Evolving Landscape of New Drug Approval in Japan and Lags from International Birth Dates: Retrospective Regulatory Analysis

New Drug Approvals in China: An International Comparative Analysis, 2019-2023

Purpose

Over the past five years, China's pharmaceutical industry has rapidly developed but still lags behind global leaders. This study aims to analyze and compare the trends in new drug approvals in China, the United States (US), the European Union (EU), and Japan from 2019 to 2023.

Methods

Data on new drug approvals were collected from the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), and Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), including information on the generic name, trade name, applicants, target, approval date, drug type, approved indications, therapeutic area, the highest R&D status in China, and special approval status. The approval time gaps between China and other regions were calculated.

Results

From 2019 to 2023, China led with 256 new drug approvals, followed by the US (243 approvals), the EU (191 approvals), and Japan (187 approvals). Oncology, hematology, and infectiology were identified as the leading therapeutic areas globally and in China. Notably, PD-1 and EGFR inhibitors saw substantial approval, with 8 drugs each approved by the NMPA. China significantly reduced the approval timeline gap with the US and the EU since 2021, approving 15 first-in-class drugs during the study period.

Conclusion

Despite COVID-19 challenges, China has improved in both the quantity and speed of new drug approvals, narrowing timeline gaps with major markets and enhancing its global pharmaceutical presence.

Exploring the impact of ethnicity on drug pharmacokinetics using PBPK models: A case study with lansoprazole in Japanese subjects

AIMS

The aim of this study is to demonstrate the use of PBPK modelling to explore the impact of ethnic differences on drug PK.

METHODS

A PBPK model developed for lansoprazole was used to predict the clinical PK of lansoprazole in Japanese subjects by incorporating the physiological parameters of a Japanese population into the model. Further verification of the developed Japanese population with clinical studies involving eight other CYP substrates-omeprazole, ticlopidine, alprazolam, midazolam, nifedipine, cinacalcet, paroxetine and dextromethorphan-was also carried out.

RESULTS

The PK of lansoprazole in both Caucasian and Japanese subjects was well predicted by the model as the observed data were within the 5th and 95th percentiles across all the clinical studies. In age- and sex-matched simulations in both the Caucasian and Japanese populations, the predicted PK (mean ± SD) of a single oral dose of 30-mg lansoprazole was higher in the Japanese population in all cases, with more than twofold higher AUC of 5.98 ± 6.43 mg/L.h (95% CI: 4.72, 7.24) vs. 2.46 ± 2.45 mg/L.h (95% CI: 1.98, 2.94) in one scenario. In addition, in two out of the nine clinical DDIs of lansoprazole and the additional CYP substrates simulated using the Japanese population, the predicted DDI in Japanese was more than 1.25-fold that in Caucasians, indicating an increased DDI liability.

CONCLUSIONS

By accounting for various physiological parameters that characterize a population in a PBPK model, the impact of the different identified interethnic differences on the drug's PK can be explored, which can inform the adoption of drugs from one region to another.

Repurposing of nervous system drugs for cancer treatment: recent advances, challenges, and future perspectives

The nervous system plays a critical role in developmental biology and oncology, influencing processes from ontogeny to the complex dynamics of cancer progression. Interactions between the nervous system and cancer significantly affect oncogenesis, tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, treatment resistance, inflammation that promotes tumors, and the immune response. A comprehensive understanding of the signal transduction pathways involved in cancer biology is essential for devising effective anti-cancer strategies and overcoming resistance to existing therapies. Recent advances in cancer neuroscience promise to establish a new cornerstone of cancer therapy. Repurposing drugs originally developed for modulating nerve signal transduction represent a promising approach to target oncogenic signaling pathways in cancer treatment. This review endeavors to investigate the potential of repurposing neurological drugs, which target neurotransmitters and neural pathways, for oncological applications. In this context, it aims to bridge the interdisciplinary gap between neurology, psychiatry, internal medicine, and oncology. By leveraging already approved drugs, researchers can utilize existing extensive safety and efficacy data, thereby reducing both the time and financial resources necessary for the development of new cancer therapies. This strategy not only promises to enhance patient outcomes but also to expand the array of available treatments, thereby enriching the therapeutic landscape in oncology.

Regulatory efforts to address the access gap for foreign new drugs in China: the priority review program and related policies

BACKGROUND

China has implemented the priority review (PR) program and flexible registration requirements for new drugs with significant clinical value since 2016 to accelerate drug access. We aim to explore the impact of the reform efforts on the drug access gap between China and the US.

METHODS

We collected data on the imported new drug approvals that were licensed in China between 2007 and 2023, and measured their launch delays as compared to the US. Difference-in-difference models were used to compare the launch delays of PR approvals and non-PR approvals before and after the implementation of the PR. Propensity score matching was used to construct the imputed PR and non-PR approvals in the pre-PR period.

