1
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Li MC, Zhang Y, Sun J, Lv K, Huang X, Meng X, Li Z, Song N, Yang D, Liu C. Lignin nanoparticle-stabilized pickering emulsion: Mechanism, influencing parameter, and emerging application. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2025; 341:103476. [PMID: 40139069 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2025.103476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2024] [Revised: 01/04/2025] [Accepted: 03/18/2025] [Indexed: 03/29/2025]
Abstract
Pickering emulsions using solid particles as stabilizers have attracted considerable interest due to their unique properties, environmental protection, high stability, and cost-effectiveness. However, the current solid particles used as stabilizers have been unable to meet the demands for sustainable development. Lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) are nanoscale particles derived from lignin, a complex biopolymer found in the cell walls of woods and plants. In recent years, LNPs have been widely used to stabilize Pickering emulsions due to its abundance, nanometer size, large specific surface area, good wettability, non-toxicity, and biodegradability. In this review, we overview the recent advances in the LNP-stabilized Pickering emulsion and their applications in a wide spectrum of emerging fields. The structure, preparation, and safety of LNPs are briefly overviewed. Then, the stabilization mechanism of LNP-stabilized Pickering emulsion is introduced. Next, two types of LNP-stabilized Pickering emulsion (i.e., unmodified and modified LNPs), their influencing factors, and physiochemical properties are comprehensively discussed. The recent advances in the application of LNP-stabilized Pickering emulsions in five areas are subsequently outlined, i.e., i) nanocomposites, ii) two-phase catalysis, iii) biomedicine, iv) daily skincare products, and v) enhanced oil recovery. Finally, the prospects of LNP-stabilized Pickering emulsion in the aforementioned fields are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chun Li
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China; State Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Field Chemistry, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China.
| | - Yaxuan Zhang
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Jinsheng Sun
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Kaihe Lv
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Xianbin Huang
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Xu Meng
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Ziyan Li
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Nana Song
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Dongqing Yang
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Chaozheng Liu
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210000, China
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2
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Wang X, Liang S, Chen L, Li X, Li D, Qiu X. Bowl-shaped alkylated lignin nanoparticles: A novel platform for stable antibacterial Pickering emulsions. Int J Biol Macromol 2025; 307:142194. [PMID: 40101689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.142194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2025] [Accepted: 03/15/2025] [Indexed: 03/20/2025]
Abstract
Pickering emulsions stabilized by nanoparticles exhibit enhanced stability and broad application potential compared to traditional surfactant-based emulsions. Herein, we report a novel approach for developing antibacterial Pickering emulsions using alkylated lignin nanoparticles (ALCχNPs). The alkylation of lignin was achieved through a systematic synthesis of derivatives with varying alkyl chain lengths, followed by nanoparticle formation via a solvent-exchange method. Characterization revealed that increasing alkyl chain length resulted in smaller nanoparticles and a unique bowl-shaped morphology. Among them, dodecyl-modified ALC12NPs demonstrated optimal amphiphilicity, leading to the most stable and homogeneous emulsions with versatile plant oils including canola oil and cinnamaldehyde. The resulting Pickering emulsions exhibited potent antibacterial activity against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus due to synergistic effects of ALC12NPs and cinnamaldehyde enhanced bacterial membrane disruption. This study provides a sustainable pathway for designing biocompatible, lignin-based Pickering emulsifiers with tailored properties for biomedical and antibacterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuhua Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liheng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China.
| | - Xiaoya Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Dan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xueqing Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China
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3
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Barrios N, Marquez R, Trovagunta R, Tolosa L, Suarez A, Zambrano F, Gonzalez R, Pal L, Hubbe MA. Lignin self-assembly phenomena and valorization strategies for pulping, biorefining, and materials development: Part 2. Factors affecting the specificity of lignin self-assembly for industrial applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2025; 342:103521. [PMID: 40288034 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2025.103521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2025] [Accepted: 04/17/2025] [Indexed: 04/29/2025]
Abstract
This review considers a profoundly underutilized resource, technical lignin, and its potential for large scale upgrading for higher-valued industrial usage by means of self-assembly processes. Molecular interactions that can be used to guide lignin self-assembly are systematically explored, categorizing them into physicochemical interaction-driven assembly and external stimuli or template-driven assembly. Published findings are examined to reveal molecular mechanisms governing lignin aggregation into lignin nanoparticles (LNPs), films, and interfacial behavior in Pickering emulsions that have potential to be used industrially. Recent advancements in experimental techniques are explored to provide deeper insights into lignin's self-assembly processes. Hydrophobic effects, π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic layering, polyelectrolyte complex formation, chain entanglement, and covalent cross-linking are critically assessed as potential means to control the self-assembly of lignin and systems involving lignin. Additionally, external factors, such as chemical dehydration, solvent-mediated interactions, and external fields are examined related to their role in templating lignin assembly. Based on a comprehensive review of the literature, hydrophobic interactions are predominant in lignin aggregation, with hydrophobicity degrees varying significantly across lignin samples. Interfacial rheology studies demonstrate that lignosulfonate exhibits maximum storage moduli at oil-water interfaces, significantly enhancing emulsion stability. Additionally, modified lignins via esterification contribute larger lifetimes of water-in-oil emulsions stability under varying salinity and oil types. The integration of molecular modeling with experimental characterization techniques can further optimize lignin-based materials for multiple applications, such as drug delivery, catalysis, advanced pesticide delivery systems, bioplastics, 3D printing, and emulsification, among many others. Although there are existing technical and economic assessments (TEA) and life cycle assessments (LCA) involving lignin self-assembly that point to promising prospects, there is a need for more comprehensive TEA and LCA work to clear the way for the needed industrial innovations in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Barrios
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, NC, USA
| | - Ronald Marquez
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, NC, USA
| | | | - Laura Tolosa
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Antonio Suarez
- WestRock Company, 2742 Charles City Rd, Richmond 23231, VA, USA
| | | | - Ronalds Gonzalez
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, NC, USA
| | - Lokendra Pal
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, NC, USA
| | - Martin A Hubbe
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, NC, USA.
