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Martinaga L, Ludwig R, Rezić I, Andlar M, Pum D, Vrsalović Presečki A. The application of bacteria-derived dehydrogenases and oxidases in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:62. [PMID: 38183486 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12853-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
In this work the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) using the oxidoreductive enzymes Myriococcum thermophilum cellobiose dehydrogenase (Mt CDH), Glomerella cingulata glucose dehydrogenase (Gc GDH), and Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase (An GOX)) as bioreductants was investigated. The influence of reaction conditions on the synthesis of Au-NPs was examined and optimised. The reaction kinetics and the influence of Au ions on the reaction rate were determined. Based on the kinetic study, the mechanism of Au-NP synthesis was proposed. The Au-NPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption peaks of the Au-NPs synthesised with Mt CDH and Gc GDH were observed at 535 nm, indicating an average size of around 50 nm. According to the image analysis performed on a TEM micrograph, the Au-NPs synthesized with Gc GDH have a spherical shape with an average size of 2.83 and 6.63 nm after 24 and 48 h of the reaction, respectively. KEY POINTS: • The Au NPs were synthesised by the action of enzymes CDH and GDH. • The synthesis of Au-NPs by CDH is related to the oxidation of cellobiose. • The synthesis of Au-NPs by GDH was not driven by the reaction kinetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lela Martinaga
- Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 28a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Roland Ludwig
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iva Rezić
- Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 28a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Andlar
- Krka, d.d, Šmajerska Cesta 6, 8501, Novo Mesto, Slovenia
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva Ulica 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dietmar Pum
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana Vrsalović Presečki
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Savska Cesta 16/I, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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2
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Opitz MW, Díaz-Manzano FE, Ruiz-Ferrer V, Daneshkhah R, Ludwig R, Lorenz C, Escobar C, Steinkellner S, Wieczorek K. The other side of the coin: systemic effects of Serendipita indica root colonization on development of sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Planta 2024; 259:121. [PMID: 38615288 PMCID: PMC11016515 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Upon systemic S. indica colonization in split-root system cyst and root-knot nematodes benefit from endophyte-triggered carbon allocation and altered defense responses what significantly facilitates their development in A. thaliana. Serendipita indica is an endophytic fungus that establishes mutualistic relationships with different plants including Arabidopsis thaliana. It enhances host's growth and resistance to different abiotic and biotic stresses such as infestation by the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii (CN). In this work, we show that S. indica also triggers similar direct reduction in development of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica (RKN) in A. thaliana. Further, to mimick the natural situation occurring frequently in soil where roots are unequally colonized by endophytes we used an in vitro split-root system with one half of A. thaliana root inoculated with S. indica and the other half infected with CN or RKN, respectively. Interestingly, in contrast to direct effects, systemic effects led to an increase in number of both nematodes. To elucidate this phenomenon, we focused on sugar metabolism and defense responses in systemic non-colonized roots of plants colonized by S. indica. We analyzed the expression of several SUSs and INVs as well as defense-related genes and measured sugar pools. The results show a significant downregulation of PDF1.2 as well as slightly increased sucrose levels in the non-colonized half of the root in three-chamber dish. Thus, we speculate that, in contrast to direct effects, both nematode species benefit from endophyte-triggered carbon allocation and altered defense responses in the systemic part of the root, which promotes their development. With this work, we highlight the complexity of this multilayered tripartite relationship and deliver new insights into sugar metabolism and plant defense responses during S. indica-nematode-plant interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Opitz
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Fernando Evaristo Díaz-Manzano
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Virginia Ruiz-Ferrer
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Roshanak Daneshkhah
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cindy Lorenz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Siegrid Steinkellner
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Krzysztof Wieczorek
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
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Schwaiger L, Csarman F, Chang H, Golten O, Eijsink VGH, Ludwig R. Electrochemical Monitoring of Heterogeneous Peroxygenase Reactions Unravels LPMO Kinetics. ACS Catal 2024; 14:1205-1219. [PMID: 38269044 PMCID: PMC10804366 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c05194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Biological conversion of plant biomass depends on peroxygenases and peroxidases acting on insoluble polysaccharides and lignin. Among these are cellulose- and hemicellulose-degrading lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), which have revolutionized our concept of biomass degradation. Major obstacles limiting mechanistic and functional understanding of these unique peroxygenases are their complex and insoluble substrates and the hard-to-measure H2O2 consumption, resulting in the lack of suitable kinetic assays. We report a versatile and robust electrochemical method for real-time monitoring and kinetic characterization of LPMOs and other H2O2-dependent interfacial enzymes based on a rotating disc electrode for the sensitive and selective quantitation of H2O2 at biologically relevant concentrations. The H2O2 sensor works in suspensions of insoluble substrates as well as in homogeneous solutions. Our characterization of multiple LPMOs provides unprecedented insights into the substrate specificity, kinetics, and stability of these enzymes. High turnover and total turnover numbers demonstrate that LPMOs are fast and durable biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Schwaiger
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Csarman
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hucheng Chang
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ole Golten
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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4
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Motycka B, Csarman F, Rupp M, Schnabel K, Nagy G, Karnpakdee K, Scheiblbrandner S, Tscheliessnig R, Oostenbrink C, Hammel M, Ludwig R. Amino Acid Residues Controlling Domain Interaction and Interdomain Electron Transfer in Cellobiose Dehydrogenase. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300431. [PMID: 37768852 PMCID: PMC10726044 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The function of cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) in biosensors, biofuel cells, and as a physiological redox partner of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) is based on its role as an electron donor. Before donating electrons to LPMO or electrodes, an interdomain electron transfer from the catalytic FAD-containing dehydrogenase domain to the electron shuttling cytochrome domain of CDH is required. This study investigates the role of two crucial amino acids located at the dehydrogenase domain on domain interaction and interdomain electron transfer by structure-based engineering. The electron transfer kinetics of wild-type Myriococcum thermophilum CDH and its variants M309A, R698S, and M309A/R698S were analyzed by stopped-flow spectrophotometry and structural effects were studied by small-angle X-ray scattering. The data show that R698 is essential to pull the cytochrome domain close to the dehydrogenase domain and orient the heme propionate group towards the FAD, while M309 is an integral part of the electron transfer pathway - its mutation reducing the interdomain electron transfer 10-fold. Structural models and molecular dynamics simulations pinpoint the action of these two residues on the domain interaction and interdomain electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Motycka
- University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaDepartment of Food Science and TechnologyInstitute of Food TechnologyMuthgasse 181190ViennaAustria
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, ViennaDepartment of BiotechnologyInstitute of Bioprocess Science and EngineeringMuthgasse 181190ViennaAustria
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated BioimagingLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryCyclotron road 194720BerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Florian Csarman
- University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaDepartment of Food Science and TechnologyInstitute of Food TechnologyMuthgasse 181190ViennaAustria
| | - Melanie Rupp
- University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaDepartment of Food Science and TechnologyInstitute of Food TechnologyMuthgasse 181190ViennaAustria
| | - Karoline Schnabel
- University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaDepartment of Food Science and TechnologyInstitute of Food TechnologyMuthgasse 181190ViennaAustria
| | - Gabor Nagy
- Max Planck Institut für Multidisciplinary SciencesDepartment of Theoretical and Computational BiophysicsAm Fassberg 1137077GöttingenGermany
| | - Kwankao Karnpakdee
- University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaDepartment of Food Science and TechnologyInstitute of Food TechnologyMuthgasse 181190ViennaAustria
| | - Stefan Scheiblbrandner
- University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaDepartment of Food Science and TechnologyInstitute of Food TechnologyMuthgasse 181190ViennaAustria
| | - Rupert Tscheliessnig
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, ViennaDepartment of BiotechnologyInstitute of Bioprocess Science and EngineeringMuthgasse 181190ViennaAustria
- Division of BiophysicsGottfried-Schatz-Research-CenterMedical University of GrazNeue Stiftingtalstraße 68010GrazAustria
| | - Chris Oostenbrink
- University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaDepartment of Material Sciences and Process EngineeringInstitute of Molecular Modeling and SimulationMuthgasse 181190ViennaAustria
| | - Michal Hammel
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated BioimagingLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryCyclotron road 194720BerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Roland Ludwig
- University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaDepartment of Food Science and TechnologyInstitute of Food TechnologyMuthgasse 181190ViennaAustria
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5
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Motycka B, Csarman F, Tscheliessnig R, Hammel M, Ludwig R. Resolving domain positions of cellobiose dehydrogenase by small angle X-ray scattering. FEBS J 2023; 290:4726-4743. [PMID: 37287434 PMCID: PMC10592539 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The interdomain electron transfer (IET) between the catalytic flavodehydrogenase domain and the electron-transferring cytochrome domain of cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) plays an essential role in biocatalysis, biosensors and biofuel cells, as well as in its natural function as an auxiliary enzyme of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase. We investigated the mobility of the cytochrome and dehydrogenase domains of CDH, which is hypothesised to limit IET in solution by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). CDH from Myriococcum thermophilum (syn. Crassicarpon hotsonii, syn. Thermothelomyces myriococcoides) was probed by SAXS to study the CDH mobility at different pH and in the presence of divalent cations. By comparison of the experimental SAXS data, using pair-distance distribution functions and Kratky plots, we show an increase in CDH mobility at higher pH, indicating alterations of domain mobility. To further visualise CDH movement in solution, we performed SAXS-based multistate modelling. Glycan structures present on CDH partially masked the resulting SAXS shapes, we diminished these effects by deglycosylation and studied the effect of glycoforms by modelling. The modelling shows that with increasing pH, the cytochrome domain adopts a more flexible state with significant separation from the dehydrogenase domain. On the contrary, the presence of calcium ions decreases the mobility of the cytochrome domain. Experimental SAXS data, multistate modelling and previously reported kinetic data show how pH and divalent ions impact the closed state necessary for the IET governed by the movement of the CDH cytochrome domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Motycka
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkely, California, USA
| | - Florian Csarman
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Tscheliessnig
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Division of Biophysics, Gottfried-Schatz-Research-Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michal Hammel
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkely, California, USA
| | - Roland Ludwig
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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6
