1
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Altia M, Anbarasan P. Efficient Conversion of Glucose to Hydroxymethylfurfural: One-pot Brønsted Base and Acid Promoted Selective Isomerization and Dehydration. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400392. [PMID: 38853450 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Development of elegant, selective, and efficient strategies for the production of value-added platform chemicals from renewable feedstocks are in high demand to achieve the future needs and sustainable goals. In this context, an efficient acid-promoted synthesis of highly valuable hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) has been demonstrated from glucose, a major constituent of lignocellulosic biomass. The major challenge in the conversion of glucose to HMF is the selective isomerization of glucose to ketose, which in the present work has been successfully addressed through the amine-mediated rearrangement of glucose to aminofructose under Amadori rearrangement. Importantly, subsequent dehydration step affords HMF and regenerates the amine employed in the first step, which could be readily recovered. In addition, scale-up and successful integration into one-pot synthesis of HMF proves the efficiency and applicability of the present transformation in large scale application. In addition, the method was also successfully extended to other monosaccharides and disaccharides to produce HMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minakshi Altia
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Pazhamalai Anbarasan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
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2
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Zhao Z, Li H, Gao X. Microwave Encounters Ionic Liquid: Synergistic Mechanism, Synthesis and Emerging Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2651-2698. [PMID: 38157216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Progress in microwave (MW) energy application technology has stimulated remarkable advances in manufacturing and high-quality applications of ionic liquids (ILs) that are generally used as novel media in chemical engineering. This Review focuses on an emerging technology via the combination of MW energy and the usage of ILs, termed microwave-assisted ionic liquid (MAIL) technology. In comparison to conventional routes that rely on heat transfer through media, the contactless and unique MW heating exploits the electromagnetic wave-ions interactions to deliver energy to IL molecules, accelerating the process of material synthesis, catalytic reactions, and so on. In addition to the inherent advantages of ILs, including outstanding solubility, and well-tuned thermophysical properties, MAIL technology has exhibited great potential in process intensification to meet the requirement of efficient, economic chemical production. Here we start with an introduction to principles of MW heating, highlighting fundamental mechanisms of MW induced process intensification based on ILs. Next, the synergies of MW energy and ILs employed in materials synthesis, as well as their merits, are documented. The emerging applications of MAIL technologies are summarized in the next sections, involving tumor therapy, organic catalysis, separations, and bioconversions. Finally, the current challenges and future opportunities of this emerging technology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hong Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xin Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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3
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Messori A, Martelli G, Piazzi A, Basile F, De Maron J, Fasolini A, Mazzoni R. Molecular Ruthenium Cyclopentadienone Bifunctional Catalysts for the Conversion of Sugar Platforms to Hydrogen. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300357. [PMID: 37572103 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Molecular ruthenium cyclopentadienone complexes were employed for the first time as pre-catalysts in the homogeneously catalysed Aqueous Phase Reforming (APR) of glucose. Shvo's complex resulted the best pre-catalyst (loading 2 mol %) with H2 yields up to 28.9 % at 150 °C. Studies of the final mixture allowed to identify the catalyst's resting state as a mononuclear dicarbonyl complex in the extracted organic fraction. In situ NMR experiments and HPLC analyses on the aqueous fraction gave awareness of the presence of sorbitol, fructose, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural as final fate or intermediates in the transformations under APR conditions. These results were summarized in a proposed mechanism, with particular emphasis on the steps where hydrogen was obtained as the product. Benzoquinone positively affected the catalyst activation when employed as an equimolar additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Messori
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari" viale, Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, University of Bologna viale, Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Martelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari" viale, Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, University of Bologna viale, Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Piazzi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari" viale, Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, University of Bologna viale, Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Basile
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari" viale, Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, University of Bologna viale, Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jacopo De Maron
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari" viale, Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, University of Bologna viale, Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Fasolini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari" viale, Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, University of Bologna viale, Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rita Mazzoni
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari" viale, Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, University of Bologna viale, Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
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4
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Cerdan K, Gandara-Loe J, Arnauts G, Vangramberen V, Ginzburg A, Ameloot R, Koos E, Van Puyvelde P. On the gelation of humins: from transient to covalent networks. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2801-2814. [PMID: 36995046 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01506d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Humins are a by-product of many acid-catalyzed biorefinery processes converting polysaccharides into platform chemicals. The valorization of humin residue to increase the profit of biorefinery operations and reduce waste is a field that is growing interest as the production of humins continues to increase. This includes their valorization in materials science. For successful processing of humin-based materials, this study aims to understand the thermal polymerization mechanisms of humins from a rheological perspective. Thermal crosslinking of raw humins leads to an increase in their molecular weight, which in turn leads to the formation of a gel. Humin's gels structure combines physical (thermally reversible) and chemical (thermally irreversible) crosslinks, and temperature plays an essential role in the crosslink density and the gel properties. High temperatures delay the formation of a gel due to the scission of physicochemical interactions, drastically decreasing their viscosity, whereas upon cooling a stronger gel is formed combining the recovered physicochemical bonds and the newly created chemical crosslinks. Thus, a transition from a supramolecular network to a covalently crosslinked network is observed, and properties such as the elasticity or reprocessability of humin gels are influenced by the stage of polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Cerdan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology (SMaRT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Jesus Gandara-Loe
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Membrane Separation, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Giel Arnauts
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Membrane Separation, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Vedran Vangramberen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology (SMaRT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Anton Ginzburg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology (SmaRT), Wetenschapspark 27, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Rob Ameloot
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Membrane Separation, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Erin Koos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology (SMaRT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Peter Van Puyvelde
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology (SMaRT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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5
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Wassenberg A, Esser T, Poller MJ, Albert J. Investigation of the Formation, Characterization, and Oxidative Catalytic Valorization of Humins. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2864. [PMID: 37049157 PMCID: PMC10095678 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The industrial use of biomass, e.g., for the production of platform chemicals such as levulinic acid, became increasingly important in recent years. However, the efficiency of these processes was reduced by the formation of insoluble solid waste products called humins. Herein, the formation of humins from various carbohydrates was investigated under different process conditions, in order to obtain information about the structure and the formation mechanism. During this process, new potential structural fragments of humins were identified. Subsequently, the produced humins were oxidatively converted to low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids with the use of polyoxometalate catalysts. The experiments showed that the use of sugars in acetic acid and ethanol only lead to the formation of a small amount of humins, which were also structurally most suitable for conversion to carboxylic acids. The main products of the oxidative valorisation of these humins were acetic acid, formic acid, and CO2, respectively, and our results indicate that certain functional groups were converted preferentially. These findings will help to improve processes for the valorisation of biomass by enabling an overall more efficient use of thermo-sensitive feedstock such as carbohydrates.
