1
|
Sulaeva I, Sto Pamo FG, Melikhov I, Budischowsky D, Rahikainen JL, Borisova A, Marjamaa K, Kruus K, Eijsink VGH, Várnai A, Potthast A. Beyond the Surface: A Methodological Exploration of Enzyme Impact along the Cellulose Fiber Cross-Section. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:3076-3086. [PMID: 38634234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Despite the wide range of analytical tools available for the characterization of cellulose, the in-depth characterization of inhomogeneous, layered cellulose fiber structures remains a challenge. When treating fibers or spinning man-made fibers, the question always arises as to whether the changes in the fiber structure affect only the surface or the entire fiber. Here, we developed an analysis tool based on the sequential limited dissolution of cellulose fiber layers. The method can reveal potential differences in fiber properties along the cross-sectional profile of natural or man-made cellulose fibers. In this analytical approach, carbonyl groups are labeled with a carbonyl selective fluorescence label (CCOA), after which thin fiber layers are sequentially dissolved with the solvent system DMAc/LiCl (9% w/v) and analyzed with size exclusion chromatography coupled with light scattering and fluorescence detection. The analysis of these fractions allowed for the recording of the changes in the chemical structure across the layers, resulting in a detailed cross-sectional profile of the different functionalities and molecular weight distributions. The method was optimized and tested in practice with LPMO (lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase)-treated cotton fibers, where it revealed the depth of fiber modification by the enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Sulaeva
- Core Facility Analysis of Lignocellulosics (ALICE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Fredrik Gjerstad Sto Pamo
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Ivan Melikhov
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - David Budischowsky
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Jenni L Rahikainen
- Solutions for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Anna Borisova
- Solutions for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kaisa Marjamaa
- Solutions for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kristiina Kruus
- Solutions for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
- School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Antje Potthast
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Støpamo FG, Sulaeva I, Budischowsky D, Rahikainen J, Marjamaa K, Potthast A, Kruus K, Eijsink VGH, Várnai A. Oxidation of cellulose fibers using LPMOs with varying allomorphic substrate preferences, oxidative regioselectivities, and domain structures. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 330:121816. [PMID: 38368098 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are excellent candidates for enzymatic functionalization of natural polysaccharides, such as cellulose or chitin, and are gaining relevance in the search for renewable biomaterials. Here, we assessed the cellulose fiber modification potential and catalytic performance of eleven cellulose-active fungal AA9-type LPMOs, including C1-, C4-, and C1/C4-oxidizing LPMOs with and without CBM1 carbohydrate-binding modules, on cellulosic substrates with different degrees of crystallinity and polymer chain arrangement, namely, Cellulose I, Cellulose II, and amorphous cellulose. The potential of LPMOs for cellulose fiber modification varied among the LPMOs and depended primarily on operational stability and substrate binding, and, to some extent, also on regioselectivity and domain structure. While all tested LPMOs were active on natural Cellulose I-type fibers, activity on the Cellulose II allomorph was almost exclusively detected for LPMOs containing a CBM1 and LPMOs with activity on soluble hemicelluloses and cello-oligosaccharides, for example NcAA9C from Neurospora crassa. The single-domain variant of NcAA9C oxidized the cellulose fibers to a higher extent than its CBM-containing natural variant and released less soluble products, indicating a more dispersed oxidation pattern without a CBM. Our findings reveal great functional variation among cellulose-active LPMOs, laying the groundwork for further LPMO-based cellulose engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Irina Sulaeva
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.
| | - David Budischowsky
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Kaisa Marjamaa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Antje Potthast
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.
