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Sumerskii I, Böhmdorfer S, Tsetsgee O, Sulaeva I, Khaliliyan H, Musl O, Dorninger K, Tischer A, Potthast K, Rosenau T, Brereton RG, Potthast A. Tapping the Full Potential of Infrared Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Technical Lignins. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301840. [PMID: 38240610 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
We present an approach to overcome the challenges associated with the increasing demand of high-throughput characterization of technical lignins, a key resource in emerging bioeconomies. Our approach offers a resort from the lack of direct, simple, and low-cost analytical techniques for lignin characterization by employing multivariate calibration models based on infrared (IR) spectroscopy to predict structural properties of lignins (i. e., functionality, molar mass). By leveraging a comprehensive database of over 500 well-characterized technical lignin samples - a factor of 10 larger than previously used sets - our chemometric models achieved high levels of quality and statistical confidence for the determination of different functional group contents (RMSEPs of 4-16 %). However, the statistical moments of the molar mass distribution are still best determined by size-exclusion chromatography. Analyses of over 500 technical lignins offered also a great opportunity to provide information on the general variability in kraft lignins and lignosulfonates (from different origins). Overall, the effected savings in analysis time (>7 h), resources, and required sample mass combined with non-destructiveness of the measurement satisfy key demands for efficient high-throughput lignin analyses. Finally, we discuss the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of our approach, along with critical insights into the associated chemical-analytical and spectroscopic challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Sumerskii
- Core Facility "Analysis of Lignocellulosics" (ALICE), BOKU University, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Stefan Böhmdorfer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, BOKU University, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Otgontuul Tsetsgee
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, BOKU University, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Irina Sulaeva
- Core Facility "Analysis of Lignocellulosics" (ALICE), BOKU University, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Hajar Khaliliyan
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, BOKU University, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Oliver Musl
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, BOKU University, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Katharina Dorninger
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, BOKU University, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Alexander Tischer
- Department of Soil Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Karin Potthast
- Department of Soil Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, BOKU University, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Richard G Brereton
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantocks Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, BOKU University, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
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2
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Singh M, Lee SC, Won K. Lignin phenolation by graft copolymerization to boost its reactivity. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131258. [PMID: 38556229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Lignin is the most abundant phenolic biopolymer and a renewable resource of aromatics. It can be used as a phenol substitute in the synthesis of phenolic resins. However, lignin is not as reactive as phenol, so phenolation is generally carried out to improve lignin reactivity. In this work, we suggest a solution to circumvent the limitations of traditional phenolation (e.g., high temperature, strong acids/bases, limited reactivity, and phenol toxicity). We first attempt new lignin phenolation by graft copolymerization in which polymeric phenol, instead of toxic phenol, is introduced to lignin. Organosolv lignin from hardwood was modified with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide to act as a lignin macroinitiator (L-Br). A protected phenolic monomer, 4-acetoxystyrene, was graft copolymerized onto L-Br using CuBr2/tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine as a catalyst/ligand, after which the resultant lignin copolymer was deacetylated to produce lignin grafted with poly(4-hydroxystyrene). This poly-phenolation process was conducted at room temperature without the strong acids/bases and toxic phenol required in conventional phenolation. The poly-phenolated lignin was analyzed using 1H-, 13C-, and 31P NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. This novel phenolation process enhanced the reactive sites of lignin more than tenfold. It also reduced the dark color of technical lignins significantly, thereby overcoming a serious obstacle to their applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Singh
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Cheon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Keehoon Won
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Zheng Q, Nong G, Li N. Preparation and Structural Analysis of a Water-Soluble Aminated Lignin. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1237. [PMID: 38732706 PMCID: PMC11085782 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Lignin is insoluble in water, thereby limiting its use in the synthesis of adhesives. Therefore, in this study, an aminated lignin compound was prepared through a lignin amination reaction to increase the amount of raw lignin material that can be used in the synthesis of adhesives; moreover, structural analysis was conducted. The main result of this was the introduction of amino groups into phenolic hydroxyl groups in the hydrolyzing lignin from the raw lignin materials, thus generating the product of aminated lignin. The resulting particle sizes were about 100 nm, the average molecular weight was 57,627 g/mol, and the water solubility of the aminated lignin was about 0.45 g/100 mL. Therefore, the water solubility of raw lignin was greatly improved. The proposed reaction mechanism of phenolic hydroxyl groups and carboxylic acid groups in lignin is a reaction with ammonia molecules; thus, the successful introduction of amino groups generated the aminated lignin compounds. Hence, this article enriches the scientific theory of lignin reactions and provides a reference for the widespread application of raw lignin materials in the field of adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guangzai Nong
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
| | - Ning Li
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
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4
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Chen J, Tian J, Feng N, Ning L, Wang D, Zhao B, Guo T, Song J, Rojas OJ. Monodispersed Renewable Particles by Cascade and Density Gradient Size Fractionation to Advance Lignin Nanotechnologies. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2309756. [PMID: 38602191 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Control over particle size and shape heterogeneity is highly relevant to the design of photonic coatings and supracolloidal assemblies. Most developments in the area have relied on mineral and petroleum-derived polymers that achieve well-defined chemical and dimensional characteristics. Unfortunately, it is challenging to attain such control when considering renewable nanoparticles. Herein, a pathway toward selectable biobased particle size and physicochemical profiles is proposed. Specifically, lignin is fractionated, a widely available heterogeneous polymer that can be dissolved in aqueous solution, to obtain a variety of monodispersed particle fractions. A two-stage cascade and density gradient centrifugation that relieves the need for solvent pre-extraction or other pretreatments but achieves particle bins of uniform size (~60 to 860 nm and polydispersity, PDI<0.06, dynamic light scattering) along with characteristic surface chemical features is introduced. It is found that the properties and associated colloidal behavior of the particles are suitably classified in distinctive size populations, namely, i) nanoscale (50-100 nm), ii) photonic (100-300 nm) and iii) near-micron (300-1000 nm). The strong correlation that exists between size and physicochemical characteristics (molar mass, surface charge, bonding and functional groups, among others) is introduced as a powerful pathway to identify nanotechnological uses that benefit from the functionality and cost-effectiveness of biogenic particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqian Chen
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jing Tian
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Nianjie Feng
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Like Ning
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Department of Neurosurgery, the affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-02150, Finland
| | - Tianyu Guo
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Junlong Song
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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5
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Zikeli F, Jusic J, Palocci C, Mugnozza GS, Romagnoli M. Spray Coating of Wood with Nanoparticles from Lignin and Polylactic Glycolic Acid Loaded with Thyme Essential Oils. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:947. [PMID: 38611206 PMCID: PMC11013818 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Ensuring the longevity of wooden constructions depends heavily on the preservation process. However, several traditional preservation methods involving fossil-based compounds have become outdated because they pose a significant risk to the environment and to human health. Therefore, the use of bio-based and bioactive solutions, such as essential oils, has emerged as a more sustainable alternative in protecting wood from biotic attacks. The entrapment of essential oils in polymeric carrier matrices provides protection against oxidation and subsequent degradation or rapid evaporation, which implies the loss of their biocidal effect. In this work, lignin as well as PLGA nanoparticles containing the essential oils from two different thyme species (Thymus capitatus and T. vulgaris) were applied on beech wood samples using spray coating. The prepared coatings were investigated using FTIR imaging, SEM, as well as LSM analysis. Release experiments were conducted to investigate the release behavior of the essential oils from their respective lignin and PLGA carrier materials. The study found that lignin nanoparticles were more effective at trapping and retaining essential oils than PLGA nanoparticles, despite having larger average particle diameters and a more uneven particle size distribution. An analysis of the lignin coatings showed that they formed a uniform layer that covered most of the surface pores. PLGA nanoparticles formed a film-like layer on the cell walls, and after leaching, larger areas of native wood were evident on the wood samples treated with PLGA NPs compared to the ones coated with lignin NPs. The loading capacity and efficiency varied with the type of essential oil, while the release behaviors were similar between the two essential oil types applied in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Zikeli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.Z.); (J.J.); (G.S.M.)
| | - Jasmina Jusic
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.Z.); (J.J.); (G.S.M.)
- Fraunhofer, Via Alessandro Volta 13A, 39100 Bozen, Italy
| | - Cleofe Palocci
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Research Center for Applied Sciences to the Safeguard of Environment and Cultural Heritage (CIABC), Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scarascia Mugnozza
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.Z.); (J.J.); (G.S.M.)
| | - Manuela Romagnoli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.Z.); (J.J.); (G.S.M.)
