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Chang H, Chang DH, Stamoulis AG, Huber GW, Lynn DM, Palecek SP, Dumesic JA. Controlling the toxicity of biomass-derived difunctional molecules as potential pharmaceutical ingredients for specific activity toward microorganisms and mammalian cells. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2023; 25:5416-5427. [PMID: 38223356 PMCID: PMC10786631 DOI: 10.1039/d3gc00188a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
A biomass-derived difuran compound, denoted as HAH (HMF-Acetone-HMF), synthesized by aldol-condensation of 5-hydroxyfurfural (HMF) and acetone, can be partially hydrogenated to provide an electron-rich difuran compound (PHAH) for Diels-Alder reactions with maleimide derivatives. The nitrogen (N) site in the maleimide can be substituted by imidation with amine-containing compounds to control the hydrophobicity of the maleimide moiety in adducts of furans and maleimide by Diels-Alder reaction, denoted as norcantharimides (Diels-Alder adducts). The structural effects on the toxicity of various biomass-derived small molecules synthesized in this manner to regulate biological processes, defined as low molecular weight (≤ 1000 g/mol) organic compounds, were investigated against diverse microbial and mammalian cell types. The biological toxicity increased when hydrophobic N-substitutions and C=C bonds were introduced into the molecular structure. Among the synthesized norcantharamide derivatives, some compounds demonstrated pH-dependent toxicities against specific cell types. Reaction kinetics analyses of the norcantharimides in biological conditions suggest that this pH-dependent toxicity of norcantharimides could arise from retro Diels-Alder reactions in the presence of a Brϕnsted acid that catalyzes the release of an N-substituted maleimide, which has higher toxicity against fungal cells than the toxicity of the Diels-Alder adduct. These synthetic approaches can be used to design biologically-active small molecules that exhibit selective toxicity against various cell types (e.g., fungal, cancer cells) and provide a sustainable platform for production of prodrugs that could actively or passively affect the viability of infectious cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hochan Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Douglas H. Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - George W. Huber
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David M. Lynn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sean P. Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - James A. Dumesic
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Chang H, Stamoulis AG, Huber GW, Dumesic JA. Design of supported organocatalysts from a biomass-derived difuran compound and catalytic assessment for lactose hydrolysis. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2023; 25:1809-1822. [PMID: 37810198 PMCID: PMC10557463 DOI: 10.1039/d2gc04243f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The engineered structures and active sites of enzyme catalysts give rise to high catalytic activity and selectivity toward desired reactions. We have employed a biomass-derived difuran compound to append N-substituted maleimides with amino acid (glutamic acid) substitution by Diels-Alder reaction to mimic the chemical functional groups that comprise the active site channels in enzyme catalysts. The difunctionality of the biomass-derived difuran allows production of Diels-Alder adducts by appending two amino acid moieties to form a difunctional organocatalyst. The catalytic activity of the organocatalyst can be improved by immobilizing the organocatalyst on solid supporting materials. Accordingly, the structures of these immobilized organocatalysts can be engineered to mimic enzymatic active sites and to control the interaction between reactants, products, and transition states of catalytic reactions. Lactose hydrolysis was carried out to provide an example of industrial application of this approach to design and fabricate new supported organocatalysts as artificial enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hochan Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - George W. Huber
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - James A. Dumesic
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1552 University Avenue, Madison, WI, USA
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Dynamic materials derived from biobased furans: towards the ‘sleeping giant’ awakening. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Cioc RC, Crockatt M, van der Waal JC, Bruijnincx PCA. Targeting Valuable Chemical Commodities: Hydrazine-mediated Diels-Alder Aromatization of Biobased Furfurals. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201139. [PMID: 35833422 PMCID: PMC9804822 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A hydrazine-mediated approach towards renewable aromatics production via Diels-Alder aromatization of readily available, biobased furfurals was explored as alterative to the more classical approaches that rely on reactive but uneconomical reduced dienes (e. g., 2,5-dimethylfuran). To enable cycloaddition chemistry with these otherwise unreactive formyl furans, substrate activation by N,N-dimethyl hydrazone formation was investigated. The choice of the reaction partner was key to the success of the transformation, and in this respect acrylic acid showed the most promising results in the synthesis of aromatics. This strategy allowed for selectivities up to 60 % for a complex transformation consisting of Diels-Alder cycloaddition, oxabridge opening, decarboxylation, and dehydration. Exploration of the furfural scope yielded generic structure-reactivity-stability relationships. The proposed methodology enabled the redox-efficient, operationally simple, and mild synthesis of renewable (p-disubstituted) aromatics of commercial importance under remarkably mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Răzvan C. Cioc