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Lorente A, Huertas-Alonso AJ, Salgado-Ramos M, González-Serrano DJ, Sánchez-Verdú MP, Cabañas B, Hadidi M, Moreno A. Microwave radiation-assisted synthesis of levulinic acid from microcrystalline cellulose: Application to a melon rind residue. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 237:124149. [PMID: 36965554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
The circular economy considers waste to be a new raw material for the development of value-added products. In this context, agroindustrial lignocellulosic waste represents an outstanding source of new materials and platform chemicals, such as levulinic acid (LA). Herein we study the microwave (MW)-assisted acidic conversion of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) into LA. The influence of acidic catalysts, inorganic salt addition and ball-milling pre-treatment of MCC on LA yield was assessed. Depolymerization and disruption of cellulose was monitored by FTIR, TGA and SEM, whereas the products formed were analyzed by HPLC and NMR spectroscopy. The parameters that afforded the highest LA yield (48 %, 100 % selectivity) were: ball-milling pre-treatment of MCC for 16 min at 600 rpm, followed by MW-assisted thermochemical treatment for 20 min at 190 °C, aqueous p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA) 0.25 M as catalyst and saturation with KBr. These optimal conditions were further applied to a lignocellulosic feedstock, namely melon rind, to afford a 51 % yield of LA. These results corroborate the suitability of this method to obtain LA from agroindustrial wastes, in line with a circular economy-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Lorente
- Universidad de Castilla-la Mancha, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela n°10, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alberto J Huertas-Alonso
- Universidad de Castilla-la Mancha, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela n°10, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain.
| | - Manuel Salgado-Ramos
- Universidad de Castilla-la Mancha, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela n°10, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Diego J González-Serrano
- Universidad de Castilla-la Mancha, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela n°10, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M Prado Sánchez-Verdú
- Universidad de Castilla-la Mancha, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela n°10, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Beatriz Cabañas
- Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
| | - Milad Hadidi
- Universidad de Castilla-la Mancha, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela n°10, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Andrés Moreno
- Universidad de Castilla-la Mancha, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela n°10, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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7
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Kim HU, Kim JW, Seo S, Jae J. Hydrolysis of regenerated cellulose from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvent over sulfonated carbon catalysts. RSC Adv 2023; 13:8153-8162. [PMID: 36922947 PMCID: PMC10009878 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra08224a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficient hydrolysis of cellulose into its monomer unit such as glucose or valuable cello-oligosaccharides is the critical step for the cost-effective production of biofuels and biochemicals. However, the current cellulose hydrolysis process involves high energy-demanding pretreatment (e.g., ball-milling) and long reaction times (>24 h). Herein, we investigated the feasibility of the dissolution/regeneration (DR) of cellulose in ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvent (DES) as an alternative to ball-milling pretreatment for the effective hydrolysis of cellulose. Because chlorine-based solvents were reported to be the most active for cellulose pretreatment, [EMIM]Cl and [DMIM]DMP were selected as the IL molecules, and choline chloride-lactic acid and choline chloride-imidazole were selected as the DES molecules. The level of the crystallinity reduction of the regenerated cellulose were analyzed using XRD and SEM measurements. The hydrolysis kinetics of the regenerated cellulose from ILs and DES were examined at 150 °C using sulfonated carbon catalysts and compared with those of the ball-milled cellulose. Overall, the cellulose pretreatment using the ILs and the DES had superior kinetics for cellulose hydrolysis to the conventional ball milling treatment, suggesting a possibility to replace the current high energy-demanding ball-milling process with the energy-saving DR process. In addition, the utilization of supercritical carbon dioxide-induced carbonic acid as an in situ acid catalyst for the enhanced hydrolysis of cellulose was presented for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Ung Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea +82-51-510-2989
| | - Jong Wha Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea +82-51-510-2989
| | - Sumin Seo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea +82-51-510-2989
| | - Jungho Jae
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea +82-51-510-2989
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8
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Solhi L, Guccini V, Heise K, Solala I, Niinivaara E, Xu W, Mihhels K, Kröger M, Meng Z, Wohlert J, Tao H, Cranston ED, Kontturi E. Understanding Nanocellulose-Water Interactions: Turning a Detriment into an Asset. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1925-2015. [PMID: 36724185 PMCID: PMC9999435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Modern technology has enabled the isolation of nanocellulose from plant-based fibers, and the current trend focuses on utilizing nanocellulose in a broad range of sustainable materials applications. Water is generally seen as a detrimental component when in contact with nanocellulose-based materials, just like it is harmful for traditional cellulosic materials such as paper or cardboard. However, water is an integral component in plants, and many applications of nanocellulose already accept the presence of water or make use of it. This review gives a comprehensive account of nanocellulose-water interactions and their repercussions in all key areas of contemporary research: fundamental physical chemistry, chemical modification of nanocellulose, materials applications, and analytical methods to map the water interactions and the effect of water on a nanocellulose matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Solhi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Valentina Guccini
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Iina Solala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Elina Niinivaara
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wenyang Xu
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, TurkuFI-20500, Finland
| | - Karl Mihhels
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Marcel Kröger
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Zhuojun Meng
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou325001, China
| | - Jakob Wohlert
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Han Tao
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
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9
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Feng G, Chen J, Liang B, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Gan T, Huang Z, Hu H. Construction of a stable biochar-supported amorphous aluminum solid acid catalyst with Brønsted–Lewis dual acid sites for efficient conversion of cellulose. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 237:124196. [PMID: 36972830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
The development of sustainable catalysts for the efficient conversion of biomass to desirable chemicals is significant and challenging. Herein, a stable biochar (BC)-supported amorphous aluminum solid acid catalyst with Brønsted-Lewis dual acid sites was constructed through one-step calcination of a mechanical activation (MA)-treated precursor (starch, urea, and Al(NO3)3). The as-prepared N-doped BC (N-BC)-supported Al composite (MA-Al/N-BC) was used for the selective catalytic conversion of cellulose to produce levulinic acid (LA). MA treatment promoted uniform dispersion and stable embedding of Al-based components in the N-BC support with nitrogen- and oxygen-containing functional groups. This process provided the MA-Al/N-BC catalyst with Brønsted-Lewis dual acid sites and improved its stability and recoverability. When the MA-Al/N-BC catalyst was used under optimal reaction conditions (180 °C, 4 h), it achieved a cellulose conversion rate of 93.1 % and a LA yield of 70.1 %. Additionally, it also showed high activity for catalytic conversion of other carbohydrates. The results of this study offer a promising solution for the production of sustainable biomass-derived chemicals through the use of stable and eco-friendly catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifen Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jiashuo Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Beiling Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yanjuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Key Laboratory of New Low-carbon Green Chemical Technology, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Tao Gan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Key Laboratory of New Low-carbon Green Chemical Technology, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zuqiang Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Key Laboratory of New Low-carbon Green Chemical Technology, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Huayu Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Key Laboratory of New Low-carbon Green Chemical Technology, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530004, China
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10