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6
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Zhu G, Xie H, Ye D, Zhang J, Huang K, Liao B, Chen J. Sustainable production of catechol derivatives from waste tung nutshell C/G-type lignin via heterogeneous Cu-NC catalytic oxidation. RSC Adv 2024; 14:5069-5076. [PMID: 38332785 PMCID: PMC10851056 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08052h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The sustainable production of catechol derivatives is a challenging task. Catechyl (C) and guaiacyl (G) lignins coexisting in waste tung nutshells are promising feedstocks to form valuable catechol derivatives, but the depolymerization of C/G lignin typically involves a catalytic reductive process that cannot produce these oxidized aromatic chemicals. Herein, we demonstrated that the sustainable production of catechol derivative aldehydes and acids from C/G lignin could be achieved through a heterogeneous copper-catalyzed oxidative process. Under optimized conditions, the Cu-NC-800 catalyst affords a 43.5 mg g-1 yield (8.9 wt%, based on Klason lignin) of aromatic aldehydes (protocatechuic aldehyde, vanillin) and acids (protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid). XRD and XPS analyses showed that CuO and Cu2O may be the active species during the heterogeneous oxidation of the Cu-NC-800 catalyst. This study opens new opportunities for the sustainable production of catechol derivatives from C/G-type lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhi Zhu
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510665 China
| | - Hongmei Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Maoming Vocational and Technical College Maoming 525027 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Dawei Ye
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510665 China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510665 China
| | - Kangping Huang
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510665 China
| | - Bing Liao
- Guangdong Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510070 China
| | - Jiazhi Chen
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510665 China
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7
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Fazeli M, Mukherjee S, Baniasadi H, Abidnejad R, Mujtaba M, Lipponen J, Seppälä J, Rojas OJ. Lignin beyond the status quo: recent and emerging composite applications. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2024; 26:593-630. [PMID: 38264324 PMCID: PMC10802143 DOI: 10.1039/d3gc03154c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The demand for biodegradable materials across various industries has recently surged due to environmental concerns and the need for the adoption of renewable materials. In this context, lignin has emerged as a promising alternative, garnering significant attention as a biogenic resource that endows functional properties. This is primarily ascribed to its remarkable origin and structure that explains lignin's capacity to bind other molecules, reinforce composites, act as an antioxidant, and endow antimicrobial effects. This review summarizes recent advances in lignin-based composites, with particular emphasis on innovative methods for modifying lignin into micro and nanostructures and evaluating their functional contribution. Indeed, lignin-based composites can be tailored to have superior physicomechanical characteristics, biodegradability, and surface properties, thereby making them suitable for applications beyond the typical, for instance, in ecofriendly adhesives and advanced barrier technologies. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the latest progress in the field of lignin utilization in emerging composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahyar Fazeli
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University FI-00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Sritama Mukherjee
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University FI-00076 Aalto Finland
- Division of Fiber and Polymer Technology, CBH, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56-58 SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Hossein Baniasadi
- Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University Espoo Finland
| | - Roozbeh Abidnejad
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University FI-00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Muhammad Mujtaba
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd P.O. Box 1000 Espoo FI-02044 Finland
| | - Juha Lipponen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University FI-00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Jukka Seppälä
- Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University Espoo Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University FI-00076 Aalto Finland
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Wood Science, 2360 East Mall, The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
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8
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Diment D, Tkachenko O, Schlee P, Kohlhuber N, Potthast A, Budnyak TM, Rigo D, Balakshin M. Study toward a More Reliable Approach to Elucidate the Lignin Structure-Property-Performance Correlation. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:200-212. [PMID: 38112036 PMCID: PMC10777350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The correlation between lignin structure, its properties, and performance is crucial for lignin engineering in high-value products. Currently, a widespread approach is to compare lignins which differ by more than one parameter (i.e., Kraft vs organosolv vs lignosulfonates) in various applications by attributing the changes in their properties/performance specifically to a certain variable (i.e., phenolic -OH groups). Herein, we suggest a novel approach to overcome this issue by changing only one variable at a time while keeping all others constant before investigating the lignin properties/performance. Indulin AT (Ind-AT), a softwood Kraft lignin, was chosen as the model substrate for this study. Selective (analytical) lignin modifications were used to mask/convert specific functionalities, such as aliphatic (AliphOH) including benzylic -OH (BenzOH) and phenolic -OH (PhOH) groups, carboxyl groups (-COOH) and carbonyl groups (CO) via methylation, acetylation, and reduction. The selectivity and completeness of the reactions were verified by comprehensive NMR analysis (31P and 2D HSQC) of the modified preparations together with state-of-the-art molar mass (MM) characterization. Methylene blue (MB) adsorption, antioxidant activity, and glass transition temperature (Tg) were used to demonstrate and compare the properties/performance of the obtained modified lignins. We found that the contribution of different functionalities in the adsorption of MB follows the trend BenzOH > -COOH > AlipOH > PhOH. Noteworthy, benzylic -OH contributes ca. 3 and 2.3 times more than phenolic and aliphatic -OH, respectively. An 11% and 17% increase of Tg was observed with respect to the unmodified Indulin by methylating benzylic -OH groups and through reduction, respectively, while full acetylation/methylation of aliphatic and phenolic -OH groups resulted in lower Tg. nRSI experiments revealed that phenolic -OH play a crucial role in increasing the antioxidant activity of lignin, while both aliphatic -OH groups and -COOHs possess a detrimental effect, most likely due to H-bonding. Overall, for the first time, we provide here a reliable approach for the engineering of lignin-based products in high value applications by disclosing the role of specific lignin functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryna Diment
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Oleg Tkachenko
- Division
of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, 751 03, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Philipp Schlee
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Nadine Kohlhuber
- Institute
of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Institute
of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Tetyana M. Budnyak
- Division
of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, 751 03, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Davide Rigo
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Mikhail Balakshin
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
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9
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Diaz-Baca JA, Fatehi P. Production and characterization of starch-lignin based materials: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 70:108281. [PMID: 37956796 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In their pristine state, starch and lignin are abundant and inexpensive natural polymers frequently considered green alternatives to oil-based and synthetic polymers. Despite their availability and owing to their physicochemical properties; starch and lignin are not often utilized in their pristine forms for high-performance applications. Generally, chemical and physical modifications transform them into starch- and lignin-based materials with broadened properties and functionality. In the last decade, the combination of starch and lignin for producing reinforced materials has gained significant attention. The reinforcing of starch matrices with lignin has received primary focus because of the enhanced water sensitivity, UV protection, and mechanical and thermal resistance that lignin introduces to starch-based materials. This review paper aims to assess starch-lignin materials' production and characterization technologies, highlighting their physicochemical properties, outcomes, challenges, and opportunities. First, this paper describes the current status, sources, and chemical modifications of lignin and starch. Next, the discussion is oriented toward starch-lignin materials and their production approaches, such as blends, composites, plasticized/crosslinked films, and coupled polymers. Special attention is given to the characterization methods of starch-lignin materials, focusing on their advantages, disadvantages, and expected outcomes. Finally, the challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives in developing starch-lignin materials, such as adhesives, coatings, films, and controlled delivery systems, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Diaz-Baca
- Green Processes Research Centre and Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B5E1, Canada
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Green Processes Research Centre and Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B5E1, Canada.
