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Peerenboom N, Guzman NV, Kvamme T, Ritou V, Casero V, Voon V. Developing digital interventions for a post-Covid world: A smartphone-based approach-avoidance training to reduce alcohol craving. Scand J Psychol 2024; 65:264-274. [PMID: 37853915 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Harmful alcohol use is a major public health issue. In-person treatment has been hindered by the restrictions necessary during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study examined the effects of an at-home smartphone-based cognitive bias modification training in heavy drinkers. Experiment 1 tested the effect of a short 20-30-min smartphone-based approach-avoidance training (AAT) on image-induced craving at a 1-day follow-up. Sixty-two participants consuming 14+ units of alcohol/week were allocated to either the training or waitlist group. Experiment 2 used an updated version of the same short AAT intervention with a sample of n = 107 participants who consumed 20+ units of alcohol/week. Training effects at 1-week follow-up were compared to an active control group. Experiment 1 showed a significant reduction in image-induced craving for the training group at 1-day follow-up. Experiment 2 found that AUDIT weekly scores were significantly reduced at 1-week follow-up for the training group, all the while craving for soft drinks remained unchanged. Experiment 1 served as a first proof of concept for the efficacy of the new smartphone-based AAT training, and experiment 2 suggested that training effects on problem alcohol use hold at 1-week follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Peerenboom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Natalie V Guzman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timo Kvamme
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Valentin Ritou
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Violeta Casero
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Valerie Voon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Khan SN, Shahzad H. Osteobiologics and Value-Based Care: Challenges and Opportunities. Int J Spine Surg 2023; 17:S44-S52. [PMID: 38050076 PMCID: PMC10753350 DOI: 10.14444/8560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autologous bone grafts, sourced from the iliac crest, are the gold standard for bone substitution in spine surgery. However, harvesting autografts increases the risk of postoperative complications. Bone allografts are another popular source of graft material, but their use is rapidly surpassing their availability. There has been considerable interest in manufactured bone graft substitutes, commonly referred to as osteobiologics, which mimic the properties of autologous bone and may be osteoconductive, osteoinductive, osteogenic, or a combination. OBJECTIVE Osteobiologics have been developed to mimic the properties of autologous bone, but their high cost and variable effectiveness raise questions about their value. This article explores the challenges and opportunities associated with the use of osteobiologics used to aid in bone healing in spinal fusion surgery within a value-based care framework. Spinal fusion treatments such as bone morphogenetic proteins, platelet-rich plasma, autologous conditioned serum, demineralized bone matrix, biomaterial scaffolds, stem cells, and cellular bone matrices are compared. SUMMARY Bone morphogenetic proteins are highly effective but often associated with serious risks; platelet-rich plasma shows promising results but lacks standardization in research protocols. Autologous conditioned serum is inconclusive and cost-effective, while demineralized bone matrix has variable effectiveness and limited data to use in anterior spinal fusions. Biomaterial scaffolds have limited application in the anterior spine but demonstrate high efficacy when it comes to spinal fusion. Stem cells demonstrate improved postsurgical outcomes but have low yield from bone marrow and potential risks associated with genetic engineering and cell therapy. Cellular bone matrices show promising results and have high fusion rates, yet there is currently no US Food and Drug Adminstration requirement for preclinical or clinical data before commercial usage. Although osteobiologics have considerable potential, their high price and uncertain efficiency raise questions concerning their usefulness in spinal fusion surgery. To ensure better patient outcomes, extensive research is needed to explore their utilization within a value-based care framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safdar N Khan
- Department of Orthopedics, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Hania Shahzad
- Department of Orthopedics, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
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3
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Shanahan E, McMaster KL, Bresina BC, McKevett NM, Choi S, Lembke ES. Teacher Predictors of Student Progress in Data-Based Writing Instruction: Knowledge, Skills, Beliefs, and Instructional Fidelity. J Learn Disabil 2023; 56:440-452. [PMID: 36935614 DOI: 10.1177/00222194231157720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Teacher-level factors are theoretically linked to student outcomes in data-based instruction (DBI; Lembke et al., 2018). Professional development and ongoing support can increase teachers' knowledge, skills, and beliefs related to DBI, as well as their instructional fidelity (McMaster et al., 2020). However, less is known about how each of these teacher-level factors influences student progress during an intervention. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between several important teacher-level factors-teachers' writing instruction fidelity, knowledge and skills related to DBI, explicit writing orientation, and writing instruction self-efficacy-and students' writing growth. Participants were 49 U.S. elementary teachers and their 118 students struggling with early writing skills. Using hierarchical linear modeling, we found a significant positive relation between DBI knowledge and skills and student writing growth, but no relation was found between writing instruction fidelity, writing orientation, or self-efficacy and student writing growth. Implications for writing instruction fidelity measurement in DBI and professional development related to teachers' DBI knowledge and skills are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Shanahan
- University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, USA
| | | | | | | | - Seohyeon Choi
- University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, USA
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Lee JG, Kim YS, Lee JH. Preventing Forklift Front-End Failures: Predicting the Weight Centers of Heavy Objects, Remaining Useful Life Prediction under Abnormal Conditions, and Failure Diagnosis Based on Alarm Rules. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:7706. [PMID: 37765763 PMCID: PMC10536527 DOI: 10.3390/s23187706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper addresses the critical challenge of preventing front-end failures in forklifts by addressing the center of gravity, accurate prediction of the remaining useful life (RUL), and efficient fault diagnosis through alarm rules. The study's significance lies in offering a comprehensive approach to enhancing forklift operational reliability. To achieve this goal, acceleration signals from the forklift's front-end were collected and processed. Time-domain statistical features were extracted from one-second windows, subsequently refined through an exponentially weighted moving average to mitigate noise. Data augmentation techniques, including AWGN and LSTM autoencoders, were employed. Based on the augmented data, random forest and lightGBM models were used to develop classification models for the weight centers of heavy objects carried by a forklift. Additionally, contextual diagnosis was performed by applying exponentially weighted moving averages to the classification probabilities of the machine learning models. The results indicated that the random forest achieved an accuracy of 0.9563, while lightGBM achieved an accuracy of 0.9566. The acceleration data were collected through experiments to predict forklift failure and RUL, particularly due to repeated forklift use when the centers of heavy objects carried by the forklift were skewed to the right. Time-domain statistical features of the acceleration signals were extracted and used as variables by applying a 20 s window. Subsequently, logistic regression and random forest models were employed to classify the failure stages of the forklifts. The F1 scores (macro) obtained were 0.9790 and 0.9220 for logistic regression and random forest, respectively. Moreover, random forest probabilities for each stage were combined and averaged to generate a degradation curve and determine the failure threshold. The coefficient of the exponential function was calculated using the least squares method on the degradation curve, and an RUL prediction model was developed to predict the failure point. Furthermore, the SHAP algorithm was utilized to identify significant features for classifying the stages. Fault diagnosis using alarm rules was conducted by establishing a threshold derived from the significant features within the normal stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Geun Lee
- Department of Smart Digital Engineering, INHA University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea;
- Doosan Industrial Vehicle, Incheon 22503, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yun-Sang Kim
- Doosan Industrial Vehicle, Incheon 22503, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jang Hyun Lee
- Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, INHA University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
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Gao J, Zheng H, Wang X, Li Y. Characterization of a novel GH26 β-mannanase from Paenibacillus polymyxa and its application in the production of mannooligosaccharides. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 165:110197. [PMID: 36680817 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A novel glycoside hydrolase family 26 β-mannanase gene ppman26a was cloned from Paenibacillus polymyxa KF-1. The full-length enzyme PpMan26A and its truncated products CBM35pp (aa 35-328) and PpMan26A-Δ205 (aa 206-656) were overexpressed in Escherichia coli. PpMan26A hydrolyzed locust bean gum, guar gum, konjac gum and ivory nut mannan, with the highest specific activity toward konjac gum. The Km and kcat values for konjac gum were 2.13 mg/mL and 416.66 s-1, respectively. The oligosaccharides fraction obtained from the hydrolysis of konjac gum by PpMan26A was analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MALDI-TOF-MS). The degradation products were mainly mannooligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization of 3-8. CBM35pp exerted strong binding activity toward mannans but without β-mannanase activity. PpMan26A-Δ205, with the deletion of the N-terminal CBM domain, showed lower substrate binding capacity, resulting in reduced enzymatic activity and thermostability. This study complements our understanding of GH26 β-mannanases and expands the potential industrial application of PpMan26A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gao
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China.
| | - Haolei Zheng
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Yumei Li
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China.
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Lebas B, Paës G. Bioinspired Polymer Assemblies of Plant Cell Walls for Measuring Protein-Carbohydrate Interactions by FRAP. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2657:151-162. [PMID: 37149529 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3151-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of proteins involved in plant cell wall hydrolysis, such as enzymes and CBMs, significantly determine their role and efficiency. In order to go beyond the characterization of interactions with simple ligands, bioinspired assemblies combined with the measurement of diffusion and interaction by FRAP offer a relevant alternative for highlighting the importance of different parameters related to the protein affinity and to the polymer type and organization in the assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berangère Lebas
- Fractionation of AgroResources and Environment (FARE) laboratory, INRAE, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Gabriel Paës
- Fractionation of AgroResources and Environment (FARE) laboratory, INRAE, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.