RESULTS

A total of 410 imported approvals were licensed in China in 2007-2023. Most approvals (316[77.1%]) were licensed after the PR was implemented, of which 189[59.8%] received the PR designation. The difference-in-difference models found that the PR program reduced drug launch delay by 1157.0 days (robust standard error, 571.0; P<0.05) and reduced drug submission delay by 1037.3 days (robust standard error, 520.8; P<0.05). The PR identified drugs with high clinical value and informed flexible registration requirements for them, which accelerated drug submission and market entry.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings proved the importance of value-based prioritization of new drugs and flexibility in the statutory evidentiary standard in the drug approval process. Further efforts from the drug agency are needed to leverage the regulatory flexibility to provide fast market entry of new drugs without compromising their quality.

Concordance Between Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency Review and Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Decision Among New Drug Applications in Japan

New drug applications (NDAs) in Japan are reviewed by the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA). Those that pass the review are subsequently subject to deliberation by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Councils (MHLW-PAFSC), and the MHLW legislatively grants approval based on its positive opinions. However, little is known regarding the relationship between the PMDA review and the MHLW decision. We retrospectively assessed the MHLW decision of NDAs that passed the PMDA review at the initial MHLW-PAFSC deliberation from 2002 to 2022. The reasoning behind a non-supportive opinion from the MHLW-PAFSC and the sponsor's actions to overcome unresolved issues were also documented. A total of 2,117 of 2,153 (98.3%) NDAs that passed the PMDA review were approved at the initial MHLW-PAFSC deliberation with a positive opinion. The remaining 36 applications were not approved at the initial deliberation and subjected to continued deliberation because of a non-supportive opinion from the councils, although 29 were finally approved through revision of the application document (24 applications), re-analysis of the data (1 application), or additional clinical trials (4 applications). Seven applications have not been approved, of which one was refused, four were withdrawn, and two were unknown. The MHLW approves NDAs that passed the PMDA review at the initial deliberation at a high rate, suggesting that NDAs only suitable for approval passed the review and reached the MHLW-PAFSC deliberation. Only a few NDAs were not approved at the initial deliberation; however, most of them were finally approved.

Application of model-informed drug development (MIDD) for dose selection in regulatory submissions for drug approval in Japan

Model-informed drug development (MIDD) is an approach to improve the efficiency of drug development. To promote awareness and application of MIDD in Japan, the Data Science Expert Committee of the Drug Evaluation Committee in the Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association established a task force, which surveyed MIDD applications for approved products in Japan. This study aimed to reveal the trends and challenges in the use of MIDD by analyzing the survey results. A total of 322 cases approved in Japan between January 2020 and March 2022 as medical products were included in the survey. Modeling analysis was performed in approximately half of the cases (47.8% [154/322]) and formed a major basis for the selection or justification of dosage and administration in approximately one-fourth of the cases [24.2% (78/322)]. Modeling analysis/model-based dose selection was frequently conducted in cases involving monoclonal antibodies, first indication, orphan drugs, and multi-regional trials. Moreover, the survey results indicated that modeling analyses contributed to dose optimization throughout the developmental phases, including changing dose levels from phase II to phase III and dose adjustment in special populations. Japanese data were included in most cases in which modeling analysis was used for dosage selection. Thus, modelling analysis may also address ethnic factors introduced in the ICH E5 and/or E17 guidelines. In summary, this survey is useful for understanding the current status of MIDD use in Japan and for future drug development.

Characteristics of Drugs from Non-Global Companies for Hematologic Malignancies and Impact on Global Regulatory Approval

The number of drugs developed by non-global companies, including biotech start-ups, has increased; however, their characteristics and impact on global regulatory approval are not well understood. Using a public database, we identified new molecular entities (NMEs) approved for hematologic malignancies in the US from January 2011 to December 2022. They were divided into those submitted by non-global companies (non-global group) and those by global companies (global group). We identified 48 NMEs, of which 19 (40%) were classified as non-global. Of these, 13 (68%) were from US-based companies. In the non-global group, 63% (12/19) of the NMEs had received accelerated approval in the US, of which only 50% (6/12) had a post-approval confirmatory trial by September 2023. Regarding the impact on the approval in the European Union (EU) and Japan, the unapproval rate of 2 years after US approval was higher in the non-global group than in the global group in the EU (56% vs. 21%) and Japan (94% vs. 64%). In conclusion, many NMEs from non-global companies had received accelerated approval in the US based on phase I/II trials. NMEs from non-global companies had a higher unapproval rate at 2 years in both the EU and Japan.