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10
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Gan J, Chen L, Chen Z, Zhang J, Yu W, Huang C, Wu Y, Zhang K. Lignocellulosic Biomass-Based Carbon Dots: Synthesis Processes, Properties, and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2304066. [PMID: 37537709 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs), a new type of carbon-based fluorescent nanomaterial, have attracted widespread attention because of their numerous excellent properties. Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant renewable natural resource and possesses broad potential to manufacture different composite and smart materials. Numerous studies have explored the potential of using the components (such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) in lignocellulosic biomass to produce CDs. There are few papers systemically aiming in the review of the state-of-the-art works related to lignocellulosic biomass-derived CDs. In this review, the significant advances in synthesis processes, formation mechanisms, structural characteristics, optical properties, and applications of lignocellulosic biomass-based CDs such as cellulose-based CDs, hemicellulose-based CDs and lignin-based CDs in latest research are reviewed. In addition, future research directions on the improvement of the synthesis technology of CDs using lignocellulosic biomass as raw materials to enhance the properties of CDs are proposed. This review will serve as a road map for scientists engaged in research and exploring more applications of CDs in different science fields to achieve the highest material performance goals of CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gan
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Lizhen Chen
- Sustainable Materials and Chemistry, Department of Wood Technology and Wood-Based Composites, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials and Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jilei Zhang
- Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Wenji Yu
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Caoxing Huang
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Sustainable Materials and Chemistry, Department of Wood Technology and Wood-Based Composites, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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11
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Sapouna I, van Erven G, Heidling E, Lawoko M, McKee LS. Impact of Extraction Method on the Structure of Lignin from Ball-Milled Hardwood. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:15533-15543. [PMID: 37920800 PMCID: PMC10618921 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c02977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the structure of hardwoods can permit better valorization of lignin by enabling the optimization of green, high-yield extraction protocols that preserve the structure of wood biopolymers. To that end, a mild protocol was applied for the extraction of lignin from ball-milled birch. This made it possible to understand the differences in the extractability of lignin in each extraction step. The fractions were extensively characterized using 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This comprehensive characterization highlighted that lignin populations extracted by warm water, alkali, and ionic liquid/ethanol diverged in structural features including subunit composition, interunit linkage content, and the abundance of oxidized moieties. Moreover, ether- and ester-type lignin-carbohydrate complexes were identified in the different extracts. Irrespective of whether natively present in the wood or artificially formed during extraction, these complexes play an important role in the extractability of lignin from ball-milled hardwood. Our results contribute to the further improvement of lignin extraction strategies, for both understanding lignin as present in the lignocellulosic matrix and for dedicated lignin valorization efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Sapouna
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 114 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Wageningen
Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse
Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Emelie Heidling
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 114 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Lawoko
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- Division
of Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer
Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lauren Sara McKee
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 114 21 Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Schlee P, Tarasov D, Rigo D, Balakshin M. Advanced NMR Characterization of Aquasolv Omni (AqSO) Biorefinery Lignins/Lignin-Carbohydrate Complexes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300549. [PMID: 37218461 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Our recently reported AquaSolv Omni (AqSO) process shows great potential as a parameter-controlled type of biorefinery, which allows tuning of structure and properties of the products towards their optimal use in high-value applications. Herein, a comprehensive NMR (quantitative 13 C, 31 P, and 2D heteronuclear single-quantum coherence) structural characterization of AqSO lignins is reported. The effect of the process severity (P-factor) and liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S) on the structure of the extracted lignins has been investigated and discussed. Low severity (P-factor in the range 400-600) and L/S=1 led to the isolation of less degraded lignin with a higher β-O-4 content up to 34/100 Ar. Harsher processing conditions (P-factor=1000-2500) yielded more condensed lignins with a high degree of condensation up to 66 at P-factor=2000. New types of lignin moieties, such as alkyl-aryl and alkyl-alkyl chemical bonds together with novel furan oxygenated structures have been identified and quantified for the first time. In addition, the formation of lignin carbohydrate complexes bonds has been hypothesized at low severity and L/S. Based on the obtained data we were able to formulate a possible outlook of the occurring reactions during the hydrothermal treatment. Overall, such detailed structural information bridges the gap from process engineering to sustainable product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schlee
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Dmitry Tarasov
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Davide Rigo
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Mikhail Balakshin
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, Espoo, 02150, Finland
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13
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Bergamasco S, Zikeli F, Vinciguerra V, Sobolev AP, Scarnati L, Tofani G, Scarascia Mugnozza G, Romagnoli M. Extraction and Characterization of Acidolysis Lignin from Turkey Oak ( Quercus cerris L.) and Eucalypt ( Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.) Wood from Population Stands in Italy. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3591. [PMID: 37688217 PMCID: PMC10490508 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Acidolysis lignins from the species Quercus cerris L. and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. were isolated and characterized using high pressure size exclusion chromatography (HP-SEC), Fourier-transform (FTIR) infrared spectroscopy, analytical pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS), and two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence (2D HSQC) NMR spectroscopy. The acidolysis lignins from the two different species varied in chemical composition and structural characteristics, with Q. cerris L. lignin having a higher S/G ratio and higher molar mass averages with a bimodal molar mass distribution. The different analytical techniques FTIR spectroscopy, Py-GCMS, and 2D NMR spectroscopy provided consistent results regarding the S/G ratio of the lignins from the two wood species. Based on the determined high S/G ratio of both oak and eucalypt lignin, the two wood sources could be promoted as substrates for efficient lignin isolation in modern forest biorefineries in order to develop innovative lignin-based value-added biorefinery products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bergamasco
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.Z.); (V.V.); (G.S.M.)
| | - Florian Zikeli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.Z.); (V.V.); (G.S.M.)
| | - Vittorio Vinciguerra
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.Z.); (V.V.); (G.S.M.)
| | - Anatoly Petrovich Sobolev
- “Annalaura Segre” Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Institute for Biological Systems, CNR, Via Salaria, Km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy;
| | - Luca Scarnati
- Agenzia Regionale per lo Sviluppo e l’Innovazione dell’Agricultura nel Lazio—ARSIAL, Via Rodolfo Lanciani, 38, 00162 Roma, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Tofani
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Giuseppe Scarascia Mugnozza
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.Z.); (V.V.); (G.S.M.)
| | - Manuela Romagnoli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.Z.); (V.V.); (G.S.M.)
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14
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Antonino L, Sumerskii I, Potthast A, Rosenau T, Felisberti MI, dos Santos DJ. Lignin-Based Polyurethanes from the Blocked Isocyanate Approach: Synthesis and Characterization. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:27621-27633. [PMID: 37546644 PMCID: PMC10398858 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, the world's second most abundant biopolymer, has been investigated as a precursor of polyurethanes due to its high availability and large amount of hydroxyls present in its structure. Lignin-based polyurethanes (LPUs) are usually synthesized from the reaction between lignin, previously modified or not, and diisocyanates. In the present work, LPUs were prepared, for the first time, using the blocked isocyanate approach. For that, unmodified and hydroxypropylated Kraft lignins were reacted with 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate in the presence of diisopropylamine (blocking agent). Castor oil was employed as a second polyol. The chemical modification was confirmed by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR) analysis, and the structure of both lignins was elucidated by a bidimensional NMR technique. The LPUs' prepolymerization kinetics was investigated by temperature-modulated optical refractometry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The positive effect of hydroxypropylation on the reactivity of the Kraft lignin was verified. The structure of LPU prepolymers was accessed by bidimensional NMR. The formation of hindered urea-terminated LPU prepolymers was confirmed. From the results, the feasibility of the blocked isocyanate approach to obtain LPUs was proven. Lastly, single-lap shear tests were performed and revealed the potential of LPU prepolymers as monocomponent adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo
D. Antonino
- Nanoscience
and Advanced Materials Graduate Program (PPG-nano), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Ivan Sumerskii
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Maria Isabel Felisberti
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6154, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Demetrio J. dos Santos
- Nanoscience
and Advanced Materials Graduate Program (PPG-nano), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
- Center
of Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
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15
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Pokryshkin S, Sypalova Y, Ivahnov A, Kozhevnikov A. Optimization of Approaches to Analysis of Lignin by Thermal Decomposition. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2861. [PMID: 37447505 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The ratio of monomeric units is one of the main characteristics of lignin, which affects the possibilities and strategies for further processing. Pyrolytic and thermal desorption decomposition of lignins followed by mass detection of macromolecule fragments are the most common methods for determining the amount of lignin structural units. Two methods of thermal decomposition of lignin were studied: thermal desorption-GC/MS (TD-GC/MS) and pyrolysis-GC/MS (Py-GC/MS). It was noted that, when using different thermal decomposition modes, the composition of the products changes, which affects the accuracy of determining the amount of lignin structural fragments. This article investigated the influence of the sample weight, the thermal decomposition temperature, and the duration of the process in various modes on the quantitation of the lignin structural units. The optimal process conditions were established. It was shown that the DS-Py-GC/MS with cryofocusing, a sample weight of 0.2-0.4 mg, and heating from 50 to 400 °C at a rate of 120 °C/min are preferable. The HSQC NMR was used as a comparison method to obtain the content of the S/G/H units. The results showed the applicability of the proposed approaches to hardwood lignins close to native.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Pokryshkin
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University Named after M.V. Lomonosov Northern Dvina Emb., 17, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Yuliya Sypalova
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University Named after M.V. Lomonosov Northern Dvina Emb., 17, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Artem Ivahnov
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University Named after M.V. Lomonosov Northern Dvina Emb., 17, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Kozhevnikov
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University Named after M.V. Lomonosov Northern Dvina Emb., 17, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia
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16
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Zikeli F, Vettraino AM, Biscontri M, Bergamasco S, Palocci C, Humar M, Romagnoli M. Lignin Nanoparticles with Entrapped Thymus spp. Essential Oils for the Control of Wood-Rot Fungi. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2713. [PMID: 37376359 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