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Stefanović C, Hager-Mair FF, Breslmayr E, López-Guzmán A, Lim C, Blaukopf M, Kosma P, Oostenbrink C, Ludwig R, Schäffer C. Molecular modelling and site-directed mutagenesis provide insight into saccharide pyruvylation by the Paenibacillus alvei CsaB enzyme. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13394. [PMID: 37591902 PMCID: PMC10435577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvylation is a biologically versatile but mechanistically unexplored saccharide modification. 4,6-Ketal pyruvylated N-acetylmannosamine within bacterial secondary cell wall polymers serves as a cell wall anchoring epitope for proteins possessing a terminal S-layer homology domain trimer. The pyruvyltransferase CsaB from Paenibacillus alvei served as a model to investigate the structural basis of the pyruvyltransfer reaction by a combination of molecular modelling and site-directed mutagenesis together with an enzyme assay using phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP; donor) and synthetic β-D-ManNAc-(1 → 4)-α-D-GlcNAc-diphosphoryl-11-phenoxyundecyl (acceptor). CsaB protein structure modelling was done using Phyre2 and I-Tasser based on the partial crystal structure of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe pyruvyltransferase Pvg1p and by AlphaFold. The models informed the construction of twelve CsaB mutants targeted at plausible PEP and acceptor binding sites and KM and kcat values were determined to evaluate the mutants, indicating the importance of a loop region for catalysis. R148, H308 and K328 were found to be critical to PEP binding and insight into acceptor binding was obtained from an analysis of Y14 and F16 mutants, confirming the modelled binding sites and interactions predicted using Molecular Operating Environment. These data lay the basis for future mechanistic studies of saccharide pyruvylation as a novel target for interference with bacterial cell wall assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordula Stefanović
- NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Bionanosciences, Institute of Biologically Inspired Materials, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fiona F Hager-Mair
- NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Bionanosciences, Institute of Biologically Inspired Materials, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erik Breslmayr
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute for Molecular Modelling and Simulation, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arturo López-Guzmán
- NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Bionanosciences, Institute of Biologically Inspired Materials, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
- Covirabio GmbH, Brehmstrasse 14a, 1110, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charlie Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Blaukopf
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Kosma
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chris Oostenbrink
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute for Molecular Modelling and Simulation, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Schäffer
- NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Bionanosciences, Institute of Biologically Inspired Materials, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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7
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Zhang L, Laurent CVF, Schwaiger L, Wang L, Ma S, Ludwig R. Interdomain Linker of the Bioelecrocatalyst Cellobiose Dehydrogenase Governs the Electron Transfer. ACS Catal 2023; 13:8195-8205. [PMID: 37342832 PMCID: PMC10278072 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c02116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Direct bioelectrocatalysis applied in biosensors, biofuel cells, and bioelectrosynthesis is based on an efficient electron transfer between enzymes and electrodes in the absence of redox mediators. Some oxidoreductases are capable of direct electron transfer (DET), while others achieve the enzyme to electrode electron transfer (ET) by employing an electron-transferring domain. Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is the most-studied multidomain bioelectrocatalyst and features a catalytic flavodehydrogenase domain and a mobile, electron-transferring cytochrome domain connected by a flexible linker. The ET to the physiological redox partner lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase or, ex vivo, electrodes depends on the flexibility of the electron transferring domain and its connecting linker, but the regulatory mechanism is little understood. Studying the linker sequences of currently characterized CDH classes we observed that the inner, mobile linker sequence is flanked by two outer linker regions that are in close contact with the adjacent domain. A function-based definition of the linker region in CDH is proposed and has been verified by rationally designed variants of Neurospora crassa CDH. The effect of linker length and its domain attachment on electron transfer rates has been determined by biochemical and electrochemical methods, while distances between the domains of CDH variants were computed. This study elucidates the regulatory mechanism of the interdomain linker on electron transfer by determining the minimum linker length, observing the effects of elongated linkers, and testing the covalent stabilization of a linker part to the flavodehydrogenase domain. The evolutionary guided, rational design of the interdomain linker provides a strategy to optimize electron transfer rates in multidomain enzymes and maximize their bioelectrocatalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhang
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Christophe V. F.
P. Laurent
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
- Institute
of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, Department of Material Sciences
and Process Engineering, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Lorenz Schwaiger
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Lushan Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72/N2, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Su Ma
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
- State
Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72/N2, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
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8
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Reichhart TMB, Scheiblbrandner S, Sygmund C, Harreither W, Schenkenfelder J, Schulz C, Felice AKG, Gorton L, Ludwig R. Interface engineering of cellobiose dehydrogenase improves interdomain electron transfer. Protein Sci 2023:e4702. [PMID: 37312580 PMCID: PMC10357501 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is a bioelectrocatalyst that enables direct electron transfer (DET) in biosensors and biofuel cells. The application of this bidomain hemoflavoenzyme for physiological glucose measurements is limited by its acidic pH optimum and slow interdomain electron transfer (IET) at pH 7.5. The reason for this rate-limiting electron transfer step is electrostatic repulsion at the interface between the catalytic dehydrogenase domain and the electron mediating cytochrome domain (CYT). We applied rational interface engineering to accelerate the IET for the pH prevailing in blood or interstitial fluid. Phylogenetic and structural analyses guided the design of 17 variants in which acidic amino acids were mutated at the CYT domain. Five mutations (G71K, D160K, Q174K, D177K, M180K) increased the pH optimum and IET rate. Structure-based analysis of the variants suggested two mechanisms explaining the improvements: electrostatic steering and stabilization of the closed state by hydrogen bonding. Combining the mutations into six combinatorial variants with up to five mutations shifted the pH optimum from 4.5 to 7.0 and increased the IET at pH 7.5 over 12-fold from 0.1 to 1.24 s-1 . While the mutants sustained a high enzymatic activity and even surpassed the IET of the wild-type enzyme, the accumulated positive charges on the CYT domain decreased DET, highlighting the importance of CYT for IET and DET. This study shows that interface engineering is an effective strategy to shift the pH optimum and improve the IET of CDH, but future work needs to maintain the DET of the CYT domain for bioelectronic applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M B Reichhart
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Institute of Food Technology, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
- DirectSens GmbH, Am Rosenbühel 38, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Scheiblbrandner
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Institute of Food Technology, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Wolfgang Harreither
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Institute of Food Technology, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
- DirectSens GmbH, Am Rosenbühel 38, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Josef Schenkenfelder
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Institute of Food Technology, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Alfons K G Felice
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Institute of Food Technology, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
- DirectSens GmbH, Am Rosenbühel 38, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Lo Gorton
- Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry, Lund University, P.O.Box 124, Lund, Sweden
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Institute of Food Technology, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Wijayanti SD, Schachinger F, Ludwig R, Haltrich D. Electrochemical and biosensing properties of an FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase from Trichoderma virens. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 153:108480. [PMID: 37269684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the bioelectrochemical properties of an FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase from Trichoderma virens (TvGDH) and its electrochemical behaviour when immobilized on a graphite electrode. TvGDH was recently shown to have an unusual substrate spectrum and to prefer maltose over glucose as substrate, and hence could be of interest as recognition element in a maltose sensor. In this study, we determined the redox potential of TvGDH, which is -0.268 ± 0.007 V vs. SHE, and advantageously low to be used with many redox mediators or redox polymers. The enzyme was entrapped in, and wired by an osmium redox polymer (poly(1-vinylimidazole-co-allylamine)-{[Os(2,2'-bipyridine)2Cl]Cl}) with formal redox potential of +0.275 V vs. Ag|AgCl via poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether crosslinking onto a graphite electrode. When the TvGDH-based biosensor was tested with maltose it showed a sensitivity of 1.7 μA mM-1cm-2, a linear range of 0.5-15 mM, and a detection limit of 0.45 mM. Furthermore, it gave the lowest apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (KM app) of 19.2 ± 1.5 mM towards maltose when compared to other sugars. The biosensor is also able to detect other saccharides including glucose, maltotriose and galactose, these however also interfere with maltose sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarma Dita Wijayanti
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Wien, Austria; Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Brawijaya University, Veteran, 65145 Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Franziska Schachinger
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Wien, Austria.
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10
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Psotta C, Cirovic S, Gudmundsson P, Falk M, Mandal T, Reichhart T, Leech D, Ludwig R, Kittel R, Schuhmann W, Shleev S. Continuous ex vivo glucose sensing in human physiological fluids using an enzymatic sensor in a vein replica. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 152:108441. [PMID: 37087795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Managing blood glucose can affect important clinical outcomes during the intraoperative phase of surgery. However, currently available instruments for glucose monitoring during surgery are few and not optimized for the specific application. Here we report an attempt to exploit an enzymatic sensor in a vein replica that could continuously monitor glucose level in an authentic human bloodstream. First, detailed investigations of the superficial venous systems of volunteers were carried out using ocular and palpating examinations, as well as advanced ultrasound measurements. Second, a tubular glucose-sensitive biosensor mimicking a venous system was designed and tested. Almost ideal linear dependence of current output on glucose concentration in phosphate buffer saline was obtained in the range 2.2-22.0 mM, whereas the dependence in human plasma was less linear. Finally, the developed biosensor was investigated in whole blood under homeostatic conditions. A specific correlation was found between the current output and glucose concentration at the initial stage of the biodevice operation. However, with time, blood coagulation during measurements negatively affected the performance of the biodevice. When the experimental results were remodeled to predict the response without the influence of blood coagulation, the sensor output closely followed the blood glucose level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Psotta
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden; Aptusens AB, 293 94 Kyrkhult, Sweden
| | - Stefan Cirovic
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Petri Gudmundsson
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Falk
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tanushree Mandal
- School of Chemistry & Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Thomas Reichhart
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; DirectSens Biosensors GmbH, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Dónal Leech
- School of Chemistry & Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; DirectSens Biosensors GmbH, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Roman Kittel
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sergey Shleev
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden; Aptusens AB, 293 94 Kyrkhult, Sweden.