| | - Kristiina Kruus
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland; Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
| | | | - Anikó Várnai
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sulaeva I, Budischowsky D, Rahikainen J, Marjamaa K, Støpamo FG, Khaliliyan H, Melikhov I, Rosenau T, Kruus K, Várnai A, Eijsink VGH, Potthast A. A novel approach to analyze the impact of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) on cellulosic fibres. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 328:121696. [PMID: 38220335 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Enzymatic treatment of cellulosic fibres is a green alternative to classical chemical modification. For many applications, mild procedures for cellulose alteration are sufficient, in which the fibre structure and, therefore, the mechanical performance of cellulosic fibres are preserved. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) bear a great potential to become a green reagent for such targeted cellulose modifications. An obstacle for wide implementation of LPMOs in tailored cellulose chemistry is the lack of suitable techniques to precisely monitor the LPMO impact on the polymer. Soluble oxidized cello-oligomers can be quantified using chromatographic and mass-spectrometric techniques. A considerable portion of the oxidized sites, however, remain on the insoluble cellulose fibres, and their quantification is difficult. Here, we describe a method for the simultaneous quantification of oxidized sites on cellulose fibres and changes in their molar mass distribution after treatment with LPMOs. The method is based on quantitative, heterogeneous, carbonyl-selective labelling with a fluorescent label (CCOA) followed by cellulose dissolution and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Application of the method to reactions of seven different LPMOs with pure cellulose fibres revealed pronounced functional differences between the enzymes, showing that this CCOA/SEC/MALS method is a promising tool to better understand the catalytic action of LPMOs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Sulaeva
- Core Facility "Analysis of Lignocellulosics" (ALICE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - David Budischowsky
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Jenni Rahikainen
- Solutions for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kaisa Marjamaa
- Solutions for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Fredrik Gjerstad Støpamo
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Hajar Khaliliyan
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Ivan Melikhov
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Kristiina Kruus
- Solutions for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland; School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Espoo 00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Antje Potthast
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sumerskii I, Böhmdorfer S, Tsetsgee O, Sulaeva I, Khaliliyan H, Musl O, Dorninger K, Tischer A, Potthast K, Rosenau T, Brereton RG, Potthast A. Tapping the Full Potential of Infrared Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Technical Lignins. ChemSusChem 2024:e202301840. [PMID: 38240610 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
We present an approach to overcome the challenges associated with the increasing demand of high-throughput characterization of technical lignins, a key resource in emerging bioeconomies. Our approach offers a resort from the lack of direct, simple, and low-cost analytical techniques for lignin characterization by employing multivariate calibration models based on infrared (IR) spectroscopy to predict structural properties of lignins (i. e., functionality, molar mass). By leveraging a comprehensive database of over 500 well-characterized technical lignin samples - a factor of 10 larger than previously used sets - our chemometric models achieved high levels of quality and statistical confidence for the determination of different functional group contents (RMSEPs of 4-16 %). However, the statistical moments of the molar mass distribution are still best determined by size-exclusion chromatography. Analyses of over 500 technical lignins offered also a great opportunity to provide information on the general variability in kraft lignins and lignosulfonates (from different origins). Overall, the effected savings in analysis time (>7 h), resources, and required sample mass combined with non-destructiveness of the measurement satisfy key demands for efficient high-throughput lignin analyses. Finally, we discuss the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of our approach, along with critical insights into the associated chemical-analytical and spectroscopic challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Sumerskii
- Core Facility "Analysis of Lignocellulosics" (ALICE), BOKU University, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Stefan Böhmdorfer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, BOKU University, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Otgontuul Tsetsgee
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, BOKU University, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Irina Sulaeva
- Core Facility "Analysis of Lignocellulosics" (ALICE), BOKU University, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Hajar Khaliliyan
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, BOKU University, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Oliver Musl
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, BOKU University, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Katharina Dorninger