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Storani A, Guerrero SA, Iglesias AA. Insights to improve the activity of glycosyl phosphorylases from Ruminococcus albus 8 with cello-oligosaccharides. Front Chem 2023; 11:1176537. [PMID: 37090251 PMCID: PMC10119399 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1176537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphorolysis of cello-oligosaccharides is a critical process played in the rumen by Ruminococcus albus to degrade cellulose. Cellodextrins, made up of a few glucosyl units, have gained lots of interest by their potential applications. Here, we characterized a cellobiose phosphorylase (RalCBP) and a cellodextrin phosphorylase (RalCDP) from R. albus 8. This latter was further analyzed in detail by constructing a truncated mutant (Ral∆N63CDP) lacking the N-terminal domain and a chimeric protein by fusing a CBM (RalCDP-CBM37). RalCBP showed a typical behavior with high activity on cellobiose. Instead, RalCDP extended its activity to longer soluble or insoluble cello-oligosaccharides. The catalytic efficiency of RalCDP was higher with cellotetraose and cellopentaose as substrates for both reaction directions. Concerning properties of Ral∆N63CDP, results support roles for the N-terminal domain in the conformation of the homo-dimer and conferring the enzyme the capacity to catalyze the phosphorolytic reaction. This mutant exhibited reduced affinity toward phosphate and increased to glucose-1-phosphate. Further, the CBM37 module showed functionality when fused to RalCDP, as RalCDP-CBM37 exhibited an enhanced ability to use insoluble cellulosic substrates. Data obtained from this enzyme's binding parameters to cellulosic polysaccharides agree with the kinetic results. Besides, studies of synthesis and phosphorolysis of cello-saccharides at long-time reactions served to identify the utility of these enzymes. While RalCDP produces a mixture of cello-oligosaccharides (from cellotriose to longer oligosaccharides), the impaired phosphorolytic activity makes Ral∆N63CDP lead mainly toward the synthesis of cellotetraose. On the other hand, RalCDP-CBM37 remarks on the utility of obtaining glucose-1-phosphate from cellulosic compounds.
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Liu W, Long Y, Bao Y, Li Y, Deng M, Yang X, Zhu H, Su Y. Efficient TurboID-based proximity labelling method for identifying terminal sialic acid glycosylation in living cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2022; 54:1841-53. [PMID: 36789692 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TurboID, a proximity labelling method based on mutant biotin ligase, is an efficient new technique for recognizing protein-protein interactions and has been successfully applied to living cells. Sialic acid is typically the terminal monosaccharide attached to many glycoproteins and plays many important roles in many biological processes. However, the lack of enrichment methods for terminal sialic acid glycosylation in vivo hinders the identification and analysis of this glycosylation. Here, we introduce TurboID to identify terminal sialic acid glycosylation in living cells. SpCBM, the carbohydrate-binding domain of sialidase from Streptococcus pneumoniae, is fused with TurboID and overexpressed in HeLa cells. After streptavidin-based purification and detection by mass spectrometry, 31 terminal sialic acid N-glycosylated sites and 1359 putative terminal sialic acid glycosylated proteins are identified, many of which are located in the cytoplasm and nucleus.
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Duan L, Liu C, Wang D, Lin R, Qian P, Zhang X, Liu C. The vicious cycle of the public's irrational use of antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections: A mixed methods systematic review. Front Public Health 2022; 10:985188. [PMID: 36339167 PMCID: PMC9632431 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.985188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The public's irrational use of antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) is prevalent worldwide. This study aims to synthesize evidence on how people use antibiotics to treat URTIs, its prevalence and determinants. Methods A mixed methods systematic review was conducted using a convergent segregated approach. Relevant studies were searched from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science. A qualitative analysis was initiated, exploring the public's antibiotic use experience for URTIS based on the Consumer Behavior Model (CBM). This was followed by a quantitative synthesis, tapping into the prevalence and predictors of public behavior in antibiotic usage for URTIs. The segregated syntheses complemented each other and were further integrated. Results A total of 86 studies were included: 48 quantitative, 30 qualitative, eight mixed methods studies. The included studies were conducted in Europe (n = 29), Asia (n = 27) and North America (n = 21), assessing the behaviors of patients (n = 46), their parents or caregivers (n = 31), or both (n = 9). Eleven themes emerged covering the six CBM stages: need recognition, information searching, alternative evaluation, antibiotic obtaining, antibiotic consumption, and post-consumption evaluation. The six stages reinforce each other, forming a vicious cycle. The high prevalence of the public's irrational use of antibiotics for URTIs is evident despite the high heterogeneity of the studies (ranging from 0.0 to 92.7%). The perceived seriousness of illness and misbelief in antibiotics were identified consistently across the studies as the major motivation driving the public's irrational use of antibiotics for URTIs. However, individual capacity (e.g., knowledge) and opportunity (e.g., contextual restriction) in reducing antibiotic use have mixed effect. Conclusion Systemic interventions concerning both supply and demand sides are warranted. The public needs to be educated about the appropriate management of URTIs and health care providers need to re-shape public attitudes toward antibiotic use for URTIs through communication and prescribing practices. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero, identifier: CRD42021266407.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Duan
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaojie Liu
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rujiao Lin
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Qian
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinping Zhang
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenxi Liu
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Gerbracht JV, Harding T, Simpson AGB, Roger AJ, Hess S. Comparative transcriptomics reveals the molecular toolkit used by an algivorous protist for cell wall perforation. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3374-3384.e5. [PMID: 35700733 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Microbial eukaryotes display a stunning diversity of feeding strategies, ranging from generalist predators to highly specialized parasites. The unicellular "protoplast feeders" represent a fascinating mechanistic intermediate, as they penetrate other eukaryotic cells (algae and fungi) like some parasites but then devour their cell contents by phagocytosis.1 Besides prey recognition and attachment, this complex behavior involves the local, pre-phagocytotic dissolution of the prey cell wall, which results in well-defined perforations of species-specific size and structure.2 Yet the molecular processes that enable protoplast feeders to overcome cell walls of diverse biochemical composition remain unknown. We used the flagellate Orciraptor agilis (Viridiraptoridae, Rhizaria) as a model protoplast feeder and applied differential gene expression analysis to examine its penetration of green algal cell walls. Besides distinct expression changes that reflect major cellular processes (e.g., locomotion and cell division), we found lytic carbohydrate-active enzymes that are highly expressed and upregulated during the attack on the alga. A putative endocellulase (family GH5_5) with a secretion signal is most prominent, and a potential key factor for cell wall dissolution. Other candidate enzymes (e.g., lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases) belong to families that are largely uncharacterized, emphasizing the potential of non-fungal microeukaryotes for enzyme exploration. Unexpectedly, we discovered various chitin-related factors that point to an unknown chitin metabolism in Orciraptor agilis, potentially also involved in the feeding process. Our findings provide first molecular insights into an important microbial feeding behavior and new directions for cell biology research on non-model eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer V Gerbracht
- Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Tommy Harding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Alastair G B Simpson
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Andrew J Roger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Sebastian Hess
- Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Yuan Y, Chen C, Wang X, Shen S, Guo X, Chen X, Yang F, Li X. A novel accessory protein ArCel5 from cellulose-gelatinizing fungus Arthrobotrys sp. CX1. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:27. [PMID: 38647580 PMCID: PMC10991334 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00519-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved understanding of cellulose swelling mechanism is beneficial for increasing the hydrolysis efficiency of cellulosic substrates. Here, we report a family 5 glycoside hydrolase ArCel5 isolated from the cellulose-gelatinizing fungus Arthrobotrys sp. CX1. ArCel5 exhibited low specific hydrolysis activity and high cellulose swelling capability, which suggested that this protein might function as an accessory protein. Homology modeling glycosylation detection revealed that ArCel5 is a multi-domain protein including a family 1 carbohydrate-binding module, a glycosylation linker, and a catalytic domain. The adsorption capacity, structural changes and hydrature index of filter paper treated by different ArCel5 mutants demonstrated that CBM1 and linker played an essential role in recognizing, binding and decrystallizing cellulosic substrates, which further encouraged the synergistic action between ArCel5 and cellulases. Notably, glycosylation modification further strengthened the function of the linker region. Overall, our study provides insight into the cellulose decrystallization mechanism by a novel accessory protein ArCel5 that will benefit future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yuan
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Ganjingziqu, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunshu Chen
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Ganjingziqu, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyan Wang
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Ganjingziqu, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaonian Shen
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Ganjingziqu, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Ganjingziqu, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Ganjingziqu, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Ganjingziqu, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xianzhen Li
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Ganjingziqu, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China.
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Espin CA, van den Bosch RM, van der Liende M, Rippe RCA, Beutick M, Langa A, Mol SE. A Systematic Review of CBM Professional Development Materials: Are Teachers Receiving Sufficient Instruction in Data-Based Decision-Making? J Learn Disabil 2021; 54:256-268. [PMID: 33749351 DOI: 10.1177/0022219421997103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the amount of attention devoted to data-based decision-making in Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM) professional development materials. Sixty-nine CBM instructional sources were reviewed, including 45 presentations, 22 manuals, and two books. The content of the presentations and manuals/books was coded into one of four categories: (a) general CBM information, (b) conducting CBM, (c) data-based decision-making, and (d) other. Results revealed that only a small proportion of information in the CBM instructional materials was devoted to data-based decision-making (12% for presentations and 14% for manuals/books), and that this proportion was significantly smaller than (a) that devoted to other instructional topics, (b) that expected were information to be equally distributed across major instructional topics, and (c) that recommended by experienced CBM trainers. Results suggest a need for increased attention to data-based decision-making in CBM professional development.
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Gesel SA, LeJeune LM, Chow JC, Sinclair AC, Lemons CJ. A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Professional Development on Teachers' Knowledge, Skill, and Self-Efficacy in Data-Based Decision-Making. J Learn Disabil 2021; 54:269-283. [PMID: 33203294 DOI: 10.1177/0022219420970196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review was to synthesize research on the effect of professional development (PD) targeting data-based decision-making processes on teachers' knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy related to curriculum-based measurement (CBM) and data-based decision-making (DBDM). To be eligible for this review, studies had to (a) be published in English, (b) include in-service or pre-service K-12 teachers as participants, (c) use an empirical group design, and (d) include sufficient data to calculate an effect size for teacher outcome variables. The mean effect of DBDM PD on teacher outcomes was g = 0.57 (p < .001). This effect was not moderated by study quality. These results must be viewed through the lens of significant heterogeneity in effects across included studies, which could not be explained by follow-up sensitivity analyses. In addition, the experimental studies included in this review occurred under ideal, researcher-supported conditions, which impacts the generalizability of the effects of DBDM PD in practice. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
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Espin CA, Förster N, Mol SE. International Perspectives on Understanding and Improving Teachers' Data-Based Instruction and Decision Making: Introduction to the Special Series. J Learn Disabil 2021; 54:239-242. [PMID: 34114494 DOI: 10.1177/00222194211017531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This article serves as an introduction to the special series, Data-Based Instruction and Decision-Making: An International Perspective. In this series, we bring together international researchers from both special and general education to address teachers' use (or non-use) of data for instructional decision making. Via this special series, we aim to increase understanding of the challenges involved in teachers' data-based instructional decision making for students with or at-risk for learning disabilities, and to further the development of approaches for improving teachers' ability to plan, adjust, and adapt instruction in response to data.
