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Ghiyasi R, Philip A, Liu J, Julin J, Sajavaara T, Nolan M, Karppinen M. Atomic Layer Deposition of Intermetallic Fe 4Zn 9 Thin Films from Diethyl Zinc. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:5241-5248. [PMID: 35722201 PMCID: PMC9202305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We present a new type of atomic layer deposition (ALD) process for intermetallic thin films, where diethyl zinc (DEZ) serves as a coreactant. In our proof-of-concept study, FeCl3 is used as the second precursor. The FeCl3 + DEZ process yields in situ crystalline Fe4Zn9 thin films, where the elemental purity and Fe/Zn ratio are confirmed by time-of-flight elastic recoil detection analysis (TOF-ERDA), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses. The film thickness is precisely controlled by the number of precursor supply cycles, as expected for an ALD process. The reaction mechanism is addressed by computational density functional theory (DFT) modeling. We moreover carry out preliminary tests with CuCl2 and Ni(thd)2 in combination with DEZ to confirm that these processes yield Cu-Zn and Ni-Zn thin films with DEZ as well. Thus, we envision an opening of a new ALD approach based on DEZ for intermetallic/metal alloy thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Ghiyasi
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Anish Philip
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Ji Liu
- Tyndall
National Institute, UCC, Cork T12 R5CP, Ireland
| | - Jaakko Julin
- Department
of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Timo Sajavaara
- Department
of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Michael Nolan
- Tyndall
National Institute, UCC, Cork T12 R5CP, Ireland
| | - Maarit Karppinen
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
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Vandalon V, Mackus A, Kessels W. Surface Chemistry during Atomic Layer Deposition of Pt Studied with Vibrational Sum-Frequency Generation. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:2463-2474. [PMID: 35178137 PMCID: PMC8842249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c06947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the growth of noble metals by atomic layer deposition (ALD) is key for various applications of these materials in catalysis and nanoelectronics. The Pt ALD process using MeCpPtMe3 and O2 gas as reactants serves as a model system for the ALD processes of noble metals in general. The surface chemistry of this process was studied by in situ vibrational broadband sum-frequency generation (BB-SFG) spectroscopy, and the results are placed in the context of a literature overview of the reaction mechanism. The BB-SFG experiments provided direct evidence for the presence of CH3 groups on the Pt surface after precursor chemisorption at 250 °C. Strong evidence was found for the presence of a C=C containing complex (e.g., the form of Cp species) and for partial dehydrogenation of the surface species during the precursor half-cycle. The reaction kinetics of the precursor half-cycle were followed at 250 °C, showing that the C=C coverage saturated before the saturation of CH3. This complex behavior points to the competition of multiple surface reactions, also reflected in the temperature dependence of the reaction mechanism. The CH3 saturation coverage decreased significantly with temperature, while the C=C coverage remained constant after precursor chemisorption on the Pt surface for temperatures from 80 to 300 °C. These SFG results have resulted in a better understanding of the Pt ALD process and also highlight the surface chemistry during thin-film growth as a promising field of study for the BB-SFG community.