After decades of utilization of fossil-based and environmentally hazardous compounds for wood preservation against fungal attack, there is a strong need to substitute those compounds with bio-based bioactive solutions, such as essential oils. In this work, lignin nanoparticles containing four essential oils from thyme species (Thymus capitatus, Coridothymus capitatus, T. vulgaris, and T. vulgaris Demeter) were applied as biocides in in vitro experiments to test their anti-fungal effect against two white-rot fungi (Trametes versicolor and Pleurotus ostreatus) and two brown-rot fungi (Poria monticola and Gloeophyllum trabeum). Entrapment of essential oils provided a delayed release over a time frame of 7 days from the lignin carrier matrix and resulted in lower minimum inhibitory concentrations of the essential oils against the brown-rot fungi (0.30-0.60 mg/mL), while for the white-rot fungi, identical concentrations were determined compared with free essential oils (0.05-0.30 mg/mL). Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to assess the fungal cell wall changes in the presence of essential oils in the growth medium. The results regarding brown-rot fungi present a promising approach for a more effective and sustainable utilization of essential oils against this class of wood-rot fungi. In the case of white-rot fungi, lignin nanoparticles, as essential oils delivery vehicles, still need optimization in their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Zikeli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Vettraino
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Margherita Biscontri
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Sara Bergamasco
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Cleofe Palocci
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Applied Sciences to the Safeguard of Environment and Cultural Heritage (CIABC), Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Miha Humar
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Manuela Romagnoli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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17
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Pylypchuk IV, Karlsson M, Lindén PA, Lindström ME, Elder T, Sevastyanova O, Lawoko M. Molecular understanding of the morphology and properties of lignin nanoparticles: unravelling the potential for tailored applications. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2023; 25:4415-4428. [PMID: 37288453 PMCID: PMC10243429 DOI: 10.1039/d3gc00703k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that the size of LNP depends on the molecular weight (Mw) of lignin. There is however need for deeper understanding on the role of molecular structure on LNP formation and its properties, in order to build a solid foundation on structure-property relationships. In this study, we show, for similar Mw lignins, that the size and morphology of LNPs depends on the molecular structure of the lignin macromolecule. More specifically, the molecular structure determined the molecular conformations, which in turn affects the inter-molecular assembly to yield size- and morphological-differences between LNPs. This was supported by density functional theory (DFT) modelling of representative structural motifs of three lignins sourced from Kraft and Organosolv processes. The obtained conformational differences are clearly explained by intra-molecular sandwich and/or T-shaped π-π stacking, the stacking type determined by the precise lignin structure. Moreover, the experimentally identified structures were detected in the superficial layer of LNPs in aqueous solution, confirming the theoretically predicted self-assembly patterns. The present work demonstrates that LNP properties can be molecularly tailored, consequently creating an avenue for tailored applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ievgen V Pylypchuk
- Division of Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56-58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden +468 7908066 +46 767 762 735 +46 8 7908047 +46 73 4607647
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University Svante Arrhenius väg 16C 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Maria Karlsson
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56-58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Pär A Lindén
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56-58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Mikael E Lindström
- Division of Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56-58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden +468 7908066 +46 767 762 735 +46 8 7908047 +46 73 4607647
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56-58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Thomas Elder
- USDA-Forest Service, Southern Research Station 521 Devall Drive Auburn AL 36849 USA
| | - Olena Sevastyanova
- Division of Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56-58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden +468 7908066 +46 767 762 735 +46 8 7908047 +46 73 4607647
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56-58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Martin Lawoko
- Division of Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56-58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden +468 7908066 +46 767 762 735 +46 8 7908047 +46 73 4607647
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56-58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
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18
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Afewerki S, Edlund U. Combined Catalysis: A Powerful Strategy for Engineering Multifunctional Sustainable Lignin-Based Materials. ACS NANO 2023; 17:7093-7108. [PMID: 37014848 PMCID: PMC10134738 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The production and engineering of sustainable materials through green chemistry will have a major role in our mission of transitioning to a more sustainable society. Here, combined catalysis, which is the integration of two or more catalytic cycles or activation modes, provides innovative chemical reactions and material properties efficiently, whereas the single catalytic cycle or activation mode alone fails in promoting a successful reaction. Polyphenolic lignin with its distinctive structural functions acts as an important template to create materials with versatile properties, such as being tough, antimicrobial, self-healing, adhesive, and environmentally adaptable. Sustainable lignin-based materials are generated by merging the catalytic cycle of the quinone-catechol redox reaction with free radical polymerization or oxidative decarboxylation reaction, which explores a wide range of metallic nanoparticles and metal ions as the catalysts. In this review, we present the recent work on engineering lignin-based multifunctional materials devised through combined catalysis. Despite the fruitful employment of this concept to material design and the fact that engineering has provided multifaceted materials able to solve a broad spectrum of challenges, we envision further exploration and expansion of this important concept in material science beyond the catalytic processes mentioned above. This could be accomplished by taking inspiration from organic synthesis where this concept has been successfully developed and implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Afewerki
- Fibre
and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, SE 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrica Edlund
- Fibre
and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, SE 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Keck S, Liske O, Seidler K, Steyrer B, Gorsche C, Knaus S, Baudis S. Synthesis of a Liquid Lignin-Based Methacrylate Resin and Its Application in 3D Printing without Any Reactive Diluents. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:1751-1762. [PMID: 36926866 PMCID: PMC10091419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
3D printing of bio-based and renewable polymers such as lignin has gained research attention during the last few decades. We report on the synthesis and characterization of a liquid lignin-based photopolymer and its application in additive manufacturing (AM). Wheat straw soda lignin is liquified in an oxyalkylation reaction with propylene oxide under alkaline conditions and modified with methacryloyl chloride to obtain a lignin-based methacrylate resin. Ninety percent of the functional hydroxyl groups are grafted during the synthesis. The photopolymerization efficiency was evaluated by real-time-NIR-photorheology experiments with two different photoinitiators, leading to double bond conversions (DBC) of ≥80%. 3D-printing experiments of the methacrylated lignin were performed with the hot lithography technology. For the first time, a light-curable lignin derivative with a lignin content of over 30% was successfully 3D printed via vat photopolymerization without any reactive diluents, which is a significant improvement over current state-of-the-art solutions. This outstanding result is a motivating proof of concept and a promising starting point for the in-depth evaluation of bio-based precursors as an alternative to nonrenewable derivatives for 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Keck
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Olga Liske
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Konstanze Seidler
- Cubicure GmbH, Gutheil-Schoder-Gasse 17, Tech Park Vienna, 1230 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Steyrer
- Cubicure GmbH, Gutheil-Schoder-Gasse 17, Tech Park Vienna, 1230 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Gorsche
- Cubicure GmbH, Gutheil-Schoder-Gasse 17, Tech Park Vienna, 1230 Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Knaus
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Baudis
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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20
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Schubert M, Panzarasa G, Burgert I. Sustainability in Wood Products: A New Perspective for Handling Natural Diversity. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1889-1924. [PMID: 36535040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Wood is a renewable resource with excellent qualities and the potential to become a key element of a future bioeconomy. The increasing environmental awareness and drive to achieve sustainability is leading to a resurgence of research on wood materials. Nevertheless, the global climate changes and associated consequences will soon challenge the wood-value chains in several regions (e.g., central Europe). To cope with these challenges, it is necessary to rethink the current practice of wood sourcing and transformation. The goal of this review is to address the intrinsic natural diversity of wood, from its origin to its technological consequences for the present and future manufacturing of wood products. So far, industrial processes have been optimized to repress the variability of wood properties, enabling more efficient processing and production of reliable products. However, the need to preserve biodiversity and the impact of climate change on forests call for new wood processing techniques and green chemistry protocols for wood modification as enabling factors necessary for managing a more diverse wood provision in the future. This article discusses the past developments that have resulted in the current wood value chains and provides a perspective about how natural variability could be turned into an asset for making truly sustainable wood products. After briefly introducing the chemical and structural complexity of wood, the methods conventionally adopted for industrial homogenization and modification of wood are discussed in relation to their evolution toward increased sustainability. Finally, a perspective is given on technological potentials of machine learning techniques and of novel functional wood materials. Here the main message is that through a combination of sustainable forestry, adherence to green chemistry principles and adapted processes based on machine learning, the wood industry could not only overcome current challenges but also thrive in the near future despite the awaiting challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Schubert
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Guido Panzarasa
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Development of colloidal lignin particles through particle design strategies and screening of their Pickering stabilizing potential. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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22
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Puss KK, Loog M, Salmar S. Ultrasound enhanced solubilization of forest biorefinery hydrolysis lignin in mild alkaline conditions. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 93:106288. [PMID: 36621089 PMCID: PMC9841232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the forest biorefinery, hydrolysis lignin (HL) is often dissolved with high concentration NaOH solution, followed by acid precipitation to obtain purified HL. For the first time, this study evaluates the effect of ultrasound (US) on the dissolution of industrially produced HL in aqueous NaOH solutions and the acid precipitation yield of HL. The solubility of HL in mild aqueous NaOH solutions was studied with and without US treatment at 20 kHz concerning the solid-to-liquid ratio, molecular weight of dissolved fractions and structural changes in dissolved HL. Results showed that the solubility of HL at 25 °C was strongly dependent on NaOH concentration. However, the US treatment significantly improved the solubility of HL, reaching a solubility plateau at 0.1 NaOH/HL ratio. US treatment enhanced the solubilization of HL molecules with higher MW compared to conventional mixing. The increase of HL solubility was up to 30 % and the recovery yield of purified lignin with acid precipitation was 37 % higher in dilute NaOH solution. A significant result was that the Mw of dissolved HL in homogeneous alkali solutions decreased with US treatment. SEC, HSQC and 31P NMR analyses of dissolved HL characteristics showed that both, the mechanoacoustic and sonochemical solubilization pathways contribute to the dissolution process. However, US does not cause major changes in the HL structure compared to the native lignin. Indeed, US technology has the potential to advance the dissolution and purification of HL in biorefineries by reducing the amount of chemicals required; thus, more controlled and environmentally friendly conditions can be used in HL valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kait Kaarel Puss
- The Core Laboratory for Wood Chemistry and Bioprocessing, University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, Tartu, Estonia; The Core Laboratory for Wood Chemistry and Bioprocessing, University of Tartu, Institute of Technology, Nooruse 1, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Mart Loog