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11
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Sun P, Huang Z, Banerjee S, Kadowaki MAS, Veersma RJ, Magri S, Hilgers R, Muderspach SJ, Laurent CV, Ludwig R, Cannella D, Lo Leggio L, van Berkel WJH, Kabel MA. AA16 Oxidoreductases Boost Cellulose-Active AA9 Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases from Myceliophthora thermophila. ACS Catal 2023; 13:4454-4467. [PMID: 37066045 PMCID: PMC10088020 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Copper-dependent lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) classified in Auxiliary Activity (AA) families are considered indispensable as synergistic partners for cellulolytic enzymes to saccharify recalcitrant lignocellulosic plant biomass. In this study, we characterized two fungal oxidoreductases from the new AA16 family. We found that MtAA16A from Myceliophthora thermophila and AnAA16A from Aspergillus nidulans did not catalyze the oxidative cleavage of oligo- and polysaccharides. Indeed, the MtAA16A crystal structure showed a fairly LPMO-typical histidine brace active site, but the cellulose-acting LPMO-typical flat aromatic surface parallel to the histidine brace region was lacking. Further, we showed that both AA16 proteins are able to oxidize low-molecular-weight reductants to produce H2O2. The oxidase activity of the AA16s substantially boosted cellulose degradation by four AA9 LPMOs from M. thermophila (MtLPMO9s) but not by three AA9 LPMOs from Neurospora crassa (NcLPMO9s). The interplay with MtLPMO9s is explained by the H2O2-producing capability of the AA16s, which, in the presence of cellulose, allows the MtLPMO9s to optimally drive their peroxygenase activity. Replacement of MtAA16A by glucose oxidase (AnGOX) with the same H2O2-producing activity could only achieve less than 50% of the boosting effect achieved by MtAA16A, and earlier MtLPMO9B inactivation (6 h) was observed. To explain these results, we hypothesized that the delivery of AA16-produced H2O2 to the MtLPMO9s is facilitated by protein-protein interaction. Our findings provide new insights into the functions of copper-dependent enzymes and contribute to a further understanding of the interplay of oxidative enzymes within fungal systems to degrade lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peicheng Sun
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhiyu Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sanchari Banerjee
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marco A. S. Kadowaki
- PhotoBioCatalysis
Unit (CPBL) and Biomass Transformation Lab (BTL), École Interfacultaire
de Bioingénieurs (EIB), Université
Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Romy J. Veersma
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Magri
- PhotoBioCatalysis
Unit (CPBL) and Biomass Transformation Lab (BTL), École Interfacultaire
de Bioingénieurs (EIB), Université
Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Roelant Hilgers
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian J. Muderspach
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christophe V.F.P. Laurent
- Biocatalysis
and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Institute
of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, Department of Material Sciences
and Process Engineering, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis
and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Cannella
- PhotoBioCatalysis
Unit (CPBL) and Biomass Transformation Lab (BTL), École Interfacultaire
de Bioingénieurs (EIB), Université
Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Leila Lo Leggio
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Willem J. H. van Berkel
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Pérez Haas Y, Ludwig R, Dal Bello R, Tanadini-Lang S, Unkelbach J. Adaptive fractionation at the MR-linac. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68. [PMID: 36596262 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acafd4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Fractionated radiotherapy typically delivers the same dose in each fraction. Adaptive fractionation (AF) is an approach to exploit inter-fraction motion by increasing the dose on days when the distance of tumor and dose-limiting organs at risk (OAR) is large and decreasing the dose on unfavorable days. We develop an AF algorithm and evaluate the concept for patients with abdominal tumors previously treated at the MR-linac in 5 fractions.Approach. Given daily adapted treatment plans, inter-fractional changes are quantified by sparing factorsδtdefined as the OAR-to-tumor dose ratio. The key problem of AF is to decide on the dose to deliver in fractiont, givenδtand the dose delivered in previous fractions, but not knowing futureδts. Optimal doses that maximize the expected biologically effective dose in the tumor (BED10) while staying below a maximum OAR BED3constraint are computed using dynamic programming, assuming a normal distribution overδwith mean and variance estimated from previously observed patient-specificδts. The algorithm is evaluated for 16 MR-linac patients in whom tumor dose was compromised due to proximity of bowel, stomach, or duodenum.Main Results. In 14 out of the 16 patients, AF increased the tumor BED10compared to the reference treatment that delivers the same OAR dose in each fraction. However, in 11 of these 14 patients, the increase in BED10was below 1 Gy. Two patients with large sparing factor variation had a benefit of more than 10 Gy BED10increase. For one patient, AF led to a 5 Gy BED10decrease due to an unfavorable order of sparing factors.Significance. On average, AF provided only a small increase in tumor BED. However, AF may yield substantial benefits for individual patients with large variations in the geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Pérez Haas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R Ludwig
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R Dal Bello
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S Tanadini-Lang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J Unkelbach
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Vovk H, Karnpakdee K, Ludwig R, Nosenko T. Enzymatic Pretreatment of Plant Cells for Oil Extraction. Food Technol Biotechnol 2023. [DOI: 10.17113/ftb.61.02.23.7896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Oil from oilseeds can be extracted by mechanical extraction (pressing), aqueous extraction, or by extraction with organic solvents. Although solvent extraction is the most efficient method, organic solvents are a potential hazard to the life and health for workers as well as to the environment, when solvent vapors are released and act as air pollutant with a high ozone forming potential. Pressing is safer, environmentally friendly, and it preserves valuable natural components in the resulting oils. The problems associated with pressing are the high energy consumption and the lower yield on oil extraction, because the applied mechanical force does not completely destroy the structural cell components storing the oil. In seed cells, the oil is contained in the form of lipid bodies (oleosomes) that are surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer with a protein layer on the surface. These lipid bodies are further protected by the seed cell walls consisting mainly of polysaccharides such as pectins, hemicelluloses and cellulose, but also of glycoproteins. The use of hydrolases to degrade these barriers is a promising pretreatment strategy to support mechanical extraction and improve the oil yield. It is advisable to use a combination of enzymes different activities when considering the multicompartment and multicomponent structure of oilseed cells. This article gives an overview on the microstructure and composition of oilseed cells, reviews enzymes capable to destroy oil containing cell compartments, and summarizes the main parameters of enzymatic treatment procedures, such as the composition of the enzyme cocktail, the amount of enzyme and water used, temperature, pH, and the duration. Finally, it analyzes the efficiency of proteolytic, cellulolytic, and pectolytic enzyme pretreatment to increase the yield of mechanically extracted oil from various types of vegetable raw materials with the main focus on oilseeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Vovk
- Educational and Scientific Institute of Food Technology, Department of Fats, Perfumery and Cosmetic Products Technology, National University of Food Technologies, Kyiv, Volodymyrska street 68, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Kwankao Karnpakdee
- Institute of Food Technology, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Institute of Food Technology, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tamara Nosenko
- Educational and Scientific Institute of Food Technology, Department of Fats, Perfumery and Cosmetic Products Technology, National University of Food Technologies, Kyiv, Volodymyrska street 68, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
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14
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Schwaiger L, Zenone A, Csarman F, Ludwig R. Continuous photometric activity assays for lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase-Critical assessment and practical considerations. Methods Enzymol 2022; 679:381-404. [PMID: 36682872 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) is a monocopper-dependent enzyme that cleaves glycosidic bonds by using an oxidative mechanism. In nature, they act in concert with cellobiohydrolases to facilitate the efficient degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. After more than a decade of LPMO research, it has become evident that LPMOs are abundant in all domains of life and fulfill a diverse range of biological functions. Independent of their biological function and the preferred polysaccharide substrate, studying and characterizing LPMOs is tedious and so far mostly relied on the discontinuous analysis of the solubilized reaction products by HPLC/MS-based methods. In the absence of appropriate substrates, LPMOs can engage in two off-pathway reactions, i.e., an oxidase and a peroxidase-like activity. These futile reactions have been exploited to set up easy-to-use continuous spectroscopic assays. As the natural substrates of newly discovered LPMOs are often unknown, widely applicable, simple, reliable, and robust spectroscopic assays are required to monitor LPMO expression and to perform initial biochemical characterizations, e.g., thermal stability measurements. Here we provide detailed descriptions and practical protocols to perform continuous photometric assays using either 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (2,6-DMP) or hydrocoerulignone as colorimetric substrates as a broadly applicable assay for a range of LPMOs. In addition, a turbidimetric measurement is described as the currently only method available to continuously monitor LPMOs acting on amorphous cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Schwaiger
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Zenone
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Csarman
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Nagl M, Haske-Cornelius O, Bauer W, Csarman F, Ludwig R, Nyanhongo GS, Guebitz GM. Towards a better understanding of synergistic enzyme effects during refining of cellulose fibers. Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2022.100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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16
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Schachinger F, Ma S, Ludwig R. Redox potential of FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase. Electrochem commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2022.107405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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17
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Budischowsky D, Sulaeva I, Hettegger H, Ludwig R, Rosenau T, Potthast A. Fluorescence labeling of C1-oxidized cellulose. Part 1: Method development. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 295:119860. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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18
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Chang H, Gacias Amengual N, Botz A, Schwaiger L, Kracher D, Scheiblbrandner S, Csarman F, Ludwig R. Investigating lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase-assisted wood cell wall degradation with microsensors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6258. [PMID: 36271009 PMCID: PMC9586961 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33963-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) supports biomass hydrolysis by increasing saccharification efficiency and rate. Recent studies demonstrate that H2O2 rather than O2 is the cosubstrate of the LPMO-catalyzed depolymerization of polysaccharides. Some studies have questioned the physiological relevance of the H2O2-based mechanism for plant cell wall degradation. This study reports the localized and time-resolved determination of LPMO activity on poplar wood cell walls by measuring the H2O2 concentration in their vicinity with a piezo-controlled H2O2 microsensor. The investigated Neurospora crassa LPMO binds to the inner cell wall layer and consumes enzymatically generated H2O2. The results point towards a high catalytic efficiency of LPMO at a low H2O2 concentration that auxiliary oxidoreductases in fungal secretomes can easily generate. Measurements with a glucose microbiosensor additionally demonstrate that LPMO promotes cellobiohydrolase activity on wood cell walls and plays a synergistic role in the fungal extracellular catabolism and in industrial biomass degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hucheng Chang
- grid.5173.00000 0001 2298 5320Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Neus Gacias Amengual
- grid.5173.00000 0001 2298 5320Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Botz
- grid.5173.00000 0001 2298 5320Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenz Schwaiger
- grid.5173.00000 0001 2298 5320Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Kracher
- grid.5173.00000 0001 2298 5320Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria ,grid.410413.30000 0001 2294 748XPresent Address: Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Scheiblbrandner
- grid.5173.00000 0001 2298 5320Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Csarman
- grid.5173.00000 0001 2298 5320Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- grid.5173.00000 0001 2298 5320Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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19
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Rezić I, Kracher D, Oros D, Mujadžić S, Anđelini M, Kurtanjek Ž, Ludwig R, Rezić T. Application of Causality Modelling for Prediction of Molecular Properties for Textile Dyes Degradation by LPMO. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196390. [PMID: 36234925 PMCID: PMC9572501 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The textile industry is one of the largest water-polluting industries in the world. Due to an increased application of chromophores and a more frequent presence in wastewaters, the need for an ecologically favorable dye degradation process emerged. To predict the decolorization rate of textile dyes with Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO), we developed, validated, and utilized the molecular descriptor structural causality model (SCM) based on the decision tree algorithm (DTM). Combining mathematical models and theories with decolorization experiments, we have elucidated the most important molecular properties of the dyes and confirm the accuracy of SCM model results. Besides the potential utilization of the developed model in the treatment of textile dye-containing wastewater, the model is a good base for the prediction of the molecular properties of the molecule. This is important for selecting chromophores as the reagents in determining LPMO activities. Dyes with azo- or triarylmethane groups are good candidates for colorimetric LPMO assays and the determination of LPMO activity. An adequate methodology for the LPMO activity determination is an important step in the characterization of LPMO properties. Therefore, the SCM/DTM model validated with the 59 dyes molecules is a powerful tool in the selection of adequate chromophores as reagents in the LPMO activity determination and it could reduce experimentation in the screening experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Rezić
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Textile Technology, Prilaz b. Filipovića 28a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: (I.R.); (T.R.); Tel.: +385-1-3712-500 (I.R.); +385-1-4605-056 (T.R.)