Comparison of Oncology Drug Lag in Japan and South Korea Based on the Interval between the U.S. Approval and the Local Approval

Drug lag is a serious issue for patients with life-threatening diseases such as cancer. Japan and Korea have been facing a large drug lag, despite having a large market and a good clinical trial environment. We analyzed drug lags for anticancer drugs between these countries, using the information on 82 anticancer drugs approved in the United States between 2017 and 2022. The national health insurance coverage status was also investigated. The approval lag, defined as the number of days from the date of approval in the United States to the date of approval in the country of interest, was used as the indicator of drug lag and was calculated for each drug. The median for all drugs was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, with the lag for locally unapproved drugs treated as censored data. The median approval lag in Japan and Korea for all drugs, including locally unapproved drugs, were 1547 d (4.2 years) and 1000 d (2.7 years), respectively. The approval lags for the approved drugs were 216 and 655 d in Japan and Korea, respectively. All drugs approved in Japan were covered by national health insurance whereas many drugs recently approved in Korea were not yet covered. The overall drug lag in Japan was greater than that in Korea due to the high number of unapproved drugs in Japan. In Korea, more drugs have been approved; however, it generally takes longer for them to become widely available to the public.

Pediatric-Specific Drug Loss Issue in Japan: Comparison of Pediatric Development Status Between Japan and the United States

BACKGROUND

The lack of label information for the pediatric population has been a global issue, leading to the introduction of several countermeasures by major health authorities. Despite various efforts by Japanese health authorities, some drugs are approved only for adults in Japan, while the United States (US) label includes information on pediatric usage for the same drugs. This suggests a potential for pediatric-specific drug loss in Japan, where overall drug loss has recently become a major concern.

METHODS

In this study, we compared the pediatric usage status between Japan and the US, focusing on the indications approved in both countries.

RESULTS

Of the 404 indications, 70 (17.3%) and 102 (25.2%) included pediatric usage in Japan and the US, respectively. The proportion of indications, including pediatric usage, was significantly higher in the US than in Japan (χ2 test, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis of indications for pediatric usage in the US demonstrated that simultaneous development with adults (odds ratio (OR), 24.9; 95% confidence interval (CI), 6.79-91.1) and Japan-first development (OR, 31.5; 95% CI, 2.59-384) were significantly affecting the inclusion of pediatric usage in Japan.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that there was pediatric-specific drug loss in Japan compared to that in the US. The multivariate analysis demonstrated that US-first development and non-simultaneous development had a negative impact on the inclusion of pediatric usage in Japan; however, pediatric assessment request was not a significant factor. Further frameworks to promote pediatric drug development should be introduced in Japan to address pediatric-specific drug loss issues.

New Drug Development Strategy in Japan: Flexibility in Guideline Adherence

Recently, a new type of drug lag, known as "drug loss" has emerged in Japan. It is a condition where the development of a drug approved in other countries has not been initiated in Japan. For 265 new drugs approved in the United States or Europe during 2010-2020, only 31% had commenced development in Japan as of December 31, 2020. A characteristic feature of Japanese guidelines on new drug development is that, in principle, clinical trial data in Japanese participants are required in each study phase. Given key players in new drug development are shifting from large pharmaceutical companies to emerging biopharma companies, primarily based outside Japan, the necessity for Japanese data may contribute to the drug lag. This study aimed to clarify the guideline adherence to new drug applications in Japan. Of the 159 new drugs approved in Japan between April 2019 and March 2024, the clinical data packages for almost all drugs included both pharmacokinetic (PK) data and efficacy and safety data in Japanese participants, irrespective of the study phase or design. We identified three flexible development approaches: the absence of Japanese dose-response data (39.6%), absence of Japanese confirmatory data generated from phase III randomized controlled trials (35.2%), and post-hoc Japanese PK data (43.0%, 34/79). Biologics, orphan drug designation, antineoplastic agents, and same applicant and originator were identified as factors significantly associated with these flexibilities. The results will help foreign companies, including emerging biopharmas, in formulating effective new drug development strategies, potentially alleviating the drug lag in Japan.

Different Development Strategies Affecting Japan's Drug lag between Japan-Based and Foreign-Based Companies

We examined the development strategies of new molecular entities approved during a 10-year period (fiscal years of 2012-2021) in Japan to determine the differences in drug lag between Japan and foreign companies. The results demonstrated a clear difference in development strategies. For example, products were usually developed through a "only-Japan" strategy by Japan companies (51.1% of products), compared to a "MRCT (multi-regional clinical trials)" strategy by foreign companies (54.9% of products). Regarding types of licenses, for Japan companies, the percentage of original products was higher in the category of less drug lag, such as "no approval in the US and EU" (59.1%), whereas the percentage of "license-in" products was markedly higher in the "drug lag ≥ 5 years" category (52.5%). Such differences were not observed for products developed by foreign companies. Of 64 license-in products developed by Japan companies with a drug lag > 5 years, 51 (79.7%) had already been approved in the US or EU at initiation of clinical development in Japan. The origin of approximately half (34) of the products was from the emerging companies (non-member foreign companies of the Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacture Association). These results suggest that more global cooperation of Japan companies, particularly with emerging foreign companies, is necessary in terms of the earlier timing of license-in and development strategies of products to promote drug development without drug lag or drug loss in Japan.

