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Sulaeva I, Sto Pamo FG, Melikhov I, Budischowsky D, Rahikainen JL, Borisova A, Marjamaa K, Kruus K, Eijsink VGH, Várnai A, Potthast A. Beyond the Surface: A Methodological Exploration of Enzyme Impact along the Cellulose Fiber Cross-Section. Biomacromolecules 2024. [PMID: 38634234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Despite the wide range of analytical tools available for the characterization of cellulose, the in-depth characterization of inhomogeneous, layered cellulose fiber structures remains a challenge. When treating fibers or spinning man-made fibers, the question always arises as to whether the changes in the fiber structure affect only the surface or the entire fiber. Here, we developed an analysis tool based on the sequential limited dissolution of cellulose fiber layers. The method can reveal potential differences in fiber properties along the cross-sectional profile of natural or man-made cellulose fibers. In this analytical approach, carbonyl groups are labeled with a carbonyl selective fluorescence label (CCOA), after which thin fiber layers are sequentially dissolved with the solvent system DMAc/LiCl (9% w/v) and analyzed with size exclusion chromatography coupled with light scattering and fluorescence detection. The analysis of these fractions allowed for the recording of the changes in the chemical structure across the layers, resulting in a detailed cross-sectional profile of the different functionalities and molecular weight distributions. The method was optimized and tested in practice with LPMO (lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase)-treated cotton fibers, where it revealed the depth of fiber modification by the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Sulaeva
- Core Facility Analysis of Lignocellulosics (ALICE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Fredrik Gjerstad Sto Pamo
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Ivan Melikhov
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - David Budischowsky
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Jenni L Rahikainen
- Solutions for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Anna Borisova
- Solutions for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kaisa Marjamaa
- Solutions for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kristiina Kruus
- Solutions for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
- School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Antje Potthast
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
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Støpamo FG, Sulaeva I, Budischowsky D, Rahikainen J, Marjamaa K, Potthast A, Kruus K, Eijsink VGH, Várnai A. Oxidation of cellulose fibers using LPMOs with varying allomorphic substrate preferences, oxidative regioselectivities, and domain structures. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 330:121816. [PMID: 38368098 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are excellent candidates for enzymatic functionalization of natural polysaccharides, such as cellulose or chitin, and are gaining relevance in the search for renewable biomaterials. Here, we assessed the cellulose fiber modification potential and catalytic performance of eleven cellulose-active fungal AA9-type LPMOs, including C1-, C4-, and C1/C4-oxidizing LPMOs with and without CBM1 carbohydrate-binding modules, on cellulosic substrates with different degrees of crystallinity and polymer chain arrangement, namely, Cellulose I, Cellulose II, and amorphous cellulose. The potential of LPMOs for cellulose fiber modification varied among the LPMOs and depended primarily on operational stability and substrate binding, and, to some extent, also on regioselectivity and domain structure. While all tested LPMOs were active on natural Cellulose I-type fibers, activity on the Cellulose II allomorph was almost exclusively detected for LPMOs containing a CBM1 and LPMOs with activity on soluble hemicelluloses and cello-oligosaccharides, for example NcAA9C from Neurospora crassa. The single-domain variant of NcAA9C oxidized the cellulose fibers to a higher extent than its CBM-containing natural variant and released less soluble products, indicating a more dispersed oxidation pattern without a CBM. Our findings reveal great functional variation among cellulose-active LPMOs, laying the groundwork for further LPMO-based cellulose engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irina Sulaeva
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.
| | - David Budischowsky
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Kaisa Marjamaa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Antje Potthast
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.
| | - Kristiina Kruus
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland; Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
| | | | - Anikó Várnai
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
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Sulaeva I, Budischowsky D, Rahikainen J, Marjamaa K, Støpamo FG, Khaliliyan H, Melikhov I, Rosenau T, Kruus K, Várnai A, Eijsink VGH, Potthast A. A novel approach to analyze the impact of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) on cellulosic fibres. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 328:121696. [PMID: 38220335 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Enzymatic treatment of cellulosic fibres is a green alternative to classical chemical modification. For many applications, mild procedures for cellulose alteration are sufficient, in which the fibre structure and, therefore, the mechanical performance of cellulosic fibres are preserved. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) bear a great potential to become a green reagent for such targeted cellulose modifications. An obstacle for wide implementation of LPMOs in tailored cellulose chemistry is the lack of suitable techniques to precisely monitor the LPMO impact on the polymer. Soluble oxidized cello-oligomers can be quantified using chromatographic and mass-spectrometric techniques. A considerable portion of the oxidized sites, however, remain on the insoluble cellulose fibres, and their quantification is difficult. Here, we describe a method for the simultaneous quantification of oxidized sites on cellulose fibres and changes in their molar mass distribution after treatment with LPMOs. The method is based on quantitative, heterogeneous, carbonyl-selective labelling with a fluorescent label (CCOA) followed by cellulose dissolution and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Application of the method to reactions of seven different LPMOs with pure cellulose fibres revealed pronounced functional differences between the enzymes, showing that this CCOA/SEC/MALS method is a promising tool to better understand the catalytic action of LPMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Sulaeva
- Core Facility "Analysis of Lignocellulosics" (ALICE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - David Budischowsky
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Jenni Rahikainen
- Solutions for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kaisa Marjamaa
- Solutions for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Fredrik Gjerstad Støpamo
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Hajar Khaliliyan
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Ivan Melikhov
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Kristiina Kruus
- Solutions for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland; School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Espoo 00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Antje Potthast
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
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Angeltveit CF, Várnai A, Eijsink VGH, Horn SJ. Enhancing enzymatic saccharification yields of cellulose at high solid loadings by combining different LPMO activities. Biotechnol Biofuels Bioprod 2024; 17:39. [PMID: 38461298 PMCID: PMC10924376 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02485-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polysaccharides in lignocellulosic biomass hold potential for production of biofuels and biochemicals. However, achieving efficient conversion of this resource into fermentable sugars faces challenges, especially when operating at industrially relevant high solid loadings. While it is clear that combining classical hydrolytic enzymes and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) is necessary to achieve high saccharification yields, exactly how these enzymes synergize at high solid loadings remains unclear. RESULTS An LPMO-poor cellulase cocktail, Celluclast 1.5 L, was spiked with one or both of two fungal LPMOs from Thermothielavioides terrestris and Thermoascus aurantiacus, TtAA9E and TaAA9A, respectively, to assess their impact on cellulose saccharification efficiency at high dry matter loading, using Avicel and steam-exploded wheat straw as substrates. The results demonstrate that LPMOs can mitigate the reduction in saccharification efficiency associated with high dry matter contents. The positive effect of LPMO inclusion depends on the type of feedstock and the type of LPMO and increases with the increasing dry matter content and reaction time. Furthermore, our results show that chelating free copper, which may leak out of the active site of inactivated LPMOs during saccharification, with EDTA prevents side reactions with in situ generated H2O2 and the reductant (ascorbic acid). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that sustaining LPMO activity is vital for efficient cellulose solubilization at high substrate loadings. LPMO cleavage of cellulose at high dry matter loadings results in new chain ends and thus increased water accessibility leading to decrystallization of the substrate, all factors making the substrate more accessible to cellulase action. Additionally, this work highlights the importance of preventing LPMO inactivation and its potential detrimental impact on all enzymes in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla F Angeltveit
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Svein J Horn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
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Munzone A, Eijsink VGH, Berrin JG, Bissaro B. Expanding the catalytic landscape of metalloenzymes with lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:106-119. [PMID: 38200220 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00565-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) have an essential role in global carbon cycle, industrial biomass processing and microbial pathogenicity by catalysing the oxidative cleavage of recalcitrant polysaccharides. Despite initially being considered monooxygenases, experimental and theoretical studies show that LPMOs are essentially peroxygenases, using a single copper ion and H2O2 for C-H bond oxygenation. Here, we examine LPMO catalysis, emphasizing key studies that have shaped our comprehension of their function, and address side and competing reactions that have partially obscured our understanding. Then, we compare this novel copper-peroxygenase reaction with reactions catalysed by haem iron enzymes, highlighting the different chemistries at play. We conclude by addressing some open questions surrounding LPMO catalysis, including the importance of peroxygenase and monooxygenase reactions in biological contexts, how LPMOs modulate copper site reactivity and potential protective mechanisms against oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Munzone
- UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.
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6
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Munzone A, Eijsink VGH, Berrin JG, Bissaro B. Publisher Correction: Expanding the catalytic landscape of metalloenzymes with lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. Nat Rev Chem 2024:10.1038/s41570-024-00580-8. [PMID: 38253653 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00580-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Munzone
- UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.
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Schwaiger L, Csarman F, Chang H, Golten O, Eijsink VGH, Ludwig R. Electrochemical Monitoring of Heterogeneous Peroxygenase Reactions Unravels LPMO Kinetics. ACS Catal 2024; 14:1205-1219. [PMID: 38269044 PMCID: PMC10804366 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c05194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Biological conversion of plant biomass depends on peroxygenases and peroxidases acting on insoluble polysaccharides and lignin. Among these are cellulose- and hemicellulose-degrading lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), which have revolutionized our concept of biomass degradation. Major obstacles limiting mechanistic and functional understanding of these unique peroxygenases are their complex and insoluble substrates and the hard-to-measure H2O2 consumption, resulting in the lack of suitable kinetic assays. We report a versatile and robust electrochemical method for real-time monitoring and kinetic characterization of LPMOs and other H2O2-dependent interfacial enzymes based on a rotating disc electrode for the sensitive and selective quantitation of H2O2 at biologically relevant concentrations. The H2O2 sensor works in suspensions of insoluble substrates as well as in homogeneous solutions. Our characterization of multiple LPMOs provides unprecedented insights into the substrate specificity, kinetics, and stability of these enzymes. High turnover and total turnover numbers demonstrate that LPMOs are fast and durable biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Schwaiger
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Csarman
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hucheng Chang
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ole Golten
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Yamabhai M, Khamphio M, Min TT, Soem CN, Cuong NC, Aprilia WR, Luesukprasert K, Teeranitayatarn K, Maneedaeng A, Tuveng TR, Lorentzen SB, Antonsen S, Jitprasertwong P, Eijsink VGH. Valorization of shrimp processing waste-derived chitosan into anti-inflammatory chitosan-oligosaccharides (CHOS). Carbohydr Polym 2024; 324:121546. [PMID: 37985116 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Bioconversion of chitosan into soluble anti-inflammatory chitosan oligosaccharides (CHOS) using a Bacillus chitosanase, BsCsn46A, was investigated, including food-grade approaches. After 48 h of enzymatic reaction, most of the final products were dimers and trimers. None of the CHOS products showed toxicity to human fibroblasts. Analysis of CHOS bioactivity against LPS-induced inflammation of human macrophages indicated that CHOS generated from different bioconversion processes have anti-inflammatory activity, the magnitude of which depends on the type of substrate and production process. Both lactic acid and HCl can be used to dissolve chitosan; however, the product generated from lactic acid solution was highly hygroscopic after lyophilization, hence not suitable for long-term storage. Downstream processes, i.e., centrifugation and filtration, affect its anti-inflammatory activity. Analysis of standard CHOS with known structure showed that an acetyl group at the reducing end and the degree of polymerization (DP) are critical for biological activity. Importantly, when applied at levels above the optimal concentrations, certain standard CHOS and CHOS mixtures could induce inflammation. These results support the potential of CHOS as anti-inflammatory agents but reveal batch-to-batch variation and possible side effects, indicating that careful quality assurance of CHOS preparations is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montarop Yamabhai
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.