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Kokkonen E, Kaipio M, Nieminen HE, Rehman F, Miikkulainen V, Putkonen M, Ritala M, Huotari S, Schnadt J, Urpelainen S. Ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy setup for synchrotron-based in situ and operando atomic layer deposition research. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:013905. [PMID: 35104956 DOI: 10.1063/5.0076993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An ambient pressure cell is described for conducting synchrotron-based x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements during atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes. The instrument is capable of true in situ and operando experiments in which it is possible to directly obtain elemental and chemical information from the sample surface using XPS as the deposition process is ongoing. The setup is based on the ambient pressure XPS technique, in which sample environments with high pressure (several mbar) can be created without compromising the ultrahigh vacuum requirements needed for the operation of the spectrometer and the synchrotron beamline. The setup is intended for chemical characterization of the surface intermediates during the initial stages of the deposition processes. The SPECIES beamline and the ALD cell provide a unique experimental platform for obtaining new information on the surface chemistry during ALD half-cycles at high temporal resolution. Such information is valuable for understanding the ALD reaction mechanisms and crucial in further developing and improving ALD processes. We demonstrate the capabilities of the setup by studying the deposition of TiO2 on a SiO2 surface by using titanium(IV) tetraisopropoxide and water as precursors. Multiple core levels and the valence band of the substrate surface were followed during the film deposition using ambient pressure XPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kokkonen
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - M Kaipio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - H-E Nieminen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - F Rehman
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - V Miikkulainen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - M Putkonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Ritala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Huotari
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Schnadt
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - S Urpelainen
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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Abstract
The continuous down-scaling of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) field effect transistors (FETs) had been suffering two fateful technical issues, one relative to the thinning of gate dielectric and the other to the aggressive shortening of channel in last 20 years. To solve the first issue, the high-κ dielectric and metal gate technology had been induced to replace the conventional gate stack of silicon dioxide layer and poly-silicon. To suppress the short channel effects, device architecture had changed from planar bulk Si device to fully depleted silicon on insulator (FDSOI) and FinFETs, and will transit to gate all-around FETs (GAA-FETs). Different from the planar devices, the FinFETs and GAA-FETs have a 3D channel. The conventional high-κ/metal gate process using sputtering faces conformality difficulty, and all atomic layer deposition (ALD) of gate stack become necessary. This review covers both scientific and technological parts related to the ALD of metal gates including the concept of effect work function, the material selection, the precursors for the deposition, the threshold voltage (Vt) tuning of the metal gate in contact with HfO2/SiO2/Si. The ALD of n-type metal gate will be detailed systematically, based mainly on the authors’ works in last five years, and the all ALD gate stacks will be proposed for the future generations based on the learning.
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Growth of Atomic Layer Deposited Ruthenium and Its Optical Properties at Short Wavelengths Using Ru(EtCp)2 and Oxygen. COATINGS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings8110413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-density ruthenium (Ru) thin films were deposited using Ru(EtCp)2 (bis(ethylcyclopentadienyl)ruthenium) and oxygen by thermal atomic layer deposition (ALD) and compared to magnetron sputtered (MS) Ru coatings. The ALD Ru film growth and surface roughness show a significant temperature dependence. At temperatures below 200 °C, no deposition was observed on silicon and fused silica substrates. With increasing deposition temperature, the nucleation of Ru starts and leads eventually to fully closed, polycrystalline coatings. The formation of blisters starts at temperatures above 275 °C because of poor adhesion properties, which results in a high surface roughness. The optimum deposition temperature is 250 °C in our tool and leads to rather smooth film surfaces, with roughness values of approximately 3 nm. The ALD Ru thin films have similar morphology compared with MS coatings, e.g., hexagonal polycrystalline structure and high density. Discrepancies of the optical properties can be explained by the higher roughness of ALD films compared to MS coatings. To use ALD Ru for optical applications at short wavelengths (λ = 2–50 nm), further improvement of their film quality is required.