- The Core Laboratory for Wood Chemistry and Bioprocessing, University of Tartu, Institute of Technology, Nooruse 1, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Siim Salmar
- The Core Laboratory for Wood Chemistry and Bioprocessing, University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, Tartu, Estonia
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23
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Wurzer GK, Bacher M, Musl O, Kohlhuber N, Sulaeva I, Kelz T, Fackler K, Bischof RH, Hettegger H, Potthast A, Rosenau T. From liquid to solid-state, solvent-free oxidative ammonolysis of lignins – an easy, alternative approach to generate “N-lignins” †. RSC Adv 2023; 13:9479-9490. [PMID: 36968046 PMCID: PMC10034478 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00691c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A new chemical modification protocol to generate N-lignins is presented, based on Indulin AT and Mg2+-lignosulfonate. The already known ammonoxidation reaction in liquid phase was used as a starting point and stepwise optimised towards a full solid-state approach. The “classical” liquid ammonoxidation products, the transition products from the optimization trials, as well as the “solid-state” products were comprehensively analysed and compared to the literature. The N-lignins obtained with the conventional ammonoxidation protocol showed the same properties as reported. Their molar mass distributions and the hydroxy group contents, hitherto not accessible due to solubility problems, were measured according to a recently reported protocol. N-Indulin showed an N-content up to 11 wt% and N-lignosulfonate up to 16 wt%. The transition experiments from liquid to solid-state gave insights into the influence of chemical components and reaction conditions. The use of a single chemical, the urea-hydrogen peroxide complex (UHP, “carbamide peroxide”), was sufficient to generate N-lignins with satisfying N-content. This chemical acts both as an N-source and as the oxidant. Following the optimization, a series of solid-state ammonoxidation tests were carried out. High N-contents of 10% in the case of Indulin and 11% in the case of lignosulfonate were obtained. By varying the ratio of UHP to lignin, the N-content can be controlled. Structural analysis showed that the N is organically bound to the lignin, similar to the “classical” ammonoxidation products obtained under homogeneous conditions. Overall, a new ammonoxidation protocol was developed which does not require an external gas supply nor liquids or dissolved reactants. This opens the possibility for carrying out the lignin modification in closed continuous reactor systems, such as extruders. The new, facile solid-state protocol will hopefully help N-lignins to find more consideration as a fertilizing material and in soil-improving materials. An alternative ammonoxidation protocol was developed. With this new approach in “solid-state” mode, one single solid reagent is sufficient to equip lignin with different N-functionalities.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhild K. Wurzer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430 TullnAustria
| | - Markus Bacher
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430 TullnAustria
| | - Oliver Musl
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430 TullnAustria
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Biobased Colloids and Materials, UBC University of British Columbia, Vancouver2385 East MallVancouverCanada
| | - Nadine Kohlhuber
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430 TullnAustria
| | - Irina Sulaeva
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430 TullnAustria
- Core Facility Analysis of Lignocellulosics (ALICE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24A-3430 TullnAustria
| | - Theres Kelz
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430 TullnAustria
| | - Karin Fackler
- Lenzing AG, Research & DevelopmentA-4860 LenzingAustria
| | | | - Hubert Hettegger
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430 TullnAustria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430 TullnAustria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430 TullnAustria
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi UniversityPorthansgatan 3FI-20500 ÅboFinland
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24
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Jiao R, Pang Y, Yang D, Li Z, Lou H. Boosting Hydrolysis of Cellulose at High Temperature by β-Glucosidase Induced Metal-Organic Framework In-Situ Co-Precipitation Encapsulation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201354. [PMID: 35934832 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to the poor enzyme thermal stability, the efficient conversion of high crystallinity cellulose into glucose in aqueous phase over 50 °C is challenging. Herein, an enzyme-induced MOFs encapsulation of β-glucosidase (β-G) strategy was proposed for the first time. By using various methods, including SEM, XRD, XPS, NMR, FTIR and BET, the successful preparation of a porous channel-type flower-like enzyme complex (β-G@MOFs) was confirmed. The prepared enzyme complex (β-G@MOFs) materials showed improved thermal stability (from 50 °C to 100 °C in the aqueous phase) and excellent resistance to ionic liquids (the reaction temperature was as high as 110 °C) compared to the free enzyme (β-G). Not only the catalytic hydrolysis of cellulose by single enzyme (β-G) in ionic liquid was realized, but also the high-temperature continuous reaction performance of the enzyme was significantly improved. Benefiting from the significantly improved heat resistance, the β-G@MOFs exhibited 32.1 times and 34.2 times higher enzymatic hydrolysis rate compared to β-G for cellobiose and cellulose substrates, respectively. Besides, the catalytic activity of β-G@MOFs was retained up to 86 % after five cycles at 110 °C. This was remarkable because the fixation of the enzyme by the MOFs ensured that the folded structure of the enzyme would not expand at high temperatures, allowing the native conformation of the encapsulated protein well-maintained. Furthermore, we believe that this structural stability was caused by the confinement of flower-like porous MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Yuxia Pang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Dongjie Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Zhixian Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Hongming Lou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
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25
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Abdelaziz OY, Clemmensen I, Meier S, Costa CAE, Rodrigues AE, Hulteberg CP, Riisager A. On the Oxidative Valorization of Lignin to High-Value Chemicals: A Critical Review of Opportunities and Challenges. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201232. [PMID: 36004569 PMCID: PMC9825943 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The efficient valorization of lignin is crucial if we are to replace current petroleum-based feedstock and establish more sustainable and competitive lignocellulosic biorefineries. Pulp and paper mills and second-generation biorefineries produce large quantities of low-value technical lignin as a by-product, which is often combusted on-site for energy recovery. This Review focuses on the conversion of technical lignins by oxidative depolymerization employing heterogeneous catalysts. It scrutinizes the current literature describing the use of various heterogeneous catalysts in the oxidative depolymerization of lignin and includes a comparison of the methods, catalyst loadings, reaction media, and types of catalyst applied, as well as the reaction products and yields. Furthermore, current techniques for the determination of product yields and product recovery are discussed. Finally, challenges and suggestions for future approaches are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Y. Abdelaziz
- Department of Chemical EngineeringLund UniversityNaturvetarvägen 14SE-221 00LundSweden
| | - Ida Clemmensen
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of DenmarkKemitorvet 207DK-2800 Kgs.LyngbyDenmark
| | - Sebastian Meier
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of DenmarkKemitorvet 207DK-2800 Kgs.LyngbyDenmark
| | - Carina A. E. Costa
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering–Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM)Department of Chemical EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringUniversity of PortoRua Dr. Roberto Frias4200-465PortoPortugal
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE)Department of Chemical EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringUniversity of PortoRua Dr. Roberto Frias4200-465PortoPortugal
| | - Alírio E. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering–Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM)Department of Chemical EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringUniversity of PortoRua Dr. Roberto Frias4200-465PortoPortugal
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE)Department of Chemical EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringUniversity of PortoRua Dr. Roberto Frias4200-465PortoPortugal
| | | | - Anders Riisager
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of DenmarkKemitorvet 207DK-2800 Kgs.LyngbyDenmark
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26
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Zhang X, Zhang J, Yang H, He C, Ke Y, Singh S, Cheng G. Determination of the Structures of Lignin Subunits and Nanoparticles in Solution by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering: Towards Improving Lignin Valorization. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201230. [PMID: 35916324 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) are usually produced from lignin solution through supersaturation. The structure of the lignin in solution is still poorly understood due to structural variability of isolated lignins. Here, lignins were extracted from different plants to establish a general pattern of their structure in several lignin solvents. Lignin molecules (lignin subunits) and larger aggregates were observed in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol (EG) and 0.1 N NaOD solutions by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). It was proposed that the aggregates were composed of lignin subunits with a higher molecular weight and a higher ratio of the aliphatic to phenolic hydroxyl groups. The size, shape, and compactness are important factors that affect the uses of the LNPs, which were obtained from the SANS data for the first time. A discrepancy in the radius between SANS and DLS was discovered, pointing to a large hydration shell around the LNPs in aqueous solutions. The cytotoxicity of the corncob lignin, kraft lignin, and their LNPs were measured and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North 3rd Ring East, # 15, 100029, Beijing, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jinxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North 3rd Ring East, # 15, 100029, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hua Yang
- Dongguan Neutron Source Science Center, 523803, Dongguan, P. R. China
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chunyong He
- Dongguan Neutron Source Science Center, 523803, Dongguan, P. R. China
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yubin Ke
- Dongguan Neutron Source Science Center, 523803, Dongguan, P. R. China
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Seema Singh
- Deconstruction Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI), 5885 Hollis Street, 94608, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Ave, 94551, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Gang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North 3rd Ring East, # 15, 100029, Beijing, P. R. China
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27
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Wan K, Tian B, Zhai Y, Liu Y, Wang H, Liu S, Li S, Ye W, An Z, Li C, Li J, James TD, Chen Z. Structural materials with afterglow room temperature phosphorescence activated by lignin oxidation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5508. [PMID: 36127373 PMCID: PMC9489714 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustainable afterglow room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials, especially afterglow RTP structural materials, are crucial but remain difficult to achieve. Here, an oxidation strategy is developed to convert lignin to afterglow materials with a lifetime of ~ 408 ms. Specifically, lignin is oxidized to give aromatic chromophores and fatty acids using H2O2. The aromatic chromophores are locked by a fatty acid-based matrix by hydrogen bonds, triggering enhanced spin orbit coupling and long afterglow emission. More interestingly, motivated by this discovery, an auto fabrication line is built to convert wood (natural structural materials) to wood with afterglow RTP emission (RTP wood) via in situ oxidation of naturally-occurring lignin located in the wood cell walls to oxidized lignin (OL). The as-prepared RTP wood exhibits great potential for the construction of sustainable afterglow furniture. With this research we provide a new strategy to promote the sustainability of afterglow RTP materials and structural materials. Sustainable afterglow room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) Structural materials are difficult to achieve. Here, the authors demonstrate a wood based RTP material by oxidation of lignin to realize an afterglow RTP material with a lifetime of ~ 408 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keliang Wan
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials and Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Bing Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials and Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yingxiang Zhai
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials and Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - He Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shouxin Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials and Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Shujun Li
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials and Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Wenpeng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongfu An
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Changzhi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials and Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Tony D James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials and Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.