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, BOKU University, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Alexander Tischer
- Department of Soil Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Karin Potthast
- Department of Soil Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, BOKU University, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Richard G Brereton
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantocks Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, BOKU University, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wurzer GK, Bacher M, Musl O, Kohlhuber N, Sulaeva I, Kelz T, Fackler K, Bischof RH, Hettegger H, Potthast A, Rosenau T. From liquid to solid-state, solvent-free oxidative ammonolysis of lignins – an easy, alternative approach to generate “N-lignins” †. RSC Adv 2023; 13:9479-9490. [PMID: 36968046 PMCID: PMC10034478 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00691c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A new chemical modification protocol to generate N-lignins is presented, based on Indulin AT and Mg2+-lignosulfonate. The already known ammonoxidation reaction in liquid phase was used as a starting point and stepwise optimised towards a full solid-state approach. The “classical” liquid ammonoxidation products, the transition products from the optimization trials, as well as the “solid-state” products were comprehensively analysed and compared to the literature. The N-lignins obtained with the conventional ammonoxidation protocol showed the same properties as reported. Their molar mass distributions and the hydroxy group contents, hitherto not accessible due to solubility problems, were measured according to a recently reported protocol. N-Indulin showed an N-content up to 11 wt% and N-lignosulfonate up to 16 wt%. The transition experiments from liquid to solid-state gave insights into the influence of chemical components and reaction conditions. The use of a single chemical, the urea-hydrogen peroxide complex (UHP, “carbamide peroxide”), was sufficient to generate N-lignins with satisfying N-content. This chemical acts both as an N-source and as the oxidant. Following the optimization, a series of solid-state ammonoxidation tests were carried out. High N-contents of 10% in the case of Indulin and 11% in the case of lignosulfonate were obtained. By varying the ratio of UHP to lignin, the N-content can be controlled. Structural analysis showed that the N is organically bound to the lignin, similar to the “classical” ammonoxidation products obtained under homogeneous conditions. Overall, a new ammonoxidation protocol was developed which does not require an external gas supply nor liquids or dissolved reactants. This opens the possibility for carrying out the lignin modification in closed continuous reactor systems, such as extruders. The new, facile solid-state protocol will hopefully help N-lignins to find more consideration as a fertilizing material and in soil-improving materials. An alternative ammonoxidation protocol was developed. With this new approach in “solid-state” mode, one single solid reagent is sufficient to equip lignin with different N-functionalities.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhild K. Wurzer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430 TullnAustria
| | - Markus Bacher
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430 TullnAustria
| | - Oliver Musl
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430 TullnAustria
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Biobased Colloids and Materials, UBC University of British Columbia, Vancouver2385 East MallVancouverCanada
| | - Nadine Kohlhuber
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430 TullnAustria
| | - Irina Sulaeva
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430 TullnAustria
- Core Facility Analysis of Lignocellulosics (ALICE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24A-3430 TullnAustria
| | - Theres Kelz
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430 TullnAustria
| | - Karin Fackler
- Lenzing AG, Research & DevelopmentA-4860 LenzingAustria
| | | | - Hubert Hettegger
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430 TullnAustria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430 TullnAustria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430 TullnAustria
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi UniversityPorthansgatan 3FI-20500 ÅboFinland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ungerer B, Sulaeva I, Bodner S, Potthast A, Keckes J, Müller U, Veigel S. Degradation of regenerated cellulose filaments by hydrogen chloride under aqueous and non-aqueous conditions. Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2022.100238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
|
7
|
Budischowsky D, Sulaeva I, Hettegger H, Ludwig R, Rosenau T, Potthast A. Fluorescence labeling of C1-oxidized cellulose. Part 1: Method development. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 295:119860. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
8
|