| | - Munthipha Khamphio
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Thae Thae Min
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Chai Noy Soem
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Nguyen Cao Cuong
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; Faculty of Engineering and Food Technology, Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Thua Thien Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Waheni Rizki Aprilia
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | | | | | - Atthaphon Maneedaeng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Tina R Tuveng
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Silje B Lorentzen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Simen Antonsen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Paiboon Jitprasertwong
- SUT Oral Health Center, Suranaree University of Technology Hospital (SUTH), Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; School of Dentistry, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
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9
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Wiull K, Hagen LH, Rončević J, Westereng B, Boysen P, Eijsink VGH, Mathiesen G. Antigen surface display in two novel whole genome sequenced food grade strains, Lactiplantibacillus pentosus KW1 and KW2. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:19. [PMID: 38212746 PMCID: PMC10782763 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Utilization of commensal bacteria for delivery of medicinal proteins, such as vaccine antigens, is an emerging strategy. Here, we describe two novel food-grade strains of lactic acid bacteria, Lactiplantibacillus pentosus KW1 and KW2, as well as newly developed tools for using this relatively unexplored but promising bacterial species for production and surface-display of heterologous proteins. RESULTS Whole genome sequencing was performed to investigate genomic features of both strains and to identify native proteins enabling surface display of heterologous proteins. Basic characterization of the strains revealed the optimum growth temperatures for both strains to be 35-37 °C, with peak heterologous protein production at 33 °C (KW1) and 37 °C (KW2). Negative staining revealed that only KW1 produces closely bound exopolysaccharides. Production of heterologous proteins with the inducible pSIP-expression system enabled high expression in both strains. Exposure to KW1 and KW2 skewed macrophages toward the antigen presenting state, indicating potential adjuvant properties. To develop these strains as delivery vehicles, expression of the mycobacterial H56 antigen was fused to four different strain-specific surface-anchoring sequences. CONCLUSION All experiments that enabled comparison of heterologous protein production revealed KW1 to be the better recombinant protein production host. Use of the pSIP expression system enabled successful construction of L. pentosus strains for production and surface display of an antigen, underpinning the potential of these strains as novel delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Wiull
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | - Live Heldal Hagen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Jelena Rončević
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Bjørge Westereng
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Preben Boysen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Geir Mathiesen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
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10
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Forsberg Z, Stepnov AA, Tesei G, Wang Y, Buchinger E, Kristiansen SK, Aachmann FL, Arleth L, Eijsink VGH, Lindorff-Larsen K, Courtade G. The effect of linker conformation on performance and stability of a two-domain lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105262. [PMID: 37734553 PMCID: PMC10598543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A considerable number of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) and other carbohydrate-active enzymes are modular, with catalytic domains being tethered to additional domains, such as carbohydrate-binding modules, by flexible linkers. While such linkers may affect the structure, function, and stability of the enzyme, their roles remain largely enigmatic, as do the reasons for natural variation in length and sequence. Here, we have explored linker functionality using the two-domain cellulose-active ScLPMO10C from Streptomyces coelicolor as a model system. In addition to investigating the WT enzyme, we engineered three linker variants to address the impact of both length and sequence and characterized these using small-angle X-ray scattering, NMR, molecular dynamics simulations, and functional assays. The resulting data revealed that, in the case of ScLPMO10C, linker length is the main determinant of linker conformation and enzyme performance. Both the WT and a serine-rich variant, which have the same linker length, demonstrated better performance compared with those with either a shorter linker or a longer linker. A highlight of our findings was the substantial thermostability observed in the serine-rich variant. Importantly, the linker affects thermal unfolding behavior and enzyme stability. In particular, unfolding studies show that the two domains unfold independently when mixed, whereas the full-length enzyme shows one cooperative unfolding transition, meaning that the impact of linkers in biomass-processing enzymes is more complex than mere structural tethering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarah Forsberg
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
| | - Anton A Stepnov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Giulio Tesei
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yong Wang
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Edith Buchinger
- Vectron Biosolutions AS, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sandra K Kristiansen
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Finn L Aachmann
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lise Arleth
- X-ray and Neutron Science, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Kresten Lindorff-Larsen
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gaston Courtade
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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11
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Østby H, Christensen IA, Hennum K, Várnai A, Buchinger E, Grandal S, Courtade G, Hegnar OA, Aachmann FL, Eijsink VGH. Functional characterization of a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase from Schizophyllum commune that degrades non-crystalline substrates. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17373. [PMID: 37833388 PMCID: PMC10575960 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are mono-copper enzymes that use O2 or H2O2 to oxidatively cleave glycosidic bonds. LPMOs are prevalent in nature, and the functional variation among these enzymes is a topic of great interest. We present the functional characterization of one of the 22 putative AA9-type LPMOs from the fungus Schizophyllum commune, ScLPMO9A. The enzyme, expressed in Escherichia coli, showed C4-oxidative cleavage of amorphous cellulose and soluble cello-oligosaccharides. Activity on xyloglucan, mixed-linkage β-glucan, and glucomannan was also observed, and product profiles differed compared to the well-studied C4-oxidizing NcLPMO9C from Neurospora crassa. While NcLPMO9C is also active on more crystalline forms of cellulose, ScLPMO9A is not. Differences between the two enzymes were also revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) titration studies showing that, in contrast to NcLPMO9C, ScLPMO9A has higher affinity for linear substrates compared to branched substrates. Studies of H2O2-fueled degradation of amorphous cellulose showed that ScLPMO9A catalyzes a fast and specific peroxygenase reaction that is at least two orders of magnitude faster than the apparent monooxygenase reaction. Together, these results show that ScLPMO9A is an efficient LPMO with a broad substrate range, which, rather than acting on cellulose, has evolved to act on amorphous and soluble glucans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Østby
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Idd A Christensen
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands Vei 6/8, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Karen Hennum
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Edith Buchinger
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands Vei 6/8, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Siri Grandal
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands Vei 6/8, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gaston Courtade
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands Vei 6/8, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Olav A Hegnar
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Finn L Aachmann
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands Vei 6/8, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
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12
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Kuusk S, Eijsink VGH, Väljamäe P. The "life-span" of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) correlates to the number of turnovers in the reductant peroxidase reaction. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105094. [PMID: 37507015 PMCID: PMC10458328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are monocopper enzymes that degrade the insoluble crystalline polysaccharides cellulose and chitin. Besides the H2O2 cosubstrate, the cleavage of glycosidic bonds by LPMOs depends on the presence of a reductant needed to bring the enzyme into its reduced, catalytically active Cu(I) state. Reduced LPMOs that are not bound to substrate catalyze reductant peroxidase reactions, which may lead to oxidative damage and irreversible inactivation of the enzyme. However, the kinetics of this reaction remain largely unknown, as do possible variations between LPMOs belonging to different families. Here, we describe the kinetic characterization of two fungal family AA9 LPMOs, TrAA9A of Trichoderma reesei and NcAA9C of Neurospora crassa, and two bacterial AA10 LPMOs, ScAA10C of Streptomyces coelicolor and SmAA10A of Serratia marcescens. We found peroxidation of ascorbic acid and methyl-hydroquinone resulted in the same probability of LPMO inactivation (pi), suggesting that inactivation is independent of the nature of the reductant. We showed the fungal enzymes were clearly more resistant toward inactivation, having pi values of less than 0.01, whereas the pi for SmAA10A was an order of magnitude higher. However, the fungal enzymes also showed higher catalytic efficiencies (kcat/KM(H2O2)) for the reductant peroxidase reaction. This inverse linear correlation between the kcat/KM(H2O2) and pi suggests that, although having different life spans in terms of the number of turnovers in the reductant peroxidase reaction, LPMOs that are not bound to substrates have similar half-lives. These findings have not only potential biological but also industrial implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Kuusk
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Priit Väljamäe
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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13
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Hall K, Joseph C, Ayuso-Fernández I, Tamhankar A, Rieder L, Skaali R, Golten O, Neese F, Røhr ÅK, Jannuzzi SAV, DeBeer S, Eijsink VGH, Sørlie M. A Conserved Second Sphere Residue Tunes Copper Site Reactivity in Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18888-18903. [PMID: 37584157 PMCID: PMC10472438 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are powerful monocopper enzymes that can activate strong C-H bonds through a mechanism that remains largely unknown. Herein, we investigated the role of a conserved glutamine/glutamate in the second coordination sphere. Mutation of the Gln in NcAA9C to Glu, Asp, or Asn showed that the nature and distance of the headgroup to the copper fine-tune LPMO functionality and copper reactivity. The presence of Glu or Asp close to the copper lowered the reduction potential and decreased the ratio between the reduction and reoxidation rates by up to 500-fold. All mutants showed increased enzyme inactivation, likely due to changes in the confinement of radical intermediates, and displayed changes in a protective hole-hopping pathway. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and X-ray absorption spectroscopic (XAS) studies gave virtually identical results for all NcAA9C variants, showing that the mutations do not directly perturb the Cu(II) ligand field. DFT calculations indicated that the higher experimental reoxidation rate observed for the Glu mutant could be reconciled if this residue is protonated. Further, for the glutamic acid form, we identified a Cu(III)-hydroxide species formed in a single step on the H2O2 splitting path. This is in contrast to the Cu(II)-hydroxide and hydroxyl intermediates, which are predicted for the WT and the unprotonated glutamate variant. These results show that this second sphere residue is a crucial determinant of the catalytic functioning of the copper-binding histidine brace and provide insights that may help in understanding LPMOs and LPMO-inspired synthetic catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsi
R. Hall
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Chris Joseph
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Iván Ayuso-Fernández
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Ashish Tamhankar
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Lukas Rieder
- Institute
for Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University
of Technology, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Rannei Skaali
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Ole Golten
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Frank Neese
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Åsmund K. Røhr
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Sergio A. V. Jannuzzi
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
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14
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Tuveng TR, Østby H, Tamburrini KC, Bissaro B, Hegnar OA, Stepnov AA, Várnai A, Berrin JG, Eijsink VGH. Revisiting the AA14 family of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases and their catalytic activity. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:2086-2102. [PMID: 37418595 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) belonging to the AA14 family are believed to contribute to the enzymatic degradation of lignocellulosic biomass by specifically acting on xylan in recalcitrant cellulose-xylan complexes. Functional characterization of an AA14 LPMO from Trichoderma reesei, TrAA14A, and a re-evaluation of the properties of the previously described AA14 from Pycnoporus coccineus, PcoAA14A, showed that these proteins have oxidase and peroxidase activities that are common for LPMOs. However, we were not able to detect activity on cellulose-associated xylan or any other tested polysaccharide substrate, meaning that the substrate of these enzymes remains unknown. Next to raising questions regarding the true nature of AA14 LPMOs, the present data illustrate possible pitfalls in the functional characterization of these intriguing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina R Tuveng
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Heidi Østby
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Ketty C Tamburrini
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Marseille, France
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Marseille, France
| | - Olav A Hegnar
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Anton A Stepnov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Marseille, France
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
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15
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Vaaje-Kolstad G, Eijsink VGH. Unravelling the secrets of multi-domain lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs). Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2023; 79:444-446. [PMID: 37259833 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798323004485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A new chitin-active AA10 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase from the marine bacterium Vibrio campbellii is described in the paper by Zhou et al. [(2023), Acta Cryst. D79, 479-497].