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Jung EA, George SM, Han SH, Lee GY, Park BK, Han JH, Son SU, Kim CG, Chung TM. Ruthenocene Precursors for Ruthenium-Containing Thin-Film Deposition: An Example of Solvent Nucleophilic Attack on Fulvene. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ae Jung
- Thin
Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sheby Mary George
- Thin
Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ho Han
- Thin
Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga Yeon Lee
- Thin
Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Keun Park
- Thin
Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hwan Han
- Thin
Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Uk Son
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Gyoun Kim
- Thin
Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Mo Chung
- Thin
Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
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Van Bui H, Grillo F, van Ommen JR. Atomic and molecular layer deposition: off the beaten track. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:45-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc05568k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ALD archetype and deviations from it.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Van Bui
- Chemical Engineering Department
- Delft University of Technology
- 2629 HZ Delft
- The Netherlands
| | - F. Grillo
- Chemical Engineering Department
- Delft University of Technology
- 2629 HZ Delft
- The Netherlands
| | - J. R. van Ommen
- Chemical Engineering Department
- Delft University of Technology
- 2629 HZ Delft
- The Netherlands
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Hendricks OL, Scheuermann AG, Schmidt M, Hurley PK, McIntyre PC, Chidsey CED. Isolating the Photovoltaic Junction: Atomic Layer Deposited TiO2-RuO2 Alloy Schottky Contacts for Silicon Photoanodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:23763-23773. [PMID: 27548719 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b08558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized nanoscale TiO2-RuO2 alloys by atomic layer deposition (ALD) that possess a high work function and are highly conductive. As such, they function as good Schottky contacts to extract photogenerated holes from n-type silicon while simultaneously interfacing with water oxidation catalysts. The ratio of TiO2 to RuO2 can be precisely controlled by the number of ALD cycles for each precursor. Increasing the composition above 16% Ru sets the electronic conductivity and the metal work function. No significant Ohmic loss for hole transport is measured as film thickness increases from 3 to 45 nm for alloy compositions ≥ 16% Ru. Silicon photoanodes with a 2 nm SiO2 layer that are coated by these alloy Schottky contacts having compositions in the range of 13-46% Ru exhibit average photovoltages of 525 mV, with a maximum photovoltage of 570 mV achieved. Depositing TiO2-RuO2 alloys on nSi sets a high effective work function for the Schottky junction with the semiconductor substrate, thus generating a large photovoltage that is isolated from the properties of an overlying oxygen evolution catalyst or protection layer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Schmidt
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork , Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul K Hurley
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork , Cork, Ireland
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Structural investigation of Ru/Pt nanocomposite films prepared by plasma-enhanced atomic layer depositions. Micron 2015; 74:8-14. [PMID: 25910429 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have fabricated Ru and Pt nanocomposite films using plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PE-ALD), and characterized their structure by means of analytical electron microscopy. Pt and Ru were deposited in Ar/O(2) plasma using trimethyl(methylcyclopentadienyl) platinum(IV) and bis(cyclopentadienyl)Ru(II) or bis(ethylcyclopentadienyl)Ru(II) as precursors, respectively. The resistivity of a Pt film deposited on a Si substrate at 300°C was 16.2μΩcm, and that of a Ru film was as low as 11μΩcm, showing the film to be metallic and not oxidized. It was revealed that the film prepared by successive PE-ALDs of Pt and Ru on a thin amorphous carbon substrate for electron microscopy analysis is a nanocomposite of Ru ribbons and PtRu (7:3) alloy ribbons with 2-3 nm in width. The Ru ribbon comprised small particles with poor crystallinity of the hcp A3 structure and the PtRu ribbon comprised crystallites with good crystallinity of the fcc Al structure. The atomic layer deposition would be one of potential techniques to produce Ru/Pt nanocomposites for fuel cell catalysts.
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Vasilyev VY, Morozova NB, Igumenov IK. Chemical vapour-phase deposition of ruthenium-containing thin films. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2014v083n08abeh004402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Gaur R, Mishra L, Siddiqi MA, Atakan B. Ruthenium complexes as precursors for chemical vapor-deposition (CVD). RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04701j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The progress in precursor chemistry for the chemical vapor deposition of ruthenium containing thin films is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Gaur
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Lallan Mishra
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi-221005, India
| | - M. Aslam Siddiqi
- Thermodynamics
- IVG
- Faculty of Engineering, and CeNIDE
- University of Duisburg Essen
- 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Burak Atakan
- Thermodynamics
- IVG
- Faculty of Engineering, and CeNIDE
- University of Duisburg Essen
- 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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12