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15
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Lorentzen SB, Arntzen MØ, Hahn T, Tuveng TR, Sørlie M, Zibek S, Vaaje-Kolstad G, Eijsink VGH. Genomic and Proteomic Study of Andreprevotia ripae Isolated from an Anthill Reveals an Extensive Repertoire of Chitinolytic Enzymes. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:4041-4052. [PMID: 34191517 PMCID: PMC8802321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Chitin is an abundant natural polysaccharide
that is hard to degrade
because of its crystalline nature and because it is embedded in robust
co-polymeric materials containing other polysaccharides, proteins,
and minerals. Thus, it is of interest to study the enzymatic machineries
of specialized microbes found in chitin-rich environments. We describe
a genomic and proteomic analysis of Andreprevotia ripae, a chitinolytic Gram-negative bacterium isolated from an anthill.
The genome of A. ripae encodes four secreted
family GH19 chitinases of which two were detected and upregulated
during growth on chitin. In addition, the genome encodes as many as
25 secreted GH18 chitinases, of which 17 were detected and 12 were
upregulated during growth on chitin. Finally, the single lytic polysaccharide
monooxygenase (LPMO) was strongly upregulated during growth on chitin.
Whereas 66% of the 29 secreted chitinases contained two carbohydrate-binding
modules (CBMs), this fraction was 93% (13 out of 14) for the upregulated
chitinases, suggesting an important role for these CBMs. Next to an
unprecedented multiplicity of upregulated chitinases, this study reveals
several chitin-induced proteins that contain chitin-binding CBMs but
lack a known catalytic function. These proteins are interesting targets
for discovery of enzymes used by nature to convert chitin-rich biomass.
The MS proteomic data have been deposited in the PRIDE database with
accession number PXD025087.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silje B Lorentzen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Magnus Ø Arntzen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Thomas Hahn
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tina R Tuveng
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Susanne Zibek
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1433 Ås, Norway
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16
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Hershko Rimon A, Livnah O, Rozman Grinberg I, Ortiz de Ora L, Yaniv O, Lamed R, Bayer EA, Frolow F, Voronov-Goldman M. Novel clostridial cell-surface hemicellulose-binding CBM3 proteins. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2021; 77:95-104. [PMID: 33830074 PMCID: PMC8034430 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x21002764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel member of the family 3 carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM3s) is encoded by a gene (Cthe_0271) in Clostridium thermocellum which is the most highly expressed gene in the bacterium during its growth on several types of biomass substrates. Surprisingly, CtCBM3-0271 binds to at least two different types of xylan, instead of the common binding of CBM3s to cellulosic substrates. CtCBM3-0271 was crystallized and its three-dimensional structure was solved and refined to a resolution of 1.8 Å. In order to learn more about the role of this type of CBM3, a comparative study with its orthologue from Clostridium clariflavum (encoded by the Clocl_1192 gene) was performed, and the three-dimensional structure of CcCBM3-1192 was determined to 1.6 Å resolution. Carbohydrate binding by CcCBM3-1192 was found to be similar to that by CtCBM3-0271; both exhibited binding to xylan rather than to cellulose. Comparative structural analysis of the two CBM3s provided a clear functional correlation of structure and binding, in which the two CBM3s lack the required number of binding residues in their cellulose-binding strips and thus lack cellulose-binding capabilities. This is an enigma, as CtCBM3-0271 was reported to be a highly expressed protein when the bacterium was grown on cellulose. An additional unexpected finding was that CcCBM3-1192 does not contain the calcium ion that was considered to play a structural stabilizing role in the CBM3 family. Despite the lack of calcium, the five residues that form the calcium-binding site are conserved. The absence of calcium results in conformational changes in two loops of the CcCBM3-1192 structure. In this context, superposition of the non-calcium-binding CcCBM3-1192 with CtCBM3-0271 and other calcium-binding CBM3s reveals a much broader two-loop region in the former compared with CtCBM3-0271.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almog Hershko Rimon
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Daniella Rich Institute for Structural Biology Research, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Oded Livnah
- The Wolfson Center for Applied and Structural Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Inna Rozman Grinberg
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Daniella Rich Institute for Structural Biology Research, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lizett Ortiz de Ora
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Oren Yaniv
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Raphael Lamed
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Daniella Rich Institute for Structural Biology Research, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Edward A. Bayer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 760001, Israel
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8499000, Israel
| | - Felix Frolow
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Daniella Rich Institute for Structural Biology Research, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Milana Voronov-Goldman
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Daniella Rich Institute for Structural Biology Research, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
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17
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Ogonda LA, Saumonneau A, Dion M, Muge EK, Wamalwa BM, Mulaa FJ, Tellier C. Characterization and engineering of two new GH9 and GH48 cellulases from a Bacillus pumilus isolated from Lake Bogoria. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:691-700. [PMID: 33386499 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-03056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To search for new alkaliphilic cellulases and to improve their efficiency on crystalline cellulose through molecular engineering RESULTS: Two novel cellulases, BpGH9 and BpGH48, from a Bacillus pumilus strain were identified, cloned and biochemically characterized. BpGH9 is a modular endocellulase belonging to the glycoside hydrolase 9 family (GH9), which contains a catalytic module (GH) and a carbohydrate-binding module belonging to class 3 and subclass c (CBM3c). This enzyme is extremely tolerant to high alkali pH and remains significantly active at pH 10. BpGH48 is an exocellulase, belonging to the glycoside hydrolase 48 family (GH48) and acts on the reducing end of oligo-β1,4 glucanes. A truncated form of BpGH9 and a chimeric fusion with an additional CBM3a module was constructed. The deletion of the CBM3c module results in a significant decline in the catalytic activity. However, fusion of CBM3a, although in a non native position, enhanced the activity of BpGH9 on crystalline cellulose. CONCLUSIONS A new alkaliphilic endocellulase BpGH9, was cloned and engineered as a fusion protein (CBM3a-BpGH9), which led to an improved activity on crystalline cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia A Ogonda
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, UFIP, UMR6286, 2, rue de la Houssinière, 44322, Nantes, France.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O BOX 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O BOX 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya
| | - Amélie Saumonneau
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, UFIP, UMR6286, 2, rue de la Houssinière, 44322, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Dion
- Université de Nantes, IRS2, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Edward K Muge
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O BOX 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Benson M Wamalwa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Biological and Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O BOX 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Francis J Mulaa
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O BOX 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Charles Tellier
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, UFIP, UMR6286, 2, rue de la Houssinière, 44322, Nantes, France.
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18
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Liu S, Cui T, Song Y. Expression, homology modeling and enzymatic characterization of a new β-mannanase belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 1 from Enterobacter aerogenes B19. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:142. [PMID: 32665004 PMCID: PMC7362650 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01399-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-mannanase can hydrolyze β-1,4 glycosidic bond of mannan by the manner of endoglycosidase to generate mannan-oligosaccharides. Currently, β-mannanase has been widely applied in food, medicine, textile, paper and petroleum exploitation industries. β-mannanase is widespread in various organisms, however, microorganisms are the main source of β-mannanases. Microbial β-mannanases display wider pH range, temperature range and better thermostability, acid and alkali resistance, and substrate specificity than those from animals and plants. Therefore microbial β-mannanases are highly valued by researchers. Recombinant bacteria constructed by gene engineering and modified by protein engineering have been widely applied to produce β-mannanase, which shows more advantages than traditional microbial fermentation in various aspects. RESULTS A β-mannanase gene (Man1E), which encoded 731 amino acid residues, was cloned from Enterobacter aerogenes. Man1E was classified as Glycoside Hydrolase family 1. The bSiteFinder prediction showed that there were eight essential residues in the catalytic center of Man1E as Trp166, Trp168, Asn229, Glu230, Tyr281, Glu309, Trp341 and Lys374. The catalytic module and carbohydrate binding module (CBM) of Man1E were homologously modeled. Superposition analysis and molecular docking revealed the residues located in the catalytic module of Man1E and the CBM of Man1E. The recombinant enzyme was successfully expressed, purified, and detected about 82.5 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The optimal reaction condition was 55 °C and pH 6.5. The enzyme exhibited high stability below 60 °C, and in the range of pH 3.5-8.5. The β-mannanase activity was activated by low concentration of Co2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Ba2+ and Ca2+. Man1E showed the highest affinity for Locust bean gum (LBG). The Km and Vmax values for LBG were 3.09 ± 0.16 mg/mL and 909.10 ± 3.85 μmol/(mL min), respectively. CONCLUSIONS A new type of β-mannanase with high activity from E. aerogenes is heterologously expressed and characterized. The enzyme belongs to an unreported β-mannanase family (CH1 family). It displays good pH and temperature features and excellent catalysis capacity for LBG and KGM. This study lays the foundation for future application and molecular modification to improve its catalytic efficiency and substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Liu
- School of Biological Science and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Tangbing Cui
- School of Biological Science and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yan Song
- School of Biological Science and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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19