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4
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Colucci G, Ribeiro A, Figueirêdo MB, Charmillot J, Santamaria-Echart A, Rodrigues AE, Barreiro MF. Lignin from aldehyde-assisted fractionation can provide light-colored Pickering emulsions through colloidal particles formed using alkaline antisolvent. Int J Biol Macromol 2025; 302:140534. [PMID: 39894127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.140534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2024] [Revised: 01/14/2025] [Accepted: 01/30/2025] [Indexed: 02/04/2025]
Abstract
Colloidal lignin particles (CLPs) are gaining attention as eco-friendly stabilizers for Pickering emulsions. Still, conventional lignin sources, like kraft lignin, are often limited by their dark color and strong odor. This study explores, for the first time, the use of a light-colored lignin derived from an aldehyde-assisted fractionation with glyoxylic acid (GA-lignin) for producing CLPs and derived Pickering emulsions. CLPs were produced by antisolvent precipitation with water (CLPs-W, pH 6) and alkaline buffer (CLPs-B, pH 8) as the antisolvents. The results revealed that the selected antisolvent significantly influenced the CLPs' properties. CLPs-W were larger, uniform in size, and hydrophobic, whereas CLPs-B were smaller, agglomerated into clusters, and exhibited greater hydrophilicity. Despite both CLPs' effectiveness in stabilizing oil-in-water emulsions, the stabilization mechanisms differed markedly; CLPs-W formed a robust membrane barrier at the oil-water interface, while CLPs-B facilitated oil droplet bridging. Overall, this work demonstrates that GA-lignin's light color nature offers advantages for Pickering emulsions design, surpassing a lignin typical limitation. This advancement highlights the versatility of GA-lignin-derived CLPs and supports the development of sustainable lignin-based products with significant commercial prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Colucci
- CIMO, LA SusTEC, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Ribeiro
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Justine Charmillot
- Bloom Biorenewables, Route de l'Ancienne Papeterie 106, 1723 Marly, Switzerland
| | | | - Alírio E Rodrigues
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Filomena Barreiro
- CIMO, LA SusTEC, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
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5
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El Bouhali A, Cambier S, Grysan P, Chuzeville L, Schmidt DF, Thomann JS. Using kraft lignin nanoparticles for the stabilization of nano/micro wax carriers. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134278. [PMID: 39084420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Due to its amphiphilic structure, lignin has the potential to stabilize emulsions via adsorption at the oil/water interface. By converting lignin into nanoparticles, we can significantly enhance its emulsion-stabilizing capabilities through a Pickering-type stabilization mechanism. Two essential elements may be modified to fine-tune emulsion stability: the size of the lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) and the physicochemical nature of the lipid phase. In this context, we highlight the behavior and utility of unmodified LNPs in the preparation of Pickering emulsions made up of water and a complex bio-based pharmaceutical-grade wax that can be used for the formulation of lipid carriers. As a proof-of-concept, we employ the developed Pickering emulsions to encapsulate indocyanine green (ICG), an FDA-approved dye commonly used in medical imaging applications. We demonstrate that ultra-small LNPs are well-suited for the colloidal stabilization of pharmaceutical wax ester micro beads. This stabilization does not require any lignin modification. Additionally, we present evidence that our new lipid/lignin hybrid carrier has potential as a new drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymane El Bouhali
- Department of Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, L-4362 Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Sébastien Cambier
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, L-4362 Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Patrick Grysan
- Department of Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, L-4362 Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Lauriane Chuzeville
- Department of Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, L-4362 Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel F Schmidt
- Department of Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, L-4362 Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Jean-Sébastien Thomann
- Department of Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, L-4362 Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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6
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Tian J, Chen J, Wang P, Kang S, Guo J, Zhu W, Jin Y, Song J, Rojas OJ. Pickering emulsion stabilization with colloidal lignin is enhanced by salt-induced networking in the aqueous phase. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133504. [PMID: 38944069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
We study the effect of electrolytes on the stability in aqueous media of spherical lignin particles (LP) and its relevance to Pickering emulsion stabilization. Factors considered included the role of ionic strength on morphology development, LP size distribution, surface charge, interfacial adsorption, colloidal and wetting behaviors. Stable emulsions are formed at salt concentrations as low as 50 mM, with the highest stability observed at a critical concentration (400 mM). We show salt-induced destabilization of LP aqueous dispersions at an ionic strength >400 mM. At this critical concentration LP flocculation takes place and particulate networks are formed. This has a profound consequence on the stability of LP-stabilized Pickering emulsions, affecting rheology and long-term stability. The results along with quartz microgravimetry and confocal microscopy observations suggest a possible mechanism for stabilization that considers the interfacial adsorption of LP at oil/water interfaces. The often-unwanted colloidal LP destabilization in water ensues remarkably stable Pickering emulsions by the effect of network formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Shandong laboratory of Yantai Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing, Yantai 26400, China
| | - Jingqian Chen