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Emslie DJ, Chadha P, Price JS. Metal ALD and pulsed CVD: Fundamental reactions and links with solution chemistry. Coord Chem Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lee SW, Choi BJ, Eom T, Han JH, Kim SK, Song SJ, Lee W, Hwang CS. Influences of metal, non-metal precursors, and substrates on atomic layer deposition processes for the growth of selected functional electronic materials. Coord Chem Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Li WM. Recent Developments of Atomic Layer Deposition Processes for Metallization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cvde.201300052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Methaapanon R, Geyer SM, Hagglund C, Pianetta PA, Bent SF. Portable atomic layer deposition reactor for in situ synchrotron photoemission studies. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:015104. [PMID: 23387692 DOI: 10.1063/1.4773230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the design of a portable atomic layer deposition (ALD) reactor that can be integrated into synchrotron facilities for in situ synchrotron photoemission studies. The design allows for universal installation of the system onto different beam line end stations. The ALD reactor operates as a fully functional, low vacuum deposition system under the conditions of a typical ALD reactor while allowing the samples to be analyzed in an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) chamber through a quick transfer without vacuum break. This system not only minimizes the exposure of the UHV chamber to the ALD reactants, but it also eliminates the necessity of a beam alignment step after installation. The system has been successfully installed at the synchrotron and tested in the mechanistic studies of platinum ALD following individual half reaction cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Methaapanon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Tuchscherer A, Georgi C, Roth N, Schaarschmidt D, Rüffer T, Waechtler T, Schulz SE, Oswald S, Gessner T, Lang H. Ruthenocenes and Half‐Open Ruthenocenes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Their Use as CVD Precursors for Ruthenium Thin Film Deposition. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201200601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André Tuchscherer
- Chemnitz University of Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany, Fax: +49‐371‐531‐21219, http://www.tu‐chemnitz.de/chemie/anorg/
| | - Colin Georgi
- Chemnitz University of Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany, Fax: +49‐371‐531‐21219, http://www.tu‐chemnitz.de/chemie/anorg/
| | - Nina Roth
- Chemnitz University of Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany, Fax: +49‐371‐531‐21219, http://www.tu‐chemnitz.de/chemie/anorg/
| | - Dieter Schaarschmidt
- Chemnitz University of Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany, Fax: +49‐371‐531‐21219, http://www.tu‐chemnitz.de/chemie/anorg/
| | - Tobias Rüffer
- Chemnitz University of Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany, Fax: +49‐371‐531‐21219, http://www.tu‐chemnitz.de/chemie/anorg/
| | - Thomas Waechtler
- Chemnitz University of Technology, Center for Microtechnologies, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Nano Systems (ENAS), Technologie‐Campus 3, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Stefan E. Schulz
- Chemnitz University of Technology, Center for Microtechnologies, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Nano Systems (ENAS), Technologie‐Campus 3, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Gessner
- Chemnitz University of Technology, Center for Microtechnologies, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Heinrich Lang
- Chemnitz University of Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany, Fax: +49‐371‐531‐21219, http://www.tu‐chemnitz.de/chemie/anorg/
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Methaapanon R, Geyer SM, Lee HBR, Bent SF. The low temperature atomic layer deposition of ruthenium and the effect of oxygen exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm35332f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ando T, Nakata N, Suzuki K, Matsumoto T, Ogo S. Ru cyclooctatetraene precursors for MOCVD. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:1678-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11454a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Park SK, Roodenko K, Chabal YJ, Wielunski L, Kanjolia R, Anthis J, Odedra R, Boag N. Atomic Layer Deposition of Ruthenium Films on Hydrogen terminated Silicon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-1156-d04-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAtomic Layer deposition of thin Ruthenium films has been studied using a newly synthesized precursor (Cyclopentadienyl ethylruthenium dicarbonyl) and O2 as reactant gases. Under our experimental conditions, the film comprises both Ru and RuO2. The initial growth is dominated by Ru metal. As the number of cycles is increased, RuO2 appears. From infrared broadband absorption measurements, the transition from isolated, nucleated film to a continuous, conducting film (characterized by Drude absorption) can be determined. Optical simulations based on an effective-medium approach are implemented to simulate the in-situ broadband infrared absorption. A Lorentz oscillator model is developed, together with a Drude term for the metallic component, to describe optical properties of Ru/RuO2 growth.
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Elliott SD. Mechanism, products, and growth rate of atomic layer deposition of noble metals. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:9179-9182. [PMID: 20469852 DOI: 10.1021/la101207y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We present mechanisms for atomic layer deposition of Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, or Pt metal from homoleptic precursors and oxygen. The novel mechanistic feature is that combustion of ligands produces transient hydroxyl groups on the surface, which can undergo Brønsted-type elimination of a further ligand or water from the surface. Each ligand therefore releases one electron for reduction of the metal. The growth reaction may be described as oxide-catalyzed redox decomposition of the precursor. To validate the mechanism against experiment, we derive analytical expressions for product ratios and the growth rate in terms of saturating coverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Elliott
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Cork, Ireland.