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Velasco Calderón J, Arora JS, Mushrif SH. Mechanistic Investigation into the Formation of Humins in Acid-Catalyzed Biomass Reactions. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:44786-44795. [PMID: 36530267 PMCID: PMC9753539 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Humins are carbonaceous, polymeric byproducts formed during the acid-catalyzed condensed phase transformation of biomass-derived moieties and are responsible for significant carbon loss and catalyst deactivation. There exists very limited knowledge about their formation chemistry and composition. Infrared spectra of humins formed during the dehydration of glucose/fructose to 5-HMF show that the furan ring and the hydroxy methyl group of 5-HMF are present in humins, but the carbonyl group is not. Based on this, aldol addition and condensation between 5-HMF and other derived species are proposed as the main reactions that initiate humin formation. Hence, in this work, density functional theory (DFT)-based calculations are performed to compute the reaction pathways, activation barriers, and reaction free energies associated with all elementary reaction steps in the 5HMF-initiated, acid-catalyzed reactions leading to humin formation. The humin formation is initiated with the rehydration of HMF to form 2,5-dioxo-6-hydroxy-hexanal or DHH (key promoter of humin formation), followed by its keto-enol tautomerization and aldol addition and condensation with HMF. The rate-determining step in this pathway is the aldol-addition reaction between the DHH-derived enols with 5-HMF. Within the implicit solvation approximation, the formation of the 5-HMF-DHH dimer is slightly endergonic, whereas the 5-HMF rehydration leading to DHH is thermodynamically downhill. This mechanistic understanding of initiation reactions for humins could pave the way to screen and design solvent and catalyst systems to deter their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José
Carlos Velasco Calderón
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University
of Alberta, 9211-116 St NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Jyotsna S. Arora
- School
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore
| | - Samir H. Mushrif
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University
of Alberta, 9211-116 St NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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11
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Shan H, Li L, Bai W, Liu L. Evolution Process of Humins Derived from Glucose. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haozhe Shan
- Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Lei Li
- Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Wei Bai
- Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Li Liu
- Inner Mongolia University Hohhot 010020 China
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12
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Hu Y, Zhang Y, Fu X, Tang D, Li H, Hu P, Zhu L, Hu C. Insights into the NaCl-Induced Formation of Soluble Humins during Fructose Dehydration to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yexin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yanru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Dianyong Tang
- International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Ping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Liangfang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
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13
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Cerdan K, Brancart J, Roels E, Vanderborght B, Van Puyvelde P. Humins Blending in Thermoreversible Diels-Alder Networks for Stiffness Tuning and Enhanced Healing Performance for Soft Robotics. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1657. [PMID: 35566827 PMCID: PMC9101211 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Humins waste valorization is considered to be an essential pathway to improve the economic viability of many biorefinery processes and further promote their circularity by avoiding waste formation. In this research, the incorporation of humins in a Diels-Alder (DA) polymer network based on furan-maleimide thermoreversible crosslinks was studied. A considerable enhancement of the healing efficiency was observed by just healing for 1 h at 60 °C at the expense of a reduction of the material mechanical properties, while the unfilled material showed no healing under the same conditions. Nevertheless, the thermal healing step favored the irreversible humins polycondensation, thus strengthening the material while keeping the enhanced healing performance. Our hypothesis states a synergistic healing mechanism based on humins flowing throughout the damage, followed by thermal humins crosslinking during the healing trigger, together with DA thermoreversible bonds recombination. A multi-material soft robotic gripper was manufactured out of the proposed material, showing not only improved recovery of the functional performance upon healing but also stiffness-tunable features by means of humins thermal crosslinking. For the first time, both damage healing and zone reinforcement for further damage prevention are achieved in a single intrinsic self-healing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Cerdan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology (SMaRT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium;
| | - Joost Brancart
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Ellen Roels
- Brubotics and Imec, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (E.R.); (B.V.)
| | - Bram Vanderborght
- Brubotics and Imec, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (E.R.); (B.V.)
| | - Peter Van Puyvelde
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology (SMaRT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium;
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14
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Li H, Xia Z, Yan P, Zhang ZC. Production of Crude 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural from Glucose by Dual Catalysts with Functional Promoters in Low-boiling Hybrid Solvent. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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15
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Arcile G, Ouazzani J, Betzer JF. Efficient Piancatelli rearrangement on a large scale using the Zippertex technology under subcritical water conditions. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00098a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of furyl carbinols, which were directly obtained from a bio-sourced raw material, were efficiently transformed into cyclopentenone derivatives in good yields and on a large scale using the Zippertex technology under subcritical water conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Arcile
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jamal Ouazzani
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jean-François Betzer
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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16
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Selective tandem hydrogenation and rearrangement of furfural to cyclopentanone over CuNi bimetallic catalyst in water. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63842-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Quinone shuttling impels selective electrocatalytic alcohol oxidation: A hydrogen bonding-directed electrosynthesis. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Lin L, Han X, Han B, Yang S. Emerging heterogeneous catalysts for biomass conversion: studies of the reaction mechanism. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11270-11292. [PMID: 34632985 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00039j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of efficient catalysts to break down and convert woody biomass will be a paradigm shift in delivering the global target of sustainable economy and environment via the use of cheap, highly abundant, and renewable carbon resources. However, such development is extremely challenging due to the complexity of lignocellulose, and today most biomass is treated simply as waste. The solution lies in the design of multifunctional catalysts that can place effective control on substrate activation and product selectivity. This is, however, severely hindered by the lack of fundamental understanding of (i) the precise role of active sites, and (ii) the catalyst-substrate chemistry that underpins the catalytic activity. Moreover, active sites alone often cannot deliver the desired selectivity of products, and full understanding of the microenvironment of the active sites is urgently needed. Here, we review key recent advances in the study of reaction mechanisms of biomass conversion over emerging heterogeneous catalysts. These insights will inform the design of future catalytic systems showing improved activity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Buxing Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Sihai Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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19
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Sustainable Exploitation of Residual Cynara cardunculus L. to Levulinic Acid and n-Butyl Levulinate. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11091082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrolysis and butanolysis of lignocellulosic biomass are efficient routes to produce two valuable bio-based platform chemicals, levulinic acid and n-butyl levulinate, which find increasing applications in the field of biofuels and for the synthesis of intermediates for chemical and pharmaceutical industries, food additives, surfactants, solvents and polymers. In this research, the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the waste residue of Cynara cardunculus L. (cardoon), remaining after seed removal for oil exploitation, was investigated. The cardoon residue was employed as-received and after a steam-explosion treatment which causes an enrichment in cellulose. The effects of the main reaction parameters, such as catalyst type and loading, reaction time, temperature and heating methodology, on the hydrolysis process were assessed. Levulinic acid molar yields up to about 50 mol % with levulinic acid concentrations of 62.1 g/L were reached. Moreover, the one-pot butanolysis of the steam-exploded cardoon with the bio-alcohol n-butanol was investigated, demonstrating the direct production of n-butyl levulinate with good yield, up to 42.5 mol %. These results demonstrate that such residual biomass represent a promising feedstock for the sustainable production of levulinic acid and n-butyl levulinate, opening the way to the complete exploitation of this crop.
