1
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Irwin MR, Straub RH, Smith MT. Heat of the night: sleep disturbance activates inflammatory mechanisms and induces pain in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2023; 19:545-559. [PMID: 37488298 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-023-00997-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Sleep has a homeostatic role in the regulation of the immune system and serves to constrain activation of inflammatory signalling and expression of cellular inflammation. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a misaligned inflammatory profile induces a dysregulation of sleep-wake activity, which leads to excessive inflammation and the induction of increased sensitivity to pain. Given that multiple biological mechanisms contribute to sleep disturbances (such as insomnia), and that the central nervous system communicates with the innate immune system via neuroendocrine and neural effector pathways, potential exists to develop prevention opportunities to mitigate the risk of insomnia in RA. Furthermore, understanding these risk mechanisms might inform additional insomnia treatment strategies directed towards steering and reducing the magnitude of the inflammatory response, which together could influence outcomes of pain and disease activity in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Irwin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behaviour, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Rainer H Straub
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael T Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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2
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Shin MG, Bae Y, Afzal R, Kondoh K, Lee EJ. Olfactory modulation of stress-response neural circuits. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1659-1671. [PMID: 37524867 PMCID: PMC10474124 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress responses, which are crucial for survival, are evolutionally conserved throughout the animal kingdom. The most common endocrine axis among stress responses is that triggered by corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons (CRHNs) in the hypothalamus. Signals of various stressors are detected by different sensory systems and relayed through individual neural circuits that converge on hypothalamic CRHNs to initiate common stress hormone responses. To investigate the neurocircuitry mechanisms underlying stress hormone responses induced by a variety of stressors, researchers have recently developed new approaches employing retrograde transsynaptic viral tracers, providing a wealth of information about various types of neural circuits that control the activity of CRHNs in response to stress stimuli. Here, we review earlier and more recent findings on the stress neurocircuits that converge on CRHNs, focusing particularly on olfactory systems that excite or suppress the activities of CRHNs and lead to the initiation of stress responses. Because smells are arguably the most important signals that enable animals to properly cope with environmental changes and survive, unveiling the regulatory mechanisms by which smells control stress responses would provide broad insight into how stress-related environmental cues are perceived in the animal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Gi Shin
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
- AI-Superconvergence KIURI Translational Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Yiseul Bae
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Ramsha Afzal
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Kunio Kondoh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Eun Jeong Lee
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea.
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3
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Marcinkiewcz C, Wang R, Khan K, Balasubramanian N, James T, Pushpavathi S, Kim D, Pierson S, Wu Q, Niciu M, Hefti M. Alcohol inhibits sociability via serotonin inputs to the nucleus accumbens. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2992781. [PMID: 37461716 PMCID: PMC10350230 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2992781/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Social interaction is a core component of motivational behavior that is perturbed across multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, including alcohol use disorder (AUD). Positive social bonds are neuroprotective and enhance recovery from stress, so reduced social interaction in AUD may delay recovery and lead to alcohol relapse. We report that chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) induces social avoidance in a sex-dependent manner and is associated with hyperactivity of serotonin (5-HT) neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). While 5-HTDRN neurons are generally thought to enhance social behavior, recent evidence suggests that specific 5-HT pathways can be aversive. Using chemogenetic iDISCO, the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) was identified as one of 5 regions that were activated by 5-HT DRN stimulation. We then employed an array of molecular genetic tools in transgenic mice to show that 5-HT DRN inputs to NAcc dynorphin neurons drive social avoidance in male mice after CIE by activating 5-HT2C receptors. NAcc dynorphin neurons also inhibit dopamine release during social interaction, reducing the motivational drive to engage with social partners. This study reveals that excessive serotonergic drive after chronic alcohol can promote social aversion by inhibiting accumbal dopamine release. Drugs that boost brain serotonin levels may be contraindicated for individuals with AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qi Wu
- Baylor College of Medicine
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4
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Wang R, Khan KM, Balasubramanian N, James T, Pushpavathi SG, Kim D, Pierson S, Wu Q, Niciu MJ, Hefti MM, Marcinkiewcz CA. Alcohol inhibits sociability via serotonin inputs to the nucleus accumbens. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.29.542761. [PMID: 37398335 PMCID: PMC10312479 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.29.542761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Social interaction is a core component of motivational behavior that is perturbed across multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, including alcohol use disorder (AUD). Positive social bonds are neuroprotective and enhance recovery from stress, so reduced social interaction in AUD may delay recovery and lead to alcohol relapse. We report that chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) induces social avoidance in a sex-dependent manner and is associated with hyperactivity of serotonin (5-HT) neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). While 5-HT DRN neurons are generally thought to enhance social behavior, recent evidence suggests that specific 5-HT pathways can be aversive. Using chemogenetic iDISCO, the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) was identified as one of 5 regions that were activated by 5-HT DRN stimulation. We then employed an array of molecular genetic tools in transgenic mice to show that 5-HT DRN inputs to NAcc dynorphin neurons drive social avoidance in male mice after CIE by activating 5-HT 2C receptors. NAcc dynorphin neurons also inhibit dopamine release during social interaction, reducing the motivational drive to engage with social partners. This study reveals that excessive serotonergic drive after chronic alcohol can promote social aversion by inhibiting accumbal dopamine release. Drugs that boost brain serotonin levels may be contraindicated for individuals with AUD.
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5
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Limoges A, Yarur HE, Tejeda HA. Dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor system regulation on amygdaloid circuitry: Implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:963691. [PMID: 36276608 PMCID: PMC9579273 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.963691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amygdaloid circuits are involved in a variety of emotional and motivation-related behaviors and are impacted by stress. The amygdala expresses several neuromodulatory systems, including opioid peptides and their receptors. The Dynorphin (Dyn)/kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system has been implicated in the processing of emotional and stress-related information and is expressed in brain areas involved in stress and motivation. Dysregulation of the Dyn/KOR system has also been implicated in various neuropsychiatric disorders. However, there is limited information about the role of the Dyn/KOR system in regulating amygdala circuitry. Here, we review the literature on the (1) basic anatomy of the amygdala, (2) functional regulation of synaptic transmission by the Dyn/KOR system, (3) anatomical architecture and function of the Dyn/KOR system in the amygdala, (4) regulation of amygdala-dependent behaviors by the Dyn/KOR system, and (5) future directions for the field. Future work investigating how the Dyn/KOR system shapes a wide range of amygdala-related behaviors will be required to increase our understanding of underlying circuitry modulation by the Dyn/KOR system. We anticipate that continued focus on the amygdala Dyn/KOR system will also elucidate novel ways to target the Dyn/KOR system to treat neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Limoges
- Unit on Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration, Bethesda, MD, United States
- NIH-Columbia University Individual Graduate Partnership Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hector E. Yarur
- Unit on Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hugo A. Tejeda
- Unit on Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Hugo A. Tejeda,
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6
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Binette AN, Totty MS, Maren S. Sex differences in the immediate extinction deficit and renewal of extinguished fear in rats. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264797. [PMID: 35687598 PMCID: PMC9187087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extinction learning is central to exposure-based behavioral therapies for reducing fear and anxiety in humans. However, patients with fear and anxiety disorders are often resistant to extinction. Moreover, trauma and stress-related disorders are highly prone to relapse and are twice as likely to occur in females compared to males, suggesting that females may be more susceptible to extinction deficits and fear relapse phenomena. In this report, we tested this hypothesis by examining sex differences in a stress-induced extinction learning impairment, the immediate extinction deficit (IED), and renewal, a common form of fear relapse. In contrast to our hypothesis, there were no sex differences in the magnitude of the immediate extinction deficit in two different rat strains (Long-Evans and Wistar). However, we did observe a sex difference in the renewal of fear when the extinguished conditioned stimulus was presented outside the extinction context. Male Wistar rats exhibited significantly greater renewal than female rats, a sex difference that has previously been reported after appetitive extinction. Collectively, these data reveal that stress-induced extinction impairments are similar in male and female rats, though the context-dependence of extinction is more pronounced in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalise N. Binette
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Totty
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stephen Maren
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Avegno EM, Gilpin NW. Reciprocal midbrain-extended amygdala circuit activity in preclinical models of alcohol use and misuse. Neuropharmacology 2022; 202:108856. [PMID: 34710467 PMCID: PMC8627447 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol dependence is characterized by a shift in motivation to consume alcohol from positive reinforcement (i.e., increased likelihood of future alcohol drinking based on its rewarding effects) to negative reinforcement (i.e., increased likelihood of future alcohol drinking based on alcohol-induced reductions in negative affective symptoms, including but not limited to those experienced during alcohol withdrawal). The neural adaptations that occur during this transition are not entirely understood. Mesolimbic reinforcement circuitry (i.e., ventral tegmental area [VTA] neurons) is activated during early stages of alcohol use, and may be involved in the recruitment of brain stress circuitry (i.e., extended amygdala) during the transition to alcohol dependence, after chronic periods of high-dose alcohol exposure. Here, we review the literature regarding the role of canonical brain reinforcement (VTA) and brain stress (extended amygdala) systems, and the connections between them, in acute, sub-chronic, and chronic alcohol response. Particular emphasis is placed on preclinical models of alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Avegno