- Organic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrecht (TheNetherlands
| | - Marc Crockatt
- Department of Sustainable Process and Energy Systems, TNOLeeghwaterstraat 442628 CADelft (TheNetherlands
| | - Jan C. van der Waal
- Department of Sustainable Process and Energy Systems, TNOLeeghwaterstraat 442628 CADelft (TheNetherlands
| | - Pieter C. A. Bruijnincx
- Organic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrecht (TheNetherlands
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Chacón-Huete F, Messina C, Cigana B, Forgione P. Diverse Applications of Biomass-Derived 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and Derivatives as Renewable Starting Materials. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200328. [PMID: 35652539 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This Review summarizes recent efforts to capitalize on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and related furans as emerging building blocks for the synthesis of fine chemicals and materials, with a focus on advanced applications within medicinal and polymer chemistry, as well as nanomaterials. As with all chemical industries, these fields have historically relied heavily on petroleum-derived starting materials, an unsustainable and polluting feedstock. Encouragingly, the emergent chemical versatility of biomass-derived furans has been shown to facilitate derivatization towards valuable targets. Continued work on the synthetic manipulation of HMF, and related derivatives, for access to a wide range of target compounds and materials is crucial for further development. Increasingly, biomass-derived furans are being utilized for a wide range of chemical applications, the continuation of which is paramount to accelerate the paradigm shift towards a sustainable chemical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Chacón-Huete
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Concordia University, 7141, rue Sherbrooke O., Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Cynthia Messina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Concordia University, 7141, rue Sherbrooke O., Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Brandon Cigana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Concordia University, 7141, rue Sherbrooke O., Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Pat Forgione
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Concordia University, 7141, rue Sherbrooke O., Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
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Cioc RC, Crockatt M, van der Waal JC, Bruijnincx PCA. The Interplay between Kinetics and Thermodynamics in Furan Diels-Alder Chemistry for Sustainable Chemicals Production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114720. [PMID: 35014138 PMCID: PMC9304315 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Biomass‐derived furanic platform molecules have emerged as promising building blocks for renewable chemicals and functional materials. To this aim, the Diels–Alder (DA) cycloaddition stands out as a versatile strategy to convert these renewable resources in highly atom‐efficient ways. Despite nearly a century worth of examples of furan DA chemistry, clear structure–reactivity–stability relationships are still to be established. Detailed understanding of the intricate interplay between kinetics and thermodynamics in these very particular [4+2] cycloadditions is essential to push further development and truly expand the scope beyond the ubiquitous addend combinations of electron‐rich furans and electron‐deficient olefins. Herein, we provide pertinent examples of DA chemistry, taken from various fields, to highlight trends, establish correlations and answer open questions in the field with the aim to support future efforts in the sustainable chemicals and materials production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Răzvan C Cioc
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Crockatt
- Department of Sustainable Process and Energy Systems, TNO, Leeghwaterstraat 44, 2628, CA, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C van der Waal
- Department of Sustainable Process and Energy Systems, TNO, Leeghwaterstraat 44, 2628, CA, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter C A Bruijnincx
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Wiesfeld JJ, Asakawa M, Aoshima T, Fukuoka A, Hensen EJ, Nakajima K. A Catalytic Strategy for Selective Production of 5‐Formylfuran‐2‐carboxylic Acid and Furan‐2,5‐dicarboxylic Acid. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan J. Wiesfeld
- Hokkaido University: Hokkaido Daigaku Institute for Catalysis JAPAN
| | - Miyuki Asakawa
- Hokkaido University: Hokkaido Daigaku Institute for Catalysis JAPAN