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), PO Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), PO Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
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16
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Christensen IA, Eijsink VGH, Stepnov AA, Courtade G, Aachmann FL. Following the Fate of Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases under Oxidative Conditions by NMR Spectroscopy. Biochemistry 2023. [PMID: 37255464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper-dependent enzymes that catalyze oxidative cleavage of polysaccharides, such as cellulose and chitin. LPMO catalysis requires a reductant, such as ascorbic acid, and hydrogen peroxide, which can be generated in situ in the presence of molecular oxygen and various electron donors. While it is known that reduced LPMOs are prone to autocatalytic oxidative damage due to off-pathway reactions with the oxygen co-substrate, little is known about the structural consequences of such damage. Here, we present atomic-level insights into how the structure of the chitin-active SmLPMO10A is affected by oxidative damage using NMR and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Incubation with ascorbic acid could lead to rearrangements of aromatic residues, followed by more profound structural changes near the copper-active site and loss of activity. Longer incubation times induced changes in larger parts of the structure, indicative of progressing oxidative damage. Incubation with ascorbic acid in the presence of chitin led to similar changes in the observable (i.e., not substrate-bound) fraction of the enzyme. Upon subsequent addition of H2O2, which drastically speeds up chitin hydrolysis, NMR signals corresponding to seemingly intact SmLPMO10A reappeared, indicating dissociation of catalytically competent LPMO. Activity assays confirmed that SmLPMO10A retained catalytic activity when pre-incubated with chitin before being subjected to conditions that induce oxidative damage. Overall, this study provides structural insights into the process of oxidative damage of SmLPMO10A and demonstrates the protective effect of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idd A Christensen
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU─Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Anton A Stepnov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU─Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Gaston Courtade
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Finn L Aachmann
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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17
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Hoang NH, Golten O, Forsberg Z, Eijsink VGH, Richter M. In situ H2O2 Generation by Choline Oxidase and Its Application in Amino Polysaccharide Degradation by Coupling to Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase. Chembiochem 2023:e202300363. [PMID: 37191321 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, the most abundant amino polysaccharide in Nature, has many applications in different fields. However, processing of this recalcitrant biopolymer in an environmentally friendly manner remains a major challenge. In this context, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are of interest, as they can act on the most recalcitrant parts of chitin and related insoluble biopolymers such as cellulose. Efficient LPMO catalysis can be achieved by feeding reactions with H2O2, but careful control of H2O2 is required to avoid autocatalytic enzyme inactivation. Herein, we present a coupled enzyme system in which a choline oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis is employed for controlled in situ generation of H2O2 that fuels LPMO-catalyzed oxidative degradation of chitin. We show that the rate, stability and extent of the LPMO reaction can be manipulated by varying the amount of choline oxidase and/or its substrate, choline chloride, and that efficient peroxygenase reactions may be achieved using sub-μM concentrations of the H2O2-generating enzyme. This coupled system requires only sub-stoichiometric amounts of the reductant that is needed to keep the LPMO in its active, reduced state. It is conceivable that this enzyme system may be used for bioprocessing of chitin in choline-based natural deep eutectic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Hai Hoang
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology: Fraunhofer-Institut fur Grenzflachen- und Bioverfahrenstechnik IGB, Bioinspired Chemsitry, Schulgasse 11a, 94315, Straubing, GERMANY
| | - Ole Golten
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Chr. Magnus Falsensvei 1, 1432, Ås, NORWAY
| | - Zarah Forsberg
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Chr. Magnus Falsensvei 1, 1430, Ås, NORWAY
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, NORWAY
| | - Michael Richter
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology: Fraunhofer-Institut fur Grenzflachen- und Bioverfahrenstechnik IGB, Bioinspired Chemsitry, Schulgasse 11a, 94315, Straubing, GERMANY
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18
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Golten O, Ayuso-Fernández I, Hall KR, Stepnov AA, Sørlie M, Røhr ÅK, Eijsink VGH. Reductants fuel lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase activity in a pH-dependent manner. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:1363-1374. [PMID: 37081294 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharide-degrading mono-copper lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are efficient peroxygenases that require electron donors (reductants) to remain in the active Cu(I) form and to generate the H2 O2 co-substrate from molecular oxygen. Here, we show how commonly used reductants affect LPMO catalysis in a pH-dependent manner. Between pH 6.0 and 8.0, reactions with ascorbic acid show little pH-dependency, whereas reactions with gallic acid become much faster at increased pH. These dependencies correlate with the reductant ionization state, which affects its ability to react with molecular oxygen and generate H2 O2 . The correlation does not apply to L-cysteine because, as shown by stopped-flow kinetics, increased H2 O2 production at higher pH is counteracted by increased binding of L-cysteine to the copper active site. The findings highlight the importance of the choice of reductant and pH in LPMO reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Golten
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Iván Ayuso-Fernández
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Kelsi R Hall
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Anton A Stepnov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Åsmund Kjendseth Røhr
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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19
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Junghare M, Manavalan T, Fredriksen L, Leiros I, Altermark B, Eijsink VGH, Vaaje-Kolstad G. Biochemical and structural characterisation of a family GH5 cellulase from endosymbiont of shipworm P. megotara. Biotechnol Biofuels Bioprod 2023; 16:61. [PMID: 37016457 PMCID: PMC10071621 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellulases play a key role in the enzymatic conversion of plant cell-wall polysaccharides into simple and economically relevant sugars. Thus, the discovery of novel cellulases from exotic biological niches is of great interest as they may present properties that are valuable in the biorefining of lignocellulosic biomass. RESULTS We have characterized a glycoside hydrolase 5 (GH5) domain of a bi-catalytic GH5-GH6 multi-domain enzyme from the unusual gill endosymbiont Teredinibacter waterburyi of the wood-digesting shipworm Psiloteredo megotara. The catalytic GH5 domain, was cloned and recombinantly produced with or without a C-terminal family 10 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM). Both variants showed hydrolytic endo-activity on soluble substrates such as β-glucan, carboxymethylcellulose and konjac glucomannan, respectively. However, low activity was observed towards the crystalline form of cellulose. Interestingly, when co-incubated with a cellulose-active LPMO, a clear synergy was observed that boosted the overall hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose. The crystal structure of the GH5 catalytic domain was solved to 1.0 Å resolution and revealed a substrate binding cleft extension containing a putative + 3 subsite, which is uncommon in this enzyme family. The enzyme was active in a wide range of pH, temperatures and showed high tolerance for NaCl. CONCLUSIONS This study provides significant knowledge in the discovery of new enzymes from shipworm gill endosymbionts and sheds new light on biochemical and structural characterization of cellulolytic cellulase. Study demonstrated a boost in the hydrolytic activity of cellulase on crystalline cellulose when co-incubated with cellulose-active LPMO. These findings will be relevant for the development of future enzyme cocktails that may be useful for the biotechnological conversion of lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madan Junghare
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - Tamilvendan Manavalan
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Lasse Fredriksen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Ingar Leiros
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre, Department of Chemistry, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bjørn Altermark
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre, Department of Chemistry, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway.
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20
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Votvik AK, Røhr ÅK, Bissaro B, Stepnov AA, Sørlie M, Eijsink VGH, Forsberg Z. Structural and functional characterization of the catalytic domain of a cell-wall anchored bacterial lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase from Streptomyces coelicolor. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5345. [PMID: 37005446 PMCID: PMC10067821 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are known to oxidize the most abundant and recalcitrant polymers in Nature, namely cellulose and chitin. The genome of the model actinomycete Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) encodes seven putative LPMOs, of which, upon phylogenetic analysis, four group with typical chitin-oxidizing LPMOs, two with typical cellulose-active LPMOs, and one which stands out by being part of a subclade of non-characterized enzymes. The latter enzyme, called ScLPMO10D, and most of the enzymes found in this subclade are unique, not only because of variation in the catalytic domain, but also as their C-terminus contains a cell wall sorting signal (CWSS), which flags the LPMO for covalent anchoring to the cell wall. Here, we have produced a truncated version of ScLPMO10D without the CWSS and determined its crystal structure, EPR spectrum, and various functional properties. While showing several structural and functional features typical for bacterial cellulose active LPMOs, ScLPMO10D is only active on chitin. Comparison with two known chitin-oxidizing LPMOs of different taxa revealed interesting functional differences related to copper reactivity. This study contributes to our understanding of the biological roles of LPMOs and provides a foundation for structural and functional comparison of phylogenetically distant LPMOs with similar substrate specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Votvik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Åsmund K Røhr
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
- INRAE, Aix Marseille University, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Anton A Stepnov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Zarah Forsberg
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway.