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA,Department of Alcohol & Drug Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA,Corresponding author: Correspondence should be addressed to Elizabeth Avegno, 1901 Perdido St, Room 7205, New Orleans, LA 70112,
| | - Nicholas W Gilpin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA,Department of Alcohol & Drug Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA,Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA,Southeast Louisiana VA Healthcare System (SLVHCS), New Orleans, LA
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8
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Trofimova IN, Gaykalova AA. Emotionality vs. Other Biobehavioural Traits: A Look at Neurochemical Biomarkers for Their Differentiation. Front Psychol 2021; 12:781631. [PMID: 34987450 PMCID: PMC8720768 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.781631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the differential contributions of multiple neurochemical systems to temperament traits related and those that are unrelated to emotionality, even though these systems have a significant overlap. The difference in neurochemical biomarkers of these traits is analysed from the perspective of the neurochemical model, Functional Ensemble of Temperament (FET) that uses multi-marker and constructivism principles. Special attention is given to a differential contribution of hypothalamic-pituitary hormones and opioid neuropeptides implicated in both emotional and non-emotional regulation. The review highlights the role of the mu-opioid receptor system in dispositional emotional valence and the role of the kappa-opioid system in dispositional perceptual and behavioural alertness. These opioid receptor (OR) systems, microbiota and cytokines are produced in three neuroanatomically distinct complexes in the brain and the body, which all together integrate dispositional emotionality. In contrast, hormones could be seen as neurochemical biomarkers of non-emotional aspects of behavioural regulation related to the construction of behaviour in fast-changing and current situations. As examples of the role of hormones, the review summarised their contribution to temperament traits of Sensation Seeking (SS) and Empathy (EMP), which FET considers as non-emotionality traits related to behavioural orientation. SS is presented here as based on (higher) testosterone (fluctuating), adrenaline and (low) cortisol systems, and EMP, as based on (higher) oxytocin, reciprocally coupled with vasopressin and (lower) testosterone. Due to the involvement of gonadal hormones, there are sex and age differences in these traits that could be explained by evolutionary theory. There are, therefore, specific neurochemical biomarkers differentiating (OR-based) dispositional emotionality and (hormones-based) body's regulation in fast-changing events. Here we propose to consider dispositional emotionality associated with OR systems as emotionality in a true sense, whereas to consider hormonal ensembles regulating SS and EMP as systems of behavioural orientation and not emotionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina N. Trofimova
- Laboratory of Collective Intelligence, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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9
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Trofimova I. Functional Constructivism Approach to Multilevel Nature of Bio-Behavioral Diversity. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:641286. [PMID: 34777031 PMCID: PMC8578849 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.641286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Attempts to revise the existing classifications of psychiatric disorders (DSM and ICD) continue and highlight a crucial need for the identification of biomarkers underlying symptoms of psychopathology. The present review highlights the benefits of using a Functional Constructivism approach in the analysis of the functionality of the main neurotransmitters. This approach explores the idea that behavior is neither reactive nor pro-active, but constructive and generative, being a transient selection of multiple degrees of freedom in perception and actions. This review briefly describes main consensus points in neuroscience related to the functionality of eight neurochemical ensembles, summarized as a part of the neurochemical model Functional Ensemble of Temperament (FET). None of the FET components is represented by a single neurotransmitter; all neurochemical teams have specific functionality in selection of behavioral degrees of freedom and stages of action construction. The review demonstrates the possibility of unifying taxonomies of temperament and classifications of psychiatric disorders and presenting these taxonomies formally and systematically. The paper also highlights the multi-level nature of regulation of consistent bio-behavioral individual differences, in line with the concepts of diagonal evolution (proposed earlier) and Specialized Extended Phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Trofimova
- Laboratory of Collective Intelligence, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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10
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Garcia DuBar S, Cosio D, Korthas H, Van Batavia JP, Zderic SA, Sahibzada N, Valentino RJ, Vicini S. Somatostatin Neurons in the Mouse Pontine Nucleus Activate GABA A Receptor Mediated Synaptic Currents in Locus Coeruleus Neurons. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:754786. [PMID: 34675794 PMCID: PMC8524133 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.754786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pontine nuclei comprising the locus coeruleus (LC) and Barrington’s nucleus (BRN) amongst others form the neural circuitry(s) that coordinates arousal and voiding behaviors. However, little is known about the synaptic connectivity of neurons within or across these nuclei. These include corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF+) expressing neurons in the BRN that control bladder contraction and somatostatin expressing (SST+) neurons whose role in this region has not been discerned. To determine the synaptic connectivity of these neurons, we employed optogenetic stimulation with recordings from BRN and LC neurons in brain stem slices of channelrhodopsin-2 expressing SST or CRF neurons. Optogenetic stimulation of CRF+ BRN neurons of CrfCre;chr2-yfp mice had little effect on either CRF+ BRN neurons, CRF– BRN neurons, or LC neurons. In contrast, in SstCre;chr2-yfp mice light-activated inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) were reliably observed in a majority of LC but not BRN neurons. The GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline, completely abolished the light-induced IPSCs. To ascertain if these neurons were part of the neural circuitry that controls the bladder, the trans-synaptic tracer, pseudorabies virus (PRV) was injected into the bladder wall of CrfCre;tdTomato or SstCre;tdTomato mice. At 68–72 h post-viral infection, PRV labeled neurons were present only in the BRN, being preponderant in CRF+ neurons with few SST+ BRN neurons labeled from the bladder. At 76 and 96 h post-virus injection, increased labeling was observed in both BRN and LC neurons. Our results suggest SST+ neurons rather than CRF+ neurons in BRN can regulate the activity of LC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Garcia DuBar
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Daniela Cosio
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Holly Korthas
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jason P Van Batavia
- Division of Urology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stephen A Zderic
- Division of Urology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Niaz Sahibzada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States.,Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Rita J Valentino
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stefano Vicini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States.,Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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11
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Ao Y, Yang B, Zhang C, Wu B, Zhang X, Xing D, Xu H. Locus Coeruleus to Paraventricular Thalamus Projections Facilitate Emergence From Isoflurane Anesthesia in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:643172. [PMID: 33986675 PMCID: PMC8111010 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.643172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Locus coeruleus (LC) sends widespread outputs to many brain regions to modulate diverse functions, including sleep/wake states, attention, and the general anesthetic state. The paraventricular thalamus (PVT) is a critical thalamic area for arousal and receives dense tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH) inputs from the LC. Although anesthesia and sleep may share a common pathway, it is important to understand the processes underlying emergence from anesthesia. In this study, we hypothesize that LC TH neurons and the TH:LC-PVT circuit may be involved in regulating emergence from anesthesia. Only male mice are used in this study. Here, using c-Fos as a marker of neural activity, we identify LC TH expressing neurons are active during anesthesia emergence. Remarkably, chemogenetic activation of LC TH neurons shortens emergence time from anesthesia and promotes cortical arousal. Moreover, enhanced c-Fos expression is observed in the PVT after LC TH neurons activation. Optogenetic activation of the TH:LC-PVT projections accelerates emergence from anesthesia, whereas, chemogenetic inhibition of the TH:LC-PVT circuit prolongs time to wakefulness. Furthermore, optogenetic activation of the TH:LC-PVT projections produces electrophysiological evidence of arousal. Together, these results demonstrate that activation of the TH:LC-PVT projections is helpful in facilitating the transition from isoflurane anesthesia to an arousal state, which may provide a new strategy in shortening the emergence time after general anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Ao
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Caiju Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuefen Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Xing
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haibo Xu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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12
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Grueschow M, Stenz N, Thörn H, Ehlert U, Breckwoldt J, Brodmann Maeder M, Exadaktylos AK, Bingisser R, Ruff CC, Kleim B. Real-world stress resilience is associated with the responsivity of the locus coeruleus. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2275. [PMID: 33859187 PMCID: PMC8050280 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals may show different responses to stressful events. Here, we investigate the neurobiological basis of stress resilience, by showing that neural responsitivity of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC-NE) and associated pupil responses are related to the subsequent change in measures of anxiety and depression in response to prolonged real-life stress. We acquired fMRI and pupillometry data during an emotional-conflict task in medical residents before they underwent stressful emergency-room internships known to be a risk factor for anxiety and depression. The LC-NE conflict response and its functional coupling with the amygdala was associated with stress-related symptom changes in response to the internship. A similar relationship was found for pupil-dilation, a potential marker of LC-NE firing. Our results provide insights into the noradrenergic basis of conflict generation, adaptation and stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Grueschow
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics (ZNE), Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Nico Stenz
