selective neurochemical modulation (serotonin vs dopamine) that underlie cognitive dysfunction have revealed counterparts in the clinical domain. Aspects of the negative valence system have been explored both at individual- (trait anxiety and genetic variation in serotonin transporter) and circuit-based levels enabling the understanding of generalisation processes, negative biases and differential responsiveness to SSRIs. Within the positive valence system, the combination of cardiovascular and behavioural measures provides a framework for understanding motivational, anticipatory and consummatory aspects of anhedonia and their neurobiological mechanisms. Together, the direct comparison of experimental findings in marmosets with clinical studies is proving an excellent translational model to address the behavioural dimensions and neurobiology of neuropsychiatric symptoms. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 328-353, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Oikonomidis
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea M Santangelo
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Yoshiro Shiba
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - F Hannah Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Angela C Roberts
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
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33
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Walker J, MacLean J, Hatsopoulos NG. The marmoset as a model system for studying voluntary motor control. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 77:273-285. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Walker
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois 60637
| | - Jason MacLean
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois 60637
- Department of Neurobiology; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois 60637
| | - Nicholas G. Hatsopoulos
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois 60637
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois 60637
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34
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Silva AC. Anatomical and functional neuroimaging in awake, behaving marmosets. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 77:373-389. [PMID: 27706916 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a small New World monkey that has gained significant recent interest in neuroscience research, not only because of its compatibility with gene editing techniques, but also due to its tremendous versatility as an experimental animal model. Neuroimaging modalities, including anatomical (MRI) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), complemented by two-photon laser scanning microscopy and electrophysiology, have been at the forefront of unraveling the anatomical and functional organization of the marmoset brain. High-resolution anatomical MRI of the marmoset brain can be obtained with remarkable cytoarchitectonic detail. Functional MRI of the marmoset brain has been used to study various sensory systems, including somatosensory, auditory, and visual pathways, while resting-state fMRI studies have unraveled functional brain networks that bear great correspondence to those previously described in humans. Two-photon laser scanning microscopy of the marmoset brain has enabled the simultaneous recording of neuronal activity from thousands of neurons with single cell spatial resolution. In this article, we aim to review the main results obtained by our group and by our colleagues in applying neuroimaging techniques to study the marmoset brain. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 373-389, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afonso C Silva
- Cerebral Microcirculation Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
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35
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Hung CC, Yen CC, Ciuchta JL, Papoti D, Bock NA, Leopold DA, Silva AC. Functional MRI of visual responses in the awake, behaving marmoset. Neuroimage 2015; 120:1-11. [PMID: 26149609 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual brain is composed of interconnected subcortical and cortical structures that receive and process image information originating in the retina. The visual system of nonhuman primates, in particular macaques, has been studied in great detail in order to elucidate principles of human sensation and perception. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a small New World monkey of growing interest as a primate model for neuroscience. Marmosets have advantages over macaques because of their small size, lissencephalic cortex, and growing potential for viral and genetic manipulations. Previous anatomical studies and electrophysiological recordings in anesthetized marmosets have shown that this species' cortical visual hierarchy closely resembles that of other primates, including humans. Until now, however, there have been no attempts to systematically study visual responses throughout the marmoset brain using fMRI. Here we show that awake marmosets readily learn to carry out a simple visual task inside the bore of an MRI scanner during functional mapping experiments. Functional scanning at 500 μm in-plane resolution in a 30 cm horizontal bore at 7 T revealed robust positive blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI responses to visual stimuli throughout visual cortex and associated subcortical areas. Nonvisual sensory areas showed negative contrasts to visual stimuli compared to the fixation dot only baseline. Structured images of objects and faces led to stronger responses than scrambled control images at stages beyond early visual cortex. Our study establishes fMRI mapping of visual responses in awake, behaving marmosets as a straightforward and valuable tool for assessing the functional organization of the primate brain at high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chun Hung
- Cerebral Microcirculation Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Cecil C Yen
- Cerebral Microcirculation Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jennifer L Ciuchta
- Cerebral Microcirculation Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Daniel Papoti
- Cerebral Microcirculation Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nicholas A Bock