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Peipei Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Shaomin Kang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenyuan Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yongcan Jin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Junlong Song
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, 2900-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Chemistry, 2036 Main Mall. Vancouver, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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7
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Li Y, Yang D, Wang S, Xu H, Li P. Fabrication and Optimization of Pickering Emulsion Stabilized by Lignin Nanoparticles for Curcumin Encapsulation. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:21994-22002. [PMID: 38799355 PMCID: PMC11112700 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
To develop reversible pH-responsive emulsifiers of natural origin, alkali lignin (AL) was used to develop oil-in-water Pickering emulsions. AL was first modified to synthesize quaternized alkali lignin (QAL), which displayed pH-responsive properties and demonstrated solubility in both acidic and alkaline solutions. In contrast, QAL exhibited insolubility and formed particles in neutral solutions, thereby making it a suitable candidate for utilization as an emulsifier in doubly pH-responsive Pickering emulsions. At pH 5-9, the emulsions were stable. Above or below this pH range, the system demulsifies, resulting in a reversible Pickering emulsifier with two pH-controlled transitions. On the basis of this pH-dependent behavior, lignin-based Pickering emulsions (LPE) could be subjected to several cycles of emulsification-demulsification by alternating the pH of the aqueous phase between basic and acidic, while the droplet size and storage stability were maintained. Curcumin was used as a drug model to study the loading/release behavior of LPE, finding that 50.08% of curcumin could be encapsulated in LPE. The in vitro release of curcumin was pH-dependent. In addition, LPE exhibited an outstanding protective effect against the ultraviolet-induced degradation of curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- College
of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese
Medicine, 156 Jinshui East Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Dongjie Yang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South
China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Sijia Wang
- College
of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese
Medicine, 156 Jinshui East Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Huifang Xu
- College
of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese
Medicine, 156 Jinshui East Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - PengWei Li
- College
of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese
Medicine, 156 Jinshui East Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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8
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Liu B, Zhang W, Zeng J, Gong N, Ying G, Li P, Wang B, Xu J, Gao W, Chen K. Acid-catalyzed phenolation of lignin with tea polyphenol: Enhancing uv resistance and oxidation resistance for potential applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131462. [PMID: 38614163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
The rapid development of the industry has led to the destruction of the earth's ozone layer, resulting in an increasingly serious problem of excessive ultraviolet radiation. Exploring effective measures to address these problems has become a hot topic. Lignin shows promise in the design and preparation of anti-ultraviolet products due to its inherent properties. However, it is important to investigate way to enhance the reactivity of lignin and determine its application form in related products. In this study, phenolic reactions with tea polyphenols were conducted through acid-catalyzed conversion, utilizing organic solvent lignin as the primary material. The phenolic hydroxyl content of the original lignin increased significantly by 218.8 %, resulting in notable improvements in UV resistance and oxidation resistance for phenolic lignin. Additionally, micro-nanocapsule emulsions were formed using phenolic lignin particles as surfactants through ultrasonic cavitation with small-molecule sunscreens. A bio-based sunscreen was prepared with phenolated lignin micro-nanocapsules as the active ingredient, achieving an SPF 100.2 and demonstrating excellent stability. The sunscreen also exhibited strong antioxidant properties and impermeability, ensuring user safety. This research offers a current solution for improving the application of lignin in sunscreens while also broadening the potential uses of plant-based materials in advanced functional products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyang Liu
- Plant Fiber Material Science Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Plant Fiber Material Science Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Shandong Sun Paper Industry Joint Stock Co., Ltd., Jining 272000, PR China
| | - Jinsong Zeng
- Plant Fiber Material Science Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | - Ningfeng Gong
- Hydrosys Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 102699, PR China
| | - Guangdong Ying
- Shandong Sun Paper Industry Joint Stock Co., Ltd., Jining 272000, PR China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Plant Fiber Material Science Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Plant Fiber Material Science Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Jun Xu
- Plant Fiber Material Science Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Wenhua Gao
- Plant Fiber Material Science Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Kefu Chen
- Plant Fiber Material Science Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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9