- Division of Experimental Psychopathology and Psychotherapy, Dept of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Thörn
- Division of Experimental Psychopathology and Psychotherapy, Dept of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Dept of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Ehlert
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Dept of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Breckwoldt
- Medical School, Deanery, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Roland Bingisser
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian C Ruff
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics (ZNE), Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Kleim
- Division of Experimental Psychopathology and Psychotherapy, Dept of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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13
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Hedges DM, Yorgason JT, Brundage JN, Wadsworth HA, Williams B, Steffensen SC, Roberto M. Corticotropin releasing factor, but not alcohol, modulates norepinephrine release in the rat central nucleus of the amygdala. Neuropharmacology 2020; 179:108293. [PMID: 32871155 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol misuse and dependence is a widespread health problem. The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) plays important roles in both the anxiety associated with alcohol (ethanol) dependence and the increased alcohol intake that is observed during withdrawal in dependent animals. We and others have shown the essential involvement of the corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) system in alcohol's synaptic effects on the CeA and in the development of ethanol dependence. Another system that has been shown to be critically involved in the molecular underpinnings of alcohol dependence is the norepinephrine (NE) system originating in the locus coeruleus. Both the CRF and NE systems act in concert to facilitate a stress response: central amygdalar afferents release CRF in the locus coeruleus promoting widespread release of NE. In this study, we are the first to use fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to classify local electrically-evoked NE release in the CeA and to determine if acute alcohol and CRF modulate it. Evoked NE release is action potential dependent, is abolished after depletion of monoaminergic vesicles, differs pharmacologically from dopamine release, is insensitive to acute alcohol, and decreases in response to locally applied CRF. Taken together, these results indicate that NE release in the CeA is released canonically in a vesicular-dependent manner, and that while acute alcohol does not directly alter NE release, CRF decreases it. Our results suggest that CRF acts locally on NE terminals as negative feedback and potentially prevents hyperactivation of the CRF-norepinephrine stress pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Hedges
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Jordan T Yorgason
- Neuroscience Program, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
| | - James N Brundage
- Neuroscience Program, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Williams
- Neuroscience Program, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | | | - Marisa Roberto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Bari BA, Chokshi V, Schmidt K. Locus coeruleus-norepinephrine: basic functions and insights into Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1006-1013. [PMID: 31823870 PMCID: PMC7034292 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.270297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The locus coeruleus is a pontine nucleus that produces much of the brain's norepinephrine. Despite its small size, the locus coeruleus is critical for a myriad of functions and is involved in many neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we discuss the physiology and anatomy of the locus coeruleus system and focus on norepinephrine's role in synaptic plasticity. We highlight Parkinson's disease as a disorder with motor and neuropsychiatric symptoms that may be understood as aberrations in the normal functions of locus coeruleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Abdul Bari
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Varun Chokshi
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katharina Schmidt
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene A Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
- Columbia VA Health Care System, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Alexander J McDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
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16
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Wyrofsky RR, Reyes BAS, Yu D, Kirby LG, Van Bockstaele EJ. Sex differences in the effect of cannabinoid type 1 receptor deletion on locus coeruleus-norepinephrine neurons and corticotropin releasing factor-mediated responses. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 48:2118-2138. [PMID: 30103253 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids are capable of modulating mood, arousal, cognition and behavior, in part via their effects on the noradrenergic nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). Dysregulation of LC signaling and norepinephrine (NE) efflux in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) can lead to the development of psychiatric disorders, and CB1r deletion results in alterations of α2- and β1-adrenoceptors in the mPFC, suggestive of increased LC activity. To determine how CB1r deletion alters LC signaling, whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology was conducted in LC-NE neurons of male and female wild type (WT) and CB1r-knock out (KO) mice. CB1r deletion caused a significant increase in LC-NE excitability and input resistance in male but not female mice when compared to WT. CB1r deletion also caused adaptations in several indices of noradrenergic function. CB1r/CB2r-KO male mice had a significant increase in cortical NE levels and tyrosine hydroxylase and CRF levels in the LC compared to WT males. CB1r/CB2r-KO female mice showed a significant increase in LC α2-AR levels compared to WT females. To further probe actions of the endocannabinoid system as an anti-stress neuromediator, the effect of CB1r deletion on CRF-induced responses in the LC was investigated. The increase in LC-NE excitability observed in male and female WT mice following CRF (300 nM) bath application was not observed in CB1r-KO mice. These results indicate that cellular adaptations following CB1r deletion cause a disruption in LC-NE signaling in males but not females, suggesting underlying sex differences in compensatory mechanisms in KO mice as well as basal endocannabinoid regulation of LC-NE activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Wyrofsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Beverly A S Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daohai Yu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Temple Clinical Research Institute, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lynn G Kirby
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elisabeth J Van Bockstaele
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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17
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Chandler DJ, Jensen P, McCall JG, Pickering AE, Schwarz LA, Totah NK. Redefining Noradrenergic Neuromodulation of Behavior: Impacts of a Modular Locus Coeruleus Architecture. J Neurosci 2019; 39:8239-8249. [PMID: 31619493 PMCID: PMC6794927 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1164-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is a seemingly singular and compact neuromodulatory nucleus that is a prominent component of disparate theories of brain function due to its broad noradrenergic projections throughout the CNS. As a diffuse neuromodulatory system, noradrenaline affects learning and decision making, control of sleep and wakefulness, sensory salience including pain, and the physiology of correlated forebrain activity (ensembles and networks) and brain hemodynamic responses. However, our understanding of the LC is undergoing a dramatic shift due to the application of state-of-the-art methods that reveal a nucleus of many modules that provide targeted neuromodulation. Here, we review the evidence supporting a modular LC based on multiple levels of observation (developmental, genetic, molecular, anatomical, and neurophysiological). We suggest that the concept of the LC as a singular nucleus and, alongside it, the role of the LC in diverse theories of brain function must be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan J Chandler
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, New Jersey 08084
| | - Patricia Jensen
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Jordan G McCall
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Anthony E Pickering
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
- Bristol Anaesthesia, Pain and Critical Care Sciences, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nelson K Totah
- Department of Physiology of Cognitive Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany 72076,
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Helsinki 00014, Finland, and
- School of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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18
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Totah NK, Logothetis NK, Eschenko O. Noradrenergic ensemble-based modulation of cognition over multiple timescales. Brain Res 2019; 1709:50-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Enman NM, Reyes BAS, Shi Y, Valentino RJ, Van Bockstaele EJ. Sex differences in morphine-induced trafficking of mu-opioid and corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in locus coeruleus neurons. Brain Res 2018; 1706:75-85. [PMID: 30391476 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC)-norepinephrine (NE) system is a key nucleus in which endogenous opioid and stress systems intersect to regulate the stress response. LC neurons of male rats become sensitized to stress following chronic morphine administration. Whether sex dictates this pattern of opioid-induced plasticity has not been demonstrated. Delineating the neurobiological adaptations produced by chronic opioids will enhance our understanding of stress vulnerability in opioid-dependent individuals, and may reveal how stress negatively impacts addiction recovery. In the present study, the effect of chronic morphine on the subcellular distribution of mu-opioid (MOR) and CRF receptors (CRFR) was investigated in the LC of male and female rats using immunoelectron microscopy. Results showed that placebo-treated females exhibited higher MOR and CRFR cytoplasmic distribution ratio when compared to placebo-treated males. Chronic morphine exposure induced a shift in the distribution of MOR immunogold-silver particles from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm selectively in male LC neurons. Interestingly, chronic morphine exposure induced CRFR recruitment to the plasma membrane of both male and female LC neurons. These findings provide a potential mechanism by which chronic opioid administration increases stress vulnerability in males and females via an increase in surface availability of CRFR in LC neurons. However, our results also support the notion that cellular adaptations to chronic opioids differ across the sexes as redistribution of MOR following morphine exposure was only observed in male LC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Enman
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
| | - Beverly A S Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
| | - Yufan Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Rita J Valentino
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Elisabeth J Van Bockstaele
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
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20