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21
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Hansen LD, Eijsink VGH, Horn SJ, Várnai A. H 2 O 2 feeding enables LPMO-assisted cellulose saccharification during simultaneous fermentative production of lactic acid. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:726-736. [PMID: 36471631 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) is a well-known strategy for valorization of lignocellulosic biomass. Because the fermentation process typically is anaerobic, oxidative enzymes found in modern commercial cellulase cocktails, such as lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), may be inhibited, limiting the overall efficiency of the enzymatic saccharification. Recent discoveries, however, have shown that LPMOs are active under anoxic conditions if they are provided with H2 O2 at low concentrations. In this study, we build on this concept and investigate the potential of using externally added H2 O2 to sustain oxidative cellulose depolymerization by LPMOs during an SSF process for lactic acid production. The results of bioreactor experiments with 100 g/L cellulose clearly show that continuous addition of small amounts of H2 O2 (at a rate of 80 µM/h) during SSF enables LPMO activity and improves lactic acid production. While further process optimization is needed, the present proof-of-concept results show that modern LPMO-containing cellulase cocktails such as Cellic CTec2 can be used in SSF setups, without sacrificing the LPMO activity in these cocktails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line D Hansen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Aas, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Aas, Norway
| | - Svein J Horn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Aas, Norway
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Aas, Norway
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22
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Kommedal EG, Angeltveit CF, Klau LJ, Ayuso-Fernández I, Arstad B, Antonsen SG, Stenstrøm Y, Ekeberg D, Gírio F, Carvalheiro F, Horn SJ, Aachmann FL, Eijsink VGH. Visible light-exposed lignin facilitates cellulose solubilization by lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1063. [PMID: 36828821 PMCID: PMC9958194 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) catalyze oxidative cleavage of crystalline polysaccharides such as cellulose and are crucial for the conversion of plant biomass in Nature and in industrial applications. Sunlight promotes microbial conversion of plant litter; this effect has been attributed to photochemical degradation of lignin, a major redox-active component of secondary plant cell walls that limits enzyme access to the cell wall carbohydrates. Here, we show that exposing lignin to visible light facilitates cellulose solubilization by promoting formation of H2O2 that fuels LPMO catalysis. Light-driven H2O2 formation is accompanied by oxidation of ring-conjugated olefins in the lignin, while LPMO-catalyzed oxidation of phenolic hydroxyls leads to the required priming reduction of the enzyme. The discovery that light-driven abiotic reactions in Nature can fuel H2O2-dependent redox enzymes involved in deconstructing lignocellulose may offer opportunities for bioprocessing and provides an enzymatic explanation for the known effect of visible light on biomass conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirik G Kommedal
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Camilla F Angeltveit
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Leesa J Klau
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Iván Ayuso-Fernández
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Bjørnar Arstad
- SINTEF Industry, Process Chemistry and Functional Materials, 0373, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simen G Antonsen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Yngve Stenstrøm
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Dag Ekeberg
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Francisco Gírio
- National Laboratory of Energy and Geology (LNEG), 1649-038, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Svein J Horn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Finn Lillelund Aachmann
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway.
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23
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Chaudhari YB, Várnai A, Sørlie M, Horn SJ, Eijsink VGH. Engineering cellulases for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Protein Eng Des Sel 2023; 36:gzad002. [PMID: 36892404 PMCID: PMC10394125 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable source of energy, chemicals and materials. Many applications of this resource require the depolymerization of one or more of its polymeric constituents. Efficient enzymatic depolymerization of cellulose to glucose by cellulases and accessory enzymes such as lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases is a prerequisite for economically viable exploitation of this biomass. Microbes produce a remarkably diverse range of cellulases, which consist of glycoside hydrolase (GH) catalytic domains and, although not in all cases, substrate-binding carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs). As enzymes are a considerable cost factor, there is great interest in finding or engineering improved and robust cellulases, with higher activity and stability, easy expression, and minimal product inhibition. This review addresses relevant engineering targets for cellulases, discusses a few notable cellulase engineering studies of the past decades and provides an overview of recent work in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh B Chaudhari
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Svein J Horn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
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24
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Tõlgo M, Hegnar OA, Larsbrink J, Vilaplana F, Eijsink VGH, Olsson L. Enzymatic debranching is a key determinant of the xylan-degrading activity of family AA9 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. Biotechnol Biofuels Bioprod 2023; 16:2. [PMID: 36604763 PMCID: PMC9814446 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02255-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have revealed that some Auxiliary Activity family 9 (AA9) lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) oxidize and degrade certain types of xylans when incubated with mixtures of xylan and cellulose. Here, we demonstrate that the xylanolytic activities of two xylan-active LPMOs, TtLPMO9E and TtLPMO9G from Thermothielavioides terrestris, strongly depend on the presence of xylan substitutions. RESULTS Using mixtures of phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose (PASC) and wheat arabinoxylan (WAX), we show that removal of arabinosyl substitutions with a GH62 arabinofuranosidase resulted in better adsorption of xylan to cellulose, and enabled LPMO-catalyzed cleavage of this xylan. Furthermore, experiments with mixtures of PASC and arabinoglucuronoxylan from spruce showed that debranching of xylan with the GH62 arabinofuranosidase and a GH115 glucuronidase promoted LPMO activity. Analyses of mixtures with PASC and (non-arabinosylated) beechwood glucuronoxylan showed that GH115 action promoted LPMO activity also on this xylan. Remarkably, when WAX was incubated with Avicel instead of PASC in the presence of the GH62, both xylan and cellulose degradation by the LPMO9 were impaired, showing that the formation of cellulose-xylan complexes and their susceptibility to LPMO action also depend on the properties of the cellulose. These debranching effects not only relate to modulation of the cellulose-xylan interaction, which influences the conformation and rigidity of the xylan, but likely also affect the LPMO-xylan interaction, because debranching changes the architecture of the xylan surface. CONCLUSIONS Our results shed new light on xylanolytic LPMO9 activity and on the functional interplay and possible synergies between the members of complex lignocellulolytic enzyme cocktails. These findings will be relevant for the development of future lignocellulolytic cocktails and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Tõlgo
- grid.5371.00000 0001 0775 6028Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.5371.00000 0001 0775 6028Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olav A. Hegnar
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Johan Larsbrink
- grid.5371.00000 0001 0775 6028Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.5371.00000 0001 0775 6028Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- grid.5037.10000000121581746Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.5037.10000000121581746Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Lisbeth Olsson
- grid.5371.00000 0001 0775 6028Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.5371.00000 0001 0775 6028Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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25
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Cordas CM, Valério GN, Stepnov A, Kommedal E, Kjendseth ÅR, Forsberg Z, Eijsink VGH, Moura JJG. Electrochemical characterization of a family AA10 LPMO and the impact of residues shaping the copper site on reactivity. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 238:112056. [PMID: 36332410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Research on enzymes for lignocellulose biomass degradation has progressively increased in recent years due to the interest in taking advantage of this natural resource. Among these enzymes are the lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) that oxidatively depolymerize crystalline cellulose using a reactive oxygen species generated in a reduced mono‑copper active site. The copper site comprises of a highly conserved histidine-brace, providing three equatorial nitrogen ligands, whereas less conserved residues close to the copper contribute to shaping and confining the site. The catalytic copper site is exposed to the solvent and to the crystalline substrates, and as so, the influence of the copper environment on LPMO properties, including the redox potential, is of great interest. In the current work, a direct electrochemical study of an LPMO (ScLPMO10C) was conducted allowing to retrieve kinetic and thermodynamic data associated with the redox transition in the catalytic centre. Moreover, two residues that do not bind to the copper but shape the copper sites were mutated, and the properties of the mutants were compared with those of the wild-type enzyme. The direct electrochemical studies, using cyclic voltammetry, yielded redox potentials in the +200 mV range, well in line with LPMO redox potentials determined by other methods. Interestingly, while the mutations hardly affected the formal redox potential of the enzyme, they drastically affected the reactivity of the copper site and enzyme functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Cordas
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, NOVA School of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Gabriel N Valério
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, NOVA School of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Anton Stepnov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Eirik Kommedal
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Åsmund R Kjendseth
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Zarah Forsberg
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | - José J G Moura
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, NOVA School of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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26
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Westereng B, Arntzen MØ, Østby H, Agger JW, Vaaje-Kolstad G, Eijsink VGH. Analyzing Activities of Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases by Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2657:27-51. [PMID: 37149521 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3151-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases perform oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds in various polysaccharides. The majority of LMPOs studied so far possess activity on either cellulose or chitin and analysis of these activities is therefore the main focus of this review. Notably, however, the number of LPMOs that are active on other polysaccharides is increasing. The products generated by LPMOs from cellulose are either oxidized in the downstream end (at C1) or upstream end (at C4), or at both ends. These modifications only result in small structural changes, which makes both chromatographic separation and product identification by mass spectrometry challenging. The changes in physicochemical properties that are associated with oxidation need to be considered when choosing analytical approaches. C1 oxidation leads to a sugar that is no longer reducing but instead has an acidic functionality, whereas C4 oxidation leads to products that are inherently labile at high and low pH and that exist in a keto-gemdiol equilibrium that is strongly shifted towards the gemdiol in aqueous solutions. Partial degradation of C4-oxidized products leads to the formation of native products, which could explain why some authors claim to have observed glycoside hydrolase activity for LPMOs. Notably, apparent glycoside hydrolase activity may also be due to small amounts of contaminating glycoside hydrolases since these normally have much higher catalytic rates than LPMOs. The low catalytic turnover rates of LPMOs necessitate the use of sensitive product detection methods, which limits the analytical possibilities considerably. Modern liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry have become essential tools for evaluating LPMO activity and this chapter provides an overview of available methods together with a few novel tools. The methods described constitute a suite of techniques for analyzing oxidized carbohydrate products, which can be applied to LPMOs as well as other carbohydrate-active redox enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørge Westereng
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway.