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20
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Velasco Calderón JC, Jiang S, Mushrif SH. Understanding the Effect of Solvent Environment on the Interaction of Hydronium Ion with Biomass Derived Species: A Molecular Dynamics and Metadynamics Investigation. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:2222-2230. [PMID: 34390312 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The addition of aprotic solvents results in higher reactivities and selectivities in many key aqueous phase biomass reactions, including the acid-catalyzed conversion of fructose to 5-hydroxyl methyl furfural (HMF). The addition of certain co-solvents inhibits the formation of humins via preferential solvation of key functional groups and can alter reaction kinetics. An important factor in this context is the relative stability of the hydronium ion (the catalyst) in the vicinity of the biomass moiety as compared to that in bulk, as it could determine its efficacy in the protonation step. Hence, in the present work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of HMF (the model product) and fructose (the model reactant) in acidic water and water-DMSO mixtures are performed to analyze their interaction with the hydronium ions. We show that the presence of DMSO favors the interaction of the hydronium ion with fructose, whereas it has a detrimental effect on the interaction of hydronium ion with HMF. Well-tempered metadynamics (WT-MTD) simulations are performed to determine the relative stability of the hydronium ion in the immediate vicinity of fructose and HMF, as compared to that in the bulk solvent phase, as a function of solvent composition. We find that DMSO improves the stabilization of the hydronium ions in the first solvation shell of fructose compared to that in the bulk solvent. On the other hand, hydronium ions become less stable in the immediate vicinity of HMF, as the concentration of DMSO increases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shang Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G1H9, AB, Canada
| | - Samir H Mushrif
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G1H9, AB, Canada
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21
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Chen G, Sun Q, Xu J, Zheng L, Rong J, Zong B. Sulfonic Derivatives as Recyclable Acid Catalysts in the Dehydration of Fructose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in Biphasic Solvent Systems. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:6798-6809. [PMID: 33748593 PMCID: PMC7970464 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Biphasic systems have received increasing attention for acid-catalyzed dehydration of hexoses to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) because of their high efficiency in in situ extraction and stabilization of HMF. Different organic solvents and acid catalysts were applied in these systems, but their effects on the dehydration activity and HMF yield, and the recycling of homogeneous acid catalysts remain largely unexplored. Here, we tested different solvent systems containing a wide range of organic solvents with low boiling points to study the effects of their chemical structures on fructose dehydration and provided stable H2O-dioxane and H2O-acetonitrile biphasic systems with high HMF yields of 76-79% using water-soluble sulfonic derivatives as homogeneous acid catalysts under mild conditions (383 K). By analyzing the partition coefficients of HMF and sulfonic derivatives, 94.3% of HMF and 87.1% of NH2SO3H were, respectively, restrained in the dioxane phase and aqueous phase in the H2O-dioxane biphasic system and easily divided by phase separation. The effects of the adjacent group in sulfonic derivatives and reaction temperature on fructose conversions and HMF yields suggest that in a specific biphasic system, the catalysts' acidity and reaction conditions significantly affect the fructose dehydration activity but hardly influence the optimal yield of HMF, and an almost constant amount of carbon loss was observed mainly due to the poor hydrothermal stability of fructose. Such developments offer a promising strategy to address the challenge in the separation and recycling of homogeneous acid catalysts in the practical HMF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongzhe Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qianhui Sun
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jia Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lufan Zheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Junfeng Rong
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Baoning Zong
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, China
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22
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Hu W, She J, Fu Z, Yang B, Zhang H, Jiang D. Highly efficient and tunable visible-light-catalytic synthesis of 2,5-diformylfuran using HBr and molecular oxygen. RSC Adv 2021; 11:23365-23373. [PMID: 35479798 PMCID: PMC9036589 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00865j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper discloses that inexpensive hydrobromic acid (HBr) is active and highly selective to the photo-oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) with dioxygen (O2) or even with water under visible light illumination, which can achieve the highest 89.1% DFF yield in DMSO at 80 °C under pure O2 atmosphere. More importantly, under bifunctional acid-photooxidation catalysis of HBr, fructose can be directly converted to DFF and its two-step cascade conversion in DMSO provides a far higher DFF yield (80.2%) than the one-step cascade conversion in MeCN (42.1%). The results of HMF photooxidation catalyzed by hydrohalic acids, free radical quenching tests and EPR spectrum support that the Br atom and superoxide (O2−˙) anion radicals generated by HBr photolysis in O2 are active species for the oxidation of HMF to DFF and their activities are adjusted by the reaction medium. This photo-synthetic protocol is very simple and practical, especially with low operating costs, showing a good industrial application prospect. HBr is a very cheap and efficient bifunctional catalyst for the synthesis of DFF from the photooxidation of HMF by O2 and from the cascade conversion of fructose via a one-step or especially the two-step protocol.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Chemical Vocational Technology College
- Zhuzhou 412000
- P. R. China
| | - Jialuo She
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Normal University
- Changsha 410081
- P. R. China
| | - Zaihui Fu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Normal University
- Changsha 410081
- P. R. China
| | - Bo Yang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Normal University
- Changsha 410081
- P. R. China
| | - Huanhuan Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Normal University
- Changsha 410081
- P. R. China
| | - Dabo Jiang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Normal University
- Changsha 410081
- P. R. China
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23
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Zhu L, Fu X, Hu Y, Hu C. Controlling the Reaction Networks for Efficient Conversion of Glucose into 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4812-4832. [PMID: 32667707 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biomass-derived hexose constitutes the main component of lignocellulosic biomass for producing value-added chemicals and biofuels. However, the reaction network of hexose is complicated, which makes the highly selective synthesis of one particular product challenging in biorefinery. This Review focuses on the selective production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from glucose on account of its potential significance as an important platform molecule. The complex reaction network involved in glucose-to-HMF transformations is briefly summarized. Special emphasis is placed on analyzing the complexities of feedstocks, intermediates, (side-) products, catalysts, solvents, and their impacts on the reaction network. The strategies and representative examples for adjusting the reaction pathway toward HMF by developing multifunctional catalysts and promoters, taking advantage of solvent effects and process intensification, and synergizing all measures are comprehensively discussed. An outlook is provided to highlight the challenges and opportunities faced in this promising field. It is expected to provide guidance to design practical catalytic processes for advancing HMF biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangfang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P.R. China
| | - Xing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P.R. China
| | - Yexin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P.R. China
| | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P.R. China
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24
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Yu Z, Wu H, Li Y, Xu Y, Li H, Yang S. Advances in Heterogeneously Catalytic Degradation of Biomass Saccharides with Ordered-Nanoporous Materials. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhuo Yu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Hongguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Yufei Xu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Hu Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
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25
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Stabilization strategies in biomass depolymerization using chemical functionalization. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:311-330. [PMID: 37127959 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A central feature of most lignocellulosic-biomass-valorization strategies is the depolymerization of all its three major constituents: cellulose and hemicellulose to simple sugars, and lignin to phenolic monomers. However, reactive intermediates, generally resulting from dehydration reactions, can participate in undesirable condensation pathways during biomass deconstruction, which have posed fundamental challenges to commercial biomass valorization. Thus, new strategies specifically aim to suppress condensations of reactive intermediates, either avoiding their formation by functionalizing the native structure or intermediates or selectively transforming these intermediates into stable derivatives. These strategies have provided unforeseen upgrading pathways, products and process solutions. In this Review, we outline the molecular driving forces that shape the deconstruction landscape and describe the strategies for chemical functionalization. We then offer an outlook on further developments and the potential of these strategies to sustainably produce renewable-platform chemicals.