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Jarman SK, Haney AM, Valdez GR. Kappa opioid regulation of depressive-like behavior during acute withdrawal and protracted abstinence from ethanol. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205016. [PMID: 30265734 PMCID: PMC6161915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor (DYN/KOR) system appears to be a key mediator of the behavioral effects of chronic exposure to alcohol. Although KOR opioid receptor antagonists have been shown to decrease stress-related behaviors in animal models during acute ethanol withdrawal, the role of the DYN/KOR system in regulating long-term behavioral changes following protracted abstinence from ethanol is not well understood. The objective of the current study was to further explore the role of the DYN/KOR system in regulating stress-related behavioral changes associated with acute withdrawal and protracted abstinence from ethanol. More specifically, the present experiments sought to examine the ability of the KOR antagonist norbinaltorphimine (nor-BNI) to reverse depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test in rats exposed to chronic ethanol. In the first experiment, rats were fed an ethanol or control liquid diet for 28-30 days, and then 24 hours after removal of the diet, were exposed to inescapable swim stress. Immediately following this procedure, rats were injected with nor-BNI (20 mg/kg) or saline and then tested 24 hours later in the forced swim test. A second experiment used a similar procedure to examine the effects of nor-BNI on behavioral changes during protracted abstinence in rats tested in the forced swim test 3 weeks after exposure to the ethanol liquid diet procedure. Ethanol-dependent rats showed increased immobility, which is thought to indicate a depressive-like state, when examined during acute withdrawal and protracted abstinence compared to controls, an effect attenuated by nor-BNI. These results suggest that the DYN/KOR system plays role in mediating both short- and long-term behavioral changes associated with depression following chronic alcohol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorscha K. Jarman
- Department of Psychology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, United States of America
| | - Alison M. Haney
- Department of Psychology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, United States of America
| | - Glenn R. Valdez
- Department of Psychology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Grund T, Neumann ID. Brain neuropeptide S: via GPCR activation to a powerful neuromodulator of socio-emotional behaviors. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:123-132. [PMID: 30112573 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2902-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide S (NPS) has attracted the attention of the scientific community due to its potent anxiolytic-like and fear-attenuating effects studied in rodents. Therefore, NPS might represent a treatment option for neuropsychiatric disorders, such as anxiety disorders, even more so as single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human NPS receptor gene have been associated with increased anxiety traits that contribute to the pathogenesis of fear- and anxiety-related disorders. However, the signaling mechanisms underlying the behavioral effects of NPS and the interaction with other brain neuropeptides are still rather unknown. To illuminate how NPS modulates the expression of selected emotional and social behaviors, the present review focuses on neuroanatomical and electrophysiological studies, as well as intracellular signaling mechanisms following NPS receptor stimulation in rodents. We will also discuss interactions of the NPS system with two well-described neuropeptides, namely corticotropin-releasing factor and oxytocin, which may contribute to the fear- and anxiety-reducing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Grund
- Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, Regensburg Center of Neuroscience, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Inga D Neumann
- Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, Regensburg Center of Neuroscience, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
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22
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Theisen CC, Reyes BA, Sabban E, Van Bockstaele EJ. Ultrastructural Characterization of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and Neuropeptide Y in the Rat Locus Coeruleus: Anatomical Evidence for Putative Interactions. Neuroscience 2018; 384:21-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Central Amygdala Circuits Mediate Hyperalgesia in Alcohol-Dependent Rats. J Neurosci 2018; 38:7761-7773. [PMID: 30054393 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0483-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol withdrawal symptoms contribute to excessive alcohol drinking and relapse in alcohol-dependent individuals. Among these symptoms, alcohol withdrawal promotes hyperalgesia, but the neurological underpinnings of this phenomenon are not known. Chronic alcohol exposure alters cell signaling in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), and the CeA is implicated in mediating alcohol dependence-related behaviors. The CeA projects to the periaqueductal gray (PAG), a region critical for descending pain modulation, and may have a role in alcohol withdrawal hyperalgesia. Here, we tested the roles of (1) CeA projections to PAG, (2) CeA melanocortin signaling, and (3) PAG μ-opioid receptor signaling in mediating thermal nociception and alcohol withdrawal hyperalgesia in male Wistar rats. Our results demonstrate that alcohol dependence reduces GABAergic signaling from CeA terminals onto PAG neurons and alters the CeA melanocortin system, that CeA-PAG projections and CeA melanocortin signaling mediate alcohol withdrawal hyperalgesia, and that μ-opioid receptors in PAG filter CeA effects on thermal nociception.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Hyperalgesia is commonly seen in individuals with alcohol use disorder during periods of withdrawal, but the neurological underpinnings behind this phenomenon are not completely understood. Here, we tested whether alcohol dependence exerts its influence on pain modulation via effects on the limbic system. Using behavioral, optogenetic, electrophysiological, and molecular biological approaches, we demonstrate that central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) projections to periaqueductal gray mediate thermal hyperalgesia in alcohol-dependent and alcohol-naive rats. Using pharmacological approaches, we show that melanocortin receptor-4 signaling in CeA alters alcohol withdrawal hyperalgesia, but this effect is not mediated directly at synaptic inputs onto periaqueductal gray-projecting CeA neurons. Overall, our findings support a role for limbic influence over the descending pain pathway and identify a potential therapeutic target for treating hyperalgesia in individuals with alcohol use disorder .
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Li L, Feng X, Zhou Z, Zhang H, Shi Q, Lei Z, Shen P, Yang Q, Zhao B, Chen S, Li L, Zhang Y, Wen P, Lu Z, Li X, Xu F, Wang L. Stress Accelerates Defensive Responses to Looming in Mice and Involves a Locus Coeruleus-Superior Colliculus Projection. Curr Biol 2018; 28:859-871.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Role of orexin type-1 receptors in paragiganto-coerulear modulation of opioid withdrawal and tolerance: A site specific focus. Neuropharmacology 2017; 126:25-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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R Wyrofsky R, Reyes BAS, Van Bockstaele EJ. Co-localization of the cannabinoid type 1 receptor with corticotropin-releasing factor-containing afferents in the noradrenergic nucleus locus coeruleus: implications for the cognitive limb of the stress response. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:3007-3023. [PMID: 28255675 PMCID: PMC8340878 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1381-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The noradrenergic system has been shown to play a key role in the regulation of stress responses, arousal, mood, and emotional states. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a primary mediator of stress-induced activation of noradrenergic neurons in the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). The endocannabinoid (eCB) system also plays a key role in modulating stress responses, acting as an "anti-stress" neuro-mediator. In the present study, we investigated the cellular sites for interactions between the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1r) and CRF in the LC. Immunofluorescence and high-resolution immunoelectron microscopy showed co-localization of CB1r and CRF in both the core and peri-LC areas. Semi-quantitative analysis revealed that 44% (208/468) of CRF-containing axon terminals in the core and 35% (104/294) in the peri-LC expressed CB1r, while 18% (85/468) of CRF-containing axon terminals in the core and 6.5% (19/294) in the peri-LC were presynaptic to CB1r-containing dendrites. In the LC core, CB1r + CRF axon terminals were more frequently of the symmetric (inhibitory) type; while in the peri-LC, a majority were of the asymmetric (excitatory) type. Triple label immunofluorescence results supported the ultrastructural analysis indicating that CB1r + CRF axon terminals contained either gamma amino butyric acid or glutamate. Finally, anterograde transport from the central nucleus of the amygdala revealed that CRF-amygdalar afferents projecting to the LC contain CB1r. Taken together, these results indicate that the eCB system is poised to directly modulate stress-integrative heterogeneous CRF afferents in the LC, some of which arise from limbic sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Wyrofsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 S. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
| | - Beverly A S Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 S. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Elisabeth J Van Bockstaele
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 S. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
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Amygdalar Gating of Early Sensory Processing through Interactions with Locus Coeruleus. J Neurosci 2017; 37:3085-3101. [PMID: 28188216 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2797-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fear- and stress-induced activity in the amygdala has been hypothesized to influence sensory brain regions through the influence of the amygdala on neuromodulatory centers. To directly examine this relationship, we used optical imaging to observe odor-evoked activity in populations of olfactory bulb inhibitory interneurons and of synaptic terminals of olfactory sensory neurons (the primary sensory neurons of the olfactory system, which provide the initial olfactory input to the brain) during pharmacological inactivation of amygdala and locus coeruleus (LC) in mice. Although the amygdala does not directly project to the olfactory bulb, joint pharmacological inactivation of the central, basolateral, and lateral nuclei of the amygdala nonetheless strongly suppressed odor-evoked activity in GABAergic inhibitory interneuron populations in the OB. This suppression was prevented by inactivation of LC or pretreatment of the olfactory bulb with a broad-spectrum noradrenergic receptor antagonist. Visualization of synaptic output from olfactory sensory neuron terminals into the olfactory bulb of the brain revealed that amygdalar inactivation preferentially strengthened the odor-evoked synaptic output of weakly activated populations of sensory afferents from the nose, thus demonstrating a change in sensory gating potentially mediated by local inhibition of olfactory sensory neuron terminals. We conclude that amygdalar activity influences olfactory processing as early as the primary sensory input to the brain by modulating norepinephrine release from the locus coeruleus into the olfactory bulb. These findings show that the amygdala and LC state actively determines which sensory signals are selected for processing in sensory brain regions. Similar local circuitry operates in the olfactory, visual, and auditory systems, suggesting a potentially shared mechanism across modalities.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The affective state is increasingly understood to influence early neural processing of sensory stimuli, not just the behavioral response to those stimuli. The present study elucidates one circuit by which the amygdala, a critical structure for emotional learning, valence coding, and stress, can shape sensory input to the brain and early sensory processing through its connections to the locus coeruleus. One function of this interaction appears to be sensory gating, because inactivating the central, basolateral, and lateral nuclei of the amygdala selectively strengthened the weakest olfactory inputs to the brain. This linkage of amygdalar and LC output to primary sensory signaling may have implications for affective disorders that include sensory dysfunctions like hypervigilance, attentional bias, and impaired sensory gating.