Postmarket safety communications on drugs approved in Japan: A 25-year analysis

Drug safety communications (DSCs) are essential tools for communicating important postmarket serious drug safety information to healthcare professionals and patients. Previous studies characterized DSCs issued by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA); however, knowledge about the activities of the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA)/the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) is limited. This study characterized DSCs by the PMDA/MHLW in comparison with previously reported DSCs by the FDA and the EMA. We retrospectively analyzed 37 DSCs of 41 adverse drug reactions (ADRs) for 33 drugs in Japan from 1997 to 2022. Most DSCs were related to non-oncology drugs (30/37, 81.1%), and the median (interquartile range) time from approval to DSC issuance was 19 (10-51) months. Notably, the regulatory review reports and the latest labels before DSC issuance did not describe 16/28 (57.1%) and 12/37 (32.4%) of the ADRs related to DSCs, respectively. Most DSCs resulted in label revisions (36/37, 97.3%) and seven drugs were eventually withdrawn. Some DSC characteristics are similar among the PMDA/MHLW, the FDA, and the EMA; however, the number, contents, and range of new safety issues addressed by DSCs differ among the three jurisdictions. Our study emphasized the importance of continuous efforts to gather postmarket drug safety information because substantial ADRs that led to DSCs were recognized after approval and were associated with critical label revisions and withdrawals. Future studies are required to address global challenges for regulatory harmonization of safety-related regulatory actions.

Pharmacological Profile of Novel Anti-cancer Drugs Approved by USFDA in 2022: A Review

BACKGROUND

For any drug molecule, it is mandatory to pass the drug approval process of the concerned regulatory authority, before being marketed. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), throughout the year, approves several new drugs for safety and efficacy. In addition to new drug approvals, FDA also works on improving access to generic drugs, aimed to lower the cost of drugs for patients and improve access to treatments. In the year 2022 twelve new drug therapies were approved for managing varying cancers.

METHODS

This manuscript is focused to describe the pharmacological aspects including therapeutic uses, mechanisms of actions, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, doses, indication for special cases, contraindications, etc., of novel FDA-approved anticancer drug therapies in the year 2022.

RESULT

FDA has approved about 29% (11 out of 37) novel drug therapies for varying types of cancers such as lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, melanoma, leukemia, etc. The Center for Drug Evaluation and Research CDER has reported that 90% of these anticancer drugs (e.g. Adagrasib, Futibatinib, Mirvetuximabsoravtansinegynx, Mosunetuzumab-axb, Nivolumab and relatlimab-rmbw, Olutasidenib, Pacritinib, Tebentafusp-tebn, Teclistamab-cqyv, and Tremelimumab-actl) as orphan drugs and recommended to treat rare or uncommon cancers such as non-small cell lung cancer, metastatic intrahepatic cholangio-carcinoma, epithelial ovarian cancer, follicular lymphoma, metastatic melanoma, metastatic uveal melanoma, etc. CDER has identified six anticancer drugs (e.g. Lutetium (177Lu)vipivotidetetraxetan, Mirvetuximabsoravtansine- gynx, Mosunetuzumab-axb, Nivolumab and relatlimab-rmbw, Tebentafusp-tebn, Teclistamab-cqyv) as first-in-class drugs i.e. drugs having different mechanisms of action from the already existing ones. The newly approved anticancer drugs shall provide more efficient treatment options for cancer patients. Three FDA-approved anticancer drugs in the year 2023 are also briefly described in the manuscript.

CONCLUSION

This manuscript, describing the pharmacological aspects of eleven anticancer novel drug therapies approved by the FDA, shall serve as a helpful document for cancer patients, concerned academicians, researchers, and clinicians, especially oncologists.

Decision and timing of safety-related labeling changes for new drugs in Japan: Comparison with the United States and the European Union

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to compare safety-related labeling changes for newly approved drugs in Japan with those in the United States (US) and the European Union (EU), where guidance on the details of pharmacovigilance (PV) process has been published, to examine the extent to which the Japanese PV process is working.

METHODS

Safety-related labeling changes for new drugs approved within 1 year in Japan, the US, and the EU were reviewed for the number, timing, and concordance of contents of the labeling change between countries/region.

RESULTS

The number of labeling changes and median time from approval to the change (min, max) were 57 cases and 814 (90, 2454) days in Japan, 63 cases and 852 (161, 3051) days in the US, and 50 cases and 851 (157, 2699) days in the EU. Distribution of the revision date of the concordant labeling change in the three countries/region and distribution of differences in revision date between the two countries/region showed no trend of delayed labeling change in a specific country/region. Concordance rate of the labeling change was 36.1% (30/83) in US-EU, 21.2% (21/99) in Japan-US, and 23.0% (20/87) in Japan-EU (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.0313 [Japan-US vs. US-EU], p = 0.066 [Japan-EU vs. US-EU]).