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26
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Fu X, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Tang D, Zhu L, Hu C. Solvent Effects on Degradative Condensation Side Reactions of Fructose in Its Initial Conversion to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:501-512. [PMID: 31557412 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201902309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The degradative condensation of hexose, which originates from the C-C cleavage of hexose and condensation of degraded hexose fragment, is one of the possible reaction pathways for the formation of humins in hexose dehydration to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Herein, the impacts of several polar aprotic solvents on the degradative condensation of fructose to small-molecule carboxylic acids and oligomers (possible precursors of humins) are reported. In particular, a close relationship between the tautomeric distribution of fructose in solvents and the mechanism of degradative condensation is demonstrated. Typically, α-fructofuranose in 1,4-dioxane and acyclic open-chain fructose in THF favor the conversion of fructose to formic acid and oligomers; α-fructopyranose in γ-valerolactone or N-methylpyrrolidone favors levulinic acid and oligomers, whereas β-fructopyranose in 4-methyl-2-pentanone favors acetic acid and corresponding oligomers. This close correlation highlights a general understanding of the solvent-controlled formation of oligomers, which represents an important step toward the rational design of effective solvent systems for HMF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P.R. China
| | - Yexin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P.R. China
| | - Yanru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P.R. China
| | - Yucheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P.R. China
| | - Dianyong Tang
- International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, P.R. China
| | - Liangfang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P.R. China
| | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P.R. China
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27
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Shen H, Shan H, Liu L. Evolution Process and Controlled Synthesis of Humins with 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) as Model Molecule. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:513-519. [PMID: 31746122 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201902799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Elucidation of the chemical structure and formation mechanism of humins is a requisite to further improve the efficiency of acid-catalyzed biomass conversion. Through a low-temperature approach, the key intermediates resulting in the formation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)-derived humins were captured, revealing multiple elementary reactions such as etherification, esterification, aldol condensation, and acetalization. Through humin characterization, it was found out that the aldol condensation moiety between aldehyde group and levulinic acid is critical to justify the characteristic IR peaks (1620 and 1710 cm-1 ) and aromatic fragments from pyrolysis GC-MS. Based on the investigations by means of HPLC-MS/MS, IR, pyrolysis GC-MS, and SEM, the structural models of humins at different temperatures were proposed, which are comprised of the elementary reaction types confirmed by the key intermediates. Humin structures with varying content of aldol condensation could be controllably synthesized under different reaction conditions (temperature and time), demonstrating the evolution process of HMF-derived humins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Shen
- Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China
| | - Haozhe Shan
- Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China
| | - Li Liu
- Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210042, P.R. China
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28
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Ingle AP, Philippini RR, Rai M, Silvério da Silva S. Catalytic hydrolysis of cellobiose using different acid-functionalised Fe 3O 4 magnetic nanoparticles. IET Nanobiotechnol 2020; 14:40-46. [PMID: 31935676 PMCID: PMC8676166 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2019.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study demonstrated the preparation of three different acid-functionalised magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and evaluation for their catalytic efficacy in hydrolysis of cellobiose. Initially, iron oxide (Fe3O4)MNPs were synthesised, which further modified by applying silica coating (Fe3O4-MNPs@Si) and functionalised with alkylsulfonic acid (Fe3O4-MNPs@Si@AS), butylcarboxylic acid (Fe3O4-MNPs@Si@BCOOH) and sulphonic acid (Fe3O4-MNPs@Si@SO3H) groups. The Fourier transform infrared analysis confirmed the presence of above-mentioned acid functional groups on MNPs. Similarly, X-ray diffraction pattern and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis confirmed the crystalline nature and elemental composition of MNPs, respectively. TEM micrographs showed the synthesis of spherical and polydispersed nanoparticles having diameter size in the range of 20-80 nm. Cellobiose hydrolysis was used as a model reaction to evaluate the catalytic efficacy of acid-functionalised nanoparticles. A maximum 74.8% cellobiose conversion was reported in case of Fe3O4-MNPs@Si@SO3H in first cycle of hydrolysis. Moreover, thus used acid-functionalised MNPs were magnetically separated and reused. In second cycle of hydrolysis, Fe3O4-MNPs@Si@SO3H showed 49.8% cellobiose conversion followed by Fe3O4-MNPs@Si@AS (45%) and Fe3O4-MNPs@Si@BCOOH (18.3%). However, similar pattern was reported in case of third cycle of hydrolysis. The proposed approach is considered as rapid and convenient. Moreover, reuse of acid-functionalised MNPs makes the process economically viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash P Ingle
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of Sao Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rafael R Philippini
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of Sao Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Mahendra Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, Maharashtra, India
| | - Silvio Silvério da Silva
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of Sao Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
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29
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Pumrod S, Kaewchada A, Roddecha S, Jaree A. 5-HMF production from glucose using ion exchange resin and alumina as a dual catalyst in a biphasic system. RSC Adv 2020; 10:9492-9498. [PMID: 35497197 PMCID: PMC9050138 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09997b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
5-HMF is a platform chemical that can be used in many applications such as biofuels, monomers, industrial feed stocks, etc. In this work 5-HMF was synthesized from glucose in a biphasic system using a batch reactor. Aluminium oxide and ion exchange resin were used as catalysts in this system. The organic solvent and aqueous solvent were methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) and 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP). The effect of operating conditions for synthesis of 5-HMF on the yield and selectivity of 5-HMF was studied including aqueous-to-organic phase ratio, NMP-to-water ratio, catalyst dosage, ratio of catalyst, and reaction time. The optimal conditions were at the reaction temperature of 120 °C and reaction time of 480 min, aqueous-to-organic phase ratio of 7 : 3, NMP-to-water ratio of 4 : 1, 0.3 g of catalyst, and the catalyst ratio of 1 : 2. The conversion of glucose, yield of 5-HMF, and selectivity of 5-HMF were 94.036%, 84.92%, and 90.48%, respectively. 5-HMF, a platform chemical, can be produced efficiently using dual catalyst (ion exchange resin and aluminium oxide).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Supakrit Pumrod
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Kasetsart University
- Bangkok
| | - Amaraporn Kaewchada
- Department of Agro-Industrial, Food and Environmental Technology
- King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok
- Bangkok
- Thailand
| | - Supacharee Roddecha
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Kasetsart University
- Bangkok
| | - Attasak Jaree
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Kasetsart University
- Bangkok
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30
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Phillips B, Wang C, Tu X, Chang CH, Banerjee S, Al-Hashimi M, Hu W, Fang L. Cyclodextrin-derived polymer networks for selective molecular adsorption. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11783-11786. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04784h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A facile synthetic method is developed to afford cyclodextrin-derived polymer networks that exhibit high selectivity in capturing certain organic compounds in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Phillips
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Xinman Tu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Nanchang Hangkong University