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nor-BNI Antagonism of Kappa Opioid Agonist-Induced Reinstatement of Ethanol-Seeking Behavior. JOURNAL OF ADDICTION 2016; 2016:1084235. [PMID: 27891289 PMCID: PMC5116346 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1084235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent work suggests that the dynorphin (DYN)/kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system may be a key mediator in the behavioral effects of alcohol. The objective of the present study was to examine the ability of the KOR antagonist norbinaltorphimine (nor-BNI) to attenuate relapse to ethanol seeking due to priming injections of the KOR agonist U50,488 at time points consistent with KOR selectivity. Male Wistar rats were trained to self-administer a 10% ethanol solution, and then responding was extinguished. Following extinction, rats were injected with U50,488 (0.1–10 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline and were tested for the reinstatement of ethanol seeking. Next, the ability of the nonselective opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone (0 or 3.0 mg/kg, s.c.) and nor-BNI (0 or 20.0 mg/kg, i.p.) to block U50,488-induced reinstatement was examined. Priming injections U50,488 reinstated responding on the previously ethanol-associated lever. Pretreatment with naltrexone reduced the reinstatement of ethanol-seeking behavior. nor-BNI also attenuated KOR agonist-induced reinstatement, but to a lesser extent than naltrexone, when injected 24 hours prior to injections of U50,488, a time point that is consistent with KOR selectivity. While these results suggest that activation of KORs is a key mechanism in the regulation of ethanol-seeking behavior, U50,488-induced reinstatement may not be fully selective for KORs.
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29
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Reyes BAS, Kravets JL, Connelly KL, Unterwald EM, Van Bockstaele EJ. Localization of the delta opioid receptor and corticotropin-releasing factor in the amygdalar complex: role in anxiety. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:1007-1026. [PMID: 27376372 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that central nervous system norepinephrine (NE) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) systems are important mediators of behavioral responses to stressors. More recent studies have defined a role for delta opioid receptors (DOPR) in maintaining emotional valence including anxiety. The amygdala plays an important role in processing emotional stimuli, and has been implicated in the development of anxiety disorders. Activation of DOPR or inhibition of CRF in the amygdala reduces baseline and stress-induced anxiety-like responses. It is not known whether CRF- and DOPR-containing amygdalar neurons interact or whether they are regulated by NE afferents. Therefore, this study sought to better define interactions between the CRF, DOPR and NE systems in the basolateral (BLA) and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) of the male rat using anatomical and functional approaches. Irrespective of the amygdalar subregion, dual immunofluorescence microscopy showed that DOPR was present in CRF-containing neurons. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed that DOPR was localized to both dendritic processes and axon terminals in the BLA and CeA. Semi-quantitative dual immunoelectron microscopy analysis of gold-silver labeling for DOPR and immunoperoxidase labeling for CRF revealed that 55 % of the CRF neurons analyzed contained DOPR in the BLA while 67 % of the CRF neurons analyzed contained DOPR in the CeA. Furthermore, approximately 41 % of DOPR-labeled axon terminals targeted BLA neurons that expressed CRF while 29 % of DOPR-labeled axon terminals targeted CeA neurons that expressed CRF. Triple label immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that DOPR and CRF were co-localized in common cellular profiles that were in close proximity to NE-containing fibers in both subregions. These anatomical results indicate significant interactions between DOPR and CRF in this critical limbic region and reveal that NE is poised to regulate these peptidergic systems in the amygdala. Functional studies were performed to determine if activation of DOPR could inhibit the anxiety produced by elevation of NE in the amygdala using the pharmacological stressor yohimbine. Administration of the DOPR agonist, SNC80, significantly attenuated elevated anxiogenic behaviors produced by yohimbine as measured in the rat on the elevated zero maze. Taken together, results from this study demonstrate the convergence of three important systems, NE, CRF, and DOPR, in the amygdala and provide insight into their functional role in modulating stress and anxiety responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly A S Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 S. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
| | - J L Kravets
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 S. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - K L Connelly
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - E M Unterwald
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - E J Van Bockstaele
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 S. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
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Zitnik GA. Control of arousal through neuropeptide afferents of the locus coeruleus. Brain Res 2016; 1641:338-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Jüngling K, Blaesse P, Goedecke L, Pape HC. Dynorphin-Dependent Reduction of Excitability and Attenuation of Inhibitory Afferents of NPS Neurons in the Pericoerulear Region of Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:61. [PMID: 27013974 PMCID: PMC4786570 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Neuropeptide S system, consisting of the 20-amino acid peptide neuropeptide S (NPS) and its G-protein coupled receptor (NPSR), modulates arousal, wakefulness, anxiety, and fear-extinction in mice. In addition, recent evidence indicates that the NPS system attenuates stress-dependent impairment of fear extinction, and that NPS-expressing neurons in close proximity to the locus coeruleus region (LC; pericoerulear, periLC) are activated by stress. Furthermore, periLC NPS neurons receive afferents from neurons of the centrolateral nucleus of the amygdala (CeL), of which a substantial population expresses the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) ligand precursor prodynorphin. This study aims to identify the effect of the dynorphinergic system on NPS neurons in the periLC via pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms. Using electrophysiological recordings in mouse brain slices, we provide evidence that NPS neurons in the periLC region are directly inhibited by dynorphin A (DynA) via activation of κ-opioid receptor 1 (KOR1) and a subsequent increase of potassium conductances. Thus, the dynorphinergic system is suited to inactivate NPS neurons in the periLC. In addition to this direct, somatic effect, DynA reduces the efficacy of GABAergic synapses on NPS neurons via KOR1 and KOR2. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence for the interaction of the NPS and the kappa opioid system in the periLC. Therefore, the endogenous opioid dynorphin is suited to inhibit NPS neurons with a subsequent decrease in NPS release in putative target regions leading to a variety of physiological consequences such as increased anxiety or vulnerability to stress exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Jüngling
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Münster Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Blaesse
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Münster Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Goedecke
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Münster Münster, Germany
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Shagiakhmetov FS, Proskuryakova TV, Shamakina IY. The dynorphin/kappa-opioid system of the brain as a promising target for therapy for dependence on psychoactive substances. NEUROCHEM J+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712415040157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chan P, Lutfy K. Molecular Changes in Opioid Addiction: The Role of Adenylyl Cyclase and cAMP/PKA System. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 137:203-27. [PMID: 26810003 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
For centuries, opiate analgesics have had a considerable presence in the treatment of moderate to severe pain. While effective in providing analgesia, opiates are notorious in exerting many undesirable adverse reactions. The receptor targets and the intracellular effectors of opioids have largely been identified. Furthermore, much of the mechanisms underlying the development of tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal have been delineated. Thus, there is a focus on developing novel compounds or strategies in mitigating or avoiding the development of tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal. This review focuses on the adenylyl cyclase and cyclic adenosine 3,5-monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (AC/cAMP/PKA) system as the central player in mediating the acute and chronic effects of opioids. This chapter also reviews the neuronal adaptive changes in the locus coeruleus, amygdala, periaqueductal gray, and ventral tegmental area induced by acute and chronic actions of opioid because these neuronal adaptive changes in these regions may underlie the behavioral changes observed in opiate users and abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Chan
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Western University of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Pomona, California, USA.