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Christensen SJ, Badino SF, Cavaleiro AM, Borch K, Westh P. Functional analysis of chimeric TrCel6A enzymes with different carbohydrate binding modules. Protein Eng Des Sel 2020; 32:401-409. [PMID: 32100026 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 6 is an important group of enzymes that constitute an essential part of industrial enzyme cocktails used to convert lignocellulose into fermentable sugars. In nature, enzymes from this family often have a carbohydrate binding module (CBM) from the CBM family 1. These modules are known to promote adsorption to the cellulose surface and influence enzymatic activity. Here, we have investigated the functional diversity of CBMs found within the GH6 family. This was done by constructing five chimeric enzymes based on the model enzyme, TrCel6A, from the soft-rot fungus Trichoderma reesei. The natural CBM of this enzyme was exchanged with CBMs from other GH6 enzymes originating from different cellulose degrading fungi. The chimeric enzymes were expressed in the same host and investigated in adsorption and quasi-steady-state kinetic experiments. Our results quantified functional differences of these phylogenetically distant binding modules. Thus, the partitioning coefficient for substrate binding varied 4-fold, while the maximal turnover (kcat) showed a 2-fold difference. The wild-type enzyme showed the highest cellulose affinity on all tested substrates and the highest catalytic turnover. The CBM from Serendipita indica strongly promoted the enzyme's ability to form productive complexes with sites on the substrate surface but showed lower turnover of the complex. We conclude that the CBM plays an important role for the functional differences between GH6 wild-type enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Jarl Christensen
- Research Unit for Functional Biomaterials, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, building 28B, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Silke Flindt Badino
- Research Unit for Functional Biomaterials, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, building 28B, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ana Mafalda Cavaleiro
- Research Unit for Functional Biomaterials, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, building 28B, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark.,Novozymes A/S, Department of Enzyme Discovery, Rævehøjvej 32A, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kim Borch
- Novozymes A/S, Department of Enzyme Discovery, Rævehøjvej 32A, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Westh
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, building 224, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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20
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Rooijakkers BJM, Arola S, Velagapudi R, Linder MB. Different effects of carbohydrate binding modules on the viscoelasticity of nanocellulose gels. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 22:100766. [PMID: 32337376 PMCID: PMC7176825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cellulose degrading and modifying enzymes have distinct parts called carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs). The CBMs have been shown to increase the concentration of enzymes on the insoluble substrate and thereby enhance catalytic activity. It has been suggested that CBMs also have a role in disrupting or dispersing the insoluble cellulose substrate, but dispute remains and explicit evidence of such a mechanism is lacking. We produced the isolated CBMs from two major cellulases (Cel6A and Cel7A) from Trichoderma reesei as recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. We then studied the viscoelastic properties of native unmodified cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) in combination with the highly purified CBMs to detect possible functional effects of the CBMs on the CNF. The two CBMs showed clearly different effects on the viscoelastic properties of CNF. The difference in effects is noteworthy, yet it was not possible to conclude for example disruptive effects. We discuss here the alternative explanations for viscoelastic effects on CNF caused by CBMs, including the effect of ionic cosolutes. The effect of Cellulose Binding Modules (CBM) on the viscoelastic properties of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) were investigated. The CBMs from enzymes Cel6A and Cel7A from Trichoderma reesei affected the rheology of CNF very differently. Additions of even very small amounts of salt (NaCl) also affected the rheology of CNF. The high sensitivity of NFC towards added ionic species makes interpretation of results challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart J M Rooijakkers
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Suvi Arola
- VTT, Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., High Performance Fiber Products, Tietotie 4E, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Rama Velagapudi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
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21
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Abstract
Data from a small randomized control trial of teachers' use of Data-Based Instruction (DBI) for early writing were analyzed to determine the influence of teacher knowledge, skills, and treatment fidelity on student Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM) slope. Participants included 11 elementary grade teachers who delivered intensive intervention in early writing and their students (n = 31), all identified as either at risk for or with disabilities that affect their writing. Teachers received professional development and ongoing coaching to support the implementation of DBI for improving their students' early writing skills. Results from a multiple regression analysis suggest that teacher knowledge and skills in DBI was strongly related to student CBM slope in early writing (p < .01) and a small but significant relation between fidelity of writing instruction and student CBM slope (p < .01). Implications for instructional coaching and improving student writing progress are discussed.
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22
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Levi Hevroni B, Moraïs S, Ben-David Y, Morag E, Bayer EA. Minimalistic Cellulosome of the Butanologenic Bacterium Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum. mBio 2020; 11:e00443-20. [PMID: 32234813 PMCID: PMC7157769 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00443-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum is a mesophilic, anaerobic, butanol-producing bacterium, originally isolated from soil. It was recently reported that C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum possesses multiple cellulosomal elements and would potentially form the smallest cellulosome known in nature. Its genome contains only eight dockerin-bearing enzymes, and its unique scaffoldin bears two cohesins (Cohs), three X2 modules, and two carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs). In this study, all of the cellulosome-related modules were cloned, expressed, and purified. The recombinant cohesins, dockerins, and CBMs were tested for binding activity using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based techniques. All the enzymes were tested for their comparative enzymatic activity on seven different cellulosic and hemicellulosic substrates, thus revealing four cellulases, a xylanase, a mannanase, a xyloglucanase, and a lichenase. All dockerin-containing enzymes interacted similarly with the second cohesin (Coh2) module, whereas Coh1 was more restricted in its interaction pattern. In addition, the polysaccharide-binding properties of the CBMs within the scaffoldin were examined by two complementary assays, affinity electrophoresis and affinity pulldown. The scaffoldin of C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum exhibited high affinity for cellulosic and hemicellulosic substrates, specifically to microcrystalline cellulose and xyloglucan. Evidence that supports substrate-dependent in vivo secretion of cellulosomes is presented. The results of our analyses contribute to a better understanding of simple cellulosome systems by identifying the key players in this minimalistic system and the binding pattern of its cohesin-dockerin interaction. The knowledge gained by our study will assist further exploration of similar minimalistic cellulosomes and will contribute to the significance of specific sets of defined cellulosomal enzymes in the degradation of cellulosic biomass.IMPORTANCE Cellulosome-producing bacteria are considered among the most important bacteria in both mesophilic and thermophilic environments, owing to their capacity to deconstruct recalcitrant plant-derived polysaccharides (and notably cellulose) into soluble saccharides for subsequent processing. In many ecosystems, the cellulosome-producing bacteria are particularly effective "first responders." The massive amounts of sugars produced are potentially amenable in industrial settings to further fermentation by appropriate microbes to biofuels, notably ethanol and butanol. Among the solvent-producing bacteria, Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum has the smallest cellulosome system known thus far. The importance of investigating the building blocks of such a small, multifunctional nanomachine is crucial to understanding the fundamental activities of this efficient enzymatic complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bosmat Levi Hevroni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sarah Moraïs
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yonit Ben-David
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ely Morag
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Edward A Bayer
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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23
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Maarisetty D, Mahanta S, Sahoo AK, Mohapatra P, Baral SS. Steering the Charge Kinetics in Dual-Functional Photocatalysis by Surface Dipole Moments and Band Edge Modulation: A Defect Study in TiO 2-ZnS-rGO Composites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:11679-11692. [PMID: 32067446 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Developing an efficient photocatalyst for concurrent hydrogen production and environmental remediation by using solar energy is a challenge. Defect engineering, although it offers a strategical promise to enhance the photocatalytic performance, has limitations that come from the ambiguity surrounding its role. In the current work, a comprehensive study on defects in promoting the charge transfer, band edge modulation, and surface reaction was carried out. The excess electrons springing from defects act like donor states and cause band bending at the junction interface. Characterization techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, electron spin resonance, and photoluminescence were employed to investigate defect functionality, and its ultimate effect on photocatalytic performance was studied by simultaneous H2 production and methylene blue degradation. The role of graphene in optoelectronics and defect formation in the composite catalysts was explored. In addition, efforts have been made to unveil the reaction pathway for hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction where excess defect density greatly hampered the quantum yield of the process. Results suggest that maintaining optimal defect concentration aborts the undesired thermodynamically favored back reactions. The conduction band and valence band values of the catalysts indicate that the photocatalytic mechanism was dominated by the electron pathway. Graphene acted as an effective electron sink when its concentration was around 2.5-3%. The superior activity of TiO2-ZnS-rGO was attributed to the narrow bandgap, rapid separation of photo-excited charge carriers, and favorable conduction band position for photocatalytic reactions. This work may assist in exploring the fundamental role of defects in driving the photocatalytic reactions and improve the selectivity in heterogeneous photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Maarisetty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, BITS Pilani KK Birla Goa Campus, South Goa 403726, Goa, India
| | - Sasmita Mahanta
- Department of Chemistry C.V.Raman College of Engineering, Bhubaneswar 752054, India
| | - Akshaya Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Model Degree College, Nuapada, Khariar 766107, Odisha, India
| | - Priyabrat Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry C.V.Raman College of Engineering, Bhubaneswar 752054, India
| | - Saroj Sundar Baral
- Department of Chemical Engineering, BITS Pilani KK Birla Goa Campus, South Goa 403726, Goa, India
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24