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Xu H, Fan Q, Huang M, Cui L, Gao Z, Liu L, Chen Y, Jin J, Jin Q, Wang X. Combination of carrageenan with sodium alginate, gum arabic, and locust bean gum: Effects on rheological properties and quiescent stabilities of partially crystalline emulsions. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127561. [PMID: 37865364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, carrageenan (CG) was combined with sodium alginate (SA), gum arabic (GA), and locust bean gum (LBG) to obtain four gum combinations (CG, CG + SA, CG + GA, and CG + LBG). The effects of different combinations on rheological properties and quiescent stabilities of PCEs were systematically investigated through characterization of fresh emulsion related parameters (rheological properties, forces between proteins, zeta potentials, surface tensions, interfacial adsorption properties, and multiple light scattering) and storage related parameters (visual appearance, creaming index, viscosities, particle sizes, and microscopic morphology). Rheological results indicated that CG PCEs had the highest apparent viscosities of 7.77-41.91 Pa·s at 0.01 s-1, followed by CG + SA PCEs (2.35-30.62 Pa·s), CG + GA PCEs (2.37-21.16 Pa·s), and CG + LBG PCEs (2.06-19.93 Pa·s). At low thickener concentration (0.02 %), CG PCE exhibited weak gel structure due to higher G' than G″ at all frequencies, while CG + SA, CG + GA, and CG + LBG PCEs had entangled network due to intersection between G' and G″. After three months of storage, CG + SA PCEs showed the lowest creaming index values (11.47-17.75 %), which were significantly lower than CG PCEs (15.35-20.85 %), CG + GA PCEs (15.97-24.42 %), and CG + LBG PCEs (17.13-21.71 %). Meanwhile, all the samples except for 0.02 % CG + SA PCE completely lost fluidity, and their viscosities were above 14,000 mPa·s. It was further found that CG stabilized emulsions showed severe droplet flocculation induced by hydrophobic interactions among adsorbed proteins. Combination of CG with SA, GA, and LBG, especially CG + SA, formed strong network structure and reduced contribution of hydrophobic interactions, which effectively inhibited flocculation of fat droplets, thereby improving rheological properties and storage stabilities of PCEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qinyuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mingcui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Limin Cui
- Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd., Hohhot 011500, China
| | - Ziwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Longfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jun Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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10
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Puel E, Coumes CCD, Poulesquen A, Testard F, Thill A. Pickering emulsions stabilized by inside/out Janus nanotubes: Oil triggers an evolving solid interfacial layer. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 647:478-487. [PMID: 37271092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS In the field of Pickering emulsion, original inside/ouside Janus clays nanoparticles are investigated for their emulsification properties. Imogolite is a tubular nanomineral of the clay family having both inner and outer hydrophilic surfaces. A Janus version of this nanomineral with an inner surface fully covered by methyl groups can be obtained directly by synthesis (Imo-CH3, hybrid imogolite). The hydrophilic/hydrophobic duality of the Janus Imo-CH3 allows the nanotubes to be dispersed in an aqueous suspension and enables emulsification of non-polar compounds due to the hydrophobic inner cavity of the nanotube. EXPERIMENTS Through the combination of Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS), interfacial observations and rheology, the stabilization mechanism of imo-CH3 in oil-water emulsions has been investigated. FINDINGS Here, we show that interfacial stabilization of an oil-in-water emulsion is rapidly obtained at a critical Imo-CH3 concentration as low as 0.6 wt%. Below this concentration threshold, no arrested coalescence is observed, and excess oil is expelled from the emulsion through a cascading coalescence mechanism. The stability of the emulsion above the concentration threshold is reinforced by an evolving interfacial solid layer resulting from the aggregation of Imo-CH3 nanotubes that is triggered by the penetration of confined oil front into the continuous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Puel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, CNRS, NIMBE, UMR 3685, LIONS, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Céline Cau Dit Coumes
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DE2D, Université Montpellier, Marcoule, 30207 Bagnols-Sur-Cèze Cedex, France
| | - Arnaud Poulesquen
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DE2D, Université Montpellier, Marcoule, 30207 Bagnols-Sur-Cèze Cedex, France
| | - Fabienne Testard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, CNRS, NIMBE, UMR 3685, LIONS, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Antoine Thill
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, CNRS, NIMBE, UMR 3685, LIONS, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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11
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Djahaniani H, Ghavidel N, Kazemian H. Green and facile synthesis of lignin/HKUST-1 as a novel hybrid biopolymer metal-organic-framework for a pH-controlled drug release system. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124627. [PMID: 37119882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript describes the synthesis and characterization of a hybrid polymer/HKUST-1 composite for oral drug delivery. A green, one-pot approach was employed to synthesize the modified metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) composite using alkali lignin as a novel pH-responsive biopolymer carrier for the simulated oral delivery system. Several analytical techniques, including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the chemical and crystalline structure of HKUST-1 and L/HKUST-1 composite. The drug loading capacity and drug-controlled release behavior of HKUST-1 and L/HKUST-1 were examined using ibuprofen (IBU) as an oral drug model. L/HKUST-1 composite demonstrated a pH-controlled drug release behavior by advancing the drug stability at low pHs such as the gastric medium and controlling drug release in the pH range of 6.8-7.4, similar to intestinal pH. The results suggest that the L/HKUST-1 composite is a promising candidate for oral medication delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoorieh Djahaniani
- Northern Analytical Lab Services (Northern BC's Environmental and Climate Solutions Innovation Hub), University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada.
| | - Nasim Ghavidel
- Northern Analytical Lab Services (Northern BC's Environmental and Climate Solutions Innovation Hub), University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
| | - Hossein Kazemian
- Northern Analytical Lab Services (Northern BC's Environmental and Climate Solutions Innovation Hub), University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada.