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28
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Cai C, Xu Z, Li J, Zhou H, Jin M. Developing
Rhodococcus opacus
and
Sphingobium
sp. co‐culture systems for valorization of lignin‐derived dimers. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:3162-3177. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.28215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenggu Cai
- School of Environmental and Biological EngineeringNanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjing210094China
| | - Zhaoxian Xu
- School of Environmental and Biological EngineeringNanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjing210094China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Environmental and Biological EngineeringNanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjing210094China
| | - Huarong Zhou
- School of Environmental and Biological EngineeringNanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjing210094China
| | - Mingjie Jin
- School of Environmental and Biological EngineeringNanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjing210094China
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29
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Extraction of lignin from corncob residue via a deep eutectic solvent for the preparation of nanoparticles by self-assembly. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Compatibility and interphase properties of poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA)/Kraft lignin films assessed by nanomechanical analyses. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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One-Step Lignin Refining Process: The Influence of the Solvent Nature on the Properties and Quality of Fractions. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122363. [PMID: 35745939 PMCID: PMC9227930 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity of kraft lignin is one of the main limitations for the development of high-performance applications. Therefore, refining lignin using organic solvents is a promising strategy to obtain homogenous fractions with controlled quality in terms of structure and properties. In this work, one-step refining processes for hardwood kraft lignin using nine organic solvents of different chemical nature and polarity were carried out with the aim of investigating and understanding the effect of the type of organic solvent on the quality of resulting fractions. Structural features of both soluble and insoluble lignin fractions were assessed by GPC, Py-GC-MS, and FTIR linked to PCA analysis. Moreover, functional properties such as physical appearance, hygroscopicity, antioxidant capacity, and thermal properties were evaluated. The results evidenced the relationship between the nature and polarity of the solvents and the properties of the obtained soluble and insoluble fractions.
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32
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Extractives of Tree Biomass of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) for Biorefining in Four Climatic Regions in Finland—Lipophilic Compounds, Stilbenes, and Lignans. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13050779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to quantify total extractive contents and lipophilic compounds, stilbenes, and lignans in Scots pine stem wood, stem bark, branch biomass, and sawmill residues in four climatic regions of Finland to evaluate the most optimal sources of extractives for bio-based chemical biorefining and bioenergy products. Data were derived from 78 chip samples from the before-mentioned raw materials, the samples being pooled by tree height position from the sample trees of 42 experimental forest stands, and sawdust lots from 10 log stands. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was employed to determine total extractive contents, followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC–FID) to quantify extractive groups and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to analyse individual extractive compounds. Resin acids and triglycerides followed by fatty acids were the dominant extractive groups. Resin acids were most abundant in stem wood from final fellings and in sawdust, fatty acids in bark and branch biomass, and triglycerides also in stem wood from thinnings and the top parts of trees. Of the minor extractive groups, stilbenes were the most abundant in stem wood from final fellings and in sawdust, and steryl esters, sterols, and lignans in bark and branch biomass, the two last groups almost missing from other biomass components. Regional differences in the contents of extractive groups were generally small, 1.0−1.5 percentage points at the maximum, but factor analysis distinguished northern and southern regions into their own groups. Bark was the most potential source of fatty acids and sterols in southern Finland, and triglycerides and steryl esters in northern Finland. In stem wood, steryl esters, triglycerides, and lignans decreased and stilbenes increased from north to south. Certain fatty acids and resin acids were more frequent in the north. The results highlighted the importance of focused procurement and efficient sorting of raw materials, purity, unique properties, and feasible isolation techniques for competitive ability as well as large raw material volumes or well-defined value-added products.
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33
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Ma Y, Sang Y, Wu K, Liu Q, Chen H, Li Y. Selective production of 2-(tert-butyl)-3-methylphenol from depolymerization of enzymatic hydrolysis lignin with MoS2 catalyst. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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34
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Musl O, Galler S, Wurzer G, Bacher M, Sulaeva I, Sumerskii I, Mahler AK, Rosenau T, Potthast A. High-Resolution Profiling of the Functional Heterogeneity of Technical Lignins. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1413-1422. [PMID: 35212532 PMCID: PMC8924861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In technical lignins, functionality is strongly related to molar mass. Hence, any technical lignin exhibits concurrent functionality-type distribution (FTD) along its molar mass distribution (MMD). This study combined preparative size-exclusion chromatography with offline characterizations to acquire highly resolved profiles of the functional heterogeneity of technical lignins, which represent crucial information for their material use. The shape of these profiles showed considerable dissimilarity between different technical lignins and followed sigmoid trends. Determining the dispersity in functionality (ĐF) of lignins via their FTD revealed a rather homogeneous distribution of their functionalities (ĐF of 1.00-1.21). The high resolution of the acquired profiles of functional heterogeneity facilitated the development of a robust calculation method for the estimation of functional group contents of lignin fractions based simply on their MMD, an invaluable tool to simulate the effects of intended purification processes. Moreover, a more thorough evaluation of separations based on functionality becomes accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Musl
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Samira Galler
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerhild Wurzer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Markus Bacher
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Irina Sulaeva
- Core Facility "Analysis of Lignocellulose" ALICE, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Ivan Sumerskii
- Core Facility "Analysis of Lignocellulose" ALICE, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Arnulf Kai Mahler
- Sappi Europe, Sappi Papier Holding GmbH, Bruckner Straße 21, A-8101 Gratkorn, Austria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
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35
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Kaschuk JJ, Al Haj Y, Rojas OJ, Miettunen K, Abitbol T, Vapaavuori J. Plant-Based Structures as an Opportunity to Engineer Optical Functions in Next-Generation Light Management. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104473. [PMID: 34699648 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review addresses the reconstruction of structural plant components (cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses) into materials displaying advanced optical properties. The strategies to isolate the main building blocks are discussed, and the effects of fibrillation, fibril alignment, densification, self-assembly, surface-patterning, and compositing are presented considering their role in engineering optical performance. Then, key elements that enable lignocellulosic to be translated into materials that present optical functionality, such as transparency, haze, reflectance, UV-blocking, luminescence, and structural colors, are described. Mapping the optical landscape that is accessible from lignocellulosics is shown as an essential step toward their utilization in smart devices. Advanced materials built from sustainable resources, including those obtained from industrial or agricultural side streams, demonstrate enormous promise in optoelectronics due to their potentially lower cost, while meeting or even exceeding current demands in performance. The requirements are summarized for the production and application of plant-based optically functional materials in different smart material applications and the review is concluded with a perspective about this active field of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joice Jaqueline Kaschuk
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Box 16300, Aalto, Espoo, 00076, Finland
| | - Yazan Al Haj
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Box 16300, Aalto, Espoo, 00076, Finland
- Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Wood Science, 2360 East Mall, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kati Miettunen
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20500, Finland
| | - Tiffany Abitbol
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Stockholm, SE-114 28, Sweden
| | - Jaana Vapaavuori
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
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36
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Synthesis and Characterizations of Eco-Friendly Organosolv Lignin-Based Polyurethane Coating Films for the Coating Industry. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030416. [PMID: 35160406 PMCID: PMC8839005 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Three different formulations of bio-based polyurethane (PU), varying the weight ratio between Organosolv lignin and a commercial isocyanate, were synthesized. The coating formulations were characterized by SEM, pyrolysis-GC/MS, FTIR spectroscopy and FTIR mapping, which confirmed the successful formation of urethane bonds between commercial isocyanate and hydroxyl groups deriving from lignin. The coatings were applied on beech wood samples to measure color and contact angles, and eventually FTIR mapping of the coated wood samples was performed. FTIR mapping is an interesting tool to monitor the distribution of PU chemical bonds on the coating surface and to evaluate the homogeneity of the applied coating films. Increasing the lignin content of the PU coatings results in more red-yellow and darker tones, while the commercial PU coating is transparent. For a higher lignin concentration, the solid content as well as the weight gain of the applied coatings increase. A higher percentage of lignin in the prepared PU formulations leads to superficial cracks and therefore higher coating permeability compared to the commercial PU, but the prepared lignin-based PU coating still makes a raw wood surface significantly more hydrophobic. Apparently, additives such as film-formers with low surface tension to counteract cracks’ formation are necessary to improve the performance of lignin-based PU coatings.