| | - Daniel Kracher
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Damir Oros
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sven Mujadžić
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Magdalena Anđelini
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Želimir Kurtanjek
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tonči Rezić
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: (I.R.); (T.R.); Tel.: +385-1-3712-500 (I.R.); +385-1-4605-056 (T.R.)
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20
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Mansouri HR, Gracia Carmona O, Jodlbauer J, Schweiger L, Fink MJ, Breslmayr E, Laurent C, Feroz S, P. Goncalves LC, Rial DV, Mihovilovic MD, Bommarius AS, Ludwig R, Oostenbrink C, Rudroff F. Mutations Increasing Cofactor Affinity, Improve Stability and Activity of a Baeyer–Villiger Monooxygenase. ACS Catal 2022; 12:11761-11766. [PMID: 36249873 PMCID: PMC9552169 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid R. Mansouri
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Oriol Gracia Carmona
- Institute of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Jodlbauer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenz Schweiger
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael J. Fink
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erik Breslmayr
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christophe Laurent
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Saima Feroz
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, PO Box 1803, Hafr Al Batin, 39524, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leticia C. P. Goncalves
- Institut de Chimie de Nice CRNS UMR7272, Université Côte d’Azur, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Daniela V. Rial
- Área Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Marko D. Mihovilovic
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas S. Bommarius
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Engineered Biosystems Building (EBB), Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Drive, N.W., Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chris Oostenbrink
- Institute of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Rudroff
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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21
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Jayakumar K, Reichhart TM, Schulz C, Ludwig R, Felice AK, Leech D. An Oxygen Insensitive Amperometric Glucose Biosensor Based on an Engineered Cellobiose Dehydrogenase: Direct Versus Mediated Electron Transfer Responses. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Roland Ludwig
- BOKU: Universitat fur Bodenkultur Wien Food Science and Technology IRELAND
| | | | - Donal Leech
- National University of Ireland Galway School of Chemistry & Ryan Institute University Rd Galway IRELAND
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22
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Tan Y, Ma S, Ding T, Ludwig R, Lee J, Xu J. Enhancing the Antibiofilm Activity of β-1,3-Glucanase-Functionalized Nanoparticles Loaded With Amphotericin B Against Candida albicans Biofilm. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:815091. [PMID: 35685939 PMCID: PMC9172620 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.815091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida biofilm-related infections cause increased morbidity and mortality in patients with a reduced immune response. Traditional antifungal therapies have proven to be insufficient as the biofilm matrix acts as a perfusion barrier. Thus, novel methods are required to improve drug delivery and kill Candida within the biofilm. In this study, chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) loaded with Amphotericin B (AMB), which were functionalized with β-1,3-glucanase (Gls), were fabricated (CSNPs-AMB-Gls), and their antibiofilm activity against Candida albicans biofilm was evaluated in vitro. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were employed to examine biofilm architecture and cell viability. CSNPs-AMB-Gls inhibited planktonic cell growth and biofilm formation effectively and exhibited the highest efficacy on the removal of a mature biofilm than free AMB or CSNPs-AMB. The created nanoparticles (NPs) were found to penetrate the biofilm so as to directly interfere with the cells inside and disassemble the biofilm matrix. CSNPs-AMB-Gls could also eradicate biofilms from clinical isolates. These results suggest the potential applicability of CSNPs-AMB-Gls for the treatment of Candida biofilm-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Tan
- Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Yulong Tan,
| | - Su Ma
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ting Ding
- Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Jiaman Xu
- Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao, China
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23
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Gacias-Amengual N, Wohlschlager L, Csarman F, Ludwig R. Fluorescent Imaging of Extracellular Fungal Enzymes Bound onto Plant Cell Walls. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095216. [PMID: 35563607 PMCID: PMC9105846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignocelluloytic enzymes are industrially applied as biocatalysts for the deconstruction of recalcitrant plant biomass. To study their biocatalytic and physiological function, the assessment of their binding behavior and spatial distribution on lignocellulosic material is a crucial prerequisite. In this study, selected hydrolases and oxidoreductases from the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium were localized on model substrates as well as poplar wood by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Two different detection approaches were investigated: direct tagging of the enzymes and tagging specific antibodies generated against the enzymes. Site-directed mutagenesis was employed to introduce a single surface-exposed cysteine residue for the maleimide site-specific conjugation. Specific polyclonal antibodies were produced against the enzymes and were labeled using N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester as a cross-linker. Both methods allowed the visualization of cell wall-bound enzymes but showed slightly different fluorescent yields. Using native poplar thin sections, we identified the innermost secondary cell wall layer as the preferential attack point for cellulose-degrading enzymes. Alkali pretreatment resulted in a partial delignification and promoted substrate accessibility and enzyme binding. The methods presented in this study are suitable for the visualization of enzymes during catalytic biomass degradation and can be further exploited for interaction studies of lignocellulolytic enzymes in biorefineries.
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24
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Hunt K, Amend D, Ludwig R, Vick B, Wirth AK, Herold T, Jeremias I. Streamlining preclinical in vivo treatment trials by multiplexing
genetically labelled PDX models in a single mouse. KLINISCHE PADIATRIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1748721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Hunt
- Research Unit Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum
München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich,
Germany
| | - D Amend
- Research Unit Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum
München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich,
Germany
| | - R Ludwig
- Research Unit Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum
München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich,
Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich,
Germany
| | - B Vick
- Research Unit Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum
München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich,
Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich,
Germany
| | - AK Wirth
- Research Unit Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum
München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich,
Germany
| | - T Herold
- Research Unit Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum
München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich,
Germany
- Laboratory for Leukemia Diagnostics, Department of Medicine III,
University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - I Jeremias
- Research Unit Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum
München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich,
Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich,
Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian
University (LMU), Munich, Germany
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25
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Ludwig R, Amend D, Bahrami E, Jeremias I. Adapting CRISPR Cas9 dropout screens to in vivo PDX models of acute
leukemias. KLINISCHE PADIATRIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1748720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Ludwig
- Research Unit Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum
München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich,
Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich,
Germany
| | - D Amend
- Research Unit Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum
München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich,
Germany
| | - E Bahrami
- Research Unit Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum
München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich,
Germany
| | - I Jeremias
- Research Unit Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum
München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich,
Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich,
Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital,
Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Germany
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26
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Amengual NG, Csarman F, Wohlschlager L, Ludwig R. Expression and characterization of a family 45 glycosyl hydrolase from Fomitopsis pinicola and comparison to Phanerochaete chrysosporium Cel45A. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 156:110000. [PMID: 35123123 PMCID: PMC7613719 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To efficiently decompose biomass, fungi have developed various enzymatic and non-enzymatic strategies and are a source of versatile biocatalysts. The endoglucanases in glycosyl hydrolase CAZy family 45 (GH45) are known for their small size, a high thermostability and a broad substrate specificity that has been employed in textile and detergent industries. Here we report the heterologous expression and characterisation of an GH45 endoglucanase from the brown rot Fomitopsis pinicola and its direct comparison to an already characterised GH45 from the white rot Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Both enzymes were recombinantly expressed in Pichia pastoris and purified by two chromatographic steps. The biochemical characterisation highlighted the acidophilic character, with an optimal pH of 4, and a preference for amorphous substrates as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and substrates containing β-1,4-glucans rather than the previously reported β-1,3/1,4-glucans lichenan and β-glucan. The dominating products from β-1,4-glucans were C3-C6 oligosaccharides, whereas from β-1,3/1,4-glucans glucose was the main reaction product. From the characterisation no differences between the brown rot and the white rot GH45 was evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Gacias Amengual
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Florian Csarman
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lena Wohlschlager
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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Sun P, Laurent CVFP, Boerkamp VJP, van Erven G, Ludwig R, van Berkel WJH, Kabel MA. Regioselective C4 and C6 Double Oxidation of Cellulose by Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases. ChemSusChem 2022; 15:e202102203. [PMID: 34859958 PMCID: PMC9299857 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) play a key role in enzymatic degradation of hard-to-convert polysaccharides, such as chitin and cellulose. It is widely accepted that LPMOs catalyze a single regioselective oxidation of the C1 or C4 carbon of a glycosidic linkage, after which the destabilized linkage breaks. Here, a series of novel C4/C6 double oxidized cello-oligosaccharides was discovered. Products were characterized, aided by sodium borodeuteride reduction and hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to mass spectrometric analysis. The C4/C6 double oxidized products were generated by C4 and C1/C4 oxidizing LPMOs, but not by C1 oxidizing ones. By performing incubation and reduction in H2 18 O, it was confirmed that the C6 gem-diol structure resulted from oxygenation, although oxidation to a C6 aldehyde, followed by hydration to the C6 gem-diol, could not be excluded. These findings can be extended to how the reactive LPMO-cosubstrate complex is positioned towards the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peicheng Sun
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen University & ResearchBornse Weilanden 96708 WGWageningen (TheNetherlands
| | - Christophe V. F. P. Laurent
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing LaboratoryDepartment of Food Science and TechnologyBOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 181190ViennaAustria
