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Yamabhai M, Khamphio M, Min TT, Soem CN, Cuong NC, Aprilia WR, Luesukprasert K, Teeranitayatarn K, Maneedaeng A, Tuveng TR, Lorentzen SB, Antonsen S, Jitprasertwong P, Eijsink VGH. Valorization of shrimp processing waste-derived chitosan into anti-inflammatory chitosan-oligosaccharides (CHOS). Carbohydr Polym 2024; 324:121546. [PMID: 37985116 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Bioconversion of chitosan into soluble anti-inflammatory chitosan oligosaccharides (CHOS) using a Bacillus chitosanase, BsCsn46A, was investigated, including food-grade approaches. After 48 h of enzymatic reaction, most of the final products were dimers and trimers. None of the CHOS products showed toxicity to human fibroblasts. Analysis of CHOS bioactivity against LPS-induced inflammation of human macrophages indicated that CHOS generated from different bioconversion processes have anti-inflammatory activity, the magnitude of which depends on the type of substrate and production process. Both lactic acid and HCl can be used to dissolve chitosan; however, the product generated from lactic acid solution was highly hygroscopic after lyophilization, hence not suitable for long-term storage. Downstream processes, i.e., centrifugation and filtration, affect its anti-inflammatory activity. Analysis of standard CHOS with known structure showed that an acetyl group at the reducing end and the degree of polymerization (DP) are critical for biological activity. Importantly, when applied at levels above the optimal concentrations, certain standard CHOS and CHOS mixtures could induce inflammation. These results support the potential of CHOS as anti-inflammatory agents but reveal batch-to-batch variation and possible side effects, indicating that careful quality assurance of CHOS preparations is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montarop Yamabhai
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.
| | - Munthipha Khamphio
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Thae Thae Min
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Chai Noy Soem
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Nguyen Cao Cuong
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; Faculty of Engineering and Food Technology, Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Thua Thien Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Waheni Rizki Aprilia
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | | | | | - Atthaphon Maneedaeng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Tina R Tuveng
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Silje B Lorentzen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Simen Antonsen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Paiboon Jitprasertwong
- SUT Oral Health Center, Suranaree University of Technology Hospital (SUTH), Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; School of Dentistry, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
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Ganan M, Lorentzen SB, Gaustad P, Sørlie M. Synergistic Antifungal Activity of Chito-Oligosaccharides and Commercial Antifungals on Biofilms of Clinical Candida Isolates. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:718. [PMID: 34575756 PMCID: PMC8464920 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of yeast biofilms is a major problem due to their increased antifungal resistance, which leads to persistent infections with severe clinical implications. The high antifungal activity of well-characterized chitosan polymers makes them potential alternatives for treating yeast biofilms. The activity of a chito-oligosaccharide with a depolymerization degree (DPn) of 32 (C32) and a fraction of acetylation (FA) of 0.15 on Candida sp. biofilms was studied. The results showed a concentration-dependent reduction in the number of viable cells present in C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. guillermondii preformed biofilms in the presence of C32, especially on intermediate and mature biofilms. A significant decrease in the metabolic activity of yeast biofilms treated with C32 was also observed. The antifungals fluconazole (Flu) and miconazole (Mcz) decreased the number of viable cells in preformed early biofilms, but not in the intermediate or mature biofilms. Contrary to Flu or Mcz, C32 also reduced the formation of new biofilms. Interestingly, a synergistic effect on yeast biofilm was observed when C32 and Flu/Mcz were used in combination. C32 has the potential to become an alternative therapeutic agent against Candida biofilms alone or in combination with antifungal drugs and this will reduce the use of antifungals and decrease antifungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Ganan
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Aas, Norway; (M.G.); (S.B.L.)
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Fürst Medical Laboratory, 0154 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Silje B. Lorentzen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Aas, Norway; (M.G.); (S.B.L.)
| | - Peter Gaustad
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Fürst Medical Laboratory, 0154 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Aas, Norway; (M.G.); (S.B.L.)
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Lorentzen SB, Arntzen MØ, Hahn T, Tuveng TR, Sørlie M, Zibek S, Vaaje-Kolstad G, Eijsink VGH. Genomic and Proteomic Study of Andreprevotia ripae Isolated from an Anthill Reveals an Extensive Repertoire of Chitinolytic Enzymes. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:4041-4052. [PMID: 34191517 PMCID: PMC8802321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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Chitin is an abundant natural polysaccharide
that is hard to degrade
because of its crystalline nature and because it is embedded in robust
co-polymeric materials containing other polysaccharides, proteins,
and minerals. Thus, it is of interest to study the enzymatic machineries
of specialized microbes found in chitin-rich environments. We describe
a genomic and proteomic analysis of Andreprevotia ripae, a chitinolytic Gram-negative bacterium isolated from an anthill.