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Laudicella R, Baratto L, Minutoli F, Baldari S, Iagaru A. Malignant Cutaneous Melanoma: Updates in PET Imaging. Curr Radiopharm 2020; 13:14-23. [PMID: 31749439 DOI: 10.2174/1874471012666191015095550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous malignant melanoma is a neoplasm whose incidence and mortality are dramatically increasing. 18F-FDG PET/CT gained clinical acceptance over the past 2 decades in the evaluation of several glucose-avid neoplasms, including malignant melanoma, particularly for the assessment for distant metastases, recurrence and response to therapy. OBJECTIVE To describe the advancements of nuclear medicine for imaging melanoma with particular attention to 18F-FDG-PET and its current state-of-the-art technical innovations. METHODS A comprehensive search strategy was used based on SCOPUS and PubMed databases. From all studies published in English, we selected the articles that evaluated the technological insights of 18FFDG- PET in the assessment of melanoma. RESULTS State-of-the-art silicon photomultipliers based detectors ("digital") PET/CT scanners are nowadays more common, showing technical innovations that may have beneficial implications for patients with melanoma. Steady improvements in detectors design and architecture, as well as the implementation of both software and hardware technology (i.e., TOF, point spread function, etc.), resulted in significant improvements in PET image quality while reducing radiotracer dose and scanning time. CONCLUSION Recently introduced digital PET detector technology in PET/CT and PET/MRI yields higher intrinsic system sensitivity compared with the latest generation analog technology, enabling the detection of very small lesions with potential impact on disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Laudicella
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, Nuclear Medicine Unit, University of Messina, Messina ME, Italy
| | - Lucia Baratto
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, United States
| | - Fabio Minutoli
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, Nuclear Medicine Unit, University of Messina, Messina ME, Italy
| | - Sergio Baldari
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, Nuclear Medicine Unit, University of Messina, Messina ME, Italy
| | - Andrei Iagaru
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, United States
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van den Bosch RM, Espin CA, Pat-El RJ, Saab N. Improving Teachers' Comprehension of Curriculum-Based Measurement Progress-Monitoring Graphs. J Learn Disabil 2019; 52:413-427. [PMID: 31221014 PMCID: PMC7433367 DOI: 10.1177/0022219419856013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The authors examined three instructional approaches for improving teachers' curriculum-based measurement (CBM) graph comprehension, each differing in the extent to which reading the data, interpreting the data, and linking the data to instruction were emphasized. Participants were 164 elementary school teachers who were randomly assigned to one of three CBM instructional approaches or a control condition. Instruction was delivered via videos. Prior to and after receiving instruction, teachers completed a CBM graph-comprehension task. They also evaluated the instructional videos. Teachers in the three instructional groups improved more in CBM graph comprehension than control teachers. Improvements were seen primarily in interpreting and linking the data to instruction, two important but difficult aspects of CBM graph comprehension. Differences between the instructional groups were found for interpreting the data. Teachers evaluated the videos positively. Results indicate that teachers' CBM graph comprehension can be improved via video instruction. Implications for teaching teachers to implement CBM are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine A. Espin
- Department of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ron J. Pat-El
- Department of Methods and Statistics, Open University of the Netherlands, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nadira Saab
- Graduate School of Teaching (ICLON), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Diggs CR, Christ TJ. Investigating the Diagnostic Consistency and Incremental Validity Evidence of Curriculum-based Measurements of Oral Reading Rate and Comprehension. Contemp Sch Psychol 2019; 23:163-178. [PMID: 31161073 PMCID: PMC6544050 DOI: 10.1007/s40688-018-0194-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rate and comprehension are two components related to reading performance. The purpose of this study was to use diagnostic consistency and incremental validity to examine the unique contribution of three curriculum-based measures of reading comprehension (CBM-comprehension) compared to a curriculum-based measure of oral reading (CBM-R). An extant sample of fall 2016 screening data in a national assessment system were used for this investigation. The CBM-comprehension measures were related to oral recall, synthesis of main ideas, and free-response question-answering. Scores from the CBM-comprehension measures were associated with weak criterion-related validity to a measure of broad reading. In addition, diagnostic consistency analyses revealed poor overlap between CBM-comprehension and CBM-R score classifications based on at risk benchmarks. Incremental validity evidence replicated previous findings, demonstrating that the CBM-comprehension measures explain unique variation in broad reading scores even after controlling for performance on CBM-R. Implications for the usage of CBM-R and CBM-comprehension for screening are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvary R Diggs
- University of Minnesota, 250 Education Sciences Bldg, 56 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Theodore J Christ
- University of Minnesota, 250 Education Sciences Bldg, 56 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Zhivin-Nissan O, Dassa B, Morag E, Kupervaser M, Levin Y, Bayer EA. Unraveling essential cellulosomal components of the ( Pseudo) Bacteroides cellulosolvens reveals an extensive reservoir of novel catalytic enzymes. Biotechnol Biofuels 2019; 12:115. [PMID: 31086567 PMCID: PMC6507058 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND (Pseudo)Bacteroides cellulosolvens is a cellulolytic bacterium that produces the most extensive and intricate cellulosomal system known in nature. Recently, the elaborate architecture of the B. cellulosolvens cellulosomal system was revealed from analysis of its genome sequence, and the first evidence regarding the interactions between its structural and enzymatic components were detected in vitro. Yet, the understanding of the cellulolytic potential of the bacterium in carbohydrate deconstruction is inextricably linked to its high-molecular-weight protein complexes, which are secreted from the bacterium. RESULTS The current proteome-wide work reveals patterns of protein expression of the various cellulosomal components, and explores the signature of differential expression upon growth of the bacterium on two major carbon sources-cellobiose and microcrystalline cellulose. Mass spectrometry analysis of the bacterial secretome revealed the expression of 24 scaffoldin structural units and 166 dockerin-bearing components (mainly enzymes), in addition to free enzymatic subunits. The dockerin-bearing components comprise cell-free and cell-bound cellulosomes for more efficient carbohydrate degradation. Various glycoside hydrolase (GH) family members were represented among 102 carbohydrate-degrading enzymes, including the omnipresent, most abundant GH48 exoglucanase. Specific cellulosomal components were found in different molecular-weight fractions associated with cell growth on different carbon sources. Overall, microcrystalline cellulose-derived cellulosomes showed markedly higher expression levels of the structural and enzymatic components, and exhibited the highest degradation activity on five different cellulosic and/or hemicellulosic carbohydrates. The cellulosomal activity of B. cellulosolvens showed high degradation rates that are very promising in biotechnological terms and were compatible with the activity levels exhibited by Clostridium thermocellum purified cellulosomes. CONCLUSIONS The current research demonstrates the involvement of key cellulosomal factors that participate in the mechanism of carbohydrate degradation by B. cellulosolvens. The powerful ability of the bacterium to exhibit different degradation strategies on various carbon sources was revealed. The novel reservoir of cellulolytic components of the cellulosomal degradation machineries may serve as a pool for designing new cellulolytic cocktails for biotechnological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Zhivin-Nissan
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Bareket Dassa
- Bioinformatics Unit, Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ely Morag
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Meital Kupervaser
- Proteomics Unit, Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yishai Levin
- Proteomics Unit, Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Edward A. Bayer
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Patoli AA, Patoli BB. In vivo demonstration of enhanced binding between β-clamp and DnaE of pol III bearing consensus i- CBM. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:613-9. [PMID: 30929144 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00796-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among several key protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions within the replisome, the interaction between β-clamp and the DNA polymerase (Pol) III is of crucial importance. This interaction is mediated by a five or six-residue conserved sequence of the DnaE subunit of Pol III, referred to as the Clamp Binding Motif (CBM). In E. coli, DnaE contains two CBMs designated as e-CBM and i-CBM. A consensus sequence (QL[S/D]LF) for the CBMs has previously been proposed and studies involving mutagenesis of both the CBMs have evaluated their protein-binding properties. Surface Plasmon Resonance has been used to show that replacing i-CBM in DnaE with the consensus sequence enhances its binding to β-clamp 120-fold. OBJECTIVE The current study was aimed to evaluate in vivo interaction between DnaE bearing the consensus i-CBM and β-clamp. METHOD The C-terminal 405 residues of DnaE, bearing either the consensus i-CBM or the WT i-CBM, with β-clamp were co-expressed in E. coli followed by co-purification of the protein complexes. The interaction was assessed by the ability of the co-expressed proteins to form stable complexes during both affinity and gel filtration chromatography. RESULT The interaction of β-clamp with DnaEΔ755M containing the consensus i-CBM was found to be more stable than with WT DnaEΔ755, consistent with the in vitro data previously reported. CONCLUSION The presence of the pieces of sheared DNA generated during sonication promote the interaction of DnaEΔ755M with β-clamp by binding the OB-fold of DnaEΔ755M and β-clamp and serves as a bridge between them.
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Fredriksen L, Stokke R, Jensen MS, Westereng B, Jameson JK, Steen IH, Eijsink VGH. Discovery of a Thermostable GH10 Xylanase with Broad Substrate Specificity from the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge Vent System. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e02970-18. [PMID: 30635385 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02970-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A two-domain GH10 xylanase-encoding gene (amor_gh10a) was discovered from a metagenomic data set, generated after in situ incubation of a lignocellulosic substrate in hot sediments on the sea floor of the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge (AMOR). AMOR_GH10A comprises a signal peptide, a carbohydrate-binding module belonging to a previously uncharacterized family, and a catalytic glycosyl hydrolase (GH10) domain. The enzyme shares the highest sequence identity (42%) with a hypothetical protein from a Verrucomicrobia bacterium, and its GH10 domain shares low identity (24 to 28%) with functionally characterized xylanases. Purified AMOR_GH10A showed thermophilic and halophilic properties and was active toward various xylans. Uniquely, the enzyme showed high activity toward amorphous cellulose, glucomannan, and xyloglucan and was more active toward cellopentaose than toward xylopentaose. Binding assays showed that the N-terminal domain of this broad-specificity GH10 binds strongly to amorphous cellulose, as well as to microcrystalline cellulose, birchwood glucuronoxylan, barley β-glucan, and konjac glucomannan, confirming its classification as a novel CBM (CBM85).IMPORTANCE Hot springs at the sea bottom harbor unique biodiversity and are a promising source of enzymes with interesting properties. We describe the functional characterization of a thermophilic and halophilic multidomain xylanase originating from the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge vent system, belonging to the well-studied family 10 of glycosyl hydrolases (GH10). This xylanase, AMOR_GH10A, has a surprisingly wide substrate range and is more active toward cellopentaose than toward xylopentaose. This substrate promiscuity is unique for the GH10 family and could prove useful in industrial applications. Emphasizing the versatility of AMOR_GH10A, its N-terminal domain binds to both xylans and glycans, while not showing significant sequence similarities to any known carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) in the CAZy database. Thus, this N-terminal domain lays the foundation for the new CBM85 family.