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22
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Crystal structures of ruthenium(III) cis- and trans-trifluoroacetylacetonate. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10947-010-0087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hämäläinen J, Hatanpää T, Puukilainen E, Costelle L, Pilvi T, Ritala M, Leskelä M. (MeCp)Ir(CHD) and molecular oxygen as precursors in atomic layer deposition of iridium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm00486c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wang H, Gordon RG, Alvis R, Ulfig RM. Atomic Layer Deposition of Ruthenium Thin Films from an Amidinate Precursor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cvde.200906789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Eom TK, Sari W, Choi KJ, Shin WC, Kim JH, Lee DJ, Kim KB, Sohn H, Kim SH. Low Temperature Atomic Layer Deposition of Ruthenium Thin Films Using Isopropylmethylbenzene-Cyclohexadiene-Ruthenium and O[sub 2]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1149/1.3207867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kim WH, Park SJ, Son JY, Kim H. Ru nanostructure fabrication using an anodic aluminum oxide nanotemplate and highly conformal Ru atomic layer deposition. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:045302. [PMID: 21817499 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/04/045302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We fabricated metallic nanostructures directly on Si substrates through a hybrid nanoprocess combining atomic layer deposition (ALD) and a self-assembled anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) nanotemplate. ALD Ru films with Ru(DMPD)(EtCp) as a precursor and O(2) as a reactant exhibited high purity and low resistivity with negligible nucleation delay and low roughness. These good growth characteristics resulted in the excellent conformality for nanometer-scale vias and trenches. Additionally, AAO nanotemplates were fabricated directly on Si and Ti/Si substrates through a multiple anodization process. AAO nanotemplates with various hole sizes (30-100 nm) and aspect ratios (2:1-20:1) were fabricated by controlling the anodizing process parameters. The barrier layers between AAO nanotemplates and Si substrates were completely removed by reactive ion etching (RIE) using BCl(3) plasma. By combining the ALD Ru and the AAO nanotemplate, Ru nanostructures with controllable sizes and shapes were prepared on Si and Ti/Si substrates. The Ru nanowire array devices as a platform for sensor devices exhibited befitting properties of good ohmic contact and high surface/volume ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Hee Kim
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), San 31, Hyoja-Dong, Nam-Gu, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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Niskanen A, Hatanpää T, Arstila K, Leskelä M, Ritala M. Radical-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition of Silver Thin Films Using Phosphine-Adducted Silver Carboxylates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/cvde.200606519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mies MJM, Rebrov EV, Deutz L, Kleijn CR, de Croon MHJM, Schouten JC. Experimental Validation of the Performance of a Microreactor for the High-Throughput Screening of Catalytic Coatings. Ind Eng Chem Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ie061081w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. J. M. Mies
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Department of Multi-Scale Physics, Delft University of Technology, Prins Bernhardlaan 6, 2628 BW Delft, The Netherlands
| | - E. V. Rebrov
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Department of Multi-Scale Physics, Delft University of Technology, Prins Bernhardlaan 6, 2628 BW Delft, The Netherlands
| | - L. Deutz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Department of Multi-Scale Physics, Delft University of Technology, Prins Bernhardlaan 6, 2628 BW Delft, The Netherlands
| | - C. R. Kleijn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Department of Multi-Scale Physics, Delft University of Technology, Prins Bernhardlaan 6, 2628 BW Delft, The Netherlands
| | - M. H. J. M. de Croon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Department of Multi-Scale Physics, Delft University of Technology, Prins Bernhardlaan 6, 2628 BW Delft, The Netherlands
| | - J. C. Schouten
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Department of Multi-Scale Physics, Delft University of Technology, Prins Bernhardlaan 6, 2628 BW Delft, The Netherlands
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Electrochemically Deposited Ruthenium Seed Layer Followed by Copper Electrochemical Plating. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1149/1.2138444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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