CONCLUSIONS

There was no trend of fewer or later labeling changes in Japan compared to those in the US/EU. While the concordance rate in US-EU was low, that in Japan-US and Japan-EU were even lower. Further investigation is needed to understand the reasons for these differences.

Trends in oncology drug lags in Japan from 2001 to 2020: A cross-sectional study

Anticancer drugs are essential in the treatment of serious diseases, but their applications are limited by drug lags. This study investigated the characteristics of anticancer drugs approved in Japan over the past 20 years and compared the drug lag trends between Japan and the US. We assessed the changes in drug lag between Japan and the US and the factors affecting the drug lags using publicly available data for anticancer drugs approved in Japan from January 2001 to December 2020. A total of 299 anticancer drugs were approved in Japan in the last 20 years. The approval lag median between the US and Japan was 498 days (16.6 months), peaking in 2002, and decreasing annually thereafter. The minimum approval lag was 173.5 days (5.7 months) in 2018. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that "global simultaneous strategy," "catch-up strategy," and "immunotherapy" are major factors shortening the drug lag. In the past decade, 226 anticancer drugs were approved in Japan. The drug lag for anticancer drugs between Japan and the US peaked in 2002, after which it declined sharply to less than a year. However, the lag was shortest in 2018.

Oncology drug lag in Japan: has it improved over the last decade?

BACKGROUND

Existing studies and statistics on the drug lag between Japan and the United States (US) for anti-cancer drugs indicate that it has decreased, whereas more drugs are left unapproved in Japan. This study aimed to quantify the impact of unapproved drugs on the drug lag.

METHODS

Information on 136 anti-cancer drugs approved in the US between 2011 and 2022 was collected. The approval lag, defined as the number of days from the date of approval in the US to the date of approval in Japan, was calculated for all selected drugs, and the median was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The approval lag for drugs not approved in Japan was treated as censored data. Factors potentially associated with the approval lag were explored using Cox regression analysis.

RESULTS

The median approval lags for the first half-period (2011-2016) and the last half-period (2017-2022) were 961 days (2.6 years) and 1547 days (4.2 years), respectively (Log-rank test: p = 0.0687). The participation of Japan in the global pivotal trial was associated with a shorter approval lag, and new drug applications by non-Japanese companies that did not rank in the global sales top 20 were associated with a longer approval lag.

CONCLUSIONS

Drug lag has not decreased over the last decade. The percentage of pivotal trials for US approval that included Japan has increased but should be further increased in the future. Japan may require a scheme to encourage smaller non-Japanese companies to include Japan in their global clinical development plan.

Exploratory Analysis of Drug Lag in New Oncology Drugs Between Japan and the US

BACKGROUND

Drug lag in Japan has greatly decreased over the past decades; however, new instances of drug lag have appeared along with changes in the circumstances of oncology drug development. We aimed to investigate the factors associated with the approval lag for new oncology drugs between Japan and the United States (US) over the past decade by comparing approval dates and modalities, lead indications, approval types, and phase I strategies for earlier approval in Japan.

METHOD

We descriptively evaluated the characteristics of 117 new oncology drugs approved in either Japan or the US from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2020.

RESULTS

Seventy-one drugs were approved in Japan, 112 in the US, five only in Japan, and 46 only in the US. Interestingly, new oncology drugs were predominantly developed by the top 20 pharmaceutical companies in Japan; however, the opposite was true for drugs that were not yet approved in Japan. However, no clear trend was observed in the relationship between drug lag and the studied factors, except for the phase I strategy. There was a numerical but clear trend in which a higher percentage of phase I multiregional clinical trials (MRCTs) in the drug development strategy was observed for drugs with earlier approval in Japan.

CONCLUSION

Participation in global drug development during the early stages, such as during phase I MRCTs, is one of the keys to successfully minimizing this new instance of drug lag in Japan.

Descriptive Analysis for the Trend of Pharmacovigilance Planning in Risk Management Plans on New Drugs Approved During 2016-2019

BACKGROUND

Japanese pharmaceutical authorities have conducted regulatory renovations of pharmacovigilance planning (PVP) since implementing new procedures for developing post-marketing study plans in 2018 in order to promote more focused and scientific approaches. This study aimed to descriptively assess the effects of those regulatory renovations on PVP for new drugs in Japan.

METHODS

We identified PVP information (drug characteristics, efficacy and safety issues, and additional activities) from the first version of risk management plans for new drugs approved between 2016 and 2019. The following indicators were analyzed: (1) proportion of the number of drugs with at least one efficacy issue among all the drugs, (2) proportion of the number of safety issues with additional activity among all the safety issues, and (3) proportion of database studies among all additional activities.