Musl O, Galler S, Wurzer G, Bacher M, Sulaeva I, Sumerskii I, Mahler AK, Rosenau T, Potthast A. High-Resolution Profiling of the Functional Heterogeneity of Technical Lignins. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1413-1422. [PMID: 35212532 PMCID: PMC8924861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In technical lignins, functionality is strongly related to molar mass. Hence, any technical lignin exhibits concurrent functionality-type distribution (FTD) along its molar mass distribution (MMD). This study combined preparative size-exclusion chromatography with offline characterizations to acquire highly resolved profiles of the functional heterogeneity of technical lignins, which represent crucial information for their material use. The shape of these profiles showed considerable dissimilarity between different technical lignins and followed sigmoid trends. Determining the dispersity in functionality (ĐF) of lignins via their FTD revealed a rather homogeneous distribution of their functionalities (ĐF of 1.00-1.21). The high resolution of the acquired profiles of functional heterogeneity facilitated the development of a robust calculation method for the estimation of functional group contents of lignin fractions based simply on their MMD, an invaluable tool to simulate the effects of intended purification processes. Moreover, a more thorough evaluation of separations based on functionality becomes accessible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Musl
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Samira Galler
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerhild Wurzer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Markus Bacher
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Irina Sulaeva
- Core Facility "Analysis of Lignocellulose" ALICE, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Ivan Sumerskii
- Core Facility "Analysis of Lignocellulose" ALICE, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Arnulf Kai Mahler
- Sappi Europe, Sappi Papier Holding GmbH, Bruckner Straße 21, A-8101 Gratkorn, Austria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The electron beam irradiation (EBI) of native lignin has received little attention. Thus, its potential use in lignin-based biorefineries is not fully understood. EBI was applied to selected lignin samples and the structural and chemical changes were analyzed, revealing the suitability, limitations, and potential purpose of EBI in wood biorefineries. Isolated milled wood, kraft, and sulfite lignin from beech and eucalyptus were subjected to up to 200 kGy of irradiation. The analysis included gel permeation chromatography for molar masses, heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC)- and 31P NMR and headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for functional groups, and thermogravimetric analysis for thermal stability. Most samples resisted irradiation. Subtle changes occurred in the molecular weight distribution and thermal stability of milled wood lignin. EBI was found to be a suitable pretreatment method for woody biomass if the avoidance of lignin condensation and chemical modification is a high priority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Sarosi
- Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Altenbergerstraße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Irina Sulaeva
- Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Altenbergerstraße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Fitz
- Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Altenbergerstraße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Ivan Sumerskii
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Markus Bacher
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Balakshin MY, Capanema EA, Sulaeva I, Schlee P, Huang Z, Feng M, Borghei M, Rojas OJ, Potthast A, Rosenau T. New Opportunities in the Valorization of Technical Lignins. ChemSusChem 2021; 14:1016-1036. [PMID: 33285039 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Sugar-based biorefineries have faced significant economic challenges. Biorefinery lignins are often classified as low-value products (fuel or low-cost chemical feedstock) mainly due to low lignin purities in the crude material. However, recent research has shown that biorefinery lignins have a great chance of being successfully used as high-value products, which in turn should result in an economy renaissance of the whole biorefinery idea. This critical review summarizes recent developments from our groups, along with the state-of-the-art in the valorization of technical lignins, with the focus on biorefinery lignins. A beneficial synergistic effect of lignin and cellulose mixtures used in different applications (wood adhesives, carbon fiber and nanofibers, thermoplastics) has been demonstrated. This phenomenon causes crude biorefinery lignins, which contain a significant amount of residual crystalline cellulose, to perform superior to high-purity lignins in certain applications. Where previously specific applications required high-purity and/or functionalized lignins with narrow molecular weight distributions, simple green processes for upgrading crude biorefinery lignin are suggested here as an alternative. These approaches can be easily combined with lignin micro-/nanoparticles (LMNP) production. The processes should also be cost-efficient compared to traditional lignin modifications. Biorefinery processes allow much greater flexibility in optimizing the lignin characteristics desirable for specific applications than traditional pulping processes. Such lignin engineering, at the same time, requires an efficient strategy capable of handling large datasets to find correlations between process variables, lignin structures and properties and finally their performance in different applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Yu Balakshin
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Ewellyn A Capanema
- RISE Reserach Institute of Sweden, Drottning Kistrinas Väg 61, 114 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irina Sulaeva
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria
- Wood K plus - Competence Center for Wood Composites & Wood Chemistry, Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Philipp Schlee