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12
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Hua Q, Liu LY, Cho M, Karaaslan MA, Zhang H, Kim CS, Renneckar S. Functional Lignin Building Blocks: Reactive Vinyl Esters with Acrylic Acid. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:592-603. [PMID: 36705942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Introducing vinyl groups onto the backbone of technical lignin provides an opportunity to create highly reactive renewable polymers suitable for radical polymerization. In this work, the chemical modification of softwood kraft lignin was pursued with etherification, followed by direct esterification with acrylic acid (AA). In the first step, phenolic hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups were derivatized into aliphatic hydroxyl groups using ethylene carbonate and an alkaline catalyst. The lignin was subsequently fractionated using a downward precipitation method to recover lignin of defined molar mass and solubility. After recovery, the resulting material was then esterified with AA, resulting in lignin with vinyl functional groups. The first step resulted in approximately 90% of phenolic hydroxyl groups being converted into aliphatic hydroxyls, while the downward fractionation resulted in three samples of lignin with defined molar masses. For the esterification reaction, the weight ratio of reagents, reaction temperature, and reaction time were evaluated as factors that would influence the modification efficacy. 13C NMR spectroscopy analysis of lignin samples before and after esterification showed that the optimized reaction conditions could reach approximately 40% substitution of aliphatic hydroxyl groups. Both steps only used lignin and the modifying reagent (no solvent), with the possibility of recovery and reuse of the reagent by dilution and distillation. An additional second esterification step of the resulting lignin sample with acetic acid or propionic acid converted 90% of remaining hydroxyl groups into short-chain carbon aliphatic esters, making a hydrophobic material suitable for further copolymerization with synthetic hydrophobic monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Hua
- Advanced Renewable Materials Lab, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Li-Yang Liu
- Advanced Renewable Materials Lab, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mijung Cho
- Advanced Renewable Materials Lab, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Muzaffer A Karaaslan
- Advanced Renewable Materials Lab, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- Advanced Renewable Materials Lab, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Chang Soo Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Division of Energy & Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Scott Renneckar
- Advanced Renewable Materials Lab, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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13
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Ye J, Li L, Yin J, Wang H, Li R, Yang Y, Guan Y, Xia X, Liu Y. Tumor-targeting intravenous lipid emulsion of paclitaxel: Characteristics, stability, toxicity, and toxicokinetics. J Pharm Anal 2022; 12:901-912. [PMID: 36605580 PMCID: PMC9805944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid nanoemulsions are promising nanodrug delivery carriers that can improve the efficacy and safety of paclitaxel (PTX). However, no intravenous lipid emulsion of PTX has been approved for clinical treatment, and systemic safety profiles have not yet been reported. Here we outline the development of a PTX-loaded tumor-targeting intravenous lipid emulsion (PTX Emul) and describe its characteristics, colloidal stability, and systemic safety profiles in terms of acute toxicity, long-term toxicity, and toxicokinetics. We also compare PTX Emul with conventional PTX injection. Results showed that PTX Emul exhibited an ideal average particle size (approximately 160 nm) with narrow size distribution and robust colloidal stability under different conditions. Hypersensitivity reaction and hemolysis tests revealed that PTX Emul did not induce hypersensitivity reactions and had no hemolytic potential. In addition, where the alleviated systemic toxicity of PTX Emul may be attributed to the altered toxicokinetic characteristics in beagle dogs, including the decreased AUC and increased plasma clearance and volume of distribution, PTX Emul alleviated acute and long-term toxicity as evidenced by the enhanced the median lethal dose and approximate lethal dose, moderate body weight change, decreased bone marrow suppression and organ toxicity compared with those under PTX injection at the same dose. A fundamental understanding of the systemic safety profiles, high tumor-targeting efficiency, and superior antitumor activity in vivo of PTX Emul can provide powerful evidence of its therapeutic potential as a future treatment for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jiye Yin
- National Beijing Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Renjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yanfang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yongbiao Guan
- National Beijing Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Xuejun Xia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Yuling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China,Corresponding author.