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37
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Structural Analysis of Lignin-Based Furan Resin. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15010350. [PMID: 35009496 PMCID: PMC8746157 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The global “carbon emission peak” and “carbon neutrality” strategic goals promote us to replace current petroleum-based resin products with biomass-based resins. The use of technical lignins and hemicellulose-derived furfuryl alcohol in the production of biomass-based resins are among the most promising ways. Deep understanding of the resulting resin structure is a prerequisite for the optimization of biomass-based resins. Herein, a semiquantitative 2D HSQC NMR technique supplemented by the quantitative 31P NMR and methoxyl group wet chemistry analysis were employed for the structural elucidation of softwood kraft lignin-based furfuryl alcohol resin (LFA). The LFA was fractionated into water-insoluble (LFA-I) and soluble (LFA-S) parts. The analysis of methoxyl groups showed that the amount of lignin was 85 wt% and 44 wt% in LFA-I and LFA-S fractions, respectively. The HSQC spectra revealed the high diversity of linkages formed between lignin and poly FA (pFA). The HSQC and 31P results indicated the formation of new condensed structures, particularly at the 5-position of the aromatic ring. Esterification reactions between carboxyl groups of lignin and hydroxyl groups of pFA could also occur. Furthermore, it was suggested that lignin phenolic hydroxyl oxygen could attack an opened furan ring to form several aryl ethers structures. Therefore, the LFA resin was produced through crosslinking between lignin fragments and pFA chains.
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38
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Sidiras D, Politi D, Giakoumakis G, Salapa I. Simulation and optimization of organosolv based lignocellulosic biomass refinery: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 343:126158. [PMID: 34673192 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organosolv pretreatment can be considered as the core of the lignocellulosic biomass fractionation within the biorefinery concept. Organosolv facilitates the separation of the major fractions (cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin), and their use as renewable feedstocks to produce bioenergy, biofuels, and added-value biomass derived chemicals. The efficient separation of these fractions affects the economic feasibility of the biorefinery complex. This review focuses on the simulation of the organosolv pretreatment and the optimization of (i) feedstock delignification, (ii) sugars production (mainly from hemicelluloses), (iii) enzymatic digestibility of the cellulose fraction and (iv) quality of lignin. Simulation is used for the technoeconomic optimization of the biorefinery complex. Simulation and optimization implement a holistic approach considering the efficient technological, economic, and environmental performance of the biorefinery operational units. Consequently, an optimized organosolv stage is the first step for a sustainable, economically viable biorefinery complex in the concept of industrial ecology and zero waste circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Sidiras
- Laboratory of Simulation of Industrial Processes, Department of Industrial Management and Technology, University of Piraeus, 80 Karaoli & Dimitriou, GR 18534, Piraeus, Greece.
| | - Dorothea Politi
- Laboratory of Simulation of Industrial Processes, Department of Industrial Management and Technology, University of Piraeus, 80 Karaoli & Dimitriou, GR 18534, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Georgios Giakoumakis
- Laboratory of Simulation of Industrial Processes, Department of Industrial Management and Technology, University of Piraeus, 80 Karaoli & Dimitriou, GR 18534, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Ioanna Salapa
- Laboratory of Simulation of Industrial Processes, Department of Industrial Management and Technology, University of Piraeus, 80 Karaoli & Dimitriou, GR 18534, Piraeus, Greece
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Zou T, Nonappa N, Khavani M, Vuorte M, Penttilä P, Zitting A, Valle-Delgado JJ, Elert AM, Silbernagl D, Balakshin M, Sammalkorpi M, Österberg M. Experimental and Simulation Study of the Solvent Effects on the Intrinsic Properties of Spherical Lignin Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:12315-12328. [PMID: 34723534 PMCID: PMC8591612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Spherical lignin
nanoparticles (LNPs) fabricated via nanoprecipitation
of dissolved lignin are among the most attractive
biomass-derived nanomaterials. Despite various studies exploring the
methods to improve the uniformity of LNPs or seeking more application
opportunities for LNPs, little attention has been given to the fundamental
aspects of the solvent effects on the intrinsic properties of LNPs.
In this study, we employed a variety of experimental techniques and
molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the solvent effects
on the intrinsic properties of LNPs. The LNPs were prepared from softwood
Kraft lignin (SKL) using the binary solvents of aqueous acetone or
aqueous tetrahydrofuran (THF) via nanoprecipitation.
The internal morphology, porosity, and mechanical properties of the
LNPs were analyzed with electron tomography (ET), small-angle X-ray
scattering (SAXS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and intermodulation
AFM (ImAFM). We found that aqueous acetone resulted in smaller LNPs
with higher uniformity compared to aqueous THF, mainly ascribing to
stronger solvent–lignin interactions as suggested by MD simulation
results and confirmed with aqueous 1,4-dioxane (DXN) and aqueous dimethyl
sulfoxide (DMSO). More importantly, we report that both LNPs were
compact particles with relatively homogeneous density distribution
and very low porosity in the internal structure. The stiffness of
the particles was independent of the size, and the Young’s
modulus was in the range of 0.3–4 GPa. Overall, the fundamental
understandings of LNPs gained in this study are essential for the
design of LNPs with optimal performance in applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zou
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Nonappa Nonappa
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 6, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mohammad Khavani
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Maisa Vuorte
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Paavo Penttilä
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Aleksi Zitting
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Juan José Valle-Delgado
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Anna Maria Elert
- Division 6.6, Physical and Chemical Analysis of Polymers, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und - prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, D-12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Silbernagl
- Division 6.6, Physical and Chemical Analysis of Polymers, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und - prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, D-12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mikhail Balakshin
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Maria Sammalkorpi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland.,Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Monika Österberg
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
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40
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Azad T, Torres HF, Auad ML, Elder T, Adamczyk AJ. Isolating key reaction energetics and thermodynamic properties during hardwood model lignin pyrolysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20919-20935. [PMID: 34541592 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02917g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Computational studies on the pyrolysis of lignin using electronic structure methods have been largely limited to dimeric or trimeric models. In the current work we have modeled a lignin oligomer consisting of 10 syringyl units linked through 9 β-O-4' bonds. A lignin model of this size is potentially more representative of the polymer in angiosperms; therefore, we used this representative model to examine the behavior of hardwood lignin during the initial steps of pyrolysis. Using this oligomer, the present work aims to determine if and how the reaction enthalpies of bond cleavage vary with positions within the chain. To accomplish this, we utilized a composite method using molecular mechanics based conformational sampling and quantum mechanically based density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our key results show marked differences in bond dissociation enthalpies (BDE) with the position. In addition, we calculated standard thermodynamic properties, including enthalpy of formation, heat capacity, entropy, and Gibbs free energy for a wide range of temperatures from 25 K to 1000 K. The prediction of these thermodynamic properties and the reaction enthalpies will benefit further computational studies and cross-validation with pyrolysis experiments. Overall, the results demonstrate the utility of a better understanding of lignin pyrolysis for its effective valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzina Azad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Hazl F Torres
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Maria L Auad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA. .,Center for Polymer and Advanced Composites, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Thomas Elder
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Andrew J Adamczyk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
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41
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Lizundia E, Sipponen MH, Greca LG, Balakshin M, Tardy BL, Rojas OJ, Puglia D. Multifunctional lignin-based nanocomposites and nanohybrids. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2021; 23:6698-6760. [PMID: 34671223 PMCID: PMC8452181 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc01684a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Significant progress in lignins valorization and development of high-performance sustainable materials have been achieved in recent years. Reports related to lignin utilization indicate excellent prospects considering green chemistry, chemical engineering, energy, materials and polymer science, physical chemistry, biochemistry, among others. To fully realize such potential, one of the most promising routes involves lignin uses in nanocomposites and nanohybrid assemblies, where synergistic interactions are highly beneficial. This review first discusses the interfacial assembly of lignins with polysaccharides, proteins and other biopolymers, for instance, in the synthesis of nanocomposites. To give a wide perspective, we consider the subject of hybridization with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, as well as uses as precursor of carbon materials and the assembly with other biobased nanoparticles, for instance to form nanohybrids. We provide cues to understand the fundamental aspects related to lignins, their self-assembly and supramolecular organization, all of which are critical in nanocomposites and nanohybrids. We highlight the possibilities of lignin in the fields of flame retardancy, food packaging, plant protection, electroactive materials, energy storage and health sciences. The most recent outcomes are evaluated given the importance of lignin extraction, within established and emerging biorefineries. We consider the benefit of lignin compared to synthetic counterparts. Bridging the gap between fundamental and application-driven research, this account offers critical insights as far as the potential of lignin as one of the frontrunners in the uptake of bioeconomy concepts and its application in value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlantz Lizundia
- Life Cycle Thinking group, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering in Bilbao, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Bilbao 48013 Spain
- BCMaterials, Basque Center Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures UPV/EHU Science Park 48940 Leioa Spain
| | - Mika H Sipponen
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University Svante Arrhenius väg 16C SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Luiz G Greca
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Mikhail Balakshin
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Blaise L Tardy
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Finland
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia 2360 East Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Debora Puglia
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Perugia Strada di Pentima 4 05100 Terni Italy
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42
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Minimization of Environmental Impact of Kraft Pulp Mill Effluents: Current Practices and Future Perspectives towards Sustainability. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13169288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Kraft mill effluents are characterized by their content of suspended solids, organic matter and color due to the presence of lignin, lignin derivatives and tannins. Additionally, Kraft mill effluents contain adsorbable organic halogens and wood extractive compounds (resin acids, fatty acids, phytosterol) and show high conductivity due to the chemical compounds used in the digestion process of pulp. Currently, Kraft mills are operating under the concept of a linear economy and, therefore, their effluents are generating serious toxicity effects, detected in daphnia, fish and biosensors. These effluents are treated by activated sludge and moving bed biofilm systems that are unable to remove recalcitrant organic matter, color and biological activity (toxicity) from effluents. Moreover, under climate change, these environmental effects are being exacerbated and some mills have had to stop their operation when the flows of aquatic ecosystems are lower. The aim of this review is to discuss the treatment of Kraft pulp mill effluents and their impact regarding the current practices and future perspectives towards sustainability under climate change. Kraft pulp mill sustainability involves the closure of water circuits in order to recirculate water and reduce the environmental impact, as well as the implementation of advanced technology for these purposes.