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Zeen Huang
- FPInnovations, 2665 E Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Martin Feng
- FPInnovations, 2665 E Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Maryam Borghei
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
- Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Chemistry, and Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Antje Potthast
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3, Åbo/Turku, 20500, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Musl O, Sulaeva I, Bacher M, Mahler AK, Rosenau T, Potthast A. Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography in 2 D Liquid Chromatography Characterization of Lignosulfonates. ChemSusChem 2020; 13:4595-4604. [PMID: 32441817 PMCID: PMC7540692 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lignosulfonates are bulk-scale byproducts of industrial sulfite pulping. Their amphiphilic character plays a central role in their successful application in large-scale materials production. As an inherent feature of the chemical structure, this amphiphilic character poses a major analytical challenge. In this study, the amphiphilic behavior of an industrial lignosulfonate was investigated by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). This technique exploits hydrophobic regions present on the surface of lignosulfonates. Extensive characterization of the obtained fractions from preparative HIC, in terms of elemental composition, functional-group content, chemical structure, and molecular weight distribution, revealed a detailed picture of the chemical composition distribution. The charge-to-size ratio, that is, differences in the degree of sulfonation, was the dominant factor governing separation in HIC. A combination of HIC with size exclusion chromatography showed good orthogonality of separation and demonstrated the power of this 2 D liquid chromatography approach for an in-depth characterization, in general, and amphiphilicity, in particular.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Musl
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable ResourcesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 243430TullnAustria
| | - Irina Sulaeva
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable ResourcesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 243430TullnAustria
| | - Markus Bacher
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable ResourcesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 243430TullnAustria
| | - A. Kai Mahler
- Sappi EuropeSappi Papier Holding GmbHBruckner Strasse 218101GratkornAustria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable ResourcesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 243430TullnAustria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable ResourcesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 243430TullnAustria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bhattarai M, Sulaeva I, Pitkänen L, Kontro I, Tenkanen M, Potthast A, Mikkonen KS. Colloidal features of softwood galactoglucomannans-rich extract. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 241:116368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
13
|
Sulaeva I, Hettegger H, Bergen A, Rohrer C, Kostic M, Konnerth J, Rosenau T, Potthast A. Fabrication of bacterial cellulose-based wound dressings with improved performance by impregnation with alginate. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2020; 110:110619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
14
|
Sulaeva I, Vejdovszky P, Beaumont M, Rusakov D, Rohrer C, Rosenau T, Potthast A. Fast Approach to the Hydrophobization of Bacterial Cellulose via the Direct Polymerization of Ethyl 2-Cyanoacrylate. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3142-3146. [PMID: 31264848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) has a broad range of applications in biomedical fields and cosmetics. Applied as wound dressing, BC tends to stick to the sore especially upon drying, and hydrophobization improves its performance in this regard. This article reports a facile and rapid yet a highly efficient approach for BC hydrophobization through direct polymerization of ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate on the BC fibers. The modified material preserves the favorable porous structure of the matrix material while displaying significantly higher hydrophobicity and significantly decreased stickiness to the wound. The BC surface can be modified in 15 min. Overall, this can be considered a ready-to-apply approach for the fabrication of BC wound dressings with enhanced performance. The modification was demonstrated to improve the material's biocompatibility and to introduce antimicrobial activity (immortalized human fibroblast assay).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Sulaeva
- Department of Chemistry , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU University) , Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24 , A-3430 Tulln , Austria
| | - Philipp Vejdovszky
- Department of Chemistry , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU University) , Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24 , A-3430 Tulln , Austria
| | - Marco Beaumont
- Department of Chemistry , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU University) , Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24 , A-3430 Tulln , Austria
| | - Dmitrii Rusakov
- Institute for Materials Chemistry & Research , University of Vienna , Währinger Strasse 42 , A-1090 Vienna , Austria
| | - Christian Rohrer
- Lohmann & Rauscher GmbH & Co KG , Irlicher Straße 55 , D-56567 Neuwied , Germany