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14
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Tang C, Chai Y, Wang C, Wang Z, Min J, Wang Y, Qi W, Su R, He Z. Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Lignin/Chitosan Nanoparticles for Biphasic Enzyme Catalysis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:12849-12858. [PMID: 36215031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we construct a green and high-performance platform using Pickering emulsions for biphasic catalysis. The oil-in-water Pickering emulsions stabilized by the lignin/chitosan nanoparticles (Lig/Chi NPs) have great stability and alkali resistance, showing pH-responsive reversible emulsification and demulsification which can be recycled at least three times. The Pickering emulsion also has fluorescence and wide availability to different oil-to-water volume ratios, types of oil, storage times, temperatures, and ion concentrations. When this system is applied to the lipase-catalyzed reaction for the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenol palmitate, it will provide stable and large oil-water reaction interface areas, and the negatively charged lipase will enrich at the emulsion interface by electrostatic adsorption of the positively charged Lig/Chi NPs to achieve immobilization (lipase-Lig/Chi NPs). The reaction conversion rate can reach nearly 100% in 30 min, which is nearly three times higher than that of the conventional two-phase system. Moreover, the lipases in Pickering emulsion stabilized by Lig/Chi NPs exhibit great recyclability because of the protection of Lig/Chi NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanmei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Chaoxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jiwei Min
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Rongxin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Zhimin He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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15
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Preparation of powdered oil by spray drying the Pickering emulsion stabilized by ovalbumin - Gum Arabic polyelectrolyte complex. Food Chem 2022; 391:133223. [PMID: 35598390 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The suitability of the perilla seed oil Pickering emulsion stabilized by the ovalbumin (OVA) - gum Arabic (GA) polyelectrolyte complex for spray drying was investigated and the resultant powder was characterized. The OVA - GA complex conferred enhanced stability to the emulsion than OVA, GA, and their mixture. The viscosity of the Pickering emulsion was highly sensitive to stabilizer concentration and that fabricated by 2% OVA - GA complex showed acceptable viscosity and powder yield. The Pickering emulsion was more effective in preventing oil leakage during spray drying than the OVA-stabilized emulsion and the resultant powder possessed an oil content of up to 77.7%. Besides, the spray-dried Pickering emulsion powder showed greater rehydration and better flowability than that of the OVA-stabilized emulsion powder. Hence, the Pickering emulsion stabilized by the OVA - GA polyelectrolyte complex is promising as a novel feed for the production of oil powders by spray drying.
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16
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Wang Y, Ji X, Wang Q, Tian Z, Liu S, Yang G, Liu H. Recent advanced application of lignin nanoparticles in the functional composites: A mini-review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:2498-2511. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Arputharaj E, Singh S, Pasupuleti RR, Dahms HU, Huang YL. Visible fluorescent sensing of Cu2+ ions in urine by reusable chitosan/l-histidine–stabilized silicon nanoparticles integrated thin layer chromatography sheet. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1231:340418. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Bertella S, Bernardes Figueirêdo M, De Angelis G, Mourez M, Bourmaud C, Amstad E, Luterbacher JS. Extraction and Surfactant Properties of Glyoxylic Acid-Functionalized Lignin. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200270. [PMID: 35532091 PMCID: PMC9543430 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The amphiphilic chemical structure of native lignin, composed by a hydrophobic aromatic core and hydrophilic hydroxy groups, makes it a promising alternative for the development of bio-based surface-active compounds. However, the severe conditions traditionally needed during biomass fractionation make lignin prone to condensation and cause it to lose hydrophilic hydroxy groups in favour of the formation of C-C bonds, ultimately decreasing lignin's abilities to lower surface tension of water/oil mixtures. Therefore, it is often necessary to further functionalize lignin in additional synthetic steps in order to obtain a surfactant with suitable properties. In this work, multifunctional aldehyde-assisted fractionation with glyoxylic acid (GA) was used to prevent lignin condensation and simultaneously introduce a controlled amount of carboxylic acid on the lignin backbone for its further use as surfactant. After fully characterizing the extracted GA-lignin, its surface activity was measured in several water/oil systems at different pH values. Then, the stability of water/mineral oil emulsions was evaluated at different pH and over a course of 30 days by traditional photography and microscopy imaging. Further, the use of GA-lignin as a surfactant was investigated in the formulation of a cosmetic hand cream composed of industrially relevant ingredients. Contrary to industrial lignins such as Kraft lignin, GA-lignin did not alter the color or smell of the formulation. Finally, the surface activity of GA-lignin was compared with other lignin-based and fossil-based surfactants, showing that GA-lignin presented similar or better surface-active properties compared to some of the most commonly used surfactants. The overall results showed that GA-lignin, a biopolymer that can be made exclusively from renewable carbon, can successfully be extracted in one step from lignocellulosic biomass. This lignin can be used as an effective surfactant without further modification, and as such is a promising candidate for the development of new bio-based surface-active products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Bertella
- Laboratory of Sustainable and Catalytic ProcessingInstitute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)CH-1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Monique Bernardes Figueirêdo
- Laboratory of Sustainable and Catalytic ProcessingInstitute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)CH-1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Gaia De Angelis
- Soft Materials LaboratoryInstitute of MaterialsÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)CH-1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Malcolm Mourez
- Laboratory of Sustainable and Catalytic ProcessingInstitute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)CH-1015LausanneSwitzerland
- Department of ChemistryÉcole PolytechniqueInstitut Polytechnique de Paris91128Palaiseau CedexFrance
| | - Claire Bourmaud
- Laboratory of Sustainable and Catalytic ProcessingInstitute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)CH-1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Esther Amstad
- Soft Materials LaboratoryInstitute of MaterialsÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)CH-1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Jeremy S. Luterbacher
- Laboratory of Sustainable and Catalytic ProcessingInstitute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)CH-1015LausanneSwitzerland
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19
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Wang Y, Alipoormazandarani N, Puumala LS, Gao W, Liu S, Kong F, Wang Q, Fatehi P. Amphiphilic Lignin Nanoparticles Made from Lignin-Acrylic Acid-Methyl Methacrylate Copolymers. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152612. [PMID: 35957040 PMCID: PMC9370363 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel amphiphilic KL-AA-MMA nanoparticle was prepared through the graft copolymerization of kraft lignin (KL) with acrylic acid (AA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA), using potassium persulfate as an initiator in a water/dimethyl sulfoxide solvent medium, which was followed by the nanoprecipitation technique using dimethylformamide as a solvent and deionized water as an antisolvent. The successful graft polymerization was verified by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 31P-NMR, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses; and the grafting yield of the generated KL-AA-MMA copolymer ranged from 68.2% to 96.5%. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation revealed the formation of amorphous KL-AA-MMA nanoparticles. Additionally, KL-AA-MMA9 nanoparticles with the highest yield exhibited the minimum hydrodynamic diameter and polydispersity of 261 nm and 0.153, respectively. Moreover, the amphiphilicity of KL-AA-MMA nanoparticles was significantly improved by the grafting of MMA monomers. Finally, the adsorption performance of KL-AA-MMA nanoparticles at the xylene interface was evaluated by a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). The results demonstrated that the most amphiphilic sample, KL-AA-MMA9 nanoparticles, with the smallest hydrodynamic size displayed the highest adsorption on the oil/water interface. This product provides a wide range of applications in oil/water emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (F.K.)