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - David A Leopold
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; Neurophysiology Imaging Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Afonso C Silva
- Cerebral Microcirculation Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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The cortical motor system of the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus). Neurosci Res 2015; 93:72-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Yokoyama C, Onoe H. Positron emission tomography imaging of the social brain of common marmosets. Neurosci Res 2015; 93:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Mitchell JF, Leopold DA. The marmoset monkey as a model for visual neuroscience. Neurosci Res 2015; 93:20-46. [PMID: 25683292 PMCID: PMC4408257 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) has been valuable as a primate model in biomedical research. Interest in this species has grown recently, in part due to the successful demonstration of transgenic marmosets. Here we examine the prospects of the marmoset model for visual neuroscience research, adopting a comparative framework to place the marmoset within a broader evolutionary context. The marmoset's small brain bears most of the organizational features of other primates, and its smooth surface offers practical advantages over the macaque for areal mapping, laminar electrode penetration, and two-photon and optical imaging. Behaviorally, marmosets are more limited at performing regimented psychophysical tasks, but do readily accept the head restraint that is necessary for accurate eye tracking and neurophysiology, and can perform simple discriminations. Their natural gaze behavior closely resembles that of other primates, with a tendency to focus on objects of social interest including faces. Their immaturity at birth and routine twinning also makes them ideal for the study of postnatal visual development. These experimental factors, together with the theoretical advantages inherent in comparing anatomy, physiology, and behavior across related species, make the marmoset an excellent model for visual neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude F Mitchell
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department, Meliora Hall, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
| | - David A Leopold
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Neurophysiology Imaging Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Structure and function of the middle temporal visual area (MT) in the marmoset: Comparisons with the macaque monkey. Neurosci Res 2015; 93:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Burman KJ, Bakola S, Richardson KE, Yu HH, Reser DH, Rosa MG. Cortical and thalamic projections to cytoarchitectural areas 6Va and 8C of the marmoset monkey: Connectionally distinct subdivisions of the lateral premotor cortex. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:1222-47. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen J. Burman
- Department of Physiology; Monash University; Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Sophia Bakola
- Department of Physiology; Monash University; Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function; Monash University Node; Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Karyn E. Richardson
- Department of Physiology; Monash University; Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Hsin-Hao Yu
- Department of Physiology; Monash University; Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - David H. Reser
- Department of Physiology; Monash University; Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Marcello G.P. Rosa
- Department of Physiology; Monash University; Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function; Monash University Node; Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
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41
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Cerkevich CM, Collins CE, Kaas JH. Cortical inputs to the middle temporal visual area in New World owl monkeys. Eye Brain 2014; 2015:1-15. [PMID: 25620872 PMCID: PMC4302954 DOI: 10.2147/eb.s69713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We made eight retrograde tracer injections into the middle temporal visual area (MT) of three New World owl monkeys (Aotus nancymaae). These injections were placed across the representation of the retina in MT to allow us to compare the locations of labeled cells in other areas in order to provide evidence for any retinotopic organization in those areas. Four regions projected to MT: 1) early visual areas, including V1, V2, V3, the dorsolateral visual area, and the dorsomedial visual area, provided topographically organized inputs to MT; 2) all areas in the MT complex (the middle temporal crescent, the middle superior temporal area, and the fundal areas of the superior temporal sulcus) projected to MT. Somewhat variably across injections, neurons were labeled in other parts of the temporal lobe; 3) regions in the location of the medial visual area, the posterior parietal cortex, and the lateral sulcus provided other inputs to MT; 4) finally, projections from the frontal eye field, frontal visual field, and prefrontal cortex were also labeled by our injections. These results further establish the sources of input to MT, and provide direct evidence within and across cases for retinotopic patterns of projections from early visual areas to MT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Cerkevich
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition and Systems Neuroscience Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Jon H Kaas