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Lee JP, Shin ES, Cho MY, Lee KD, Kim H. Roles of Carbohydrate-Binding Module (CBM) of an Endo-β-1,4-Glucanase (Cel5L) from Bacillus sp. KD1014 in Thermostability and Small-Substrate Hydrolyzing Activity. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 28:2036-2045. [PMID: 30661343 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1810.10001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
An endo-β-1,4-glucanase gene, cel5L, was cloned using the shot-gun method from Bacillus sp.. The gene, which contained a predicted signal peptide, encoded a protein of 496 amino acid residues, and the molecular mass of the mature Cel5L was estimated to be 51.8 kDa. Cel5L contained a catalytic domain of glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 5 and a carbohydrate-binding module family 3 (CBM_3). Chromatography using HiTrap Q and CHT-II resulted in the isolation of two truncated forms corresponding to 50 (Cel5L-p50) and 35 kDa (Cel5L-p35, CBM_3-deleted form). Both enzymes were optimally active at pH 4.5 and 55°C, but had different half-lives of 4.0 and 22.8 min, respectively, at 70°C. The relative activities of Cel5L-p50 and Cel5L-p35 for barley β-glucan were 377.0 and 246.7%, respectively, compared to those for carboxymethyl-cellulose. The affinity and hydrolysis rate of pNPC by Cel5L-p35 were 1.7 and 3.3 times higher, respectively, than those by Cel5L-p50. Additions of each to a commercial enzyme set increased saccharification of pretreated rice straw powder by 17.5 and 21.0%, respectively. These results suggest CBM_3 is significantly contributing to thermostability, and to affinity and substrate specificity for small substrates, and that these two enzymes could be used as additives to enhance enzymatic saccharification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Pil Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Sun Shin
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Yeol Cho
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Dong Lee
- Department of Oriental Medicine Materials, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea.,Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
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Chalak A, Villares A, Moreau C, Haon M, Grisel S, d’Orlando A, Herpoël-Gimbert I, Labourel A, Cathala B, Berrin JG. Influence of the carbohydrate-binding module on the activity of a fungal AA9 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase on cellulosic substrates. Biotechnol Biofuels 2019; 12:206. [PMID: 31508147 PMCID: PMC6721207 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1548-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellulose-active lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) secreted by filamentous fungi play a key role in the degradation of recalcitrant lignocellulosic biomass. They can occur as multidomain proteins fused to a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM). From a biotech perspective, LPMOs are promising innovative tools for producing nanocelluloses and biofuels, but their direct action on cellulosic substrates is not fully understood. RESULTS In this study, we probed the role of the CBM from family 1 (CBM1) appended to the LPMO9H from Podospora anserina (PaLPMO9H) using model cellulosic substrates. Deletion of the CBM1 weakened the binding to cellulose nanofibrils, amorphous and crystalline cellulose. Although the release of soluble sugars from cellulose was drastically reduced under standard conditions, the truncated LPMO retained some activity on soluble oligosaccharides. The cellulolytic action of the truncated LPMO was demonstrated using synergy experiments with a cellobiohydrolase (CBH). The truncated LPMO was still able to improve the efficiency of the CBH on cellulose nanofibrils in the same range as the full-length LPMO. Increasing the substrate concentration enhanced the performance of PaLPMO9H without CBM in terms of product release. Interestingly, removing the CBM also altered the regioselectivity of PaLPMO9H, significantly increasing cleavage at the C1 position. Analysis of the insoluble fraction of cellulosic substrates evaluated by optical and atomic force microscopy confirmed that the CBM1 module was not strictly required to promote disruption of the cellulose network. CONCLUSIONS Absence of the CBM1 does not preclude the activity of the LPMO on cellulose but its presence has an important role in driving the enzyme to the substrate and releasing more soluble sugars (both oxidized and non-oxidized), thus facilitating the detection of LPMO activity at low substrate concentration. These results provide insights into the mechanism of action of fungal LPMOs on cellulose to produce nanocelluloses and biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Chalak
- Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, Nantes, France
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, UMR1163, INRA, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Ana Villares
- Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Celine Moreau
- Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Mireille Haon
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, UMR1163, INRA, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Sacha Grisel
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, UMR1163, INRA, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | | | - Isabelle Herpoël-Gimbert
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, UMR1163, INRA, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Aurore Labourel
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, UMR1163, INRA, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | | | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, UMR1163, INRA, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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Thys A, Douanne T, Bidère N. Post-translational Modifications of the CARMA1-BCL10-MALT1 Complex in Lymphocytes and Activated B-Cell Like Subtype of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Front Oncol 2018; 8:498. [PMID: 30474008 PMCID: PMC6237847 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Piracy of the NF-κB transcription factors signaling pathway, to sustain its activity, is a mechanism often deployed in B-cell lymphoma to promote unlimited growth and survival. The aggressive activated B-cell like (ABC) subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) exploits a multi-protein complex of CARMA1, BCL10, and MALT1 (CBM complex), which normally conveys NF-κB signaling upon antigen receptors engagement. Once assembled, the CBM also unleashes MALT1 protease activity to finely tune the immune response. As a result, ABC DLBCL tumors develop a profound addiction to NF-κB and to MALT1 enzyme, leaving open a breach for therapeutics. However, the pleiotropic nature of NF-κB jeopardizes the success of its targeting and urges us to develop new strategies. In this review, we discuss how post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination of the CBM components, as well as, MALT1 proteolytic activity, shape the CBM activity in lymphocytes and ABC DLBCL, and may provide new avenues to restore vulnerability in lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Thys
- Team SOAP, CRCINA, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Nantes, France
| | - Tiphaine Douanne
- Team SOAP, CRCINA, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Bidère
- Team SOAP, CRCINA, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Nantes, France
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Huang Z, Liu F, Urynowicz MA, Basile F, Guo H, Chen L, Fallgren PH, Jin S. Coal-derived compounds and their potential impact on groundwater quality during coalbed methane production. Environ Geochem Health 2018; 40:1657-1665. [PMID: 29492804 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Coalbed methane (CBM) is an important unconventional energy source and accounts for a substantial portion of the overall natural gas production in the USA. The extraction of CBM generates significant amounts of produced water, where the withdrawal of groundwater may disturb the subsurface environment and aquifers. The release of toxic recalcitrant compounds from the coal seam is of great concern for those who use groundwater for irrigation and potable water sources. Experiments were conducted that determined a small fraction of coal carbon can be extracted and solubilized in water during the CBM formation and production. These soluble components included long-chain alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and humic compounds. Biometer flask assays demonstrated that these compounds are bioamenable and can be potentially degraded by microorganisms to produce methane and carbon dioxide, where these biodegradation processes may further impact groundwater quality in the coal seam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaixing Huang
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Fangjing Liu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Michael A Urynowicz
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Franco Basile
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Hongguang Guo
- College of Mining Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwei Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Paul H Fallgren
- Advanced Environmental Technologies LLC, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA
| | - Song Jin
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
- Advanced Environmental Technologies LLC, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA.
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Clarke PJF, Branson S, Chen NTM, Van Bockstaele B, Salemink E, MacLeod C, Notebaert L. Attention bias modification training under working memory load increases the magnitude of change in attentional bias. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2017; 57:25-31. [PMID: 28257926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Attention bias modification (ABM) procedures have shown promise as a therapeutic intervention, however current ABM procedures have proven inconsistent in their ability to reliably achieve the requisite change in attentional bias needed to produce emotional benefits. This highlights the need to better understand the precise task conditions that facilitate the intended change in attention bias in order to realise the therapeutic potential of ABM procedures. Based on the observation that change in attentional bias occurs largely outside conscious awareness, the aim of the current study was to determine if an ABM procedure delivered under conditions likely to preclude explicit awareness of the experimental contingency, via the addition of a working memory load, would contribute to greater change in attentional bias. METHODS Bias change was assessed among 122 participants in response to one of four ABM tasks given by the two experimental factors of ABM training procedure delivered either with or without working memory load, and training direction of either attend-negative or avoid-negative. RESULTS Findings revealed that avoid-negative ABM procedure under working memory load resulted in significantly greater reductions in attentional bias compared to the equivalent no-load condition. LIMITATIONS The current findings will require replication with clinical samples to determine the utility of the current task for achieving emotional benefits. CONCLUSIONS These present findings are consistent with the position that the addition of a working memory load may facilitate change in attentional bias in response to an ABM training procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J F Clarke
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Australia; School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Australia.