- Institute of Molecular Modeling and SimulationDepartment of Material Sciences and Process EngineeringBOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 181190ViennaAustria
| | - Vincent J. P. Boerkamp
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen University & ResearchBornse Weilanden 96708 WGWageningen (TheNetherlands
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen University & ResearchBornse Weilanden 96708 WGWageningen (TheNetherlands
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing LaboratoryDepartment of Food Science and TechnologyBOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 181190ViennaAustria
| | - Willem J. H. van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen University & ResearchBornse Weilanden 96708 WGWageningen (TheNetherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen University & ResearchBornse Weilanden 96708 WGWageningen (TheNetherlands
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28
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Viehauser MC, Breslmayr E, Scheiblbrandner S, Schachinger F, Ma S, Ludwig R. A cytochrome b-glucose dehydrogenase chimeric enzyme capable of direct electron transfer. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 196:113704. [PMID: 34695687 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of third generation biosensors depends on the availability of direct electron transfer (DET) capable enzymes. A successful strategy is to fuse a cytochrome domain to an enzyme to fulfil the function of a built-in redox mediator between the catalytic center and the electrode. In this study, we fused the cytochrome domain of Neurospora crassa CDH IIA (NcCYT) N-terminally to glucose dehydrogenase from Glomerella cingulata (GcGDH) to generate the chimeric enzyme NcCYT-GcGDH in a large amount for further studies. Heterologous expression in P. pastoris and chromatographic purification resulted in 1.8 g of homogeneous chimeric enzyme. Biochemical and electrochemical characterization confirmed that the chimeric enzyme is catalytically active, able to perform interdomain electron transfer (IET) and direct electron transfer (DET) via the fused cytochrome domain. The midpoint redox potential of the fused b-type cytochrome is 91 mV vs. SHE at pH 6.5 and the specific current obtained on a porous graphite electrode is 2.3 μA cm-2. The high current obtained on this simple, unmodified electrode at a rather low redox potential is a promising starting point for further optimization. The high yield of NcCYT-GcGDH and its high specific activity supports the application of the chimeric enzyme in bioelectrocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christin Viehauser
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erik Breslmayr
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Scheiblbrandner
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Schachinger
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Su Ma
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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29
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Méndez-Líter JA, Ayuso-Fernández I, Csarman F, de Eugenio LI, Míguez N, Plou FJ, Prieto A, Ludwig R, Martínez MJ. Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase from Talaromyces amestolkiae with an Enigmatic Linker-like Region: The Role of This Enzyme on Cellulose Saccharification. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13611. [PMID: 34948409 PMCID: PMC8703934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The first lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) detected in the genome of the widespread ascomycete Talaromyces amestolkiae (TamAA9A) has been successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris and characterized. Molecular modeling of TamAA9A showed a structure similar to those from other AA9 LPMOs. Although fungal LPMOs belonging to the genera Penicillium or Talaromyces have not been analyzed in terms of regioselectivity, phylogenetic analyses suggested C1/C4 oxidation which was confirmed by HPAEC. To ascertain the function of a C-terminal linker-like region present in the wild-type sequence of the LPMO, two variants of the wild-type enzyme, one without this sequence and one with an additional C-terminal carbohydrate binding domain (CBM), were designed. The three enzymes (native, without linker and chimeric variant with a CBM) were purified in two chromatographic steps and were thermostable and active in the presence of H2O2. The transition midpoint temperature of the wild-type LPMO (Tm = 67.7 °C) and its variant with only the catalytic domain (Tm = 67.6 °C) showed the highest thermostability, whereas the presence of a CBM reduced it (Tm = 57.8 °C) and indicates an adverse effect on the enzyme structure. Besides, the potential of the different T. amestolkiae LPMO variants for their application in the saccharification of cellulosic and lignocellulosic materials was corroborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Méndez-Líter
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.-L.); (L.I.d.E.); (A.P.)
| | - Iván Ayuso-Fernández
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1462 Ås, Norway;
| | - Florian Csarman
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU–University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (F.C.); (R.L.)
| | - Laura Isabel de Eugenio
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.-L.); (L.I.d.E.); (A.P.)
| | - Noa Míguez
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Marie Curie 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (N.M.); (F.J.P.)
| | - Francisco J. Plou
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Marie Curie 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (N.M.); (F.J.P.)
| | - Alicia Prieto
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.-L.); (L.I.d.E.); (A.P.)
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU–University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (F.C.); (R.L.)
| | - María Jesús Martínez
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.-L.); (L.I.d.E.); (A.P.)
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30
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Hager-Mair FF, Stefanović C, Lim C, Webhofer K, Krauter S, Blaukopf M, Ludwig R, Kosma P, Schäffer C. Assaying Paenibacillus alvei CsaB-Catalysed Ketalpyruvyltransfer to Saccharides by Measurement of Phosphate Release. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111732. [PMID: 34827730 PMCID: PMC8615578 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketalpyruvyltransferases belong to a widespread but little investigated class of enzymes, which utilise phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) for the pyruvylation of saccharides. Pyruvylated saccharides play pivotal biological roles, ranging from protein binding to virulence. Limiting factors for the characterisation of ketalpyruvyltransferases are the availability of cognate acceptor substrates and a straightforward enzyme assay. We report on a fast ketalpyruvyltransferase assay based on the colorimetric detection of phosphate released during pyruvyltransfer from PEP onto the acceptor via complexation with Malachite Green and molybdate. To optimise the assay for the model 4,6-ketalpyruvyl::ManNAc-transferase CsaB from Paenibacillus alvei, a β-d-ManNAc-α-d-GlcNAc-diphosphoryl-11-phenoxyundecyl acceptor mimicking an intermediate of the bacterium's cell wall glycopolymer biosynthesis pathway, upon which CsaB is naturally active, was produced chemo-enzymatically and used together with recombinant CsaB. Optimal assay conditions were 5 min reaction time at 37 °C and pH 7.5, followed by colour development for 1 h at 37 °C and measurement of absorbance at 620 nm. The structure of the generated pyruvylated product was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. Using the established assay, the first kinetic constants of a 4,6-ketalpyuvyl::ManNAc-transferase could be determined; upon variation of the acceptor and PEP concentrations, a KM, PEP of 19.50 ± 3.50 µM and kcat, PEP of 0.21 ± 0.01 s-1 as well as a KM, Acceptor of 258 ± 38 µM and a kcat, Acceptor of 0.15 ± 0.01 s-1 were revealed. P. alvei CsaB was inactive on synthetic pNP-β-d-ManNAc and β-d-ManNAc-β-d-GlcNAc-1-OMe, supporting the necessity of a complex acceptor substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona F. Hager-Mair
- NanoGlycobiology Unit, Department of NanoBiotechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (F.F.H.-M.); (C.S.)
| | - Cordula Stefanović
- NanoGlycobiology Unit, Department of NanoBiotechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (F.F.H.-M.); (C.S.)
| | - Charlie Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (C.L.); (K.W.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Katharina Webhofer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (C.L.); (K.W.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Simon Krauter
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (C.L.); (K.W.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Markus Blaukopf
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (C.L.); (K.W.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Paul Kosma
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (C.L.); (K.W.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Christina Schäffer
- NanoGlycobiology Unit, Department of NanoBiotechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (F.F.H.-M.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-47654 (ext. 80203)
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Marđetko N, Trontel A, Novak M, Pavlečić M, Ljubas BD, Grubišić M, Tominac VP, Ludwig R, Šantek B. Screening of Lignocellulolytic Enzyme Activities in Fungal Species and Sequential Solid-State and Submerged Cultivation for the Production of Enzyme Cocktails. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3736. [PMID: 34771293 PMCID: PMC8588072 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Various fungal species can degrade lignocellulolytic materials with their enzyme cocktails composed of cellulolytic and lignolytic enzymes. In this work, seven fungal species (Mucor indicus DSM 2185, Paecilomyces variotii CBS 372.70, Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 663.74, Thielavia terrestris CBS 456.75, Botryosphaeria dothidea JCM 2738, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. langenariae JCM 9293, and Fusarium verticillioides JCM 23107) and four nutrient media were used in the screening for effective lignocellulose degrading enzymes. From the seven tested fungi, F. oxysporum and F. verticilliodes, along with nutrient medium 4, were selected as the best medium and producers of lignocellulolytic enzymes based on the determined xylanase (>4 U mg-1) and glucanase activity (≈2 U mg-1). Nutrient medium 4 supplemented with pretreated corn cobs was used in the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes by sequential solid-state and submerged cultivation of F. oxysporum, F. verticilliodes, and a mixed culture of both strains. F. oxysporum showed 6 times higher exoglucanase activity (3.33 U mg-1) after 5 days of cultivation in comparison with F. verticillioides (0.55 U mg-1). F. oxysporum also showed 2 times more endoglucanase activity (0.33 U mg-1). The mixed culture cultivation showed similar endo- and exoglucanase activities compared to F. oxysporum (0.35 U mg-1; 7.84 U mg-1). Maximum xylanase activity was achieved after 7 days of cultivation of F. verticilliodes (≈16 U mg-1), while F. oxysporum showed maximum activity after 9 days that was around 2 times lower compared to that of F. verticilliodes. The mixed culture achieved maximum xylanase activity after only 4 days, but the specific activity was similar to activities observed for F. oxysporum. It can be concluded that both fungal strains can be used as producers of enzyme cocktails for the degradation of lignocellulose containing raw materials, and that corn cobs can be used as an inducer for enzyme production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Marđetko
- Laboratory for Biochemical Engineering, Industrial Microbiology and Malting and Brewing Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.M.); (A.T.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (B.D.L.); (M.G.); (V.P.T.)
| | - Antonija Trontel
- Laboratory for Biochemical Engineering, Industrial Microbiology and Malting and Brewing Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.M.); (A.T.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (B.D.L.); (M.G.); (V.P.T.)
| | - Mario Novak
- Laboratory for Biochemical Engineering, Industrial Microbiology and Malting and Brewing Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.M.); (A.T.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (B.D.L.); (M.G.); (V.P.T.)
| | - Mladen Pavlečić
- Laboratory for Biochemical Engineering, Industrial Microbiology and Malting and Brewing Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.M.); (A.T.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (B.D.L.); (M.G.); (V.P.T.)
| | - Blanka Didak Ljubas
- Laboratory for Biochemical Engineering, Industrial Microbiology and Malting and Brewing Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.M.); (A.T.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (B.D.L.); (M.G.); (V.P.T.)
| | - Marina Grubišić
- Laboratory for Biochemical Engineering, Industrial Microbiology and Malting and Brewing Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.M.); (A.T.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (B.D.L.); (M.G.); (V.P.T.)
| | - Vlatka Petravić Tominac
- Laboratory for Biochemical Engineering, Industrial Microbiology and Malting and Brewing Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.M.); (A.T.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (B.D.L.); (M.G.); (V.P.T.)