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Burman KJ, Bakola S, Richardson KE, Reser DH, Rosa MGP. Patterns of cortical input to the primary motor area in the marmoset monkey. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:811-43. [PMID: 23939531 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In primates the primary motor cortex (M1) forms a topographic map of the body, whereby neurons in the medial part of this area control movements involving trunk and hindlimb muscles, those in the intermediate part control movements involving forelimb muscles, and those in the lateral part control movements of facial and other head muscles. This topography is accompanied by changes in cytoarchitectural characteristics, raising the question of whether the anatomical connections also vary between different parts of M1. To address this issue, we compared the patterns of cortical afferents revealed by retrograde tracer injections in different locations within M1 of marmoset monkeys. We found that the entire extent of this area is unified by projections from the dorsocaudal and medial subdivisions of premotor cortex (areas 6DC and 6M), from somatosensory areas 3a, 3b, 1/2, and S2, and from posterior parietal area PE. While cingulate areas projected to all subdivisions, they preferentially targeted the medial part of M1. Conversely, the ventral premotor areas were preferentially connected with the lateral part of M1. Smaller but consistent inputs originated in frontal area 6DR, ventral posterior parietal cortex, the retroinsular cortex, and area TPt. Connections with intraparietal, prefrontal, and temporal areas were very sparse, and variable. Our results demonstrate that M1 is unified by a consistent pattern of major connections, but also shows regional variations in terms of minor inputs. These differences likely reflect requirements for control of voluntary movement involving different body parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen J Burman
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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43
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Solomon SG, Rosa MGP. A simpler primate brain: the visual system of the marmoset monkey. Front Neural Circuits 2014; 8:96. [PMID: 25152716 PMCID: PMC4126041 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are diurnal primates with high visual acuity at the center of gaze. Although primates share many similarities in the organization of their visual centers with other mammals, and even other species of vertebrates, their visual pathways also show unique features, particularly with respect to the organization of the cerebral cortex. Therefore, in order to understand some aspects of human visual function, we need to study non-human primate brains. Which species is the most appropriate model? Macaque monkeys, the most widely used non-human primates, are not an optimal choice in many practical respects. For example, much of the macaque cerebral cortex is buried within sulci, and is therefore inaccessible to many imaging techniques, and the postnatal development and lifespan of macaques are prohibitively long for many studies of brain maturation, plasticity, and aging. In these and several other respects the marmoset, a small New World monkey, represents a more appropriate choice. Here we review the visual pathways of the marmoset, highlighting recent work that brings these advantages into focus, and identify where additional work needs to be done to link marmoset brain organization to that of macaques and humans. We will argue that the marmoset monkey provides a good subject for studies of a complex visual system, which will likely allow an important bridge linking experiments in animal models to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G Solomon
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London London, UK
| | - Marcello G P Rosa
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia ; Monash Vision Group, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia ; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC Australia
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44
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Reser DH, Richardson KE, Montibeller MO, Zhao S, Chan JMH, Soares JGM, Chaplin TA, Gattass R, Rosa MGP. Claustrum projections to prefrontal cortex in the capuchin monkey (Cebus apella). Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:123. [PMID: 25071475 PMCID: PMC4079979 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the pattern of retrograde tracer distribution in the claustrum following intracortical injections into the frontal pole (area 10), and in dorsal (area 9), and ventral lateral (area 12) regions of the rostral prefrontal cortex in the tufted capuchin monkey (Cebus apella). The resulting pattern of labeled cells was assessed in relation to the three-dimensional geometry of the claustrum, as well as recent reports of claustrum-prefrontal connections in other primates. Claustrum-prefrontal projections were extensive, and largely concentrated in the ventral half of the claustrum, especially in the rostral 2/3 of the nucleus. Our data are consistent with a topographic arrangement of claustrum-cortical connections in which prefrontal and association cortices receive connections largely from the rostral and medial claustrum. Comparative aspects of claustrum-prefrontal topography across primate species and the implications of claustrum connectivity for understanding of cortical functional networks are explored, and we hypothesize that the claustrum may play a role in controlling or switching between resting state and task-associated cortical networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Reser
- Department of Physiology, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Karyn E Richardson
- Department of Physiology, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia ; Department of Psychology and Psychiatric Medicine, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Sherry Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Juliana G M Soares
- Programa de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Gattass
- Programa de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcello G P Rosa
- Department of Physiology, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia ; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function Clayton, VIC, Australia
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45