| | - Sonya Branson
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nigel T M Chen
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bram Van Bockstaele
- Addiction, Development, and Psychopathology Lab (Adapt Lab), Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elske Salemink
- Addiction, Development, and Psychopathology Lab (Adapt Lab), Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Colin MacLeod
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Australia; School of Psychology, Babes-Bolyai University, Romania
| | - Lies Notebaert
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Australia
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den Uyl TE, Gladwin TE, Rinck M, Lindenmeyer J, Wiers RW. A clinical trial with combined transcranial direct current stimulation and alcohol approach bias retraining. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1632-1640. [PMID: 27790791 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Two studies showed an improvement in clinical outcomes after alcohol approach bias retraining, a form of Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM). We investigated whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) could enhance effects of CBM. TDCS is a neuromodulation technique that can increase neuroplasticity and has previously been found to reduce craving. One hundred alcohol-dependent inpatients (91 used for analysis) were randomized into three experimental groups in a double-blind parallel design. The experimental group received four sessions of CBM while receiving 2 mA of anodal tDCS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). There were two control groups: One received sham stimulation during training and one received active stimulation at a different moment. Treatment outcomes were abstinence duration (primary) and relapse after 3 and 12 months, craving and approach bias (secondary). Craving and approach bias scores decreased over time; there were no significant interactions with experimental condition. There was no effect on abstinence duration after three months (χ2(2) = 3.53, p = 0.77). However, a logistic regression on relapse rates after one year (standard outcome in the clinic, but not-preregistered) showed a trend when relevant predictors were included; relapse was lower in the condition receiving active stimulation during CBM only when comparing to sham stimulation (B = 1.52, S.E. = .836, p = .07, without predictors: p = .19). No strong evidence for a specific enhancement effect of tDCS on CBM was found. However, in a post-hoc analysis, tDCS combined with CBM showed a promising trend on treatment outcome. Important limitations are discussed, and replication is necessary to find more reliable effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess E. den Uyl
- Addiction, Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) lab, Department of Psychology; University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition (ABC); University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Thomas E. Gladwin
- Addiction, Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) lab, Department of Psychology; University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
- Research Centre-Military Mental Health; Ministry of Defense; The Netherlands
| | - Mike Rinck
- Behavioural Science Institute; Radboud University Nijmegen; The Netherlands
| | | | - Reinout W. Wiers
- Addiction, Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) lab, Department of Psychology; University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition (ABC); University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
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Zhivin O, Dassa B, Moraïs S, Utturkar SM, Brown SD, Henrissat B, Lamed R, Bayer EA. Unique organization and unprecedented diversity of the Bacteroides (Pseudobacteroides) cellulosolvens cellulosome system. Biotechnol Biofuels 2017; 10:211. [PMID: 28912832 PMCID: PMC5590126 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0898-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND (Pseudo) Bacteroides cellulosolvens is an anaerobic, mesophilic, cellulolytic, cellulosome-producing clostridial bacterium capable of utilizing cellulose and cellobiose as carbon sources. Recently, we sequenced the B. cellulosolvens genome, and subsequent comprehensive bioinformatic analysis, herein reported, revealed an unprecedented number of cellulosome-related components, including 78 cohesin modules scattered among 31 scaffoldins and more than 200 dockerin-bearing ORFs. In terms of numbers, the B. cellulosolvens cellulosome system represents the most intricate, compositionally diverse cellulosome system yet known in nature. RESULTS The organization of the B. cellulosolvens cellulosome is unique compared to previously described cellulosome systems. In contrast to all other known cellulosomes, the cohesin types are reversed for all scaffoldins i.e., the type II cohesins are located on the enzyme-integrating primary scaffoldin, whereas the type I cohesins are located on the anchoring scaffoldins. Many of the type II dockerin-bearing ORFs include X60 modules, which are known to stabilize type II cohesin-dockerin interactions. In the present work, we focused on revealing the architectural arrangement of cellulosome structure in this bacterium by examining numerous interactions between the various cohesin and dockerin modules. In total, we cloned and expressed 43 representative cohesins and 27 dockerins. The results revealed various possible architectures of cell-anchored and cell-free cellulosomes, which serve to assemble distinctive cellulosome types via three distinct cohesin-dockerin specificities: type I, type II, and a novel-type designated R (distinct from type III interactions, predominant in ruminococcal cellulosomes). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study provide novel insight into the architecture and function of the most intricate and extensive cellulosomal system known today, thereby extending significantly our overall knowledge base of cellulosome systems and their components. The robust cellulosome system of B. cellulosolvens, with its unique binding specificities and reversal of cohesin-dockerin types, has served to amend our view of the cellulosome paradigm. Revealing new cellulosomal interactions and arrangements is critical for designing high-efficiency artificial cellulosomes for conversion of plant-derived cellulosic biomass towards improved production of biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Zhivin
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Bareket Dassa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sarah Moraïs
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sagar M. Utturkar
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37919 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Steven D. Brown
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37919 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, TN USA
- Biosciences Division, Energy and Environment Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille University and CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Raphael Lamed
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Edward A. Bayer
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Zhang D, Tu T, Wang Y, Li Y, Luo X, Zheng F, Wang X, Bai Y, Huang H, Su X, Yao B, Zhang T, Luo H. Improving the Catalytic Performance of a Talaromyces leycettanus α-Amylase by Changing the Linker Length. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:5041-5048. [PMID: 28573852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel α-amylase, Amy13A, that consists of these domains was identified in Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802: catalytic TIM-barrel fold, domain B, domain C, Thr/Ser-rich linker region, and C-terminal CBM20 domain. The wild type and three mutant enzymes were then expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115 to identify the roles of linker length (Amy13A21 and Amy13A33) and CBM20 (Amy13A-CBM) in catalysis. All enzymes had similar enzymatic properties, exhibiting optimal activities at pH 4.5-5.0 and 55-60 °C, but varied in catalytic performance. When using soluble starch as the substrate, Amy13A21 and Amy13A33 showed specific activities (926.3 and 537.8 units/mg, respectively, vs 252.1 units/mg) and catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km, 25.7 and 22.0 mL s-1 mg-1, respectively, vs 15.4 mL s-1 mg-1) higher than those of the wild type, while Amy13A-CBM performed worse during catalysis. This study reveals the key roles of the CBM and linker length in the catalysis of GH13 α-amylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoduo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Tao Tu
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yeqing Li
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xuegang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Fei Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yingguo Bai
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huoqing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bin Yao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tongcun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Huiying Luo
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
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Perini MA, Sin IN, Villarreal NM, Marina M, Powell ALT, Martínez GA, Civello PM. Overexpression of the carbohydrate binding module from Solanum lycopersicum expansin 1 (Sl-EXP1) modifies tomato fruit firmness and Botrytis cinerea susceptibility. Plant Physiol Biochem 2017; 113:122-132. [PMID: 28196350 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Firmness, one of the major determinants of postharvest quality and shelf life of fruits is determined by the mechanical resistance imposed by the plant cell wall. Expansins (EXP) are involved in the non-hydrolytic metabolic disassembly of plant cell walls, particularly in processes where relaxation of the wall is necessary, such as fruit development and ripening. As many carbohydrate-associated proteins, expansins have a putative catalytic domain and a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM). Several strategies have been pursued to control the loss of fruit firmness during storage. Most of the approaches have been to suppress the expression of key enzymes involved in the cell wall metabolism, but this is the first time that a CBM was overexpressed in a fruit aimed to control cell wall degradation and fruit softening. We report the constitutive overexpression of the CBM of Solanum lycopersicum expansin 1 (CBM-SlExp1) in the cell wall of tomato plants, and its effects on plant and fruit phenotype. Overexpression of CBM-SlExp1 increased the mechanical resistance of leaves, whereas it did not modify plant growth and general phenotype. However, transgenic plants showed delayed softening and firmer fruits. In addition, fruits were less susceptible to Botrytis cinerea infection, and the "in vitro" growth of the fungus on media containing AIR from the pericarp of transgenic fruits was lower than controls. The possibility of overexpressing a CBM of a fruit-specific expansin to control cell wall degradation and fruit softening is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Perini
- INFIVE (CONICET-UNLP), 113 n°495 - C.c 327, La Plata, 1900, Pcia Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Pcia Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - I N Sin
- INFIVE (CONICET-UNLP), 113 n°495 - C.c 327, La Plata, 1900, Pcia Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N M Villarreal
- IIB-INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Avenida Intendente Marino km 8,2, B7130IWA, Chascomús. Pcia, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Marina
- IIB-INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Avenida Intendente Marino km 8,2, B7130IWA, Chascomús. Pcia, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A L T Powell
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - G A Martínez
- IIB-INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Avenida Intendente Marino km 8,2, B7130IWA, Chascomús. Pcia, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Pcia Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P M Civello
- INFIVE (CONICET-UNLP), 113 n°495 - C.c 327, La Plata, 1900, Pcia Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Pcia Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Paës G. Bioinspired Assemblies of Plant Cell Walls for Measuring Protein-Carbohydrate Interactions by FRAP. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1588:169-179. [PMID: 28417368 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6899-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of proteins involved in plant cell wall hydrolysis, such as enzymes and CBMs, significantly determine their role and efficiency. In order to go beyond the characterization of interactions with simple ligands, bioinspired assemblies combined with the measurement of diffusion and interaction by FRAP offer a relevant alternative for highlighting the importance of different parameters related to the protein affinity and to the assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Paës
- FARE laboratory, INRA, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 2 esplanade Roland-Garros, 51100, Reims, France.
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40
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Valero G, Cárdenas P. Formative and Summative Assessment in Veterinary Pathology and Other Courses at a Mexican Veterinary College. J Vet Med Educ 2017; 44:331-337. [PMID: 27779920 DOI: 10.3138/jvme.1015-169r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) uses the Moodle learning management system for formative and summative computer assessment. The authors of this article-the teacher primarily responsible for Moodle implementation and a researcher who is a recent Moodle adopter-describe and discuss the students' and teachers' attitudes to summative and formative computer assessment in Moodle. Item analysis of quiz results helped us to identify and fix poorly performing questions, which greatly reduced student complaints and improved objective assessment. The use of certainty-based marking (CBM) in formative assessment in veterinary pathology was well received by the students and should be extended to more courses. The importance of having proficient computer support personnel should not be underestimated. A properly translated language pack is essential for the use of Moodle in a language other than English.
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Czjzek M, Ficko-Blean E. Probing the Complex Architecture of Multimodular Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes Using a Combination of Small Angle X-Ray Scattering and X-Ray Crystallography. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1588:239-253. [PMID: 28417374 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6899-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The various modules in multimodular carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) may function in catalysis, carbohydrate binding, protein-protein interactions or as linkers. Here, we describe how combining the biophysical techniques of Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) and macromolecular X-ray crystallography (XRC) provides a powerful tool for examination into questions related to overall structural organization of ultra multimodular CAZymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Czjzek
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Sorbonne Universite, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29688, Roscoff, Bretagne, France.
| | - Elizabeth Ficko-Blean
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Sorbonne Universite, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29688, Roscoff, Bretagne, France.