RESULTS

In total, 168 drugs, 1212 safety issues, and 301 additional activities were identified. The proportion of drugs with at least one efficacy issue decreased from 91.4% in 2016 to 27.3% in 2019, and the proportion of safety issues with additional activity also decreased from 93.9% in 2016 to 53.7% in 2019. In contrast, the proportion of database studies increased from 0 to 19.2%. The percentages of additional activities targeting important identified and potential risks also gradually decreased during the 4-year period.

CONCLUSION

Notable changes in the three indicators during 2016-2019 were observed, which suggests that regulatory renovation has affected PVP in Japan.

Assessment of the Delay in Novel Anticancer Drugs between China and the United States: A Comparative Study of Drugs Approved between 2010 and 2021

Access to anticancer drugs has been a critical health issue in China for many years. We retrospectively analyzed the novel anticancer drugs approved in the United States (US) between 2010 and 2021 to assess the evolving landscape of the drug lags in China by taking Japan and the European Union (EU) as comparisons. The absolute and relative lags of drug initial approval (DIA) and indication approval were calculated between China (or Japan/European Union) and the US based on the US approval date of novel agents, the duration was divided into 2010-2015 and 2016-2021. Overall, 123 (244 indications) new molecular entities (NMEs) approved in the United States were included, of which 58 (94 indications), 72 (128 indications), and 99 (170 indications) NMEs were also approved in China, Japan, and the European Union, respectively. The absolute lags of DIA and indications for approval in China improved dramatically in 2016-2021 compared with 2010-2015. Similarly, the relative DIA and indication approval lags in China decreased significantly in 2016-2021. The median review lags for DIA of China in 2016-2021 were comparable to Japan but dramatically lower than that of the European Union. Nevertheless, China had significantly longer median submission lags for DIA (28 months) in 2016-2021 than that of Japan (6 months) and the European Union (1 month). Although the absolute and relative lags of anticancer drugs in China had been initially addressed, 53% of NMEs and 61% of indications were still not approved for cancers in China compared with the United States. Therefore, China should adopt steps to further reduce drug lags.

Trends and Characteristics of New Drug Approvals in China, 2011-2021

BACKGROUND

In the past decade, the Chinese drug regulatory system has undergone many changes. A major reform starting in 2015 has significantly reshaped the regulatory processes. It was important to assess the impact of the reform on new drug approvals in China.

METHOD

We analyzed the temporal trends of regulatory characteristics of the new drugs approved by the Chinese regulatory agency from 2011 to 2021, using data collected in the Pharmcube database.

RESULTS

A total of 353 new drugs were approved, including 220 small molecule drugs, 86 biological products and 47 vaccines. The annual number of new drug approvals increased dramatically since 2017, reaching a record high of 70 in 2021. The median NDA approval time was 15.4 months in 2017-2021, the shortest in the decade, and was significantly shorter than that in the pre-reform period. The newly instituted expedited pathways such as priority review (PR) and accelerated approval for urgently needed overseas drugs (UNOD) significantly reduced new drug application (NDA) approval times compared with standard review. For imported drugs, in 2017-2021, the median time difference between the first approval in the world and the approval in China was 5 years, representing significant "drug lag". However, the proportion of the imported drugs approved in China within 3 years of its first foreign approval has increased to 24.4% in 2017-2021.

CONCLUSION

The regulatory reform has produced significant, positive immediate outcomes in several metrics of drug regulatory approval. China's regulatory system will continue to evolve as there still are many areas requiring further reform and improvement.

Transferability of real-world data across borders for regulatory and health technology assessment decision-making

Recently, there has been increased consideration of real-world data (RWD) and real-world evidence (RWE) in regulatory and health technology assessment (HTA) decision-making. Due to challenges in identifying high-quality and relevant RWD sources, researchers and regulatory/HTA bodies may turn to RWD generated in locales outside of the locale of interest (referred to as "transferring RWD"). We therefore performed a review of stakeholder guidance as well as selected case studies to identify themes for researchers to consider when transferring RWD from one jurisdiction to another. Our review highlighted that there is limited consensus on defining decision-grade, transferred RWD; certain stakeholders have issued relevant guidance, but the recommendations are high-level and additional effort is needed to generate comprehensive guidance. Additionally, the case studies revealed that RWD transferability has not been a consistent concern for regulatory/HTA bodies and that more focus has been put on the evaluation of internal validity. To help develop transferability best practices (alongside internal validity best practices), we suggest that researchers address the following considerations in their justification for transferring RWD: treatment pathways, nature of the healthcare system, incidence/prevalence of indication, and patient demographics. We also recommend that RWD transferability should garner more attention as the use of imported RWD could open doors to high-quality data sources and potentially reduce methodological issues that often arise in the use of local RWD; we thus hope this review provides a foundation for further dialogue around the suitability and utility of transferred RWD in the regulatory/HTA decision-making space.