| | - Magnus Ø Arntzen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Heidi Østby
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Jane Wittrup Agger
- Center for BioProcess Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
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27
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Stepnov AA, Eijsink VGH. Looking at LPMO reactions through the lens of the HRP/Amplex Red assay. Methods Enzymol 2022; 679:163-189. [PMID: 36682861 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are unique redox enzymes capable of disrupting the crystalline surfaces of industry-relevant recalcitrant polysaccharides, such as chitin and cellulose. Historically, LPMOs were thought to be slow enzymes relying on O2 as the co-substrate, but it is now clear that these enzymes prefer H2O2, allowing for fast depolymerization of polysaccharides through a peroxygenase reaction. Thus, quantifying H2O2 in LPMO reaction set-ups is of a great interest. The horseradish peroxidase (HRP)/Amplex Red (AR) assay is one of the most popular and accessible tools for measuring hydrogen peroxide. This assay has been used in various types of biological and biochemical studies, including LPMO research, but suffers from pitfalls that need to be accounted for. In this Chapter, we discuss this method and its use for assessing the often rate-limiting in situ formation of H2O2 in LPMO reactions. We show that, after accounting for multiple potential side reactions, quantitative data on H2O2 production obtained with the HRP/Amplex Red assay provide useful clues for understanding the catalytic activity of LPMOs, including the impact of reductants and transition metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton A Stepnov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
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28
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Wiull K, Boysen P, Kuczkowska K, Moen LF, Carlsen H, Eijsink VGH, Mathiesen G. Comparison of the Immunogenic Properties of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Carrying the Mycobacterial Ag85B-ESAT-6 Antigen at Various Cellular Localizations. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:900922. [PMID: 35722346 PMCID: PMC9204040 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.900922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacille Calmette-Guèrin (BCG) vaccine has been used for a century; nonetheless, tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the deadliest diseases in the world. Thus, new approaches to developing a new, more efficient vaccine are desirable. Mucosal vaccines are of particular interest, considering that Mycobacterium tuberculosis first enters the body through the mucosal membranes. We have previously demonstrated the immunogenicity of a recombinant Lactiplantibacillus plantarum delivery vector with TB hybrid antigen Ag85B-ESAT-6 anchored to the cell membrane. The goal of the present study was to analyze the impact of antigen localization in the immune response. Thus, we assessed two novel vaccine candidates, with the TB antigen either non-covalently anchored to the cell wall (LysMAgE6) or located intracellularly (CytAgE6). In addition, we compared two expression systems, using an inducible (LipoAgE6) or a constitutive promoter (cLipoAgE6) for expression of covalently anchored antigen to the cell membrane. Following administration to mice, antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ and IL-17A secretion were analyzed for lung cell and splenocyte populations. Generally, the immune response in lung cells was stronger compared to splenocytes. The analyses showed that the type of expression system did not significantly affect the immunogenicity, while various antigen localizations resulted in markedly different responses. The immune response was considerably stronger for the surface-displaying candidate strains compared to the candidate with an intracellular antigen. These findings emphasize the significance of antigen exposure and further support the potential of L. plantarum as a mucosal vaccine delivery vehicle in the fight against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Wiull
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- *Correspondence: Kamilla Wiull,
| | - Preben Boysen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Katarzyna Kuczkowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Lars Fredrik Moen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Harald Carlsen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Geir Mathiesen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- Geir Mathiesen,
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29
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van Eerde A, Várnai A, Wang Y, Paruch L, Jameson JK, Qiao F, Eiken HG, Su H, Eijsink VGH, Clarke JL. Successful Production and Ligninolytic Activity of a Bacterial Laccase, Lac51, Made in Nicotiana benthamiana via Transient Expression. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:912293. [PMID: 35646038 PMCID: PMC9141054 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.912293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Giant panda could have bamboo as their exclusive diet for about 2 million years because of the contribution of numerous enzymes produced by their gut bacteria, for instance laccases. Laccases are blue multi-copper oxidases that catalyze the oxidation of a broad spectrum of phenolic and aromatic compounds with water as the only byproduct. As a "green enzyme," laccases have potential in industrial applications, for example, when dealing with degradation of recalcitrant biopolymers, such as lignin. In the current study, a bacterial laccase, Lac51, originating from Pseudomonas putida and identified in the gut microbiome of the giant panda's gut was transiently expressed in the non-food plant Nicotiana benthamiana and characterized. Our results show that recombinant Lac51 exhibits bacterial laccase properties, with optimal pH and temperature at 7-8 and 40°C, respectively, when using syringaldazine as substrate. Moreover, we demonstrate the functional capability of the plant expressed Lac51 to oxidize lignin using selected lignin monomers that serve as substrates of Lac51. In summary, our study demonstrates the potential of green and non-food plants as a viable enzyme production platform for bacterial laccases. This result enriches our understanding of plant-made enzymes, as, to our knowledge, Lac51 is the first functional recombinant laccase produced in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- André van Eerde
- NIBIO - Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Yanliang Wang
- NIBIO - Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Lisa Paruch
- NIBIO - Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - John-Kristian Jameson
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Fen Qiao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian, China
| | - Hans Geir Eiken
- NIBIO - Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Hang Su
- NIBIO - Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
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30
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Stepnov AA, Eijsink VGH, Forsberg Z. Enhanced in situ H 2O 2 production explains synergy between an LPMO with a cellulose-binding domain and a single-domain LPMO. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6129. [PMID: 35414104 PMCID: PMC9005612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are mono-copper enzymes that catalyze oxidative depolymerization of recalcitrant substrates such as chitin or cellulose. Recent work has shown that LPMOs catalyze fast peroxygenase reactions and that, under commonly used reaction set-ups, access to in situ generated H2O2 likely limits catalysis. Based on a hypothesis that the impact of a cellulose-binding module (CBM) on LPMO activity could relate to changes in in situ H2O2 production, we have assessed the interplay between CBM-containing ScLPMO10C and its truncated form comprising the catalytic domain only (ScLPMO10CTR). The results show that truncation of the linker and CBM leads to elevated H2O2 production and decreased enzyme stability. Most interestingly, combining the two enzyme forms yields strong synergistic effects, which are due to the combination of high H2O2 generation by ScLPMO10CTR and efficient productive use of H2O2 by the full-length enzyme. Thus, cellulose degradation becomes faster, while enzyme inactivation due to off-pathway reactions with excess H2O2 is reduced. These results underpin the complexity of ascorbic acid-driven LPMO reactions and reveal a potential mechanism for how LPMOs may interact synergistically during cellulose degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton A Stepnov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - Zarah Forsberg
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway.
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31
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Mathiesen G, Axelsson L, Eijsink VGH. Heterologous Protein Production in Lactobacillus (plantarum) Using pSIP Vectors. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2406:205-217. [PMID: 35089559 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1859-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While lactobacilli are not generally regarded as efficient cell factories for heterologous proteins, these food-grade Gram-positive bacteria are attractive as expression hosts for medicinal proteins. Furthermore, tools have been developed not only to secrete the protein of interest, but also to anchor the protein to the cell membrane or the cell wall. Research efforts aimed at the production and surface display of complex vaccine proteins have shown that lactobacilli are capable of producing heterologous proteins that are otherwise difficult to produce in soluble form. Many recent studies on expressing a wide variety of proteins in lactobacilli have employed the pSIP vector system, which offers a wide range of possibilities for inducible expression, including various options for secretion and surface anchoring. The modular nature of the pSIP vectors allows for rapid screening of multiple expression strategies. This chapter describes the pSIP vector system and how it can be used to accomplish protein expression in lactobacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Mathiesen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Lars Axelsson
- Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
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32
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Van Den Bossche T, Arntzen MØ, Becher D, Benndorf D, Eijsink VGH, Henry C, Jagtap PD, Jehmlich N, Juste C, Kunath BJ, Mesuere B, Muth T, Pope PB, Seifert J, Tanca A, Uzzau S, Wilmes P, Hettich RL, Armengaud J. The Metaproteomics Initiative: a coordinated approach for propelling the functional characterization of microbiomes. Microbiome 2021; 9:243. [PMID: 34930457 PMCID: PMC8690404 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01176-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Through connecting genomic and metabolic information, metaproteomics is an essential approach for understanding how microbiomes function in space and time. The international metaproteomics community is delighted to announce the launch of the Metaproteomics Initiative (www.metaproteomics.org), the goal of which is to promote dissemination of metaproteomics fundamentals, advancements, and applications through collaborative networking in microbiome research. The Initiative aims to be the central information hub and open meeting place where newcomers and experts interact to communicate, standardize, and accelerate experimental and bioinformatic methodologies in this field. We invite the entire microbiome community to join and discuss potential synergies at the interfaces with other disciplines, and to collectively promote innovative approaches to gain deeper insights into microbiome functions and dynamics. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Van Den Bossche
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Magnus Ø Arntzen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Dörte Becher
- Institute for Microbiology, Department for Microbial Proteomics, University of Greifswald, 17498, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dirk Benndorf
- Bioprocess Engineering, Otto von Guericke University, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
- Microbiology, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, 06354, Köthen, Germany
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Céline Henry
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Pratik D Jagtap
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research GmbH-UFZ, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Catherine Juste
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Benoit J Kunath
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine and Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Bart Mesuere
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thilo Muth
- Section eScience (S.3), Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany
| | - Phillip B Pope
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
- Faculty of Biosciences, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Jana Seifert
- HoLMiR - Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Leonore-Blosser-Reisen-Weg 3, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 6-10, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alessandro Tanca
- Center for Research and Education on the Microbiota, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sergio Uzzau
- Center for Research and Education on the Microbiota, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paul Wilmes
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine and Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Robert L Hettich
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, 30200, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