| | - Takayuki Aoshima
- Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation: Mitsubishi Chemical Kabushiki Kaisha Science & Innovation Center JAPAN
| | - Atsushi Fukuoka
- Hokkaido University: Hokkaido Daigaku Institute for Catalysis JAPAN
| | - Emiel J.M. Hensen
- Eindhoven University of Technology: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Kiyotaka Nakajima
- Hokkaido University Institute for Catalysis Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku 0010021 Sapporo JAPAN
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Cioc R, Crockatt M, Van der Waal JC, Bruijnincx P. The Interplay between Kinetics and Thermodynamics in Furan Diels‐Alder Chemistry for Sustainable Chemicals Production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Razvan Cioc
- Utrecht University: Universiteit Utrecht Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Marc Crockatt
- TNO Sustainable Process and Energy Systems NETHERLANDS
| | | | - Pieter Bruijnincx
- Utrecht University Chemistry Universiteitsweg99Netherlands 3584 CG Utrecht NETHERLANDS
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Li Z, Jiang Y, Li Y, Zhang H, Li H, Yang S. Advances in Diels-Alder/aromatization of biomass furan derivatives towards renewable aromatic hydrocarbons. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy02122b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effective upgrading of renewable resources into high value-added chemicals is of great significance to achieve the sustainable economic development, as well as the implementation of carbon neutral technologies practically....
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Diels–Alder Cycloadditions of Bio-Derived Furans with Maleimides as a Sustainable «Click» Approach towards Molecular, Macromolecular and Hybrid Systems. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This mini-review highlights the recent research trends in designing organic or organic-inorganic hybrid molecular, biomolecular and macromolecular systems employing intermolecular Diels–Alder cycloadditions of biobased, furan-containing substrates and maleimide dienophiles. The furan/maleimide Diels–Alder reaction is a well-known process that may proceed with high efficiency under non-catalytic and solvent-free conditions. Due to the simplicity, 100% atom economy and biobased nature of many furanic substrates, this type of [4+2]-cycloaddition may be recognized as a sustainable “click” approach with high potential for application in many fields, such as fine organic synthesis, bioorganic chemistry, material sciences and smart polymers development.
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Chang H, Kim MS, Huber GW, Dumesic JA. Design of closed-loop recycling production of a Diels-Alder polymer from a biomass-derived difuran as a functional additive for polyurethanes. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2021; 23:9479-9488. [PMID: 35237099 PMCID: PMC8884468 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc02865k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Acetalization of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) with pentaerythritol produced a difuran (HPH) monomer in the presence of an acid catalyst. A recyclable polymer was then synthesized by Diels-Alder reaction of bismaleimide and the HMF-derived difuran (HPH). A polyurethane, produced from the Diels-Alder polymer has a higher glass transition temperature than a polyurethane, produced from ethylene glycol. The polyurethane, containing Diels-Alder polymer also has a self-healing ability. The Diels-Alder polymer could be hydrolyzed under acidic acetate buffer at 60°C to produce the monomers for recycling. Each produced monomer was separated by solvent extraction, and the extracted monomers were recovered in different solvent fractions, such as aqueous, ethyl acetate, and acetone fractions. Techno economic analysis was used to assess the minimum selling price ($14.1 per kg) for the primary production of Diels-Alder polymer at a feed capacity of 400 tons per year. The economic viability of the primary recovery process for the most expensive recovered monomer, bismaleimide, was assessed by calculating the minimum selling price of the bismaleimide ($15.2 per kg). A circular closed-loop recycling production process for the Diels-Alder polymer was developed and this approach can produce the Diels-Alder polymer at $8.2 per kg when the feed capacity was 40 ktons per year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hochan Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Min Soo Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - George W. Huber
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - James A. Dumesic
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Corresponding author:
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12