| | - Kabirullah Lutfy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
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34
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Jüngling K, Lange MD, Szkudlarek HJ, Lesting J, Erdmann FS, Doengi M, Kügler S, Pape HC. Increased GABAergic Efficacy of Central Amygdala Projections to Neuropeptide S Neurons in the Brainstem During Fear Memory Retrieval. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2753-63. [PMID: 25936641 PMCID: PMC4864651 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The canonical view on the central amygdala has evolved from a simple output station towards a highly organized microcircuitry, in which types of GABAergic neurons in centrolateral (CeL) and centromedial (CeM) subnuclei regulate fear expression and generalization. How these specific neuronal populations are connected to extra-amygdaloid target regions remains largely unknown. Here we show in mice that a subpopulation of GABAergic CeL and CeM neurons projects monosynaptically to brainstem neurons expressing neuropeptide S (NPS). The CeL neurons are PKCδ-negative and are activated during conditioned fear. During fear memory retrieval, the efficacy of this GABAergic influence on NPS neurons is enhanced. Moreover, a large proportion of these neurons (~50%) contain prodynorphin and somatostatin, two neuropeptides inhibiting NPS neurons. We conclude that CeL and CeM neurons inhibit NPS neurons in the brainstem by GABA release and that efficacy of this connection is strengthened upon fear memory retrieval. Thereby, this pathway provides a possible feedback mechanism between amygdala and brainstem routes involved in fear and stress coping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Jüngling
- Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany,Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27a, Münster D-48149, Germany. E-mail: or
| | - Maren D Lange
- Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hanna J Szkudlarek
- Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jörg Lesting
- Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Frank S Erdmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Doengi
- Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kügler
- Department of Neurology, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Pape
- Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany,Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27a, Münster D-48149, Germany. E-mail: or
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Crowley NA, Kash TL. Kappa opioid receptor signaling in the brain: Circuitry and implications for treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 62:51-60. [PMID: 25592680 PMCID: PMC4465498 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Kappa opioid receptors (KORs) in the central nervous system have been known to be important regulators of a variety of psychiatry illnesses, including anxiety and addiction, but their precise involvement in these disorders is complex and has yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we briefly review the pharmacology of KORs in the brain, including KOR's involvement in anxiety, depression, and drug addiction. We also review the known neuronal circuitry impacted by KOR signaling, and interactions with corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), another key peptide in anxiety-related illnesses, as well as the role of glucocorticoids. We suggest that KORs are a promising therapeutic target for a host of neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. Crowley
- Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA,Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Thomas L. Kash
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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36
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McCall JG, Al-Hasani R, Siuda ER, Hong DY, Norris AJ, Ford CP, Bruchas MR. CRH Engagement of the Locus Coeruleus Noradrenergic System Mediates Stress-Induced Anxiety. Neuron 2015; 87:605-20. [PMID: 26212712 PMCID: PMC4529361 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus noradrenergic (LC-NE) system is one of the first systems engaged following a stressful event. While numerous groups have demonstrated that LC-NE neurons are activated by many different stressors, the underlying neural circuitry and the role of this activity in generating stress-induced anxiety has not been elucidated. Using a combination of in vivo chemogenetics, optogenetics, and retrograde tracing, we determine that increased tonic activity of the LC-NE system is necessary and sufficient for stress-induced anxiety and aversion. Selective inhibition of LC-NE neurons during stress prevents subsequent anxiety-like behavior. Exogenously increasing tonic, but not phasic, activity of LC-NE neurons is alone sufficient for anxiety-like and aversive behavior. Furthermore, endogenous corticotropin-releasing hormone(+) (CRH(+)) LC inputs from the amygdala increase tonic LC activity, inducing anxiety-like behaviors. These studies position the LC-NE system as a critical mediator of acute stress-induced anxiety and offer a potential intervention for preventing stress-related affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan G McCall
- Division of Basic Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ream Al-Hasani
- Division of Basic Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Edward R Siuda
- Division of Basic Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel Y Hong
- Division of Basic Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aaron J Norris
- Division of Basic Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christopher P Ford
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Division of Basic Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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37
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The role of the dynorphin/κ opioid receptor system in anxiety. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:783-90. [PMID: 25982631 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are the most common and prevalent forms of psychiatric disease, although the biological basis of anxiety is not well understood. The dynorphin/κ opioid receptor system is widely distributed in the central nervous system and has been shown to play a critical role in modulating mood and emotional behaviors. In the present review, we summarize current literature relating to the role played by the dynorphin/κ opioid receptor system in anxiety and κ opioid receptor antagonists as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of anxiety disorders.
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Chung S, Kim HJ, Kim HJ, Choi SH, Cho JH, Cho YH, Kim DH, Shin KH. Desipramine and citalopram attenuate pretest swim-induced increases in prodynorphin immunoreactivity in the dorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the lateral division of the central nucleus of the amygdala in the forced swimming test. Neuropeptides 2014; 48:273-80. [PMID: 25129807 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Dynorphin in the nucleus accumbens shell plays an important role in antidepressant-like effect in the forced swimming test (FST), but it is unclear whether desipramine and citalopram treatments alter prodynorphin levels in other brain areas. To explore this possibility, we injected mice with desipramine and citalopram 0.5, 19, and 23 h after a 15-min pretest swim and observed changes in prodynorphin expression before the test swim, which was conducted 24 h after the pretest swim. The pretest swim increased prodynorphin immunoreactivity in the dorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (dBNST) and lateral division of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeL). This increase in prodynorphin immunoreactivity in the dBNST and CeL was blocked by desipramine and citalopram treatments. Similar changes in prodynorphin mRNA levels were observed in the dBNST and CeL, but these changes did not reach significance. To understand the underlying mechanism, we assessed changes in phosphorylated CREB at Ser(133) (pCREB) immunoreactivity in the dBNST and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). Treatment with citalopram but not desipramine after the pretest swim significantly increased pCREB immunoreactivity only in the dBNST. These results suggest that regulation of prodynorphin in the dBNST and CeL before the test swim may be involved in the antidepressant-like effect of desipramine and citalopram in the FST and suggest that changes in pCREB immunoreactivity in these areas may not play an important role in the regulation of prodynorphin in the dBNST and CeA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Chung
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jeong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hye Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Ha Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Funk D, Coen K, Lê AD. The role of kappa opioid receptors in stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking in rats. Brain Behav 2014; 4:356-67. [PMID: 24944865 PMCID: PMC4055186 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stress is related to heavy alcohol use and relapse in alcoholics. Using the reinstatement model, we have shown that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) underlies stress-induced relapse to alcohol seeking in laboratory rodents. Little is known about how other neurotransmitters interact with CRF in these effects. Dynorphin and its receptor (kappa opioid receptor, KOR) are involved in stress responses and in alcohol seeking. KOR and CRF receptors (CRF R) may interact in the production of stress-related behaviors but it is not known whether this interaction is involved in reinstatement of alcohol seeking. METHODS Male Long Evans rats were trained to self-administer alcohol (12% w/v). After extinction of responding, we determined the effects of the KOR agonist, U50,488 (2.5, 5 mg/kg) on reinstatement of alcohol seeking, and their sensitivity to the selective KOR antagonist nor-binaltorphimine dihydrochloride (nor-BNI) (10 mg/kg) administered at different times before U50,488. We then examined the effects of nor-BNI on reinstatement induced by the stressor yohimbine (1.25 mg/kg) and on reinstatement induced by exposure to alcohol-associated cues. Finally, we determined whether CRF R1 blockade with antalarmin (10, 20 mg/kg) attenuates alcohol seeking induced by U50,488. RESULTS U50,488 reinstated alcohol seeking. Prior treatment with nor-BNI 2, but not 24 h before administration of U50,488 or yohimbine blocked reinstatement induced by these drugs. Cue-induced reinstatement was blocked by nor-BNI administered 2 h prior to testing. Finally, U50,488-induced reinstatement was blocked by antalarmin. CONCLUSIONS These data further support a role for KOR in reinstatement of alcohol seeking under nonstress and stressful conditions and that KOR and CRF R interact in these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Funk
- Neurobiology of Alcohol Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto, Canada
| | - Kathleen Coen
- Neurobiology of Alcohol Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto, Canada
| | - A D Lê
- Neurobiology of Alcohol Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto, Canada ; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto Toronto, Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto Toronto, Canada
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40
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Grella SL, Funk D, Coen K, Li Z, Lê AD. Role of the kappa-opioid receptor system in stress-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking in rats. Behav Brain Res 2014; 265:188-97. [PMID: 24583188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The correlation between stress and smoking is well established. The mechanisms that underlie this relationship are, however, unclear. Recent data suggest that the kappa-opioid system is involved in the mediation of negative affective states associated with stress thereby promoting drug addiction and relapse. Pharmacological treatments targeting the kappa-opioid system and this mechanism may prove to be useful therapeutics for nicotine addiction in the future. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether there was a stress-specific role of the kappa-opioid system in nicotine seeking behavior. METHOD Groups of male Long Evans rats were trained to self-administer nicotine intravenously; their operant responding for nicotine was extinguished prior to tests of reinstatement. Pretreatment with systemic injections of the kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) was given prior to tests of stress (systemic injections of yohimbine (YOH)) or cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking. Systemic injections of the KOR agonist U50,488 were also given in a test for reinstatement of nicotine seeking. RESULTS Nor-BNI pretreatment at 1h and 24h prior to testing was able to block YOH-induced, but not cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking. U50,488 reinstated nicotine seeking behavior in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the hypothesis that the kappa-opioid system is involved in relapse to nicotine seeking induced by stress, but not by conditioned cues. KOR antagonists such as nor-BNI may therefore be useful novel therapeutic agents for decreasing the risk of stress-induced drug relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Grella
- Neurobiology of Alcohol Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Rm 4207, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Douglas Funk
- Neurobiology of Alcohol Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada.