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Božidar Šantek
- Laboratory for Biochemical Engineering, Industrial Microbiology and Malting and Brewing Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.M.); (A.T.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (B.D.L.); (M.G.); (V.P.T.)
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Sun P, Valenzuela SV, Chunkrua P, Javier Pastor FI, Laurent CVF, Ludwig R, van Berkel WJH, Kabel MA. Oxidized Product Profiles of AA9 Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases Depend on the Type of Cellulose. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2021; 9:14124-14133. [PMID: 34722005 PMCID: PMC8549066 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c04100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are essential for enzymatic conversion of lignocellulose-rich biomass in the context of biofuels and platform chemicals production. Considerable insight into the mode of action of LPMOs has been obtained, but research on the cellulose specificity of these enzymes is still limited. Hence, we studied the product profiles of four fungal Auxiliary Activity family 9 (AA9) LPMOs during their oxidative cleavage of three types of cellulose: bacterial cellulose (BC), Avicel PH-101 (AVI), and regenerated amorphous cellulose (RAC). We observed that attachment of a carbohydrate-binding module 1 (CBM1) did not change the substrate specificity of LPMO9B from Myceliophthora thermophila C1 (MtLPMO9B) but stimulated the degradation of all three types of cellulose. A detailed quantification of oxidized ends in both soluble and insoluble fractions, as well as characterization of oxidized cello-oligosaccharide patterns, suggested that MtLPMO9B generates mainly oxidized cellobiose from BC, while producing oxidized cello-oligosaccharides from AVI and RAC ranged more randomly from DP2-8. Comparable product profiles, resulting from BC, AVI, and RAC oxidation, were found for three other AA9 LPMOs. These distinct cleavage profiles highlight cellulose specificity rather than an LPMO-dependent mechanism and may further reflect that the product profiles of AA9 LPMOs are modulated by different cellulose types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peicheng Sun
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susana V. Valenzuela
- Department
of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pimvisuth Chunkrua
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francisco I. Javier Pastor
- Department
of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christophe V. F.
P. Laurent
- Biocatalysis
and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life
Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Institute
of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, Department of Material Sciences
and Process Engineering, BOKU−University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis
and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life
Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Willem J. H. van Berkel
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Csarman F, Gusenbauer C, Wohlschlager L, van Erven G, Kabel MA, Konnerth J, Potthast A, Ludwig R. Non-productive binding of cellobiohydrolase i investigated by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Cellulose (Lond) 2021; 28:9525-9545. [PMID: 34720466 PMCID: PMC8550311 DOI: 10.1007/s10570-021-04002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Future biorefineries are facing the challenge to separate and depolymerize biopolymers into their building blocks for the production of biofuels and basic molecules as chemical stock. Fungi have evolved lignocellulolytic enzymes to perform this task specifically and efficiently, but a detailed understanding of their heterogeneous reactions is a prerequisite for the optimization of large-scale enzymatic biomass degradation. Here, we investigate the binding of cellulolytic enzymes onto biopolymers by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy for the fast and precise characterization of enzyme adsorption processes. Using different sensor architectures, SPR probes modified with regenerated cellulose as well as with lignin films were prepared by spin-coating techniques. The modified SPR probes were analyzed by atomic force microscopy and static contact angle measurements to determine physical and surface molecular properties. SPR spectroscopy was used to study the activity and affinity of Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I (CBHI) glycoforms on the modified SPR probes. N-glycan removal led to no significant change in activity or cellulose binding, while a slightly higher tendency for non-productive binding to SPR probes modified with different lignin fractions was observed. The results suggest that the main role of the N-glycosylation in CBHI is not to prevent non-productive binding to lignin, but probably to increase its stability against proteolytic degradation. The work also demonstrates the suitability of SPR-based techniques for the characterization of the binding of lignocellulolytic enzymes to biomass-derived polymers. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10570-021-04002-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Csarman
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Gusenbauer
- Department of Materials Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Lena Wohlschlager
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Konnerth
- Department of Materials Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Ludwig R, Pouymayou B, Balermpas P, Unkelbach J. PH-0107 A dynamic model for lymphatic progression of cancer through the head & neck. Radiother Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(21)07241-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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35
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Pouymayou B, Hoffmann J, Ludwig R, Guckenberger M, Balermpas P, Unkelbach J. PH-0050 Detailed analysis of lymphatic progression patterns for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Radiother Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(21)07232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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36
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Schachinger F, Chang H, Scheiblbrandner S, Ludwig R. Amperometric Biosensors Based on Direct Electron Transfer Enzymes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154525. [PMID: 34361678 PMCID: PMC8348568 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The accurate determination of analyte concentrations with selective, fast, and robust methods is the key for process control, product analysis, environmental compliance, and medical applications. Enzyme-based biosensors meet these requirements to a high degree and can be operated with simple, cost efficient, and easy to use devices. This review focuses on enzymes capable of direct electron transfer (DET) to electrodes and also the electrode materials which can enable or enhance the DET type bioelectrocatalysis. It presents amperometric biosensors for the quantification of important medical, technical, and environmental analytes and it carves out the requirements for enzymes and electrode materials in DET-based third generation biosensors. This review critically surveys enzymes and biosensors for which DET has been reported. Single- or multi-cofactor enzymes featuring copper centers, hemes, FAD, FMN, or PQQ as prosthetic groups as well as fusion enzymes are presented. Nanomaterials, nanostructured electrodes, chemical surface modifications, and protein immobilization strategies are reviewed for their ability to support direct electrochemistry of enzymes. The combination of both biosensor elements-enzymes and electrodes-is evaluated by comparison of substrate specificity, current density, sensitivity, and the range of detection.
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Geiss A, Reichhart TMB, Pejker B, Plattner E, Herzog PL, Schulz C, Ludwig R, Felice AKG, Haltrich D. Engineering the Turnover Stability of Cellobiose Dehydrogenase toward Long-Term Bioelectronic Applications. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2021; 9:7086-7100. [PMID: 34306835 PMCID: PMC8296668 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is an attractive oxidoreductase for bioelectrochemical applications. Its two-domain structure allows the flavoheme enzyme to establish direct electron transfer to biosensor and biofuel cell electrodes. Yet, the application of CDH in these devices is impeded by its limited stability under turnover conditions. In this work, we aimed to improve the turnover stability of CDH by semirational, high-throughput enzyme engineering. We screened 13 736 colonies in a 96-well plate setup for improved turnover stability and selected 11 improved variants. Measures were taken to increase the reproducibility and robustness of the screening setup, and the statistical evaluation demonstrates the validity of the procedure. The selected CDH variants were expressed in shaking flasks and characterized in detail by biochemical and electrochemical methods. Two mechanisms contributing to turnover stability were found: (i) replacement of methionine side chains prone to oxidative damage and (ii) the reduction of oxygen reactivity achieved by an improved balance of the individual reaction rates in the two CDH domains. The engineered CDH variants hold promise for the application in continuous biosensors or biofuel cells, while the deduced mechanistic insights serve as a basis for future enzyme engineering approaches addressing the turnover stability of oxidoreductases in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas
F. Geiss
- Biocatalysis
and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU − University of Natural Resources and
Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas M. B. Reichhart
- Biocatalysis
and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU − University of Natural Resources and
Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- DirectSens
Biosensors GmbH, Am Rosenbühel
38, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Pejker
- Biocatalysis
and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU − University of Natural Resources and
Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Esther Plattner
- DirectSens
Biosensors GmbH, Am Rosenbühel
38, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Peter L. Herzog
- DirectSens
Biosensors GmbH, Am Rosenbühel
38, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Christopher Schulz
- DirectSens
Biosensors GmbH, Am Rosenbühel
38, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis
and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU − University of Natural Resources and
Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- DirectSens
Biosensors GmbH, Am Rosenbühel
38, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Alfons K. G. Felice
- DirectSens
Biosensors GmbH, Am Rosenbühel
38, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
- E-mail: . Telephone: +436505000167
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Biocatalysis
and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU − University of Natural Resources and
Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Wohlschlager L, Kracher D, Scheiblbrandner S, Csarman F, Ludwig R. Spectroelectrochemical investigation of the glyoxal oxidase activation mechanism. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 141:107845. [PMID: 34147826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glyoxal oxidase (GLOX) is an extracellular source of H2O2 in white-rot secretomes, where it acts in concert with peroxidases to degrade lignin. It has been reported that GLOX requires activation prior to catalytic turnover and that a peroxidase system can fulfill this task. In this study, we verify that an oxidation product of horseradish peroxidase, the radical cation of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), is an activator for GLOX. A spectroelectrochemical cell was used to generate the activating radical species, to continuously measure its concentration, and to simultaneously measure the catalytic activity of GLOX based on its O2 consumption. The results show that GLOX can undergo multiple catalytic turnovers upon activation and that activity increases with the activator concentration. However, we also found that the ABTS cation radical can serve as an electron acceptor which becomes visible in the absence of O2. Furthermore, GLOX activity is highly restrained by the naturally occurring, low O2 concentration. We conclude that GLOX is indeed an auxiliary enzyme for H2O2 production in white-rot secretomes. Its turnover rate is strongly regulated by the availability of O2 and the radical generating activity of peroxidases present in the secretome, which acts as a feedback loop for GLOX activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Wohlschlager
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Daniel Kracher
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stefan Scheiblbrandner
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Florian Csarman
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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Chang H, Wohlschlager L, Csarman F, Ruff A, Schuhmann W, Scheiblbrandner S, Ludwig R. Real-Time Measurement of Cellobiose and Glucose Formation during Enzymatic Biomass Hydrolysis. Anal Chem 2021; 93:7732-7738. [PMID: 34014659 PMCID: PMC8173519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Enzymatic hydrolysis
of lignocellulosic biomass for biofuel production
relies on complex multi-enzyme ensembles. Continuous and accurate
measurement of the released key products is crucial in optimizing
the industrial degradation process and also investigating the activity
and interaction between the involved enzymes and the insoluble substrate.