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Galkin KI, Ananikov VP. Intermolecular Diels-Alder Cycloadditions of Furfural-Based Chemicals from Renewable Resources: A Focus on the Regio- and Diastereoselectivity in the Reaction with Alkenes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11856. [PMID: 34769287 PMCID: PMC8584476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent strong trend toward green and sustainable chemistry has promoted the intensive use of renewable carbon sources for the production of polymers, biofuels, chemicals, monomers and other valuable products. The Diels-Alder reaction is of great importance in the chemistry of renewable resources and provides an atom-economic pathway for fine chemical synthesis and for the production of materials. The biobased furans furfural and 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, which can be easily obtained from the carbohydrate part of plant biomass, were recognized as "platform chemicals" that will help to replace the existing oil-based refining to biorefining. Diels-Alder cycloaddition of furanic dienes with various dienophiles represents the ideal example of a "green" process characterized by a 100% atom economy and a reasonable E-factor. In this review, we first summarize the literature data on the regio- and diastereoselectivity of intermolecular Diels-Alder reactions of furfural derivatives with alkenes with the aim of establishing the current progress in the efficient production of practically important low-molecular-weight products. The information provided here will be useful and relevant to scientists in many fields, including medical and pharmaceutical research, polymer development and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin I. Galkin
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Functional Composite Materials, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya Street 5/1, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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Ravasco JMJM, Gomes RFA. Recent Advances on Diels-Alder-Driven Preparation of Bio-Based Aromatics. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3047-3053. [PMID: 34058082 PMCID: PMC8453924 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of high value-added chemicals from renewable resources is a crucial approach towards a sustainable economy. One prominent alternative to the production of petroleum-based chemicals from fossil resources is through the sequential Diels-Alder/aromatization reactions of biomass-derived furan platforms. This Concept is focused on the recent boom in bio-based furan DA strategies for aromatization of bio-based platform chemicals, particularly that of furfurals, ranging from indirect use and activation strategies to recent examples of direct DA reaction of these electron-withdrawing biomass-derived furans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao M. J. M. Ravasco
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of LisbonAvenida Professor Gama Pinto1649-003LisbonPortugal
| | - Rafael F. A. Gomes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of LisbonAvenida Professor Gama Pinto1649-003LisbonPortugal
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Chang H, Gilcher EB, Huber GW, Dumesic JA. Synthesis of performance-advantaged polyurethanes and polyesters from biomass-derived monomers by aldol-condensation of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural and hydrogenation. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2021; 23:4355-4364. [PMID: 36275196 PMCID: PMC9585942 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc00899d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Functional polyurethanes and polyesters with tunable properties were synthesized from biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF)-Acetone-HMF (HAH) monomers. HAH can be selectively hydrogenated over Cu and Ru catalysts to produce partially-hydrogenated (PHAH) and fully-hydrogenated (FHAH). The HAH units in these polymers improve the thermal stability and stiffness of the polymers compared to polyurethanes produced with ethylene glycol. Polyurethanes produced from PHAH provide diene binding sites for electron deficient C=C double bonds, such as in maleimide compounds, that can participate in Diels-Alder reactions. Such sites can function to create crosslinking by Diels-Alder coupling with bismaleimides and can be used to impart functionality to PHAH (giving rise to anti-microbial activity or controlled drug delivery). The symmetric triol structure of FHAH leads to energy-dissipating rubbers with branched structures. Accordingly, the properties of these biomass-derived polymers can be tuned by controlling the blending ratio of HAH-derived monomers or the degree of Diels-Alder reaction. The polyester produced from HAH can be used in packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hochan Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Elise B. Gilcher
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - George W. Huber
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - James A. Dumesic
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Wu J, Qi M, Gözaydın G, Yan N, Gao Y, Chen X. Selectivity-Switchable Conversion of Chitin-Derived N-Acetyl- d-glucosamine into Commodity Organic Acids at Room Temperature. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Wu
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 3 Yinlian Rd, 201306 Shanghai, China
| | - Man Qi
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 3 Yinlian Rd, 201306 Shanghai, China
| | - Gökalp Gözaydın
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Ning Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Yongjun Gao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, 071002 Baoding, China
| | - Xi Chen
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 3 Yinlian Rd, 201306 Shanghai, China
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