- Nanchang 330063
- China
| | - Che-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Sarbajit Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
| | | | - Wei Hu
- Department of Electronic Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
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31
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Song X, Wang C, Chen L, Liu Q, Liu J, Zhu Y, Yue J, Ma L. Sugar dehydration to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in mixtures of water/[Bmim]Cl catalyzed by iron sulfate. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03433a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Stabilization effect of [Bmim]Cl on HMF is demonstrated, which can suppress the rehydration and polymerization side-reactions and enhance HMF yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbo Song
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy
| | - Lungang Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy
| | - Qiying Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy
| | - Yuting Zhu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy
| | - Jun Yue
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Longlong Ma
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy
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32
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Xu Z, Yang Y, Yan P, Xia Z, Liu X, Zhang ZC. Mechanistic understanding of humin formation in the conversion of glucose and fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in [BMIM]Cl ionic liquid. RSC Adv 2020; 10:34732-34737. [PMID: 35514398 PMCID: PMC9056862 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05641c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study provided a new mechanistic understanding of humin formation during 5-HMF production from hexose in ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
| | - Yiwen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
| | - Peifang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
| | - Zhi Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
| | - Xuebin Liu
- Energy Innovation Laboratory
- Applied Chemistry and Physics Centre of Expertise
- BP Group Technology
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
| | - Z. Conrad Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
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33
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Li T, Ong SSG, Zhang J, Jia C, Sun J, Wang Y, Lin H. One-pot conversion of carbohydrates into furan derivatives in biphasic tandem catalytic process. Catal Today 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2018.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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34
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Huang L, Wang S, Zhang H, Li D, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Xin Q, Ye H, Li H. Enhanced hydrolysis of cellulose by catalytic polyethersulfone membranes with straight-through catalytic channels. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 294:122119. [PMID: 31520853 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to prepare sulfonated graphene oxide/polyether sulfone (GO-SO3H/PES) mixed matrix membranes (GPMMMs) with high porosity and straight-through catalytic channels by segregation and used for dynamic and continuous hydrolysis of cellulose. The high porosity and segregation increased the exposure of catalysts synergistically and the formative GO-SO3H enriched, straight-through catalytic channels had higher catalytic performance, enhancing the diffusion of hydrolytic products. Dynamic hydrolysis of cellulose is more efficient than static hydrolysis due to the enhanced contact between cellulose and catalysts achieved by the extra driving forces, and the further degradation of produced saccharides was suppressed due to the high freedom of products. The TRS reached 98.18% after 1 h at 150 °C with a catalyst/cellulose mass ratio of 1:5. More importantly, the immobilization of GO-SO3H by PES improved its stability and reusability at high reaction temperature. This strategy provides guidance to the design of high-performance catalytic membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Shaofei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Han Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Deyuan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yuzhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Lizhi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Qingping Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Hui Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
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35
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Karnjanakom S, Maneechakr P, Samart C, Guan G. A facile way for sugar transformation catalyzed by carbon-based Lewis-Brønsted solid acid. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2019.110632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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36
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Chin DWK, Lim S, Pang YL, Lim CH, Lee KM. Two-staged acid hydrolysis on ethylene glycol pretreated degraded oil palm empty fruit bunch for sugar based substrate recovery. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 292:121967. [PMID: 31450064 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene glycol in the presence of sodium hydroxide was utilised as pretreatment for effective delignification and reduced the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass which ramified the exposure of cellulose. Two-staged acid hydrolysis was also investigated which demonstrated its synergistic efficiency by minimising the deficiency of single stage acid hydrolysis. The operating parameters including acid concentration, temperature, residence time and cellulose loading for two-staged acid hydrolysis were studied by using ethylene glycol delignified degraded oil palm empty fruit bunch (DEFB) to recover the sugar based substrates for potential biofuels and other bio-chemicals production. In this study, stage I 45 wt% acid at 65 °C for 30 min coupled with high cellulose loading 21.25 w/v% and 12 wt% acid at 100 °C for 120 min was able to release a total of 89.8% optimum sugar yield with minimal formation of degradation products including 0.058 g/L furfural, 0.0251 g/L hydroxymethylfurfural and 0.200 g/L phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Wei Kit Chin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Steven Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Yean Ling Pang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chun Hsion Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kiat Moon Lee
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment, UCSI University, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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37
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The study of active sites for producing furfural and soluble oligomers in fructose conversion over HZSM-5 zeolites. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2019.110411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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38
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Shi N, Liu Q, Ju R, He X, Zhang Y, Tang S, Ma L. Condensation of α-Carbonyl Aldehydes Leads to the Formation of Solid Humins during the Hydrothermal Degradation of Carbohydrates. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:7330-7343. [PMID: 31459833 PMCID: PMC6648842 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic hydrothermal conversion of carbohydrates could provide a series of versatile valuable platform chemicals, but the formation of solid humins greatly decreased the efficiency of the process. Herein, by studying the hydrothermal degradation behavior and analyzing the degradation paths of kinds of model compounds including carbohydrates, furan compounds, cyclic ketone derivatives, and some simple short carbon-chain oxy-organics, we demonstrate that α-carbonyl aldehydes and α-carbonyl acids are the key primary precursors for humin formation during the hydrothermal conversion process. Then, we analyzed the hydrothermal degradation paths of two simple α-carbonyl aldehydes including glyoxal and pyruvaldehyde and found that the α-carbonyl aldehydes could undergo aldol condensation followed by acetal cyclization and dehydration to form solid humins rich of furan ring structure or undergo Cannizaro route (hydration followed by 1,2-hydride shift) to form corresponding α-hydroxy acids. On the basis of the hydrothermal behavior of the α-carbonyl aldehydes, we mapped the hydrothermal degradation routes of carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, and xylose) and illuminated the formation details of α-carbonyl aldehydes, α-hydroxy acids, γ-lactones, furfural derivatives, and humins. Finally, we deduced the typical structure fragments of humins from three α-carbonyl aldehydes of pyruvaldehyde, 2,5-dioxo-6-hydroxy-hexanal, and 3-deoxyglucosone, all of which could be formed during the hydrothermal degradation of hexose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Shi
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Institute
of Technology, Guiyang 550003, P. R. China
| | - Qiying Liu
- Guangzhou
Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou 510640, P. R.