- Green Processes Research Centre, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; (N.A.); (L.S.P.); (W.G.)
| | - Niloofar Alipoormazandarani
- Green Processes Research Centre, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; (N.A.); (L.S.P.); (W.G.)
| | - Lauren Skye Puumala
- Green Processes Research Centre, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; (N.A.); (L.S.P.); (W.G.)
| | - Weijue Gao
- Green Processes Research Centre, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; (N.A.); (L.S.P.); (W.G.)
| | - Shanshan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (F.K.)
| | - Fangong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (F.K.)
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (F.K.)
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (P.F.); Tel.: +1-(807)-343-8697 (P.F.)
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (F.K.)
- Green Processes Research Centre, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; (N.A.); (L.S.P.); (W.G.)
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (P.F.); Tel.: +1-(807)-343-8697 (P.F.)
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Chen K, Zhou X, Wang D, Li J, Qi D. Synthesis and characterization of a broad-spectrum TiO2@lignin UV-protection agent with high antioxidant and emulsifying activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:33-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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21
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Jia H, He J, Xu Y, Wang T, Zhang L, Wang B, Jiang X, Li X, Zhang X, Lv K. Synergistic effects of AlOOH and sodium benzenesulfonate on the generation of Pickering emulsions and their application for enhanced oil recovery. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Safian MTU, Sekeri SH, Yaqoob AA, Serrà A, Jamudin MD, Mohamad Ibrahim MN. Utilization of lignocellulosic biomass: A practical journey towards the development of emulsifying agent. Talanta 2021; 239:123109. [PMID: 34864531 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
With each passing year, the agriculture and wood processing industries generate increasingly high tonnages of biomass waste, which instead of being burned or left to accumulate should be utilized more sustainably. In parallel, advances in green technology have encouraged large companies and nations to begin using eco-friendly materials, including eco-friendly emulsifiers, which are used in various industries and in bio-based materials. The emulsion-conducive properties of lignocellulosic materials such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, the building blocks of plant and wood structures, have demonstrated a particular ability to alter the landscape of emulsion technology. Beyond that, the further modification of their structure may improve emulsion stability, which often determines the performance of emulsions. Considering those trends, this review examines the performance of lignocellulosic materials after modification according to their stability, droplet size, and distribution by size, all of which suggest their outstanding potential as materials for emulsifying agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Taqi-Uddeen Safian
- Materials Technology Research Group (MaTRec), School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Siti Hajar Sekeri
- Materials Technology Research Group (MaTRec), School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Asim Ali Yaqoob
- Materials Technology Research Group (MaTRec), School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Albert Serrà
- Grup d'Electrodeposició de Capes Primes i Nanoestructures (GE-CPN), Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1, E-08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN(2)UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mohd Dzahir Jamudin
- Ekahala Resourses Sdn. Bhd., 52-1, Jalan Musytari AN U5/AN, Subang Pelangi, Seksyen U5, 40150, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim
- Materials Technology Research Group (MaTRec), School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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Tardy BL, Mattos BD, Otoni CG, Beaumont M, Majoinen J, Kämäräinen T, Rojas OJ. Deconstruction and Reassembly of Renewable Polymers and Biocolloids into Next Generation Structured Materials. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14088-14188. [PMID: 34415732 PMCID: PMC8630709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the most recent developments in supramolecular and supraparticle structures obtained from natural, renewable biopolymers as well as their disassembly and reassembly into engineered materials. We introduce the main interactions that control bottom-up synthesis and top-down design at different length scales, highlighting the promise of natural biopolymers and associated building blocks. The latter have become main actors in the recent surge of the scientific and patent literature related to the subject. Such developments make prominent use of multicomponent and hierarchical polymeric assemblies and structures that contain polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin, and others), polyphenols (lignins, tannins), and proteins (soy, whey, silk, and other proteins). We offer a comprehensive discussion about the interactions that exist in their native architectures (including multicomponent and composite forms), the chemical modification of polysaccharides and their deconstruction into high axial aspect nanofibers and nanorods. We reflect on the availability and suitability of the latter types of building blocks to enable superstructures and colloidal associations. As far as processing, we describe the most relevant transitions, from the solution to the gel state and the routes that can be used to arrive to consolidated materials with prescribed properties. We highlight the implementation of supramolecular and superstructures in different technological fields that exploit the synergies exhibited by renewable polymers and biocolloids integrated in structured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise L. Tardy