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Cameron KO, Kurumbail RG. Recent progress in the identification of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5139-5148. [PMID: 27727125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a serine/threonine heterotrimeric protein kinase, is a critical regulator of cellular and whole body energy homeostasis. There are twelve known AMPK isoforms that are differentially expressed in tissues and species. Dysregulation of AMPK signaling is associated with a multitude of human pathologies. Hence isoform-selective activators of AMPK are actively being sought for the treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The present review summarizes the status of direct AMPK activators from the patent and published literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly O Cameron
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Ravi G Kurumbail
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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den Uyl TE, Gladwin TE, Wiers RW. Electrophysiological and Behavioral Effects of Combined Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Alcohol Approach Bias Retraining in Hazardous Drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:2124-2133. [PMID: 27558788 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive bias modification (CBM) can be used to retrain automatic approach tendencies for alcohol. We investigated whether changing cortical excitability with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) could enhance CBM effects in hazardous drinkers. We also studied the underlying mechanisms by including behavioral (craving, implicit associations, approach tendencies) and electrophysiological (event-related potentials) measurements. METHODS The analytical sample consisted of 78 hazardous drinkers (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test >8) randomly assigned to 4 conditions in a 2-by-2 factorial design (control/active CBM and sham/active tDCS). The intervention consisted of 3 sessions of CBM, specifically alcohol approach bias retraining, combined with 15 minutes 1 mA tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. There was a pre- and postassessment before and after the intervention that included experimental tasks (Approach Avoidance Task, Implicit Association Task) and an electroencephalogram with an oddball and cue-reactivity task. RESULTS tDCS decreased cue-induced craving (but not overall craving) on postassessment. CBM did not induce an avoidance bias during assessment. During the training, active and control-CBM only differed in bias score during the first session. We found no enhancement effects of tDCS on CBM. Electrophysiological data showed no clear effects of active tDCS or CBM on the P300. CONCLUSIONS There were no electrophysiological or behavioral effects of repeated CBM and/or tDCS, except for an effect of tDCS on craving. Applied in these specific ways these techniques appear to have limited effects in a hazardous drinking population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess E den Uyl
- Addiction, Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. .,Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Thomas E Gladwin
- Addiction, Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Research Centre-Military Mental Health, Ministry of Defense, 3509AA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Reinout W Wiers
- Addiction, Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Wiers CE, Wiers RW. Imaging the neural effects of cognitive bias modification training. Neuroimage 2016; 151:81-91. [PMID: 27450074 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive bias modification (CBM) was first developed as an experimental tool to examine the causal role of cognitive biases, and later developed into complementary interventions in experimental psychopathology research. CBM involves the "re-training" of implicit biases by means of multiple trials of computerized tasks, and has been demonstrated to change anxious, depressive and drug-seeking behavior, including clinically relevant effects. Recently, the field has progressed by combining CBM with neuroimaging techniques, which provides insight into neural mechanisms underlying how CBM affects implicit biases in anxiety, depression, and addiction, and potentially other pathologies. This narrative literature review summarizes the state of the art of studies on the neural effects of CBM and provides directions for future research in the field. A total of 13 published studies were found and discussed: n=9 in anxiety, n=2 in depressive behavior, and n=2 in addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinde E Wiers
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Reinout W Wiers
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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45
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Syed AZ, Zahedpasha S, Rathore SA, Mupparapu M. Evaluation of canalis basilaris medianus using cone-beam computed tomography. Imaging Sci Dent 2016; 46:141-4. [PMID: 27358822 PMCID: PMC4925651 DOI: 10.5624/isd.2016.46.2.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this report is to present two cases of canalis basilaris medianus as identified on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the base of the skull. The CBCT data sets were sent for radiographic consultation. In both cases, multi-planar views revealed an osseous defect in the base of the skull in the clivus region, the sagittal view showed a unilateral, well-defined, non-corticated, track-like low-attenuation osseous defect in the clivus. The appearance of the defect was highly reminiscent of a fracture of the clivus. The borders of osseous defect were smooth, and no other radiographic signs suggestive of osteolytic destructive processes were noted. Based on the overall radiographic examination, a radiographic impression of canalis basilaris medianus was made. Canalis basilaris medianus is a rare anatomical variant and is generally observed on the clivus. Due to its potential association with meningitis, it should be recognized and reported to avoid potential complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Z Syed
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, CWRU School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Samir Zahedpasha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, CWRU School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sonali A Rathore
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, VCU School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mel Mupparapu
- Division of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Acuff SN, Osborne D. Clinical Workflow Considerations for Implementation of Continuous-Bed-Motion PET/CT. J Nucl Med Technol 2016; 44:55-8. [PMID: 27102661 DOI: 10.2967/jnmt.116.172171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the last 3 y, a new type of technology has emerged for PET imaging that uses a continuous-bed-motion (CBM) acquisition. For technologists, this type of acquisition requires some modifications of the standard approach to PET protocols and imaging workflows. There are several key aspects of CBM that technologists need to learn and understand when transitioning from traditional step-and-shoot PET imaging to this new technology, including differences in acquisition type, image quality, and protocol setup as well as the impact that CBM can have on workflow. This article explains how CBM differs from step and shoot and focuses on the issues critical for technologists to know when first using this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley N Acuff
- Department of Radiology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Dustin Osborne
- Department of Radiology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, Tennessee
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Westbye AB, Kuchinski K, Yip CK, Beatty JT. The Gene Transfer Agent RcGTA Contains Head Spikes Needed for Binding to the Rhodobacter capsulatus Polysaccharide Cell Capsule. J Mol Biol 2015; 428:477-91. [PMID: 26711507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Viruses and bacteriophages recognize cell surface proteins using receptor-binding proteins. In most tailed bacteriophages, receptor-binding proteins are located on the bacteriophage tail. The gene transfer agent of Rhodobacter capsulatus, RcGTA, morphologically resembles a tailed bacteriophage and binds to a capsular polysaccharide covering R. capsulatus cells. Here, we report that the RcGTA capsid (head) is decorated by spikes that are needed for binding to the capsule. The triangular spikes measured ~12nm and appeared to be attached at the capsid vertices. Head spike production required the putative carbohydrate-binding protein ghsB (rcc01080) previously thought to encode a side tail fiber protein. We found that ghsB is likely co-transcribed with ghsA (rcc01079) and that ghsA/ghsB is regulated by the CckA-ChpT-CtrA phosphorelay homologues and a quorum-sensing system. GhsA and GhsB were found to be CckA-dependent RcGTA maturation factors, as GhsA- and GhsB-deficient particles were found to have altered native-gel electrophoresis migration. Additionally, we provide electron microscopy images showing that RcGTA contains side tail fibers and a baseplate-like structure near the tip of the tail, which are independent of ghsB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Westbye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Kevin Kuchinski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Calvin K Yip
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - J Thomas Beatty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3.
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Daches S, Mor N, Hertel P. Rumination: Cognitive consequences of training to inhibit the negative. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2015; 49:76-83. [PMID: 25840467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To explore cognitive factors in ruminative thinking, we assessed the effect of a single-session of inhibition training on subsequent biases in attention and interpretation. METHODS We randomly assigned participants to either inhibit or attend to negative stimuli. Inhibition was assessed by using assessment trials embedded throughout the training, and interpretation bias was assessed following the training. RESULTS Trait rumination moderated training effects on both measures. Low ruminators in the inhibition-training condition maintained their level of inhibition of negative stimuli, but those in the attention-training condition showed a non-significant trend for decreased inhibition. Participants also showed a transfer-congruent tendency in interpretation bias, with reduced bias by those trained to inhibit negative stimuli, compared to those trained to attend to negative stimuli. In contrast, high ruminators in the inhibition training condition showed a training-incongruent decrease in inhibition of negative stimuli, but no change in inhibition when trained to attend to negative stimuli. No effects of the training on interpretation bias were observed among high ruminators. Finally, the training did not affect subsequent measures of mood or state rumination, even when trait rumination scores were taken into account. LIMITATIONS This study used a single session of inhibition training rather than a multi-session training, and this may explain the null effects among high ruminators. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the critical role that trait rumination plays in moderating the effect of inhibition training. Our results suggest that inhibition training may provide an effective technique to change inhibition bias and later interpretation bias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nilly Mor
- School of Education, Hebrew University, Israel.
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49
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Gladwin TE, Wiers CE, Wiers RW. Cognitive neuroscience of cognitive retraining for addiction medicine: From mediating mechanisms to questions of efficacy. Prog Brain Res 2015; 224:323-44. [PMID: 26822365 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive retraining or cognitive bias modification (CBM) involves having subjects repeatedly perform a computerized task designed to reduce the impact of automatic processes that lead to harmful behavior. We first discuss the theory underlying CBM and provide a brief overview of important research progress in its application to addiction. We then focus on cognitive- and neural-mediating mechanisms. We consider recent criticism of both CBM and its theoretical foundations. Evaluations of CBM could benefit from considering theory-driven factors that may determine variations in efficacy, such as motivation. Concerning theory, while there is certainly room for fundamental advances in current models, we argue that the basic view of impulsive behavior and its control remains a useful and productive heuristic. Finally, we briefly discuss some interesting new directions for CBM research: enhancement of training via transcranial direct current stimulation, online training, and gamification, i.e., the use of gameplay elements to increase motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Gladwin
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Research Centre-Military Mental Health, Ministry of Defense, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Corinde E Wiers
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu, Berlin, Germany; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Reinout W Wiers
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Legentil L, Paris F, Ballet C, Trouvelot S, Daire X, Vetvicka V, Ferrières V. Molecular Interactions of β-(1→3)-Glucans with Their Receptors. Molecules 2015; 20:9745-66. [PMID: 26023937 PMCID: PMC6272582 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20069745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
β-(1→3)-Glucans can be found as structural polysaccharides in cereals, in algae or as exo-polysaccharides secreted on the surfaces of mushrooms or fungi. Research has now established that β-(1→3)-glucans can trigger different immune responses and act as efficient immunostimulating agents. They constitute prevalent sources of carbons for microorganisms after subsequent recognition by digesting enzymes. Nevertheless, mechanisms associated with both roles are not yet clearly understood. This review focuses on the variety of elucidated molecular interactions that involve these natural or synthetic polysaccharides and their receptors, i.e., Dectin-1, CR3, glycolipids, langerin and carbohydrate-binding modules.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/metabolism
- Agaricales/genetics
- Agaricales/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Edible Grain/genetics
- Edible Grain/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Glucan 1,3-beta-Glucosidase/genetics
- Glucan 1,3-beta-Glucosidase/immunology
- Glycolipids/immunology
- Glycolipids/metabolism
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Macrophage-1 Antigen/genetics
- Macrophage-1 Antigen/immunology
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/genetics
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/immunology
- Receptors, Scavenger/genetics
- Receptors, Scavenger/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- Stramenopiles/genetics
- Stramenopiles/metabolism
- beta-Glucans/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Legentil
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France.
- Université européenne de Bretagne, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Franck Paris
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France.
- Université européenne de Bretagne, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Caroline Ballet
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France.
- Université européenne de Bretagne, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Sophie Trouvelot
- INRA, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France.
| | - Xavier Daire
- INRA, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France.
| | - Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Vincent Ferrières
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France.
- Université européenne de Bretagne, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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