The genome of A. ripae encodes four secreted
family GH19 chitinases of which two were detected and upregulated
during growth on chitin. In addition, the genome encodes as many as
25 secreted GH18 chitinases, of which 17 were detected and 12 were
upregulated during growth on chitin. Finally, the single lytic polysaccharide
monooxygenase (LPMO) was strongly upregulated during growth on chitin.
Whereas 66% of the 29 secreted chitinases contained two carbohydrate-binding
modules (CBMs), this fraction was 93% (13 out of 14) for the upregulated
chitinases, suggesting an important role for these CBMs. Next to an
unprecedented multiplicity of upregulated chitinases, this study reveals
several chitin-induced proteins that contain chitin-binding CBMs but
lack a known catalytic function. These proteins are interesting targets
for discovery of enzymes used by nature to convert chitin-rich biomass.
The MS proteomic data have been deposited in the PRIDE database with
accession number PXD025087.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silje B Lorentzen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Magnus Ø Arntzen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Thomas Hahn
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tina R Tuveng
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Susanne Zibek
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1433 Ås, Norway
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Ganan M, Lorentzen SB, Agger JW, Heyward CA, Bakke O, Knutsen SH, Aam BB, Eijsink VGH, Gaustad P, Sørlie M. Antifungal activity of well-defined chito-oligosaccharide preparations against medically relevant yeasts. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210208. [PMID: 30620751 PMCID: PMC6324834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their antifungal activity, chitosan and its derivatives have potential to be used for treating yeast infections in humans. However, to be considered for use in human medicine, it is necessary to control and know the chemical composition of the compound, which is not always the case for polymeric chitosans. Here, we analyze the antifungal activity of a soluble and well-defined chito-oligosaccharide (CHOS) with an average polymerization degree (DPn) of 32 and fraction of acetylation (FA) of 0.15 (C32) on 52 medically relevant yeast strains. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) varied widely among yeast species, strains and isolates (from > 5000 to < 9.77 μg mL-1) and inhibition patterns showed a time- and dose-dependencies. The antifungal activity was predominantly fungicidal and was inversely proportional to the pH, being maximal at pH 4.5, the lowest tested pH. Furthermore, antifungal effects of CHOS fractions with varying average molecular weight indicated that those fractions with an intermediate degree of polymerization, i.e. DP 31 and 54, had the strongest inhibitory effects. Confocal imaging showed that C32 adsorbs to the cell surface, with subsequent cell disruption and accumulation of C32 in the cytoplasm. Thus, C32 has potential to be used as a therapy for fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Ganan
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Silje B. Lorentzen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Jane W. Agger
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | | | - Oddmund Bakke
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Svein H. Knutsen
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food Fisheries & Aquaculture Research, Aas, Norway
| | - Berit B. Aam
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Peter Gaustad
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Pechsrichuang P, Lorentzen SB, Aam BB, Tuveng TR, Hamre AG, Eijsink VGH, Yamabhai M. Bioconversion of chitosan into chito-oligosaccharides (CHOS) using family 46 chitosanase from Bacillus subtilis (BsCsn46A). Carbohydr Polym 2018; 186:420-428. [PMID: 29456005 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BsCsn46A, a GH family 46 chitosanase from Bacillus subtilis had been previously shown to have potential for bioconversion of chitosan to chito-oligosaccharides (CHOS). However, so far, in-depth analysis of both the mode of action of this enzyme and the composition of its products were lacking. In this study, we have employed size exclusion chromatography, 1H NMR, and mass spectrometry to reveal that BsCsn46A can rapidly cleave chitosans with a wide-variety of acetylation degrees, using a non-processive endo-mode of action. The composition of the product mixtures can be tailored by varying the degree of acetylation of the chitosan and the reaction time. Detailed analysis of product profiles revealed differences compared to other chitosanases. Importantly, BsCsn46A seems to be one of the fastest chitosanases described so far. The detailed analysis of preferred endo-binding modes using H218O showed that a hexameric substrate has three productive binding modes occurring with similar frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phornsiri Pechsrichuang
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
| | - Silje B Lorentzen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Berit B Aam
- BioCHOS AS, co/Incubator Ås, P.O. Box 19, 1431 Ås, Norway.
| | - Tina R Tuveng
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Anne G Hamre
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Montarop Yamabhai
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
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