| | - Kathy Coen
- Neurobiology of Alcohol Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Zhaoxia Li
- Neurobiology of Alcohol Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - A D Lê
- Neurobiology of Alcohol Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Rm 4207, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
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41
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Al-Hasani R, McCall JG, Foshage AM, Bruchas MR. Locus coeruleus kappa-opioid receptors modulate reinstatement of cocaine place preference through a noradrenergic mechanism. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:2484-97. [PMID: 23787819 PMCID: PMC3799068 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Activation of kappa-opioid receptors (KORs) in monoamine circuits results in dysphoria-like behaviors and stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking in both conditioned place preference (CPP) and self-administration models. Noradrenergic (NA) receptor systems have also been implicated in similar behaviors. Dynorphinergic projections terminate within the locus coeruleus (LC), a primary source of norepinephrine in the forebrain, suggesting a possible link between the NA and dynorphin/kappa opioid systems, yet the implications of these putative interactions have not been investigated. We isolated the necessity of KORs in the LC in kappa opioid agonist (U50,488)-induced reinstatement of cocaine CPP by blocking KORs in the LC with NorBNI (KOR antagonist). KOR-induced reinstatement was significantly attenuated in mice injected with NorBNI in the LC. To determine the sufficiency of KORs in the LC on U50,488-induced reinstatement of cocaine CPP, we virally re-expressed KORs in the LC of KOR knockout mice. We found that KORs expression in the LC alone was sufficient to partially rescue KOR-induced reinstatement. Next we assessed the role of NA signaling in KOR-induced reinstatement of cocaine CPP in the presence and absence of a α2-agonist (clonidine), β-adrenergic receptor antagonist (propranolol), and β(1)- and β(2)-antagonist (betaxolol and ICI-118,551 HCl). Both the blockade of postsynaptic β(1)-adrenergic receptors and the activation of presynaptic inhibitory adrenergic autoreceptors selectively potentiated the magnitude of KOR-induced reinstatement of cocaine CPP but not cocaine-primed CPP reinstatement. Finally, viral restoration of KORs in the LC together with β-adrenergic receptor blockade did not potentiate KOR-induced reinstatement to cocaine CPP, suggesting that adrenergic receptor interactions occur at KOR-expressing regions external to the LC. These results identify a previously unknown interaction between KORs and NA systems and suggest a NA regulation of KOR-dependent reinstatement of cocaine CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ream Al-Hasani
- Basic Research Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jordan G McCall
- Basic Research Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Audra M Foshage
- Basic Research Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Basic Research Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Departments of Anesthesiology and Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8054, St Louis, MO 63110, USA, Tel: +1 314 747 5754, Fax: +1 314 362 8571, E-mail:
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42
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Protracted withdrawal from ethanol and enhanced responsiveness stress: regulation via the dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor system. Alcohol 2013; 47:359-65. [PMID: 23731692 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although recent work suggests that the dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor (DYN/KOR) system may be a key mediator in the stress-related effects of alcohol, the regulation of long-term changes associated with protracted withdrawal from ethanol via the DYN/KOR system has yet to be explored. The objective of the present study was to determine the role of the DYN/KOR system in the regulation of anxiety-related behaviors during an extended period of abstinence from ethanol in animals with a history of ethanol dependence. Male Wistar rats (n = 94) were fed an ethanol or control liquid diet for 25-30 days. Six weeks after its removal, rats were exposed to 20 min of immobilization, and the ability of the KOR antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) (0-20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p.]) to attenuate the enhanced responsiveness to stress observed in rats chronically exposed to ethanol was investigated using the elevated plus maze. In addition, the ability of U50,488 (0-10 mg/kg, i.p.) to prime anxiety-like behavior during protracted withdrawal was also examined. Rats with a history of ethanol dependence showed a significant decrease in open-arm exploration after exposure to restraint, indicating an anxiety-like state, compared to similarly treated controls, an effect that was blocked by nor-BNI. nor-BNI also selectively decreased center time and open-arm approaches in ethanol-exposed rats. The highest dose of U50,488 decreased open-arm exploration and the total number of arm entries in ethanol-exposed and control rats. Although lower doses of U50,488 did not affect open-arm exploration in either group, the 0.1 mg/kg dose selectively decreased motor activity in the ethanol-exposed rats when compared to similarly pretreated controls. These findings further support the hypothesis that behaviors associated with withdrawal from ethanol are in part regulated by the DYN/KOR system, and suggest that these effects may be long lasting in nature.
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Retson TA, Van Bockstaele EJ. Coordinate regulation of noradrenergic and serotonergic brain regions by amygdalar neurons. J Chem Neuroanat 2013; 52:9-19. [PMID: 23651691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on the importance of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system and the dorsal raphe nucleus-serotonergic (DRN-5-HT) system in stress-related pathologies, additional understanding of brain regions coordinating their activity is of particular interest. One such candidate is the amygdalar complex, and specifically, the central nucleus (CeA), which has been implicated in emotional arousal and is known to send monosynaptic afferent projections to both these regions. Our present data using dual retrograde tract tracing is the first to demonstrate a population of amygdalar neurons that project in a collateralized manner to the LC and DRN, indicating that amygdalar neurons are positioned to coordinately regulate the LC and DRN, and links these brain regions by virtue of a common set of afferents. Further, we have also characterized the phenotype of a population of these collaterally projecting neurons from the amygdala as containing corticotropin releasing factor or dynorphin, two peptides heavily implicated in the stress response. Understanding the co-regulatory influences of this limbic region on 5HT and NE regions may help fill a gap in our knowledge regarding neural circuits impacting these systems and their adaptations in stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Retson
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States.