Amperometric biosensors have been applied to perform continuous cellobiose
measurements during the enzymatic hydrolysis of pure cellulose powders.
The oxygen-sensitive mediators used in these biosensors restricted
their function under physiological or industrial conditions. Also,
the combined measurements of the hydrolysis products cellobiose and
glucose require a high selectivity of the biorecognition elements.
We employed an [Os(2,2′-bipyridine)2Cl]Cl-modified
polymer and cellobiose dehydrogenase to fabricate a cellobiose biosensor,
which can accurately and specifically detect cellobiose even in the
presence of oxygen and the other main product glucose. Additionally,
a glucose biosensor was fabricated to simultaneously measure glucose
produced from cellobiose by β-glucosidases. The cellobiose and
glucose biosensors work at applied potentials of +0.25 and +0.45 V
versus Ag|AgCl (3 M KCl), respectively, and can selectively detect
their substrate. Both biosensors were used in combination to monitor
the hydrolysis of pure cellulose of low crystallinity or industrial
corncob samples. The obtained results correlate with the high-performance
liquid chromatography pulsed amperometric detection analysis and demonstrate
that neither oxygen nor the presence of redox-active compounds from
the lignin fraction of the corncob interferes with the measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hucheng Chang
- Biocatalysis and Biosensor Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lena Wohlschlager
- Biocatalysis and Biosensor Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Csarman
- Biocatalysis and Biosensor Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Adrian Ruff
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheiblbrandner
- Biocatalysis and Biosensor Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensor Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Csarman F, Obermann T, Zanjko MC, Man P, Halada P, Seiboth B, Ludwig R. Functional expression and characterization of two laccases from the brown rot Fomitopsis pinicola. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 148:109801. [PMID: 34116754 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Laccase is predominantly found in lignin degrading filamentous white rot fungi, where it is involved in the oxidative degradation of this recalcitrant heteropolymer. In brown rot fungi it is much less prevalent: laccases from only a few brown rots have been detected and only two have been characterized. This study tries to understand the role of this ligninolytic enzyme in brown rots by investigating the catalytic properties of laccases secreted by Fomitopsis pinicola FP58527 SS1. When grown on either poplar or spruce wood blocks, several laccases were detected in the secretome. Two of them (FpLcc1 and FpLcc2) were heterologously produced using Trichoderma reesei QM9414 Δxyr1 as expression host and purified to homogeneity by consecutive steps of hydrophobic interaction, anion exchange and size exclusion chromatography. With the substrates 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (2,6-DMP) and guaiacol both laccases showed similar, low pH-optima below 3 for ABTS and 2,6-DMP and at pH 3.5 for guaiacol which is at the acidic end of laccases isolated from white rot fungi. The determined KM values were low while kcat values measured at acidic conditions were comparable to those reported for other laccases from white rot fungi. While both enzymes showed a moderate decrease in activity in the presence of oxalic and citric acid FpLcc2 was activated by acetic acid up to 3.7 times. This activation effect is much more pronounced at pH 5.0 compared to pH 3.0 and could already be observed at a concentration of 1 mM acetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Csarman
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Tobias Obermann
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; BioCeV - Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic.
| | - Mihael Colar Zanjko
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Petr Man
- BioCeV - Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Halada
- BioCeV - Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic.
| | - Bernhard Seiboth
- Research Division Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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Opitz MW, Daneshkhah R, Lorenz C, Ludwig R, Steinkellner S, Wieczorek K. Serendipita indica changes host sugar and defense status in Arabidopsis thaliana: cooperation or exploitation? Planta 2021; 253:74. [PMID: 33620564 PMCID: PMC7902589 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of sugar metabolism upon S. indica root colonization triggers changes in sugar pools and defense responses in A. thaliana. Serendipita indica is an endophytic fungus that establishes mutualistic relationships with many different plants including important crops as well as the model plant A. thaliana. Successful root colonization typically results in growth promotion and enhanced tolerance against various biotic and abiotic stresses. The fungus delivers phosphorus to the host and receives in exchange carbohydrates. There are hints that S. indica prefers hexoses, glucose, and fructose, products of saccharose cleavage driven by invertases (INVs) and sucrose synthases (SUSs). Carbohydrate metabolism in this interaction, however, remains still widely unexplored. Therefore, in this work, the sugar pools as well as the expression of SUSs and cytosolic INVs in plants colonized by S. indica were analyzed. Using sus1/2/3/4 and cinv1/2 mutants the importance of these genes for the induction of growth promotion and proper root colonization was demonstrated. Furthermore, the expression of several defense-related marker genes in both multiple mutants in comparison to the wild-type plants was determined. Our results show that in colonized A. thaliana plants S. indica manipulates the sugar metabolism by altering the expression of host's INV and SUS and modulates both the sugar pools and plant defense in its favor. We conclude that the interaction A. thaliana-S. indica is a balancing act between cooperation and exploitation, in which sugar metabolism plays a crucial role. Small changes in this mechanism can lead to severe disruption resulting in the lack of growth promotion or altered colonization rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Opitz
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Roshanak Daneshkhah
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Cindy Lorenz
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegrid Steinkellner
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Krzysztof Wieczorek
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
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42
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Wohlschlager L, Csarman F, Zrilić M, Seiboth B, Ludwig R. Comparative characterization of glyoxal oxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium expressed at high levels in Pichia pastoris and Trichoderma reesei. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 145:109748. [PMID: 33750543 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the secretome of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, a white-rot fungus serving as a model organism to elucidate lignocellulose deconstruction, the copper containing metalloprotein glyoxal oxidase (GLOX) is potentially involved in the crucial production of hydrogen peroxide to fuel and initiate oxidative biomass degradation by lignin-degrading peroxidases. Its ability to oxidize a variety of aldehydes and α-hydroxy carbonyls with the concomitant reduction of dioxygen to hydrogen peroxide has attracted attention for its application as green biocatalyst in different industrial fields. Here we report and compare two efficient processes for the heterologous production of GLOX from P. chrysosporium using the well-established methanolytic yeast Pichia pastoris and the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei as expression hosts with subsequent purification by anion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Both processes were shown to be suitable for the production of the target protein at high levels. GLOX produced in T. reesei carries mainly Man5 glycosylation while the enzyme produced in P. pastoris exhibits the typical high-mannose type N-glycosylation. The enzyme expressed in P. pastoris showed slightly higher specific activities which correlates with the higher copper loading of 65.5 % compared to 51.9 % for the protein from T. reesei. The pH optimum for both recombinant proteins was 6.0, however, GLOX activity was found to be highly affected by different buffer species. Both enzymes showed very similar substrate affinities and turnover numbers with the highest catalytic efficiency observed for methylglyoxal. GLOX from both expression hosts is therefore a suitable enzyme for further mechanistic characterization and application studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Wohlschlager
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Florian Csarman
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Matea Zrilić
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bernhard Seiboth
- Research Division Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/166, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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43
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Hedison TM, Breslmayr E, Shanmugam M, Karnpakdee K, Heyes DJ, Green AP, Ludwig R, Scrutton NS, Kracher D. Insights into the H 2 O 2 -driven catalytic mechanism of fungal lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. FEBS J 2021; 288:4115-4128. [PMID: 33411405 PMCID: PMC8359147 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fungal lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) depolymerise crystalline cellulose and hemicellulose, supporting the utilisation of lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock for biorefinery and biomanufacturing processes. Recent investigations have shown that H2O2 is the most efficient cosubstrate for LPMOs. Understanding the reaction mechanism of LPMOs with H2O2 is therefore of importance for their use in biotechnological settings. Here, we have employed a variety of spectroscopic and biochemical approaches to probe the reaction of the fungal LPMO9C from N. crassa using H2O2 as a cosubstrate and xyloglucan as a polysaccharide substrate. We show that a single ‘priming’ electron transfer reaction from the cellobiose dehydrogenase partner protein supports up to 20 H2O2‐driven catalytic cycles of a fungal LPMO. Using rapid mixing stopped‐flow spectroscopy, alongside electron paramagnetic resonance and UV‐Vis spectroscopy, we reveal how H2O2 and xyloglucan interact with the enzyme and investigate transient species that form uncoupled pathways of NcLPMO9C. Our study shows how the H2O2 cosubstrate supports fungal LPMO catalysis and leaves the enzyme in the reduced Cu+ state following a single enzyme turnover, thus preventing the need for external protons and electrons from reducing agents or cellobiose dehydrogenase and supporting the binding of H2O2 for further catalytic steps. We observe that the presence of the substrate xyloglucan stabilises the Cu+ state of LPMOs, which may prevent the formation of uncoupled side reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias M Hedison
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK.,Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Erik Breslmayr
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK.,Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Muralidharan Shanmugam
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK.,Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Kwankao Karnpakdee
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Derren J Heyes
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Anthony P Green
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK.,Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK.,Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Daniel Kracher
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK.,Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Felice AKG, Schuster C, Kadek A, Filandr F, Laurent CVFP, Scheiblbrandner S, Schwaiger L, Schachinger F, Kracher D, Sygmund C, Man P, Halada P, Oostenbrink C, Ludwig R. Chimeric Cellobiose Dehydrogenases Reveal the Function of Cytochrome Domain Mobility for the Electron Transfer to Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase. ACS Catal 2021; 11:517-532. [PMID: 33489432 PMCID: PMC7818652 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The natural function of cellobiose
dehydrogenase (CDH) to donate
electrons from its catalytic flavodehydrogenase (DH) domain via its
cytochrome (CYT) domain to lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO)
is an example of a highly efficient extracellular electron transfer
chain. To investigate the function of the CYT domain movement in the
two occurring electron transfer steps, two CDHs from the ascomycete Neurospora crassa (NcCDHIIA and NcCDHIIB) and five chimeric CDH enzymes created by domain
swapping were studied in combination with the fungus’ own LPMOs
(NcLPMO9C and NcLPMO9F). Kinetic
and electrochemical methods and hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry
were used to study the domain movement, interaction, and electron
transfer kinetics. Molecular docking provided insights into the protein–protein
interface, the orientation of domains, and binding energies. We find
that the first, interdomain electron transfer step from the catalytic
site in the DH domain to the CYT domain depends on steric and electrostatic
interface complementarity and the length of the protein linker between
both domains but not on the redox potential difference between the
FAD and heme b cofactors. After CYT reduction, a
conformational change of CDH from its closed state to an open state
allows the second, interprotein electron transfer (IPET) step from
CYT to LPMO to occur by direct interaction of the b-type heme and the type-2 copper center. Chimeric CDH enzymes favor
the open state and achieve higher IPET rates by exposing the heme b cofactor to LPMO. The IPET, which is influenced by interface