China
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and
Development, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Rongmei Ju
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Institute
of Technology, Guiyang 550003, P. R. China
| | - Xiong He
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Institute
of Technology, Guiyang 550003, P. R. China
| | - Yulan Zhang
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Institute
of Technology, Guiyang 550003, P. R. China
| | - Shiyun Tang
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Institute
of Technology, Guiyang 550003, P. R. China
| | - Longlong Ma
- Guangzhou
Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou 510640, P. R.
China
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and
Development, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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39
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Use of sustainable glucose and furfural in the synthesis of formaldehyde‐free phenolic resole resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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40
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Abstract
The production of chemicals from biomass, a renewable feedstock, is highly desirable in replacing petrochemicals to make biorefineries more economical. The best approach to compete with fossil-based refineries is the upgradation of biomass in integrated biorefineries. The integrated biorefineries employed various biomass feedstocks and conversion technologies to produce biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Bio-based chemicals can help to replace a large fraction of industrial chemicals and materials from fossil resources. Biomass-derived chemicals, such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), levulinic acid, furfurals, sugar alcohols, lactic acid, succinic acid, and phenols, are considered platform chemicals. These platform chemicals can be further used for the production of a variety of important chemicals on an industrial scale. However, current industrial production relies on relatively old and inefficient strategies and low production yields, which have decreased their competitiveness with fossil-based alternatives. The aim of the presented review is to provide a survey of past and current strategies used to achieve a sustainable conversion of biomass to platform chemicals. This review provides an overview of the chemicals obtained, based on the major components of lignocellulosic biomass, sugars, and lignin. First, important platform chemicals derived from the catalytic conversion of biomass were outlined. Later, the targeted chemicals that can be potentially manufactured from the starting or platform materials were discussed in detail. Despite significant advances, however, low yields, complex multistep synthesis processes, difficulties in purification, high costs, and the deactivation of catalysts are still hurdles for large-scale competitive biorefineries. These challenges could be overcome by single-step catalytic conversions using highly efficient and selective catalysts and exploring purification and separation technologies.
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41
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Galkin KI, Ananikov VP. Towards Improved Biorefinery Technologies: 5-Methylfurfural as a Versatile C 6 Platform for Biofuels Development. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:185-189. [PMID: 30315683 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201802126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Low chemical stability and high oxygen content limit utilization of the bio-based platform chemical 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) in biofuels development. In this work, Lewis-acid-catalyzed conversion of renewable 6-deoxy sugars leading to formation of more stable 5-methylfurfural (MF) is carried out with high selectivity. Besides its higher stability, MF is a deoxygenated analogue of HMF with increased C/O ratio. A highly selective synthesis of the innovative liquid biofuel 2,5-dimethylfuran starting from MF under mild conditions is described. The superior synthetic utility of MF against HMF in benzoin and aldol condensation reactions leading to long-chain alkane precursors is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin I Galkin
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt, 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt, 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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42
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Xu X, Tu R, Sun Y, Wu Y, Jiang E, Zhen J. The influence of combined pretreatment with surfactant/ultrasonic and hydrothermal carbonization on fuel properties, pyrolysis and combustion behavior of corn stalk. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 271:427-438. [PMID: 30343135 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The surfactant/ultrasonic combined with hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) were performed to investigate the effect on fuel properties, pyrolysis and combustion behavior of hydrochar under different condition. The results showed that the C/H and O/C ratio of corn stalk (CS) + H2SO4 + tween was 1.1 and 0.29, which were close to coal, and the heat value reached 28.89 MJ/kg. HTC combined with ultrasonic/surfactant realized the complete separation of lignin with cellulose and hemicellulose in CS. Ultrasonic restricted the hydrolysis of lignin under alkaline condition and pseudo-lignin formation under acidic condition. Tween inhibited the formation and deposition of "pseudo-lignin". The thermogravimetric (TG) experiments displayed the tween combined with HTC improved the pyrolysis temperature and decreased activation energy as well as the combustion ignition temperature which showed better pyrolysis and combustion characteristics. The nth-order kinetic mode was fit with the TG datas. The mechanism of tween combined with HTC was also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwei Xu
- College of Materials and Energy in South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Ren Tu
- College of Materials and Energy in South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yan Sun
- College of Materials and Energy in South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yujian Wu
- College of Materials and Energy in South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Enchen Jiang
- College of Materials and Energy in South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jinrong Zhen
- College of Materials and Energy in South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
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43
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Martin O, Bolzli N, Puértolas B, Pérez-Ramírez J, Riedlberger P. Preparation of highly active phosphated TiO 2catalysts viacontinuous sol–gel synthesis in a microreactor. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy02574f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly efficient TiO2based catalysts for biomass conversion were obtained through optimised and well-controlled sol–gel synthesis in a multi-mixer microreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Martin
- Research Group Chemical Engineering
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences
- 8820 Wädenswil
- Switzerland
| | - N. Bolzli
- Research Group Chemical Engineering
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences
- 8820 Wädenswil
- Switzerland
| | - B. Puértolas
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - J. Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - P. Riedlberger
- Research Group Chemical Engineering
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences
- 8820 Wädenswil
- Switzerland
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44
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Rao KTV, Souzanchi S, Yuan Z, Xu C(C. One-pot sol–gel synthesis of a phosphated TiO2 catalyst for conversion of monosaccharide, disaccharides, and polysaccharides to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj01677e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic conversion of biomass or biomass-derived carbohydrates into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is an important reaction for the synthesis of bio-based polymers, fuels, and other industrially useful products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sadra Souzanchi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- Western University
- London
- Canada
| | - Zhongshun Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- Western University
- London
- Canada
| | - Chunbao (Charles) Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- Western University
- London
- Canada
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45