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Stepnov AA, Christensen IA, Forsberg Z, Aachmann FL, Courtade G, Eijsink VGH. The impact of reductants on the catalytic efficiency of a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase and the special role of dehydroascorbic acid. FEBS Lett 2021; 596:53-70. [PMID: 34845720 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Monocopper lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) catalyse oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds in a reductant-dependent reaction. Recent studies indicate that LPMOs, rather than being O2 -dependent monooxygenases, are H2 O2 -dependent peroxygenases. Here, we describe SscLPMO10B, a novel LPMO from the phytopathogenic bacterium Streptomyces scabies and address links between this enzyme's catalytic rate and in situ hydrogen peroxide production in the presence of ascorbic acid, gallic acid and l-cysteine. Studies of Avicel degradation showed a clear correlation between the catalytic rate of SscLPMO10B and the rate of H2 O2 generation in the reaction mixture. We also assessed the impact of oxidised ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), on LPMO activity, since DHA, which is not considered a reductant, was recently reported to drive LPMO reactions. Kinetic studies, combined with NMR analysis, showed that DHA is unstable and converts into multiple derivatives, some of which are redox active and can fuel the LPMO reaction by reducing the active site copper and promoting H2 O2 production. These results show that the apparent monooxygenase activity observed in SscLPMO10B reactions without exogenously added H2 O2 reflects a peroxygenase reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton A Stepnov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Idd A Christensen
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Zarah Forsberg
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Finn L Aachmann
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gaston Courtade
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Støpamo FG, Røhr ÅK, Mekasha S, Petrović DM, Várnai A, Eijsink VGH. Characterization of a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase from Aspergillus fumigatus shows functional variation among family AA11 fungal LPMOs. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101421. [PMID: 34798071 PMCID: PMC8668981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of oxidative cleavage of recalcitrant polysaccharides by lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) has affected the study and industrial application of enzymatic biomass processing. Despite being widespread in fungi, LPMOs belonging to the auxiliary activity (AA) family AA11 have been understudied. While these LPMOs are considered chitin active, some family members have little or no activity toward chitin, and the only available crystal structure of an AA11 LPMO lacks features found in bacterial chitin-active AA10 LPMOs. Here, we report structural and functional characteristics of a single-domain AA11 LPMO from Aspergillus fumigatus, AfAA11A. The crystal structure shows a substrate-binding surface with features resembling those of known chitin-active LPMOs. Indeed, despite the absence of a carbohydrate-binding module, AfAA11A has considerable affinity for α-chitin and, more so, β-chitin. AfAA11A is active toward both these chitin allomorphs and enhances chitin degradation by an endoacting chitinase, in particular for α-chitin. The catalytic activity of AfAA11A on chitin increases when supplying reactions with hydrogen peroxide, showing that, like LPMOs from other families, AfAA11A has peroxygenase activity. These results show that, in stark contrast to the previously characterized AfAA11B from the same organism, AfAA11A likely plays a role in fungal chitin turnover. Thus, members of the hitherto rather enigmatic family of AA11 LPMOs show considerable structural and functional differences and may have multiple roles in fungal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Gjerstad Støpamo
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Åsmund Kjendseth Røhr
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Sophanit Mekasha
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Dejan M Petrović
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
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35
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Agboola JO, Schiavone M, Øverland M, Morales-Lange B, Lagos L, Arntzen MØ, Lapeña D, Eijsink VGH, Horn SJ, Mydland LT, François JM, Mercado L, Hansen JØ. Author Correction: Impact of down-stream processing on functional properties of yeasts and the implications on gut health of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Sci Rep 2021; 11:18711. [PMID: 34526649 PMCID: PMC8443570 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98424-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeleel Opeyemi Agboola
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - Marion Schiavone
- Lallemand SAS, 19 rue des Briquetiers, BP59, 31702, Blagnac, France.,TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France.,LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Margareth Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - Byron Morales-Lange
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Leidy Lagos
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Magnus Øverlie Arntzen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - David Lapeña
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Svein Jarle Horn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Liv Torunn Mydland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos en Organismos Acuáticos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jon Øvrum Hansen
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
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36
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Jonassen KR, Hagen LH, Vick SHW, Arntzen MØ, Eijsink VGH, Frostegård Å, Lycus P, Molstad L, Pope PB, Bakken LR. Nitrous oxide respiring bacteria in biogas digestates for reduced agricultural emissions. ISME J 2021; 16:580-590. [PMID: 34489539 PMCID: PMC8776835 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inoculating agricultural soils with nitrous oxide respiring bacteria (NRB) can reduce N2O-emission, but would be impractical as a standalone operation. Here we demonstrate that digestates obtained after biogas production are suitable substrates and vectors for NRB. We show that indigenous NRB in digestates grew to high abundance during anaerobic enrichment under N2O. Gas-kinetics and meta-omic analyses showed that these NRB’s, recovered as metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), grew by harvesting fermentation intermediates of the methanogenic consortium. Three NRB’s were isolated, one of which matched the recovered MAG of a Dechloromonas, deemed by proteomics to be the dominant producer of N2O-reductase in the enrichment. While the isolates harbored genes required for a full denitrification pathway and could thus both produce and sequester N2O, their regulatory traits predicted that they act as N2O sinks in soil, which was confirmed experimentally. The isolates were grown by aerobic respiration in digestates, and fertilization with these NRB-enriched digestates reduced N2O emissions from soil. Our use of digestates for low-cost and large-scale inoculation with NRB in soil can be taken as a blueprint for future applications of this powerful instrument to engineer the soil microbiome, be it for enhancing plant growth, bioremediation, or any other desirable function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Rune Jonassen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.,VEAS WWTP, Slemmestad, Norway
| | - Live H Hagen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Silas H W Vick
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Magnus Ø Arntzen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Åsa Frostegård
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Pawel Lycus
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Lars Molstad
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Phillip B Pope
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.,Faculty of Biosciences, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Lars R Bakken
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
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Madland E, Forsberg Z, Wang Y, Lindorff-Larsen K, Niebisch A, Modregger J, Eijsink VGH, Aachmann FL, Courtade G. Structural and functional variation of chitin-binding domains of a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase from Cellvibrio japonicus. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101084. [PMID: 34411561 PMCID: PMC8449059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the extensive repertoire of carbohydrate-active enzymes, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) have a key role in recalcitrant biomass degradation. LPMOs are copper-dependent enzymes that catalyze oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides such as cellulose and chitin. Several LPMOs contain carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) that are known to promote LPMO efficiency. However, structural and functional properties of some CBMs remain unknown, and it is not clear why some LPMOs, like CjLPMO10A from the soil bacterium Cellvibrio japonicus, have multiple CBMs (CjCBM5 and CjCBM73). Here, we studied substrate binding by these two CBMs to shine light on their functional variation and determined the solution structures of both by NMR, which constitutes the first structure of a member of the CBM73 family. Chitin-binding experiments and molecular dynamics simulations showed that, while both CBMs bind crystalline chitin with Kd values in the micromolar range, CjCBM73 has higher affinity for chitin than CjCBM5. Furthermore, NMR titration experiments showed that CjCBM5 binds soluble chitohexaose, whereas no binding of CjCBM73 to this chitooligosaccharide was detected. These functional differences correlate with distinctly different arrangements of three conserved aromatic amino acids involved in substrate binding. In CjCBM5, these residues show a linear arrangement that seems compatible with the experimentally observed affinity for single chitin chains. On the other hand, the arrangement of these residues in CjCBM73 suggests a wider binding surface that may interact with several chitin chains. Taken together, these results provide insight into natural variation among related chitin-binding CBMs and the possible functional implications of such variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Madland
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Zarah Forsberg
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Yong Wang
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kresten Lindorff-Larsen
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Finn L Aachmann
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gaston Courtade
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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Hansen JØ, Sharma S, Horn SJ, Eijsink VGH, Øverland M, Mydland LT. Fecal Excretion and Whole-Body Retention of Macro and Micro Minerals in Atlantic Salmon Fed Torula Yeast Grown on Sugar Kelp Hydrolysate. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082409. [PMID: 34438866 PMCID: PMC8388665 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast is a microbial feed ingredient that can be produced from non-food biomasses. Brown seaweed contains high levels of complex carbohydrates that are not digested to any extent by monogastric animals but can be used as carbon sources for yeast production. The objective of this study was to investigate how minerals originating from brown macroalgae (Saccharina latissima) are incorporated in Cyberlindnera jadinii yeast and to assess the bioavailability of these different minerals as well as their accumulation into different organs of Atlantic salmon. The yeast C. jadinii was produced on a seaweed hydrolysate mixed with a sugar-rich wood hydrolysate in a 9:1 volume ratio and fed to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in two different experiments: a digestibility experiment with 30% dietary inclusion of yeast and a retention experiment with increasing inclusion of yeast (5, 10, and 20%). Seaweed minerals such as zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iodine (I), manganese (Mn), and cobalt (Co) were incorporated to a high degree in the yeast. The apparent fecal excretion of minerals was similar in both experiments, in general, with low excretion of, I, bromine (Br), and arsenic (As) (ranging from 18.0% to 63.5%) and high excretion of iron (Fe), Cu, Mn, aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) (ranging from 56.9% to <100%), despite the different fish size and fecal sampling method. High levels of Cu, I, Br, and Co in the yeast resulted in a linear decrease (p < 0.05) in retention of these minerals in salmon fed increasing levels of yeast. Despite increasing amounts of these minerals in the feed, whole-body levels of Cu and Mn remained stable, whereas whole-body levels of Co, somewhat unexpectedly, decreased with increased dietary yeast inclusion. The Cd from the yeast had low bioavailability but was concentrated more in the kidney (0.038 mg kg-1) and liver (0.025 mg kg-1) than in muscle (0.0009 mg kg-1). The given Cd level in fish strengthens the indication that it is safe to feed salmon with up to 20% inclusion of seaweed yeast without exceeding the maximum limit for Cd of 0.05 mg kg-1 w.w. in fish meat. The level and retention (p < 0.05) of As were lower in the yeast compared to fishmeal. The high level of iodine in S. latissima (3900 mg kg-1) was partly transferred to the yeast, and salmon fed increasing levels of yeast displayed a linear increase in whole-body I content (p < 0.05). There is, however, a need for a growth experiment with larger fish to draw any firm conclusions regarding food safety. Overall, this study shows that yeast grown on hydrolyzed seaweed can be a suitable mineral source for Atlantic salmon, especially when diets are low in fishmeal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Øvrum Hansen
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway; (M.Ø.); (L.T.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-6723-2666
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway; (S.S.); (S.J.H.); (V.G.H.E.)
| | - Svein Jarle Horn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway; (S.S.); (S.J.H.); (V.G.H.E.)
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway; (S.S.); (S.J.H.); (V.G.H.E.)
| | - Margareth Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway; (M.Ø.); (L.T.M.)
| | - Liv Torunn Mydland
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway; (M.Ø.); (L.T.M.)
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Lorentzen SB, Arntzen MØ, Hahn T, Tuveng TR, Sørlie M, Zibek S, Vaaje-Kolstad G, Eijsink VGH. Genomic and Proteomic Study of Andreprevotia ripae Isolated from an Anthill Reveals an Extensive Repertoire of Chitinolytic Enzymes. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:4041-4052. [PMID: 34191517 PMCID: PMC8802321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Chitin is an abundant natural polysaccharide
that is hard to degrade
because of its crystalline nature and because it is embedded in robust
co-polymeric materials containing other polysaccharides, proteins,
and minerals. Thus, it is of interest to study the enzymatic machineries
of specialized microbes found in chitin-rich environments. We describe
a genomic and proteomic analysis of Andreprevotia ripae, a chitinolytic Gram-negative bacterium isolated from an anthill.