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Burman KJ, Bakola S, Richardson KE, Reser DH, Rosa MGP. Patterns of afferent input to the caudal and rostral areas of the dorsal premotor cortex (6DC and 6DR) in the marmoset monkey. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:3683-716. [PMID: 24888737 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Corticocortical projections to the caudal and rostral areas of dorsal premotor cortex (6DC and 6DR, also known as F2 and F7) were studied in the marmoset monkey. Both areas received their main thalamic inputs from the ventral anterior and ventral lateral complexes, and received dense projections from the medial premotor cortex. However, there were marked differences in their connections with other cortical areas. While 6DR received consistent inputs from prefrontal cortex, area 6DC received few such connections. Conversely, 6DC, but not 6DR, received major projections from the primary motor and somatosensory areas. Projections from the anterior cingulate cortex preferentially targeted 6DC, while the posterior cingulate and adjacent medial wall areas preferentially targeted 6DR. Projections from the medial parietal area PE to 6DC were particularly dense, while intraparietal areas (especially the putative homolog of LIP) were more strongly labeled after 6DR injections. Finally, 6DC and 6DR were distinct in terms of inputs from the ventral parietal cortex: projections to 6DR originated preferentially from caudal areas (PG and OPt), while 6DC received input primarily from rostral areas (PF and PFG). Differences in connections suggest that area 6DR includes rostral and caudal subdivisions, with the former also involved in oculomotor control. These results suggest that area 6DC is more directly involved in the preparation and execution of motor acts, while area 6DR integrates sensory and internally driven inputs for the planning of goal-directed actions. They also provide strong evidence of a homologous organization of the dorsal premotor cortex in New and Old World monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen J Burman
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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Shiba Y, Santangelo AM, Braesicke K, Agustín-Pavón C, Cockcroft G, Haggard M, Roberts AC. Individual differences in behavioral and cardiovascular reactivity to emotive stimuli and their relationship to cognitive flexibility in a primate model of trait anxiety. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:137. [PMID: 24795587 PMCID: PMC4006051 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High trait anxiety is a risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders. Like the disorders themselves high trait anxiety has marked phenotypic variation at the level of symptomatology and neural circuits, suggesting that there may be different symptoms and distinct neural circuits associated with risk for these disorders. To address these issues, it is essential to develop reliable animal models of trait anxiety in a non-human primate whose brain bears structural and functional similarity to humans. The present study investigated individual variation in responsivity to fearful and anxiety provoking stimuli in the common marmoset monkey. Seven out of 27 animals failed to display discriminative, conditioned cardiovascular and behavioral responses on an auditory fear discrimination task, similar to that seen in high anxious humans and rodents. Their heightened emotionality to a rubber snake was consistent with the hypothesis that they were high in trait-like anxiety. Evidence for phenotypic variation in the high anxiety group was provided by the finding that discrimination failure was predicted early in conditioning by either hyper-vigilant scanning to the cues or a reduction in blood pressure to the context, i.e., test apparatus. Given that high trait anxiety in humans can be associated with altered prefrontal cognitive functioning and previously we implicated the marmoset anterior orbitofrontal (antOFC) and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) in negative emotion regulation, we also tested the marmosets on two tests of cognitive flexibility differentially dependent on these two regions. While the high anxious group did not differ overall in their perseverative performance, the two distinct phenotypes were differentially correlated with reduced perseverative responding on the OFC- and vlPFC-dependent flexibility tests. Together, this study provides a new model of trait anxiety in marmosets amenable to analysis of phenotypic variation and neural circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Shiba
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK ; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea M Santangelo
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK ; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Katrin Braesicke
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK ; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Carmen Agustín-Pavón
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK ; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Gemma Cockcroft
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK ; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Haggard
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Angela C Roberts
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK ; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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Raghanti MA, Edler MK, Meindl RS, Sudduth J, Bohush T, Erwin JM, Stimpson CD, Hof PR, Sherwood CC. Humans and great apes share increased neocortical neuropeptide Y innervation compared to other haplorhine primates. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:101. [PMID: 24616688 PMCID: PMC3937817 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays a role in a variety of basic physiological functions and has also been implicated in regulating cognition, including learning and memory. A decrease in neocortical NPY has been reported for Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression, potentially contributing to associated cognitive deficits. The goal of the present analysis was to examine variation in neocortical NPY-immunoreactive axon and varicosity density among haplorhine primates (monkeys, apes, and humans). Stereologic methods were used to measure the ratios of NPY-expressing axon length density to total neuron density (ALv/Nv) and NPY-immunoreactive varicosity density to neuron density (Vv/Nv), as well as the mean varicosity spacing in neocortical areas 10, 24, 44, and 22 (Tpt) of humans, African great apes, New World monkeys, and Old World monkeys. Humans and great apes showed increased cortical NPY innervation relative to monkey species for ALv/Nv and Vv/Nv. Furthermore, humans and great apes displayed a conserved pattern of varicosity spacing across cortical areas and layers, with no differences between cortical layers or among cortical areas. These phylogenetic differences may be related to shared life history variables and may reflect specific cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Raghanti
- Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State UniversityKent, OH, USA
| | - Melissa K. Edler
- Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State UniversityKent, OH, USA
| | - Richard S. Meindl
- Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State UniversityKent, OH, USA
| | - Jessica Sudduth
- Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State UniversityKent, OH, USA
| | - Tatiana Bohush
- Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State UniversityKent, OH, USA
| | - Joseph M. Erwin
- Department of Anthropology, The George Washington UniversityWashington, DC, USA
| | - Cheryl D. Stimpson
- Department of Anthropology, The George Washington UniversityWashington, DC, USA
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary PrimatologyNew York, NY, USA
| | - Chet C. Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology, The George Washington UniversityWashington, DC, USA
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Muntané G, Horvath JE, Hof PR, Ely JJ, Hopkins WD, Raghanti MA, Lewandowski AH, Wray GA, Sherwood CC. Analysis of synaptic gene expression in the neocortex of primates reveals evolutionary changes in glutamatergic neurotransmission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 25:1596-607. [PMID: 24408959 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Increased relative brain size characterizes the evolution of primates, suggesting that enhanced cognition plays an important part in the behavioral adaptations of this mammalian order. In addition to changes in brain anatomy, cognition can also be regulated by molecular changes that alter synaptic function, but little is known about modifications of synapses in primate brain evolution. The aim of the current study was to investigate the expression patterns and evolution of 20 synaptic genes from the prefrontal cortex of 12 primate species. The genes investigated included glutamate receptors, scaffolding proteins, synaptic vesicle components, as well as factors involved in synaptic vesicle release and structural components of the nervous system. Our analyses revealed that there have been significant changes during primate brain evolution in the components of the glutamatergic signaling pathway in terms of gene expression, protein expression, and promoter sequence changes. These results could entail functional modifications in the regulation of specific genes related to processes underlying learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Muntané
- Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Julie E Horvath
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, USA North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Nature Research Center, Raleigh, NC 27601, USA Department of Biology, NC Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 New York Consortium for Primate Evolution, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - John J Ely
- Alamogordo Primate Facility, Holloman Air Force Base, NM 88330, USA
| | - William D Hopkins
- Neuroscience Institute and Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Mary Ann Raghanti
- Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | | | - Gregory A Wray
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, USA Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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Abstract
Modern optical methods (multiphoton and light-sheet fluorescent microscopy) allow 3D imaging of large specimens of the brain with cell resolution. It is therefore essential to refer the resultant 3D pictures of expression of transgene, protein, and other markers in the brain to the corresponding structures in the atlas. This implies counterstaining of specimens with morphological dyes. However, there are no methods for contrasting large samples of the brain without their preliminary slicing. We have developed a method for fluorescent Nissl staining of whole brain samples. 3D reconstructions of specimens of the hippocampus, olfactory bulbs, and cortex were created. The method can be used for morphological control and evaluation of the effects of various factors on the brain using 3D microscopy technique.
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Reser DH, Burman KJ, Yu HH, Chaplin TA, Richardson KE, Worthy KH, Rosa MGP. Contrasting patterns of cortical input to architectural subdivisions of the area 8 complex: a retrograde tracing study in marmoset monkeys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 23:1901-22. [PMID: 22735155 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary studies recognize 3 distinct cytoarchitectural and functional areas within the Brodmann area 8 complex, in the caudal prefrontal cortex: 8b, 8aD, and 8aV. Here, we report on the quantitative characteristics of the cortical projections to these areas, using injections of fluorescent tracers in marmoset monkeys. Area 8b was distinct from both 8aD and 8aV due to its connections with medial prefrontal, anterior cingulate, superior temporal polysensory, and ventral midline/retrosplenial areas. In contrast, areas 8aD and 8aV received the bulk of the projections from posterior parietal cortex and dorsal midline areas. In the frontal lobe, area 8aV received projections primarily from ventrolateral areas, while both 8aD and 8b received dense inputs from areas on the dorsolateral surface. Whereas area 8aD received the most significant auditory projections, these were relatively sparse, in comparison with those previously reported in macaques. Finally, area 8aV was distinct from both 8aD and 8b by virtue of its widespread input from the extrastriate visual areas. These results are compatible with a homologous organization of the prefrontal cortex in New and Old World monkeys, and suggest significant parallels between the present pathways, revealed by tract-tracing, and networks revealed by functional connectivity analysis in Old World monkeys and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Reser
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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