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department of Chemistry , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU University) , Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24 , A-3430 Tulln , Austria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department of Chemistry , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU University) , Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24 , A-3430 Tulln , Austria
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zinovyev G, Sulaeva I, Podzimek S, Rössner D, Kilpeläinen I, Sumerskii I, Rosenau T, Potthast A. Getting Closer to Absolute Molar Masses of Technical Lignins. ChemSusChem 2018; 11:3259-3268. [PMID: 29989331 PMCID: PMC6175078 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201801177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Determination of molecular weight parameters of native and, in particular, technical lignins are based on size exclusion chromatography (SEC) approaches. However, no matter which approach is used, either conventional SEC with a refractive index detector and calibration with standards or multi-angle light scattering (MALS) detection at 488 nm, 633 nm, 658 nm, or 690 nm, all variants can be severely erroneous. The lack of calibration standards with high structural similarity to lignin impairs the quality of the molar masses determined by conventional SEC, and the typical fluorescence of (technical) lignins renders the corresponding MALS data rather questionable. Application of MALS detection at 785 nm by using an infrared laser largely overcomes those problems and allows for a reliable and reproducible determination of the molar mass distributions of all types of lignins, which has been demonstrated in this study for various and structurally different analytes, such as kraft lignins, milled-wood lignin, lignosulfonates, and biorefinery lignins. The topics of calibration, lignin fluorescence, and lignin UV absorption in connection with MALS detection are critically discussed in detail, and a reliable protocol is presented. Correction factors based on MALS measurements have been determined for commercially available calibration standards, such as pullulan and polystyrene sulfonate, so that now more reliable mass data can be obtained also if no MALS system is available and these conventional calibration standards have to be resorted to.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grigory Zinovyev
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, ViennaKonrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430TullnAustria
| | - Irina Sulaeva
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, ViennaKonrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430TullnAustria
| | - Stepan Podzimek
- Wyatt Technology Europe GmbHHochstrasse 12a56307DernbachGermany
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular MaterialsUniversity of PardubiceStudentska 573Pardubice532 10Czech Republic
| | - Dierk Rössner
- Wyatt Technology Europe GmbHHochstrasse 12a56307DernbachGermany
| | - Ilkka Kilpeläinen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiA.I. Virtasen Aukio 100014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Ivan Sumerskii
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, ViennaKonrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430TullnAustria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, ViennaKonrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430TullnAustria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, ViennaKonrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430TullnAustria
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yuwang P, Sulaeva I, Hell J, Henniges U, Böhmdorfer S, Rosenau T, Chitsomboon B, Tongta S. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of arabinoxylan hydrolysates from defatted rice bran. J Sci Food Agric 2018; 98:140-146. [PMID: 28543171 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The water unextractable arabinoxylans (WUAX) contain beneficial phenolic compounds that can be used for food rather than for animal feed. The antioxidant activities of defatted rice bran obtained by xylanase-aided extraction is reported herein. The chemical and molecular characteristics of extracted fractions were investigated. RESULTS The WUAX hydrolysate precipitated by 0-60% ethanol (F60), 60-90% ethanol (F6090), and more than 90% ethanol (F90) had decreased molar masses with increasing ethanol concentration. The fractions of interest, F60 and F6090, contained 75% arabinoxylans with ferulic acid as the major bound phenolic acid, followed by p-coumaric acid. According to chemical-based antioxidant assays F60 and F6090 exhibited higher diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric iron reducing ability than F90 which contained minor contents of small sugars and free phenolic acids. In cell-based antioxidant assays, using the fluorescent 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate probe, all three fractions were potent intracellular scavengers. CONCLUSION The high molar mass of WUAX hydrolysates with high amount of bound phenolics contributes to the chemical-based antioxidant activity. All fractions of WUAX hydrolysates showed high potent intracellular scavenging activity regardless of molar mass, content and the component of bound phenolics. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prachit Yuwang
- School of Food Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Irina Sulaeva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Science (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Hell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Science (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ute Henniges