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Galebach PH, Thompson S, Wittrig AM, Buchanan JS, Huber GW. Investigation of the Reaction Pathways of Biomass-Derived Oxygenate Conversion into Monoalcohols in Supercritical Methanol with CuMgAl-Mixed-Metal Oxide. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:4007-4017. [PMID: 30291806 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201801816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reaction pathways for the conversion of cellulose into C2 -C6 monoalcohols by supercritical methanol depolymerization and hydrodeoxygenation (SCM-DHDO) over a CuMgAl oxide catalyst have been elucidated using a range of model compounds. SCM-DHDO of intermediate oxygenates including glycerol, methyl lactate, and 1,2-ethanediol produces similar products as those produced from the SCM-DHDO of cellulose. The pathway to C2 -C6 monoalcohols occurs through rapid C-C coupling reactions between methanol and diols followed by C-C scission between vicinal alcohol groups to produce two monoalcohols. Methyl-branched monoalcohols are produced through a methyl shift in a secondary diol followed by dehydration. Esters are produced by dehydrogenative coupling between an adsorbed methoxy and a primary alcohol. Both dehydrogenation to a ketone and esterification to a methyl ester are in equilibrium with the corresponding alcohol and were reversible. Dehydration of diols is the slowest observed reaction and not a main pathway to monoalcohols. SCM-DHDO of glucose, dihydroxyacetone, and cellulose all produced similar high molecular weight species indicating that condensation of intermediates can produce undesired side products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Galebach
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Sean Thompson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Ashley M Wittrig
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering, 3545 Route 22 East Clinton Township, Annandale, NJ, 08801, USA
| | - J Scott Buchanan
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering, 3545 Route 22 East Clinton Township, Annandale, NJ, 08801, USA
| | - George W Huber
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
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46
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Qu H, Zhou Y, Ma Y, Zhao P, Gao B, Guo M, Feng C. A green catalyst for hydrolysis of cellulose: Amino acid protic ionic liquid. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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47
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Fang X, Wang Z, Yuan B, Song W, Li S, Lin W. Efficient Conversion of Cellulose to 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural in NaHSO
4
/ZrO
2
/H
2
O‐THF Biphasic System. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Multi-Phase Complex SystemsInstitute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, PR China
- Sino-Danish collegeUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, PR China
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research Beijing 100190, PR China
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Ze Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Multi-Phase Complex SystemsInstitute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, PR China
- Sino-Danish collegeUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Bo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Multi-Phase Complex SystemsInstitute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, PR China
- Sino-Danish collegeUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, PR China
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Wenli Song
- State Key Laboratory of Multi-Phase Complex SystemsInstitute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, PR China
- Sino-Danish collegeUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Songgeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Multi-Phase Complex SystemsInstitute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, PR China
- Sino-Danish collegeUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Weigang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Multi-Phase Complex SystemsInstitute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, PR China
- Sino-Danish collegeUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, PR China
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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48
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Chen S, Wojcieszak R, Dumeignil F, Marceau E, Royer S. How Catalysts and Experimental Conditions Determine the Selective Hydroconversion of Furfural and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural. Chem Rev 2018; 118:11023-11117. [PMID: 30362725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural stand out as bridges connecting biomass raw materials to the biorefinery industry. Their reductive transformations by hydroconversion are key routes toward a wide variety of chemicals and biofuels, and heterogeneous catalysis plays a central role in these reactions. The catalyst efficiency highly depends on the nature of metals, supports, and additives, on the catalyst preparation procedure, and obviously on reaction conditions to which catalyst and reactants are exposed: solvent, pressure, and temperature. The present review focuses on the roles played by the catalyst at the molecular level in the hydroconversion of furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in the gas or liquid phases, including catalytic hydrogen transfer routes and electro/photoreduction, into oxygenates or hydrocarbons (e.g., furfuryl alcohol, 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan, cyclopentanone, 1,5-pentanediol, 2-methylfuran, 2,5-dimethylfuran, furan, furfuryl ethers, etc.). The mechanism of adsorption of the reactant and the mechanism of the reaction of hydroconversion are correlated to the specificities of each active metal, both noble (Pt, Pd, Ru, Au, Rh, and Ir) and non-noble (Ni, Cu, Co, Mo, and Fe), with an emphasis on the role of the support and of additives on catalytic performances (conversion, yield, and stability). The reusability of catalytic systems (deactivation mechanism, protection, and regeneration methods) is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Chen
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Université d'Artois , UMR 8181-UCCS-Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille , France
| | - Robert Wojcieszak
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Université d'Artois , UMR 8181-UCCS-Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille , France
| | - Franck Dumeignil
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Université d'Artois , UMR 8181-UCCS-Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille , France
| | - Eric Marceau
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Université d'Artois , UMR 8181-UCCS-Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille , France
| | - Sébastien Royer
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Université d'Artois , UMR 8181-UCCS-Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille , France
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49
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Maneechakr P, Karnjanakom S. Selective conversion of fructose into 5-ethoxymethylfurfural over green catalyst. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-018-3640-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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50
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Elucidating the Energetics and Effects of Solvents on Cellulose Hydrolysis Using a Polymeric Acid Catalyst. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8101767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel polymeric acid catalyst immobilized on a membrane substrate was found to possess superior catalytic activity and selectivity for biomass hydrolysis. The catalyst consists of two polymer chains, a poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PSSA) polymer chain for catalyzing carbohydrate substrate, and a neighboring poly(vinyl imidazolium chloride) ionic liquid (PIL) polymer chain for promoting the solvation of the PSSA chain to enhance the catalytic activity. In order to elucidate the mechanism and determine the energetics of biomass catalytic processing using this unique catalyst, classical molecular dynamics (MD) coupled with metadynamics (MTD) simulations were conducted to determine the free energy surfaces (FES) of cellulose hydrolysis. The critical role that PIL plays in the catalytic conversion is elucidated. The solvation free energy and the interactions between PSSA, PIL, and cellulose chains are found to be significantly affected by the solvent.
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