complementarity and the heme b redox potential, is
very efficient with bimolecular rates between 2.9 × 105 and 1.1 × 106 M–1 s–1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfons K. G. Felice
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Schuster
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alan Kadek
- BIOCEV−Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Filandr
- BIOCEV−Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Christophe V. F. P. Laurent
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Scheiblbrandner
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenz Schwaiger
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Schachinger
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Kracher
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Sygmund
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petr Man
- BIOCEV−Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Halada
- BIOCEV−Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Chris Oostenbrink
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Wohlschlager L, Csarman F, Chang H, Fitz E, Seiboth B, Ludwig R. Heterologous expression of Phanerochaete chrysosporium cellobiose dehydrogenase in Trichoderma reesei. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:2. [PMID: 33407462 PMCID: PMC7789494 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01492-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cellobiose dehydrogenase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium (PcCDH) is a key enzyme in lignocellulose depolymerization, biosensors and biofuel cells. For these applications, it should retain important molecular and catalytic properties when recombinantly expressed. While homologous expression is time-consuming and the prokaryote Escherichia coli is not suitable for expression of the two-domain flavocytochrome, the yeast Pichia pastoris is hyperglycosylating the enzyme. Fungal expression hosts like Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei were successfully used to express CDH from the ascomycete Corynascus thermophilus. This study describes the expression of basidiomycetes PcCDH in T. reesei (PcCDHTr) and the detailed comparison of its molecular, catalytic and electrochemical properties in comparison with PcCDH expressed by P. chrysosporium and P. pastoris (PcCDHPp). Results PcCDHTr was recombinantly produced with a yield of 600 U L−1 after 4 days, which is fast compared to the secretion of the enzyme by P. chrysosporium. PcCDHTr and PcCDH were purified to homogeneity by two chromatographic steps. Both enzymes were comparatively characterized in terms of molecular and catalytic properties. The pH optima for electron acceptors are identical for PcCDHTr and PcCDH. The determined FAD cofactor occupancy of 70% for PcCDHTr is higher than for other recombinantly produced CDHs and its catalytic constants are in good accordance with those of PcCDH. Mass spectrometry showed high mannose-type N-glycans on PcCDH, but only single N-acetyl-d-glucosamine additions at the six potential N-glycosylation sites of PcCDHTr, which indicates the presence of an endo-N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase in the supernatant. Conclusions Heterologous production of PcCDHTr is faster and the yield higher than secretion by P. chrysosporium. It also does not need a cellulose-based medium that impedes efficient production and purification of CDH by binding to the polysaccharide. The obtained high uniformity of PcCDHTr glycoforms will be very useful to investigate electron transfer characteristics in biosensors and biofuel cells, which are depending on the spatial restrictions inflicted by high-mannose N-glycan trees. The determined catalytic and electrochemical properties of PcCDHTr are very similar to those of PcCDH and the FAD cofactor occupancy is good, which advocates T. reesei as expression host for engineered PcCDH for biosensors and biofuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Wohlschlager
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Csarman
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hucheng Chang
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Fitz
- Research Division Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Seiboth
- Research Division Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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46
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Philipp JK, Fritsch S, Ludwig R. Front Cover: Cyclic Octamer of Hydroxyl‐functionalized Cations with Net Charge
Q
=+8
e
Kinetically Stabilized by a ‘Molecular Island’ of Cooperative Hydrogen Bonds (ChemPhysChem 21/2020). Chemphyschem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. K. Philipp
- Universität Rostock Institut für Chemie Abteilung Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - S. Fritsch
- Universität Rostock Institut für Chemie Abteilung Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - R. Ludwig
- Universität Rostock Institut für Chemie Abteilung Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2 18059 Rostock Germany
- Universität Rostock Department LL&M Albert-Einstein-Str. 25 18059 Rostock Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock e.V. Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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47
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Philipp JK, Fritsch S, Ludwig R. Cyclic Octamer of Hydroxyl‐functionalized Cations with Net Charge
Q
=+8
e
Kinetically Stabilized by a ‘Molecular Island’ of Cooperative Hydrogen Bonds. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:2367. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. K. Philipp
- Universität Rostock Institut für Chemie Abteilung Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - S. Fritsch
- Universität Rostock Institut für Chemie Abteilung Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - R. Ludwig
- Universität Rostock Institut für Chemie Abteilung Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2 18059 Rostock Germany
- Universität Rostock Department LL&M Albert-Einstein-Str. 25 18059 Rostock Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock e.V. Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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48
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Joly P, Horvath B, Patsatsi Α, Uzun S, Bech R, Beissert S, Bergman R, Bernard P, Borradori L, Caproni M, Caux F, Cianchini G, Daneshpazhooh M, De D, Dmochowski M, Drenovska K, Ehrchen J, Feliciani C, Goebeler M, Groves R, Guenther C, Hofmann S, Ioannides D, Kowalewski C, Ludwig R, Lim Y, Marinovic B, Marzano A, Mascaró J, Mimouni D, Murrell D, Pincelli C, Squarcioni C, Sárdy M, Setterfield J, Sprecher E, Vassileva S, Wozniak K, Yayli S, Zambruno G, Zillikens D, Hertl M, Schmidt E. Updated S2K guidelines on the management of pemphigus vulgaris and foliaceus initiated by the european academy of dermatology and venereology (EADV). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:1900-1913. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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49
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Breslmayr E, Laurent CVFP, Scheiblbrandner S, Jerkovic A, Heyes DJ, Oostenbrink C, Ludwig R, Hedison TM, Scrutton NS, Kracher D. Protein Conformational Change Is Essential for Reductive Activation of Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase by Cellobiose Dehydrogenase. ACS Catal 2020; 10:4842-4853. [PMID: 32382450 PMCID: PMC7199207 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale protein domain dynamics and electron transfer are often associated. However, as protein motions span a broad range of time and length scales, it is often challenging to identify and thus link functionally relevant dynamic changes to electron transfer in proteins. It is hypothesized that large-scale domain motions direct electrons through a FAD and a heme b cofactor of the fungal cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) enzymes to the type-II copper center (T2Cu) of the polysaccharide-degrading lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs). However, as of yet, domain motions in CDH have not been linked formally to enzyme-catalyzed electron transfer reactions. The detailed structural features of CDH, which govern the functional conformational landscapes of the enzyme, have only been partially resolved. Here, we use a combination of pressure, viscosity, ionic strength, and temperature perturbation stopped-flow studies to probe the conformational landscape associated with the electron transfer reactions of CDH. Through the use of molecular dynamics simulations, potentiometry, and stopped-flow spectroscopy, we investigated how a conserved Tyr99 residue plays a key role in shaping the conformational landscapes for both the interdomain electron transfer reactions of CDH (from FAD to heme) and the delivery of electrons from the reduced heme cofactor to the LPMO T2Cu. Our studies show how motions gate the electron transfer within CDH and from CDH to LPMO and illustrate the conformational landscape for interdomain and interprotein electron transfer in this extracellular fungal electron transfer chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Breslmayr
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, M1 7DN Manchester, United Kingdom
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christophe V. F. P. Laurent
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Scheiblbrandner
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anita Jerkovic
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Derren J. Heyes
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, M1 7DN Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Oostenbrink
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias M. Hedison
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, M1 7DN Manchester, United Kingdom
- EPSRC/BBSRC funded Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, M1 7DN Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel S. Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, M1 7DN Manchester, United Kingdom
- EPSRC/BBSRC funded Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, M1 7DN Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Kracher
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, M1 7DN Manchester, United Kingdom
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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50
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Emel'yanenko VN, Stange P, Feder-Kubis J, Verevkin SP, Ludwig R. Dissecting intermolecular interactions in the condensed phase of ibuprofen and related compounds: the specific role and quantification of hydrogen bonding and dispersion forces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:4896-4904. [PMID: 31930249 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06641a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ibuprofen is a well-established non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, inhibiting the prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase. One of the key features defining the ibuprofen structure is the doubly intermolecular O-HO[double bond, length as m-dash]C hydrogen bond in cyclic dimers as know from carboxylic acids and confirmed by X-ray analysis. Until now, there was neither information about the vaporization enthalpy of ibuprofen nor about how this thermal property is determined by the subtle balance between different types of intermolecular interaction. In this study we derive the vaporization enthalpy of ibuprofen from thermochemical experiments to be . We dissected the hydrogen bond energy, EHB = 45.0 kJ mol-1, exclusively from measured vaporization enthalpies of related aliphatic carboxylic acids, their homomorph methyl esters and alkyl acetates, respectively. This contribution from hydrogen bonding could be confirmed almost quantitatively from quantum chemical calculations of ibuprofen clusters, which also suggest dispersion interaction of similar order (Edisp = 47 kJ mol-1). Following the full analysis of the gas-vapor transition enthalpy, we studied the changing structural components from the solid to the liquid phase of ibuprofen by means of Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy. The cyclic dimers as observed in the X-ray patterns are essentially preserved in the liquid state just above the melting point. However, with increasing temperature the doubly hydrogen-bonded cyclic dimers are replaced by singly hydrogen-bonded linear dimers in the liquid ibuprofen. The transfer enthalpy from the temperature-dependent equilibria of both dimers as obtained from the IR intensity ratios of the vibrational bands quantifies for the first time the energy of the released, single hydrogen bond to be EHB = 21.0 kJ mol-1. Overall, we show that a combination of thermodynamics, infrared spectroscopy and quantum chemistry provides quantification and detailed understanding of structure and molecular interaction in ibuprofen and related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Emel'yanenko
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Chemie, Abteilung für Physikalische Chemie, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
| | - P Stange
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Chemie, Abteilung für Physikalische Chemie, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
| | - J Feder-Kubis
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - S P Verevkin
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Chemie, Abteilung für Physikalische Chemie, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059, Rostock, Germany. and Department LL&M, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 25, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - R Ludwig
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Chemie, Abteilung für Physikalische Chemie, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059, Rostock, Germany. and Department LL&M, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 25, 18059, Rostock, Germany and Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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