Emerging PD-1/PD-L1 targeting immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: Current status and future perspective in Japan, US, EU, and China

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), one of the deadliest types of cancers worldwide, has been the target of immunotherapy due to its high immune antigenicity. With the addition of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies, as an indispensable and powerful regimen for the treatment of this lethal disease, the median survival time for patients with stage IV NSCLC is approximately 2 years. In contrast, the response rate to ICIs remains less than 50%, even if the patients are selected using biomarkers such as PD-L1. Pharmaceutical companies have begun to develop additional anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies to overcome resistance and are devising further immunotherapy combinations. More than 20 anti-PD-1/PD-L1antibodies have been approved or are currently in development. Numerous combination therapies are under development, and several combination therapies have provided positive results in randomized controlled trials. This review aimed to examine the current status of approved and investigational anti-PD-1/PD-L1antibodies for NSCLC in Japan, the United States, the European Union, and China. Further, this review discusses the challenges and future perspectives for developing new ICIs in alignment with the global developments in Japan.

Impact of expedited programs in the United States, as foreign regulatory factors, on clinical development time in Japan

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE

Regulatory authorities in several regions have introduced a number of expedited programs (EPs) to promote the development of innovative drugs for patients in their own countries. The EPs in the United States (US), alone or in combination, have been successful in shortening the clinical development time in the US. We examined whether US-EPs, as well as other related factors, have an impact on the clinical development time in Japan to obtain new insights for more efficient drug development.

METHODS

In total, 168 drugs approved as new molecular entities (NMEs) in Japan and approved in the US between 2012 and 2019 were surveyed. We compared the clinical development time in Japan for those drugs with or without US-EPs. We also examined the impact of overlapping designations of US-EPs on clinical development time in Japan. Multiple regression analysis was performed to identify associated factors related to clinical development time in Japan, including US-EPs.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The clinical development time in Japan was significantly shorter at 37.4 [Interquartile range, IQR, 28.7-48.9] months for Accelerated Approval (AA), 42.2 [30.0-53.6] months for Breakthrough Therapy (BT), 42.3 [29.3-56.4] months for Fast Track (FT), 44.5 [30.7-60.0] months for US Priority Review, and 45.2 [31.3-61.8] months for US Orphan Designation. Multiple regression analysis revealed that AA (p = 0.008), FT (p = 0.013), Japan Priority Review, and the difference in development initiation dates between the US and Japan were significant factors related to a decrease in the clinical development time in Japan, whereas Japan Orphan Designation and the development of anticancer drugs were significant factors linked to an increase in the clinical development time.

WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION

US-EPs were associated with a decrease in the clinical development time in Japan for the drugs that were approved as NMEs in Japan and approved in the US. This association was not restricted to particular therapeutic areas or development strategies. Stakeholders involved in drug development, including the drug developers and regulatory authorities in Japan, should realize these effects for efficient drug development.

Analysis of Patent and Regulatory Exclusivity for Novel Agents in China and the United States: A Cohort Study of Drugs Approved Between 2018 and 2021

Patent and regulatory exclusivity shall constitute incentives for pharmaceutical companies to develop new drugs. This study aims to investigate the differences in the patent term extension (PTE) and regulatory exclusivity between China and the United States, and to evaluate their potential impact on the market exclusivity period of novel drugs. Small-molecule novel drugs with their first indication approved in China and the United States between 2018 and 2021 were evaluated regarding their PTE and regulatory exclusivity. The PTE length of the China-approved drugs was calculated by simulation, whereas that of the US-approved drugs was extracted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Thirty-two and 107 novel drugs approved in China and the United States, respectively, were included in the study. The PTE length of the US-approved drugs calculated by the China-PTE method was significantly longer than that calculated by the US-PTE method. Patent extensions should be granted for 91% of new drugs in China and 82% in the United States. The simulated median PTE length of novel drugs approved in China was significantly higher than that of the United States (5.0 vs. 2.9 years, P < 0.05). It can be expected that the implementation of the PTE policy in China would significantly extend the period of market exclusivity for novel drugs similar to that of the United States. China should fully evaluate the potential impact of the PTE policy on the market exclusivity of novel drugs and provide better incentives to the development of novel drugs in addressing unmet clinical needs when developing its regulatory exclusivity policy.