The genome of A. ripae encodes four secreted
family GH19 chitinases of which two were detected and upregulated
during growth on chitin. In addition, the genome encodes as many as
25 secreted GH18 chitinases, of which 17 were detected and 12 were
upregulated during growth on chitin. Finally, the single lytic polysaccharide
monooxygenase (LPMO) was strongly upregulated during growth on chitin.
Whereas 66% of the 29 secreted chitinases contained two carbohydrate-binding
modules (CBMs), this fraction was 93% (13 out of 14) for the upregulated
chitinases, suggesting an important role for these CBMs. Next to an
unprecedented multiplicity of upregulated chitinases, this study reveals
several chitin-induced proteins that contain chitin-binding CBMs but
lack a known catalytic function. These proteins are interesting targets
for discovery of enzymes used by nature to convert chitin-rich biomass.
The MS proteomic data have been deposited in the PRIDE database with
accession number PXD025087.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silje B Lorentzen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Magnus Ø Arntzen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Thomas Hahn
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tina R Tuveng
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Susanne Zibek
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1433 Ås, Norway
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40
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Manavalan T, Stepnov AA, Hegnar OA, Eijsink VGH. Sugar oxidoreductases and LPMOs - two sides of the same polysaccharide degradation story? Carbohydr Res 2021; 505:108350. [PMID: 34049079 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) catalyze the oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds in recalcitrant polysaccharides such as chitin and cellulose and their discovery has revolutionized our understanding of enzymatic biomass conversion. The discovery of LPMOs raises interesting new questions regarding the roles of other oxidoreductases and abiotic redox processes in biomass conversion. LPMOs need reducing power and an oxygen co-substrate and biomass degrading ecosystems contain a multitude of redox enzymes that affect the availability of both. For example, biomass degrading fungi produce multiple sugar oxidoreductases whose biological functions so far have remained somewhat enigmatic. It is now conceivable that these redox enzymes, in particular H2O2-producing sugar oxidases, could play a role in fueling and controlling LPMO reactions. Here, we shortly review contemporary issues in the LPMO field, paying particular attention to the possible roles of sugar oxidoreductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamilvendan Manavalan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Science, N-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Anton A Stepnov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Science, N-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Olav A Hegnar
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Science, N-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Science, N-1432, Ås, Norway.
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41
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Mekasha S, Tuveng TR, Vaaje-Kolstad G, Eijsink VGH. Chromatographic Assays for the Enzymatic Degradation of Chitin. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e4014. [PMID: 34124313 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is an insoluble linear polymer of β(1→4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine. Enzymatic cleavage of chitin chains can be achieved using hydrolytic enzymes, called chitinases, and/or oxidative enzymes, called lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs). These two groups of enzymes have different modes of action and yield different product types that require different analytical methods for detection and quantitation. While soluble chromogenic substrates are readily available for chitinases, proper insight into the activity of these enzymes can only be obtained by measuring activity toward their polymeric, insoluble substrate, chitin. For LPMOs, only assays using insoluble chitin are possible and relevant. Working with insoluble substrates complicates enzyme assays from substrate preparation to product analysis. Here, we describe typical set-ups for chitin degradation reactions and the chromatographic methods used for product analysis. Graphical abstract: Overview of chromatographic methods for assessing the enzymatic degradation of chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophanit Mekasha
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Tina R Tuveng
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
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42
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Christensen IA, Eijsink VGH, Aachmann FL, Courtade G. 1H, 13C, 15N resonance assignment of the apo form of the small, chitin-active lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase JdLPMO10A from Jonesia denitrificans. Biomol NMR Assign 2021; 15:79-84. [PMID: 33215349 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-020-09986-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase JdLPMO10A is the N-terminal domain of the multimodular protein Jd1381. The isolated JdLPMO10A domain is one of the smallest chitin-active lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases known to date with a size of only 15.5 kDa. JdLPMO10A is a copper-dependent oxidative enzyme that depolymerizes chitin by hydroxylating the C1 carbon in the glycosidic bond. JdLPMO10A has been isotopically labeled and recombinantly expressed. Here, we report the 1H, 13C, 15N resonance assignment of JdLPMO10A. Secondary structural elements predicted based on the NMR assignment are in excellent agreement with the crystal structure of JdLPMO10A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idd A Christensen
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Finn L Aachmann
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gaston Courtade
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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43
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Agboola JO, Schiavone M, Øverland M, Morales-Lange B, Lagos L, Arntzen MØ, Lapeña D, Eijsink VGH, Horn SJ, Mydland LT, François JM, Mercado L, Hansen JØ. Impact of down-stream processing on functional properties of yeasts and the implications on gut health of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Sci Rep 2021; 11:4496. [PMID: 33627754 PMCID: PMC7904851 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83764-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeasts are becoming popular as novel ingredients in fish feeds because of their potential to support better growth and concomitantly ensure good fish health. Here, three species of yeasts (Cyberlindnera jadinii, Blastobotrys adeninivorans and Wickerhamomyces anomalus), grown on wood sugars and hydrolysates of chicken were subjected to two down-stream processes, either direct heat-inactivation or autolysis, and the feed potential of the resulting yeast preparations was assessed through a feeding trial with Atlantic salmon fry. Histological examination of distal intestine based on widening of lamina propria, showed that autolyzed W. anomalus was effective in alleviating mild intestinal enteritis, while only limited effects were observed for other yeasts. Our results showed that the functionality of yeast in counteracting intestinal enteritis in Atlantic salmon was dependent on both the type of yeast and the down-stream processing method, and demonstrated that C. jadinii and W. anomalus have promising effects on gut health of Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeleel Opeyemi Agboola
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XDepartment of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Marion Schiavone
- grid.432671.5Lallemand SAS, 19 rue des Briquetiers, BP59, 31702 Blagnac, France ,grid.461574.50000 0001 2286 8343TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France ,grid.462430.70000 0001 2188 216XLAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Margareth Øverland
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XDepartment of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Byron Morales-Lange
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XDepartment of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Leidy Lagos
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XDepartment of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Magnus Øverlie Arntzen
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - David Lapeña
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Svein Jarle Horn
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Liv Torunn Mydland
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XDepartment of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Jean Marie François
- grid.461574.50000 0001 2286 8343TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Luis Mercado
- grid.8170.e0000 0001 1537 5962Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos en Organismos Acuáticos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jon Øvrum Hansen
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XDepartment of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
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Askarian F, Uchiyama S, Masson H, Sørensen HV, Golten O, Bunæs AC, Mekasha S, Røhr ÅK, Kommedal E, Ludviksen JA, Arntzen MØ, Schmidt B, Zurich RH, van Sorge NM, Eijsink VGH, Krengel U, Mollnes TE, Lewis NE, Nizet V, Vaaje-Kolstad G. The lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase CbpD promotes Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence in systemic infection. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1230. [PMID: 33623002 PMCID: PMC7902821 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21473-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently discovered lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), which cleave polysaccharides by oxidation, have been associated with bacterial virulence, but supporting functional data is scarce. Here we show that CbpD, the LPMO of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is a chitin-oxidizing virulence factor that promotes survival of the bacterium in human blood. The catalytic activity of CbpD was promoted by azurin and pyocyanin, two redox-active virulence factors also secreted by P. aeruginosa. Homology modeling, molecular dynamics simulations, and small angle X-ray scattering indicated that CbpD is a monomeric tri-modular enzyme with flexible linkers. Deletion of cbpD rendered P. aeruginosa unable to establish a lethal systemic infection, associated with enhanced bacterial clearance in vivo. CbpD-dependent survival of the wild-type bacterium was not attributable to dampening of pro-inflammatory responses by CbpD ex vivo or in vivo. Rather, we found that CbpD attenuates the terminal complement cascade in human serum. Studies with an active site mutant of CbpD indicated that catalytic activity is crucial for virulence function. Finally, profiling of the bacterial and splenic proteomes showed that the lack of this single enzyme resulted in substantial re-organization of the bacterial and host proteomes. LPMOs similar to CbpD occur in other pathogens and may have similar immune evasive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Askarian
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
| | - Satoshi Uchiyama
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Helen Masson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Ole Golten
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Anne Cathrine Bunæs
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Sophanit Mekasha
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Åsmund Kjendseth Røhr
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Eirik Kommedal
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | | | - Magnus Ø Arntzen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Benjamin Schmidt
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Raymond H Zurich
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nina M van Sorge
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Ute Krengel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom Eirik Mollnes
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen TREC, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, and K.G. Jebsen IRC, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at UC San Diego, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
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Kadić A, Várnai A, Eijsink VGH, Horn SJ, Lidén G. In situ measurements of oxidation-reduction potential and hydrogen peroxide concentration as tools for revealing LPMO inactivation during enzymatic saccharification of cellulose. Biotechnol Biofuels 2021; 14:46. [PMID: 33602308 PMCID: PMC7893893 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01894-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to simple sugars at commercial scale is hampered by the high cost of saccharifying enzymes. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) may hold the key to overcome economic barriers. Recent studies have shown that controlled activation of LPMOs by a continuous H2O2 supply can boost saccharification yields, while overdosing H2O2 may lead to enzyme inactivation and reduce overall sugar yields. While following LPMO action by ex situ analysis of LPMO products confirms enzyme inactivation, currently no preventive measures are available to intervene before complete inactivation. RESULTS Here, we carried out enzymatic saccharification of the model cellulose Avicel with an LPMO-containing enzyme preparation (Cellic CTec3) and H2O2 feed at 1 L bioreactor scale and followed the oxidation-reduction potential and H2O2 concentration in situ with corresponding electrode probes. The rate of oxidation of the reductant as well as the estimation of the amount of H2O2 consumed by LPMOs indicate that, in addition to oxidative depolymerization of cellulose, LPMOs consume H2O2 in a futile non-catalytic cycle, and that inactivation of LPMOs happens gradually and starts long before the accumulation of LPMO-generated oxidative products comes to a halt. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that, in this model system, the collapse of the LPMO-catalyzed reaction may be predicted by the rate of oxidation of the reductant, the accumulation of H2O2 in the reactor or, indirectly, by a clear increase in the oxidation-reduction potential. Being able to monitor the state of the LPMO activity in situ may help maximizing the benefit of LPMO action during saccharification. Overcoming enzyme inactivation could allow improving overall saccharification yields beyond the state of the art while lowering LPMO and, potentially, cellulase loads, both of which would have beneficial consequences on process economics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Kadić