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Science (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Böhmdorfer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Science (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Science (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Sunanta Tongta
- School of Food Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sulaeva I, Zinovyev G, Plankeele JM, Sumerskii I, Rosenau T, Potthast A. Fast Track to Molar-Mass Distributions of Technical Lignins. ChemSusChem 2017; 10:629-635. [PMID: 27883279 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201601517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Technical lignins (waste products obtained from wood pulping or biorefinery processes) have so far required lengthy analysis procedures and different eluents for molar-mass analysis by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). This challenge has become more pressing recently since attempts to utilize lignins have increased, leading to skyrocketing numbers of samples to be analyzed. A new approach, which uses the eluent DMSO/LiBr (0.5 % w/v) and converts lignosulfonate salts into their acidic form before analysis, overcomes these limitations by enabling measurement of all kinds of lignins (kraft, organosolv, soda, lignosulfonates) in the same size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) system without the necessity of prior time-consuming derivatization steps. In combination with ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), analysis times are shortened to one tenth of classical lignin GPC. The new approach is presented, along with a comparison of GPC and UPLC methods and a critical discussion of the analytical parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Sulaeva
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources and Christian-Doppler Laboratory "Advanced cellulose chemistry and analytics", University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Grigory Zinovyev
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources and Christian-Doppler Laboratory "Advanced cellulose chemistry and analytics", University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | | | - Ivan Sumerskii
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources and Christian-Doppler Laboratory "Advanced cellulose chemistry and analytics", University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources and Christian-Doppler Laboratory "Advanced cellulose chemistry and analytics", University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources and Christian-Doppler Laboratory "Advanced cellulose chemistry and analytics", University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Amer H, Nypelö T, Sulaeva I, Bacher M, Henniges U, Potthast A, Rosenau T. Synthesis and Characterization of Periodate-Oxidized Polysaccharides: Dialdehyde Xylan (DAX). Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:2972-80. [PMID: 27529432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cleavage of the C2-C3 bond in the building units of 1 → 4-linked polysaccharides by periodate formally results in two aldehyde units, which are present in several masked forms. The structural elucidation of such polysaccharide dialdehydes remains a big challenge. Since polysaccharide derivatives are increasingly applied in materials technology, unveiling the exact structure is of utmost importance. To address this issue for xylan, dialdehyde xylan (DAX, oxidation degree of 91.5%) has been synthesized as water-soluble polymer. The ATR-FTIR spectrum of DAX showed free aldehyde to be absent and exhibited a characteristic absorption at 858 cm(-1) related to hemiacetal groups. By a combination of 1D and 2D NMR techniques, it was confirmed that oxidized xylan is present as poly(2,6-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-5-methyl-3,5-diyl-1,4-dioxane). Based on GPC analysis, the DAX polymer shows a slightly lower molar mass (6.6 kDa) compared to the starting material (7.7 kDa) right after oxidation, and degraded further after one month of storage in 0.1 M NaCl solution (4.3 kDa). The oxidized xylan demonstrated lower thermal stability upon TGA analysis and a greater amount of residual char (20.6%) compared to the unmodified xylan (13.7%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Amer
- Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna , Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.,Department of Natural and Microbial Products Chemistry, National Research Centre , 33 Al Bohous St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Tiina Nypelö
- Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna , Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.,Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, Department of Materials Science and Process Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna , Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Irina Sulaeva
- Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna , Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Markus Bacher
- Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna , Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Ute Henniges
- Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna , Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna , Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna , Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sulaeva I, Henniges U, Rosenau T, Potthast A. Bacterial cellulose as a material for wound treatment: Properties and modifications. A review. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1547-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|