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Asan E, Steinke M, Lesch KP. Serotonergic innervation of the amygdala: targets, receptors, and implications for stress and anxiety. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 139:785-813. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Van Bockstaele EJ, Valentino RJ. Neuropeptide regulation of the locus coeruleus and opiate-induced plasticity of stress responses. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2013; 68:405-20. [PMID: 24054155 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-411512-5.00019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stress has been implicated as a risk factor in vulnerability to the initiation and maintenance of opiate abuse and is thought to play an important role in relapse in subjects with a history of abuse. Conversely, chronic opiate use and withdrawal are stressors and can potentially predispose individuals to stress-related psychiatric disorders. Because the interaction of opiates with stress response systems has potentially widespread clinical consequences, it is important to delineate how specific substrates of the stress response and endogenous opioid systems interact and the specific points at which stress circuits and endogenous opioid systems intersect. The purpose of this review is to present and discuss the results of studies that have unveiled the complex circuitry by which stress-related neuropeptides and endogenous opioids coregulate activity of the locus coeruleus (LC)-norepinephrine (NE) system and how chronic morphine, or stress, disturbs this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth J Van Bockstaele
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Suckow SK, Deichsel EL, Ingram SL, Morgan MM, Aicher SA. Columnar distribution of catecholaminergic neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray and their relationship to efferent pathways. Synapse 2012; 67:94-108. [PMID: 23152302 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The periaqueductal gray (PAG) is a critical brain region involved in opioid analgesia and provides efferents to descending pathways that modulate nociception. In addition, the PAG contains ascending pathways to regions involved in the regulation of reward, including the substantia nigra (SN) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). SN and VTA contain dopaminergic neurons that are critical for the maintenance of positive reinforcement. Interestingly, the PAG is also reported to contain a population of dopaminergic neurons. In this study, the distribution of catecholaminergic neurons within the ventrolateral (vl) PAG was examined using immunocytochemical methods. In addition, the catecholaminergic PAG neurons were examined to determine whether these neurons are integrated into ascending (VTA, SN) and descending rostral ventral medulla (RVM) efferent pathways from this region. The immunocytochemical analysis determined that catecholaminergic neurons in the PAG are both dopaminergic and noradrenergic and these neurons have a distinct rostrocaudal distribution within the ventrolateral column of PAG. Dopaminergic neurons were concentrated rostrally and were significantly smaller than noradrenergic neurons. Combined immunocytochemistry and tract tracing methods revealed that catecholaminergic neurons are distinct from, but closely associated with, both ascending and descending efferent projection neurons. Finally, by electron microscopy, catecholaminergic neurons showed close dendritic appositions with other neurons in PAG, suggesting a possible nonsynaptic mechanism for regulation of PAG output by these neurons. In conclusion, our data indicate that there are two populations of catecholaminergic neurons in the vlPAG that form dendritic associations with both ascending and descending efferents suggesting a possible nonsynaptic modulation of vlPAG neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby K Suckow
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97223, USA
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47
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Bupesh M, Abellán A, Medina L. Genetic and experimental evidence supports the continuum of the central extended amygdala and a mutiple embryonic origin of its principal neurons. J Comp Neurol 2012; 519:3507-31. [PMID: 21800302 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The central extended amygdala is the major output center for telencephalic control of ingestion, fear responses, stress, and anxiety. In spite of the abundant data supporting the similarity in neurochemistry, connections, and function along the extended amygdala, embryological support for this continuum is lacking. By using a combination of in vitro migration assays, in situ hybridization, and immunostaining, here we show that its major components, including central amygdala and lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), are mosaics formed by different proportions of dorsal lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE)-, ventral LGE-, and medial ganglionic eminence (MGE)-derived principal neurons. The dorsal LGE produces Pax6-expressing neurons that primarily populate lateral parts of the central extended amygdala, including the capsular and part of lateral central amygdala, but also produces a few cells for the lateral BST. Based on correlation with preproenkephalin, many of these cells are likely enkephalinergic. The ventral LGE produces Islet1-expressing neurons that populate primarily the central and medial parts of the central amygdala but also produces numerous neurons for the lateral BST. Correlation with corticotropin-releasing factor suggests that these neurons express this neuropeptide. The MGE produces the majority of neurons of the lateral BST, but its ventrocaudal subdivision also produces an important subpopulation of projection neurons containing somatostatin for medial aspects of the central amygdala. Thus, distinct principal neurons originate in different embryonic domains, but the same domains contribute neurons to most subdivisions of the central extended amygdala, which may explain the similarity in neurochemistry and connections along the corridor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munisamy Bupesh
- Laboratory of Brain Development and Evolution, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Institut of Biomedical Research of Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), 25008 Lleida Spain
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Jüngling K, Liu X, Lesting J, Coulon P, Sosulina L, Reinscheid RK, Pape HC. Activation of neuropeptide S-expressing neurons in the locus coeruleus by corticotropin-releasing factor. J Physiol 2012; 590:3701-17. [PMID: 22570383 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.226423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A recently discovered neurotransmitter system, consisting of neuropeptide S (NPS), NPS receptor, and NPS-expressing neurons in the brain stem, has received considerable interest due to its modulating influence on arousal, anxiety and stress responsiveness. Comparatively little is known about the properties of NPS-expressing neurons. Therefore in the present study, a transgenic mouse line expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in NPS neurons was used to characterize the cellular and functional properties of NPS-expressing neurons located close to the locus coeruleus. Particular emphasis was on the influence of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), given previous evidence of stress-related activation of the NPS system. Upon acute immobilization stress, an increase in c-fos expression was detected immunocytochemically in brain stem NPS-EGFP neurons that also expressed the CRF receptor 1 (CRF1). NPS-EGFP neurons were readily identified in acute slice preparations and responded to CRF application with a membrane depolarization capable of triggering action potentials. CRF-induced responses displayed pharmacological properties indicative of CRF1 that were mediated by both a reduction in membrane potassium conductance and an increase in a non-specific cation conductance different from the hyperpolarization-activated cation conductance Ih, and involved protein kinase A signalling. In conclusion, stress exposure results in activation of brain stem NPS-expressing neurons, involving a CRF1-mediated membrane depolarization via at least two ionic mechanisms. These data provide evidence for a direct interaction between the CRF and the NPS system and thereby extend previous observations of NPS-modulated stress responsiveness towards a mechanistic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Jüngling
- H.-C. Pape: Institute of Physiology I; Robert-Koch-Str. 27a, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Tejeda HA, Shippenberg TS, Henriksson R. The dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor system and its role in psychiatric disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:857-96. [PMID: 22002579 PMCID: PMC11114766 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0844-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor system has been implicated in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of several psychiatric disorders. In the present review, we present evidence indicating a key role for this system in modulating neurotransmission in brain circuits that subserve mood, motivation, and cognitive function. We overview the pharmacology, signaling, post-translational, post-transcriptional, transcriptional, epigenetic and cis regulation of the dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor system, and critically review functional neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and pharmacological evidence, suggesting that alterations in this system may contribute to affective disorders, drug addiction, and schizophrenia. We also overview the dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor system in the genetics of psychiatric disorders and discuss implications of the reviewed material for therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. A. Tejeda
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH, 333 Cassell Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 20 Penn St., Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - T. S. Shippenberg
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH, 333 Cassell Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - R. Henriksson
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH, 333 Cassell Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, CMM, L8:04, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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Bonn M, Schmitt A, Asan E. Double and triple in situ hybridization for coexpression studies: combined fluorescent and chromogenic detection of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and serotonin receptor subtype mRNAs expressed at different abundance levels. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 137:11-24. [PMID: 22075564 PMCID: PMC3249186 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0882-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple fluorescence in situ hybridization is the method of choice for studies aimed at determining simultaneous production of signal transduction molecules and neuromodulators in neurons. In our analyses of the monoamine receptor mRNA expression of peptidergic neurons in the rat telencephalon, double tyramide-signal-amplified fluorescence in situ hybridization delivered satisfactory results for coexpression analysis of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and serotonin receptor 2C (5-HT2C) mRNA, a receptor subtype expressed at high-to-moderate abundance in the regions analyzed. However, expression of 5-HT1A mRNA, which is expressed at comparatively low abundance in many telencephalic areas, could not be unequivocally identified in NPY mRNA-reactive neurons due to high background and poor signal-to-noise ratio in fluorescent receptor mRNA detections. Parallel chromogenic in situ hybridization provided clear labeling for 5-HT1A mRNA and additionally offered the possibility to monitor the chromogen deposition at regular time intervals to determine the optimal signal-to-noise ratio. We first developed a double labeling protocol combining fluorescence and chromogenic in situ hybridization and subsequently expanded this variation to combine double fluorescence and chromogenic in situ hybridization for triple labelings. With this method, we documented expression of 5-HT2C and/or 5-HT1A in subpopulations of telencephalic NPY-producing neurons. The method developed in the present study appears suitable for conventional light and fluorescence microscopy, combines advantages of fluorescence and chromogenic in situ hybridization protocols and thus provides a reliable non-radioactive alternative to previously published multiple labeling methods for coexpression analyses in which one mRNA species requires highly sensitive detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bonn
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Koellikerstr. 6, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Angelika Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Fuechsleinstr. 15, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Esther Asan
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Koellikerstr. 6, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
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