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Svein Jarle Horn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - Gunnar Lidén
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
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Jitprasertwong P, Khamphio M, Petsrichuang P, Eijsink VGH, Poolsri W, Muanprasat C, Rangnoi K, Yamabhai M. Anti-inflammatory activity of soluble chito-oligosaccharides (CHOS) on VitD3-induced human THP-1 monocytes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246381. [PMID: 33534833 PMCID: PMC7857634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chito-oligosaccharides (CHOS) are oligomers of D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-glucosamine. Anti-inflammatory activities of a wide variety of CHOS mixtures have previously been reported, mainly based on studies with mouse models and murine macrophages. Since the mouse and human immune systems are quite different, gaining insight into the activity of CHOS on human cell lines, using well-characterized CHOS mixtures, is of considerable interest. Bacillus subtilis chitosanase (BsCsn46A) can efficiently convert chitosan to mixtures of water soluble low molecular weight CHOS. Here, the anti-inflammatory activity of a properly characterized CHOS mixture was studied, using human THP-1 cells that were differentiated to mature monocytes using vitamin D3. Addition of CHOS reduced the production of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with bacterial lipopolyssacharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammation, in a dose-dependent manner and without affecting cell viability. Interestingly, only minimal effects of CHOS were observed in similar experiments with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate- (PMA-) differentiated, macrophage-like, THP-1 cells. Altogether, in addition to showing promising biological effects of well-characterized low molecular weight soluble CHOS in a human system, the present study also points at Vitamin D3-stimulated THP-1 cells as a favorable system for assessing the anti-inflammatory activity of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paiboon Jitprasertwong
- School of Geriatric Oral Health, Institute of Dentistry, Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Munthipha Khamphio
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Phornsiri Petsrichuang
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Wanangkan Poolsri
- Faculty of Medicine, Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samutprakarn, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Muanprasat
- Faculty of Medicine, Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samutprakarn, Thailand
| | - Kuntalee Rangnoi
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Montarop Yamabhai
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Stepnov AA, Forsberg Z, Sørlie M, Nguyen GS, Wentzel A, Røhr ÅK, Eijsink VGH. Unraveling the roles of the reductant and free copper ions in LPMO kinetics. Biotechnol Biofuels 2021; 14:28. [PMID: 33478537 PMCID: PMC7818938 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01879-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are monocopper enzymes that catalyze oxidative depolymerization of industrially relevant crystalline polysaccharides, such as cellulose, in a reaction that depends on an electron donor and O2 or H2O2. While it is well known that LPMOs can utilize a wide variety of electron donors, the variation in reported efficiencies of various LPMO-reductant combinations remains largely unexplained. RESULTS In this study, we describe a novel two-domain cellulose-active family AA10 LPMO from a marine actinomycete, which we have used to look more closely at the effects of the reductant and copper ions on the LPMO reaction. Our results show that ascorbate-driven LPMO reactions are extremely sensitive to very low amounts (micromolar concentrations) of free copper because reduction of free Cu(II) ions by ascorbic acid leads to formation of H2O2, which speeds up the LPMO reaction. In contrast, the use of gallic acid yields steady reactions that are almost insensitive to the presence of free copper ions. Various experiments, including dose-response studies with the enzyme, showed that under typically used reaction conditions, the rate of the reaction is limited by LPMO-independent formation of H2O2 resulting from oxidation of the reductant. CONCLUSION The strong impact of low amounts of free copper on LPMO reactions with ascorbic acid and O2, i.e. the most commonly used conditions when assessing LPMO activity, likely explains reported variations in LPMO rates. The observed differences between ascorbic acid and gallic acid show a way of making LPMO reactions less copper-dependent and illustrate that reductant effects on LPMO action need to be interpreted with great caution. In clean reactions, with minimized generation of H2O2, the (O2-driven) LPMO reaction is exceedingly slow, compared to the much faster peroxygenase reaction that occurs when adding H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton A Stepnov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Zarah Forsberg
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Giang-Son Nguyen
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alexander Wentzel
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Åsmund K Røhr
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
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Tuveng TR, Jensen MS, Fredriksen L, Vaaje-Kolstad G, Eijsink VGH, Forsberg Z. A thermostable bacterial lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase with high operational stability in a wide temperature range. Biotechnol Biofuels 2020; 13:194. [PMID: 33292445 PMCID: PMC7708162 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01834-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are oxidative, copper-dependent enzymes that function as powerful tools in the turnover of various biomasses, including lignocellulosic plant biomass. While LPMOs are considered to be of great importance for biorefineries, little is known about industrial relevant properties such as the ability to operate at high temperatures. Here, we describe a thermostable, cellulose-active LPMO from a high-temperature compost metagenome (called mgLPMO10). RESULTS MgLPMO10 was found to have the highest apparent melting temperature (83 °C) reported for an LPMO to date, and is catalytically active up to temperatures of at least 80 °C. Generally, mgLPMO10 showed good activity and operational stability over a wide temperature range. The LPMO boosted cellulose saccharification by recombinantly produced GH48 and GH6 cellobiohydrolases derived from the same metagenome, albeit to a minor extent. Cellulose saccharification studies with a commercial cellulase cocktail (Celluclast®) showed that the performance of this thermostable bacterial LPMO is comparable with that of a frequently utilized fungal LPMO from Thermoascus aurantiacus (TaLPMO9A). CONCLUSIONS The high activity and operational stability of mgLPMO10 are of both fundamental and applied interest. The ability of mgLPMO10 to perform oxidative cleavage of cellulose at 80 °C and the clear synergy with Celluclast® make this enzyme an interesting candidate in the development of thermostable enzyme cocktails for use in lignocellulosic biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Rise Tuveng
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Marianne Slang Jensen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Lasse Fredriksen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway.
| | - Zarah Forsberg
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway.
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Calderaro F, Keser M, Akeroyd M, Bevers LE, Eijsink VGH, Várnai A, van den Berg MA. Characterization of an AA9 LPMO from Thielavia australiensis, TausLPMO9B, under industrially relevant lignocellulose saccharification conditions. Biotechnol Biofuels 2020; 13:195. [PMID: 33292403 PMCID: PMC7706046 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01836-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMO) has changed our perspective on enzymatic degradation of plant biomass. Through an oxidative mechanism, these enzymes are able to cleave and depolymerize various polysaccharides, acting not only on crystalline substrates such as chitin and cellulose, but also on other polysaccharides, such as xyloglucan, glucomannan and starch. Despite their widespread use, uncertainties related to substrate specificity and stereospecificity, the nature of the co-substrate, in-process stability, and the nature of the optimal reductant challenge their exploitation in biomass processing applications. RESULTS In this work, we studied the properties of a novel fungal LPMO from the thermophilic fungus Thielavia australiensis, TausLPMO9B. Heterologous expression of TausLPMO9B in Aspergillus niger yielded a glycosylated protein with a methylated N-terminal histidine showing LPMO activity. High sequence identity of the AA9 domain to that of MtLPMO9B (MYCTH_80312) from Myceliophthora thermophila (84%) indicated strictly C1-oxidizing activity on cellulose, which was confirmed experimentally by the analysis of products released from cellulose using HPAEC. The enzyme was stable and active at a pH ranging from 4 to 6, thus matching the conditions commonly used in industrial biomass processing, where a low pH (between 4 and 5) is used due to the pH-optima of commercial cellulases and a desire to limit microbial contamination. CONCLUSION While the oxidative cleavage of phosphoric acid swollen cellulose (PASC) by TausLPMO9B was boosted by the addition of H2O2 as a co-substrate, this effect was not observed during the saccharification of acid pretreated corn stover. This illustrates key differences between the lab-scale tests with artificial, lignin-free substrates and industrial settings with lignocellulosic biomass as substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Calderaro
- DSM Biotechnology Center, PP 699-0310, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AX, Delft, The Netherlands.
- Molecular Enzymology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - M Keser
- DSM Biotechnology Center, PP 699-0310, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AX, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - M Akeroyd
- DSM Biotechnology Center, PP 699-0310, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AX, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - L E Bevers
- DSM Biotechnology Center, PP 699-0310, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AX, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - V G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - A Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - M A van den Berg
- DSM Biotechnology Center, PP 699-0310, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AX, Delft, The Netherlands
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Nakagawa YS, Kudo M, Onodera R, Ang LZP, Watanabe T, Totani K, Eijsink VGH, Vaaje-Kolstad G. Analysis of Four Chitin-Active Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases from Streptomyces griseus Reveals Functional Variation. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:13641-13650. [PMID: 33151668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are redox-active enzymes that cleave insoluble polysaccharides by an oxidative reaction. In the present study, we have characterized four recombinant putative chitin-active LPMOs from Streptomyces griseus (SgLPMO10B, -C, -D, and -F) and evaluated their potential in enhancing hydrolysis of α- and β-chitin by three families of 18 chitinases of Serratia marcescens, SmChiA, -B, and -C. All four recombinant SgLPMO10s showed oxidative activity toward both α- and β-chitin but exhibited different abilities to promote the release of chitobiose from chitin by chitinases depending on both the chitinase and the chitin type. These effects were observed under conditions where the amount of LPMO in the reaction was not rate-limiting, showing that the observed functional differences relate to different abilities of the LPMOs to interact with and act on the substrate. These results show that four seemingly similar LPMOs carrying out the same reaction, cleavage of chitin by C1 oxidation, may have different roles in natural chitin conversion, which provides a rationale for the multiplicity of these enzymes within the same organism. The ability of the LPMOs to act on more natural substrates was demonstrated by showing that SgLPMO10B improved chitin solubilization in dried powdered shrimp shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko S Nakagawa
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Ichinoseki College, Ichinoseki Iwate 021-8511, Japan
| | - Madoka Kudo
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Ichinoseki College, Ichinoseki Iwate 021-8511, Japan
| | - Reiya Onodera
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Ichinoseki College, Ichinoseki Iwate 021-8511, Japan
| | - Lily Zuin Ping Ang
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Ichinoseki College, Ichinoseki Iwate 021-8511, Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Faculty of Agro-Food Science, Niigata Agro-Food University, Tainai, Niigata 959-2702, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Totani
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Ichinoseki College, Ichinoseki Iwate 021-8511, Japan
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås 1432, Norway
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås 1432, Norway
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