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Bruno D. Mattos
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Caio G. Otoni
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Federal University
of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, São
Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Marco Beaumont
- School
of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University
of Technology, 2 George
Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Johanna Majoinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Tero Kämäräinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Ghavidel N, Fatehi P. Recent Developments in the Formulation and Use of Polymers and Particles of Plant-based Origin for Emulsion Stabilizations. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4850-4877. [PMID: 34424605 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The main scope of this Review was the recent progress in the use of plant-based polymers and particles for the stabilization of Pickering and non-Pickering emulsion systems. Due to their availability and promising performance, it was discussed how the source, modification, and formulation of cellulose, starch, protein, and lignin-based polymers and particles would impact their emulsion stabilization. Special attention was given toward the material synthesis in two forms of polymeric surfactants and particles and the corresponding formulated emulsions. Also, the effects of particle size, degree of aggregation, wettability, degree of substitution, and electrical charge in stabilizing oil/water systems and micro- and macro-structures of oil droplets were discussed. The wide range of applications using such plant-based stabilizers in different technologies as well as their challenge and future perspectives were described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Ghavidel
- Chemical Engineering Department, Green Processes Research Centre, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, P7B5E1 ON, Canada
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Green Processes Research Centre, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, P7B5E1 ON, Canada
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Ghavidel N, Fatehi P. Interfacial and Emulsion Characteristics of Oil-Water Systems in the Presence of Polymeric Lignin Surfactant. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:3346-3358. [PMID: 33667093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is hypothesized that polymeric lignin surfactants have different affinities for stabilizing oil-water emulsions and that the emulsifying performance of these surfactants is highly affected by their adsorption performance at the oil-water interface. To validate this hypothesis, the adsorption performance of sulfethylated lignin (SEKL) surfactant at different oil-water interfaces was examined by assessing the contact angle, dynamic interfacial tension, and surface loading (Γ). Moreover, the interfacial adsorption kinetics of SEKL was comprehensively assessed in different oil-water systems to reveal the mechanisms of the SEKL adsorption at the interface. Also, the impacts of SEKL concentration and ionic strength on the performance of SEKL as an effective emulsifier for the emulsions were assessed. Furthermore, the droplet size and instability index of the emulsions were systematically correlated with the adsorption performance of SEKL at the interface of oil and water. For the first time, by implementing a modified Ward Toradai diffusion model, two distinct early stages of the adsorption of SEKL at the oil interface were identified. Interestingly, the second stage was the determining stage of adsorption with the diffusion-controlled mechanism when polymers reconfigured at the oil-water interface. Salt screening facilitated the clustering of SEKL upon charge repulsion elimination, which removed the energy barrier in the first stage of adsorption (ΔEp→0 = 0), but it introduced a steric barrier upon the reconfiguration of polymers at the oil interfaces in the second stage of adsorption. In addition to the kinetics of adsorption, satisfactory correlations were observed between surface pressure (Δγ = γ∞ - γ0), surface loading (Γ) of polymers, and contact angle at oil interfaces on one hand and the oil droplet size and emulsion stability on the other hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Ghavidel
- Green Processes Research Centre and Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B5E1, Canada
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Green Processes Research Centre and Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B5E1, Canada
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Alwadani N, Ghavidel N, Fatehi P. Surface and interface characteristics of hydrophobic lignin derivatives in solvents and films. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Lignin containing cellulose nanofibers (LCNFs): Lignin content-morphology-rheology relationships. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 254:117441. [PMID: 33357912 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the relationship between lignin content, morphology, and rheology of lignin containing cellulose nanofibers (LCNFs). The morphology and rheology of LCNFs were dominated by lignin content. Lignin content had two-sides on mechanical fibrillation. At high lignin content (23.79 %), reduced efficiency of defibrillation resulted in large LCNFs connecting with lignin patches. LCNF suspensions exhibited low viscosity, weak gel behavior due to infirm fibril network. Small yield stress of 1.14 Pa suggested that fibril network was easily disrupted. At residual lignin of 6.52 %, fibril bundles were sensitive to defibrillation, producing long and flexible LCNFs with high capacity of entanglement. The entangled fibril network had high viscosity and strong gel like behavior. Creep compliance of 0.09 Pa-1 and large yield stress of 4.25 Pa indicated excellent resistance to deformation. The desired rheology can be tailored by lignin content, providing practical guidance on novel rheology-dependent LCNF based materials.
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