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43
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Tschulkow M, Compernolle T, Van Passel S. Optimal timing of multiple investment decisions in a wood value chain: A real options approach. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 290:112590. [PMID: 33910072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new reductive catalytic fractionation biorefinery process (RCF) is currently being developed transforming wood into high-value end-products. RCF is considered to be in the pilot stage with a technology readiness level of 5-6. Apart from the RCF-process characteristics, the economic feasibility also depends on the investment decisions that are made upstream and downstream within the wood value chain, increasing the level of uncertainty. Two investment options within the value chain are considered: an option to invest in harvesting equipment and an option to invest in the RCF. To understand the impact of multiple sources of uncertainty on the decision to invest in an innovative RCF-driven wood value chain, an analytical two-factor real options model is presented, accounting for correlated cost and price uncertainties. Two different scenarios, separated and united investments in harvesting equipment and RCF, are analyzed. In both scenarios, market uncertainty postpones investment in comparison to the traditional NPV approach. When both investments are considered separately, the investment in RCF is expected to be earlier than the investment in harvesting equipment. When both investment decisions are united, the probability of investment increases. The study reveals that RCF has the potential to stimulate investments from different investors, -upstream and midstream-, within the wood value chain. Besides, the introduced real options model proofs its ability to assess the economic feasibility of innovative technologies (e.g RCF) individually or within the value chain, taking into account multiple sources of uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Tschulkow
- Department of Engineering Management, University of Antwerp, Prinsstraat 13, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Tine Compernolle
- Department of Engineering Management, University of Antwerp, Prinsstraat 13, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium; Geological Survey of Belgium - Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Jennerstraat 13, 1000, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Steven Van Passel
- Department of Engineering Management, University of Antwerp, Prinsstraat 13, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium; Nanolab Centre of Excellence, Prinsstraat 13, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Jedrzejczyk M, Engelhardt J, Djokic MR, Bliznuk V, Van Geem KM, Verberckmoes A, De Clercq J, Bernaerts KV. Development of Lignin-Based Mesoporous Carbons for the Adsorption of Humic Acid. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:15222-15235. [PMID: 34151101 PMCID: PMC8210454 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing urge to make the transition toward biobased materials. Lignin, originating from lignocellulosic biomass, can be potentially valorized as humic acid (HA) adsorbents via lignin-based mesoporous carbon (MC). In this work, these materials were synthesized for the first time starting from modified lignin as the carbon precursor, using the soft-template methodology. The use of a novel synthetic approach, Claisen rearrangement of propargylated lignin, and a variety of surfactant templates (Pluronic, Kraton, and Solsperse) have been demonstrated to tune the properties of the resulting MCs. The obtained materials showed tunable properties (BET surface area: 95-367 m2/g, pore size: 3.3-36.6 nm, V BJH pore volume: 0.05-0.33 m3/g, and carbon and oxygen content: 55.5-91.1 and 3.0-12.2%, respectively) and good performance in terms of one of the highest HA adsorption capacities reported for carbon adsorbents (up to 175 mg/g).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika
A. Jedrzejczyk
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased
Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan
22, Geleen 6167 RD, The Netherland
| | - Julian Engelhardt
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased
Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan
22, Geleen 6167 RD, The Netherland
| | - Marko R. Djokic
- Faculty
of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Materials, Textiles
and Chemical Engineering, Laboratorium for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vitaliy Bliznuk
- Faculty
of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Electrical Energy,
Metals, Mechanical Constructions and Systems, Ghent University, Technologiepark
46, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin M. Van Geem
- Faculty
of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Materials, Textiles
and Chemical Engineering, Laboratorium for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Verberckmoes
- Faculty
of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Materials, Textiles
and Chemical Engineering, Industrial Catalysis and Adsorption Technology
(INCAT), Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jeriffa De Clercq
- Faculty
of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Materials, Textiles
and Chemical Engineering, Industrial Catalysis and Adsorption Technology
(INCAT), Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien V. Bernaerts
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased
Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan
22, Geleen 6167 RD, The Netherland
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45
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Qi F, Chaoqun Z, Weijun Y, Qingwen W, Rongxian O. Lignin-based polymers. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2020-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
On the basis of the world’s continuing consumption of raw materials, there was an urgent need to seek sustainable resources. Lignin, the second naturally abundant biomass, accounts for 15–35% of the cell walls of terrestrial plants and is considered waste for low-cost applications such as thermal and electricity generation. The impressive characteristics of lignin, such as its high abundance, low density, biodegradability, antioxidation, antibacterial capability, and its CO2 neutrality and enhancement, render it an ideal candidate for developing new polymer/composite materials. In past decades, considerable works have been conducted to effectively utilize waste lignin as a component in polymer matrices for the production of high-performance lignin-based polymers. This chapter is intended to provide an overview of the recent advances and challenges involving lignin-based polymers utilizing lignin macromonomer and its derived monolignols. These lignin-based polymers include phenol resins, polyurethane resins, polyester resins, epoxy resins, etc. The structural characteristics and functions of lignin-based polymers are discussed in each section. In addition, we also try to divide various lignin reinforced polymer composites into different polymer matrices, which can be separated into thermoplastics, rubber, and thermosets composites. This chapter is expected to increase the interest of researchers worldwide in lignin-based polymers and develop new ideas in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Qi
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology , Guangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Zhang Chaoqun
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology , Guangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Yang Weijun
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University , 214122 Wuxi , P. R. China
| | - Wang Qingwen
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology , Guangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Ou Rongxian
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology , Guangzhou , P. R. China
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Pylypchuk I, Selyanchyn R, Budnyak T, Zhao Y, Lindström M, Fujikawa S, Sevastyanova O. "Artificial Wood" Lignocellulosic Membranes: Influence of Kraft Lignin on the Properties and Gas Transport in Tunicate-Based Nanocellulose Composites. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11030204. [PMID: 33805729 PMCID: PMC7999404 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11030204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanocellulose membranes based on tunicate-derived cellulose nanofibers, starch, and ~5% wood-derived lignin were investigated using three different types of lignin. The addition of lignin into cellulose membranes increased the specific surface area (from 5 to ~50 m2/g), however the fine porous geometry of the nanocellulose with characteristic pores below 10 nm in diameter remained similar for all membranes. The permeation of H2, CO2, N2, and O2 through the membranes was investigated and a characteristic Knudsen diffusion through the membranes was observed at a rate proportional to the inverse of their molecular sizes. Permeability values, however, varied significantly between samples containing different lignins, ranging from several to thousands of barrers (10-10 cm3 (STP) cm cm-2 s-1 cmHg-1cm), and were related to the observed morphology and lignin distribution inside the membranes. Additionally, the addition of ~5% lignin resulted in a significant increase in tensile strength from 3 GPa to ~6-7 GPa, but did not change thermal properties (glass transition or thermal stability). Overall, the combination of plant-derived lignin as a filler or binder in cellulose-starch composites with a sea-animal derived nanocellulose presents an interesting new approach for the fabrication of membranes from abundant bio-derived materials. Future studies should focus on the optimization of these types of membranes for the selective and fast transport of gases needed for a variety of industrial separation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ievgen Pylypchuk
- Division of Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (O.S.)
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Roman Selyanchyn
- WPI International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER) Kyushu University, Ito Campus, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Tetyana Budnyak
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Yadong Zhao
- Division of Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (O.S.)
| | - Mikael Lindström
- Division of Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (O.S.)
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shigenori Fujikawa
- WPI International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER) Kyushu University, Ito Campus, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
| | - Olena Sevastyanova
- Division of Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (O.S.)
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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