An Empirical Analysis of Japan's Drug Development Lag Behind the United States

The "Drug lag" (i.e., the approval lag for new drugs) hinders patients' access to innovative, new medicines. The drug lag had been heavily debated in Japan from the late 2000s to the early 2010s. It consists of "development lag" (i.e., the submission date lag for new drug applications) and "review lag" (i.e., the difference in review periods). As the two lags have different causes and display significantly different recent trends in Japan, we focus on the development lag-in contrast with most previous literature-between Japan and the United States, based on a database we created for all new drugs from 2008 to 2018 using publicly available data sources. First, we found that Japan's development lag relative to the United States did not shrink in terms of the overall distribution rather than the median, which was the focus of most prior studies. Second, we examined the factors (product characteristics) that significantly affected the development lag and found that products that underwent multi-regional clinical trials and those that were certified as "breakthrough therapies" in the United States had significantly shorter development lags with high robustness, whereas products receiving price premiums did not. Finally, we discussed the policy implications of these results. For instance, innovative new drugs that are presumed to receive price premiums require enhanced policy support for early application from the initial stages of clinical trials. It is also essential to promote information-sharing regarding evaluations by foreign reviewing authorities for efficient utilization in the home country. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of Drug Lags in Development Initiation, New Drug Application and Approval Between Japan and the USA and the Impact of Local Versus Multi-regional Clinical Trials

BACKGROUND

Drug time lags occur between the date that new drugs are first approved, often in the USA, and approval is granted in other countries. Multi-regional clinical trials (MRCTs) are a key strategy for simultaneous global development and regulatory submission of new drugs. However, no studies have evaluated the impact of MRCT versus local development on key time points in the drug development lifecycle between the USA and Japan. It is important for pharmaceutical companies planning drug development in Japan to understand when they can start development, when they can catch up in case of development initiation delay, length of time the development period might take, and amount of time that market exclusivity is lost, if Japan does not participate in the MRCT.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to investigate differences in drug lag in development initiation, New Drug Application (NDA) submission and drug approval, as well as differences in the development and review periods, by local trials and MRCTs between Japan and the USA. We also assessed the advantages and disadvantages of MRCTs for these lags in Japan.

METHODS

We analyzed drug approvals in Japan between 2016 and 2020 and divided them into local and MRCT groups. Lags in development initiation, NDA submission, and approval of new drugs were calculated by subtracting each date in Japan from the corresponding date in the USA. Our study period was divided into three periods based on the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) E17 guideline, published in 2017, and the guideline for the Phase I trials in the Japanese population prior to MRCTs, published in 2014. In addition, subgroup analyses by therapeutic area, regulatory background, modality, capital style, and sales ranking (2020) were conducted.

RESULTS

We analyzed 174 approvals in Japan and the USA. The differences in the drug lags for development initiation, NDA submission, and approval between the local and MRCT groups were 4.9, 3.5, and 3.2 years, respectively. All three lag times were shorter for the MRCT group than the local group. A development initiation lag in the local group has expanded since publication of the guidelines.

CONCLUSIONS

For the people of Japan, important drug lags were identified in development initiation, NDA submission, and drug approval dates between local trials and MRCTs that include Japan. It is difficult to recover fully from the delay caused by local development, and it is important to understand the further expansion of drug lags, in cases where Japan is not involved in the MRCT.

Achievements and challenges of the Sakigake designation system in Japan

The Sakigake designation system (Sakigake) has been launched to encourage the pioneered development of innovative new medical products for the effective treatment of severe illness in Japan, which allows leveraging the several advantages in prioritized consultation, rapid review, premium drug pricing and extended data-protection period. We retrospectively analysed the Sakigake products including drugs and regenerative medical products to clarify the achievements and the future issues in this system. From April 2015 to August 2020 (the first 5-year trial period of Sakigake), 37 products were designated, and 10 of those were approved in Japan in which 7 new active substances achieved the first-in-world approvals. Oncology, neurology and cardiovascular disease were the major therapeutic areas, and those 3 accounted for 75.7% of all products. Sakigake achieved some first-in-world approvals by the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency/the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of innovative new medical products, although in some therapeutic areas, there remains room in stimulating drug development.

Rationales of delay and difference in regulatory review by Japan, the USA and Europe among new drugs first approved in Japan

AIMS

To clarify the rationales of delay or difference in the review of new drug applications among regulatory authorities for new drugs, those first approved in the world being in Japan.

METHODS

Among 80 new drugs first approved in Japan from 2008 to 2019, we identified those subsequently approved in the USA or Europe. Significant delays in approval time (boxplot outliers) and the rationales for the delays were assessed among the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA).

RESULTS

Of the 80 Japan-first approvals, 25 and 24 were approved in the USA and Europe, respectively, and their median approval times in Japan, the USA and Europe were 285, 334 and 477 days, respectively. Significant delays were identified for pirfenidone (1806 days, FDA), alogliptin benzoate (1856 days, FDA), insulin degludec (1457 days, FDA) and romosozumab (750 days, PMDA; 994 days, FDA; 748 days, EMA). Due to concerns about cardiovascular risk, alogliptin benzoate and insulin degludec were requested for additional clinical trials by the FDA, and romosozumab required a much longer review period than the standard approval time in all three regions.

CONCLUSIONS

Among the new drugs significantly delayed in approval time in Japan, the USA or Europe, there were some differences in the requirements, the participating regions and the assessment of clinical trials. The regulatory views on the cardiovascular risk also differed among the three regions. These divergences may be associated with the differences in approval histories.