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Vasconcelos FC, de Souza PS, Hancio T, de Faria FCC, Maia RC. Update on drug transporter proteins in acute myeloid leukemia: Pathological implication and clinical setting. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 160:103281. [PMID: 33667660 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the most common hematological neoplasia causing death worldwide. The long-term overall survival is unsatisfactory due to many factors including older age, genetic heterogeneity and molecular characteristics comprising additional mutations, and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. The expression of ABCB1/P-glycoprotein, ABCC1/MRP1, ABCG2/BCRP and LRP transporter proteins is considered the major reason for multidrug resistance (MDR) in AML, however conflicting data have been reported. Here, we review the main issues about drug transporter proteins in AML clinical scenario, and highlight the clinicopathological significance of MDR phenotype associated with ABCB1 polymorphisms and FLT3 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Cunha Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Hemato-Oncologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Hemato-Oncologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paloma Silva de Souza
- Laboratório de Hemato-Oncologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Hemato-Oncologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Produtos Bioativos, Polo Novo Cavaleiros/IMCT, Campus Professor Aloisio Teixeira (UFRJ/Macaé), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thaís Hancio
- Laboratório de Hemato-Oncologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Hemato-Oncologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Oncologia, INCA, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Costas Casal de Faria
- Laboratório de Hemato-Oncologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Hemato-Oncologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raquel Ciuvalschi Maia
- Laboratório de Hemato-Oncologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Hemato-Oncologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Perez DR, Sklar LA, Chigaev A, Matlawska-Wasowska K. Drug repurposing for targeting cyclic nucleotide transporters in acute leukemias - A missed opportunity. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 68:199-208. [PMID: 32044470 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
While current treatment regimens for acute leukemia can dramatically improve patient survival, there remains room for improvement. Due to its roles in cell differentiation, cell survival, and apoptotic signaling, modulation of the cyclic AMP (cAMP) pathway has provided a meaningful target in hematological malignancies. Several studies have demonstrated that gene expression profiles associated with increased pro-survival cAMP activity or downregulation of various pro-apoptotic factors associated with the cAMP pathway are apparent in acute leukemia patients. Previous work to increase leukemia cell intracellular cAMP focused on the use of cAMP analogs, stimulating cAMP production via transmembrane-associated adenylyl cyclases, or decreasing cAMP degradation by inhibiting phosphodiesterase activity. However, targeting cyclic nucleotide efflux by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters represents an unexplored approach for modulation of intracellular cyclic nucleotide levels. Preliminary studies have shown that inhibition of cAMP efflux can stimulate leukemia cell differentiation, cell growth arrest, and apoptosis, indicating that targeting cAMP efflux may show promise for future therapeutic development. Furthermore, inhibition of cyclic nucleotide transporter activity may also contribute multiple anticancer benefits by reducing extracellular pro-survival signaling in malignant cells. Hence, several opportunities for drug repurposing may exist for targeting cyclic nucleotide transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique R Perez
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Center for Molecular Discovery, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Larry A Sklar
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Center for Molecular Discovery, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Alexandre Chigaev
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Center for Molecular Discovery, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Ksenia Matlawska-Wasowska
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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Zhang W, Yang Y, Dong Z, Shi Z, Zhang JT. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in a short basic motif in the ABC transporter ABCG2 disable its trafficking out of endoplasmic reticulum and reduce cell resistance to anticancer drugs. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:20222-20232. [PMID: 31719146 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily and has been implicated in multidrug resistance of cancers. Although the structure and function of ABCG2 have been extensively studied, little is known about its biogenesis and the regulation thereof. In this study, using mutagenesis and several biochemical analyses, we show that the positive charges in the vicinity of the RKR motif downstream of the ABC signature drive trafficking of nascent ABCG2 out of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) onto plasma membranes. Substitutions of and naturally occurring single-nucleotide polymorphisms within these positively charged residues disabled the trafficking of ABCG2 out of the ER. A representative ABCG2 variant in which the RKR motif had been altered underwent increased ER stress-associated degradation. We also found that unlike WT ABCG2, genetic ABCG2 RKR variants have disrupted normal maturation and do not reduce accumulation of the anticancer drug mitoxantrone and no longer confer resistance to the drug. We conclude that the positive charges downstream of the ABC signature motif critically regulate ABCG2 trafficking and maturation. We propose that single-nucleotide polymorphisms of these residues reduce ABCG2 expression via ER stress-associated degradation pathway and may contribute to reduced cancer drug resistance, improving the success of cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenji Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202.,Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Zizheng Dong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614
| | - Zhi Shi
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Jian-Ting Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202 .,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614
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Liu B, Li LJ, Gong X, Zhang W, Zhang H, Zhao L. Co-expression of ATP binding cassette transporters is associated with poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:6671-6677. [PMID: 29616130 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy failure remains a challenge when treating patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), who often suffer from persistent or relapsed disease. The multidrug resistance (MDR) mediated by efflux transporters of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) superfamily is a major obstacle for successful chemotherapy. The present study aimed to elucidate whether the expression of ABC transporters was associated with prognostic factors and responses to chemotherapy in patients with AML, with particular focus on whether co-expression of multiple ABC transporters resulted in a worse prognosis. In the present study, the mRNA expression levels of ABC transporters ABCB1, ABCB4, ABCC1, ABCC4 and ABCG2 in bone marrow (BM) mononuclear cell (MNC) samples from 96 de novo patients with AML and in the peripheral blood (PB) MNC samples from 22 normal individuals were investigated using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. It was revealed that ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCC4 and ABCG2 were expressed at higher levels in patients with AML compared with normal individuals, whereas ABCB4 had a lower expression level. The expression of ABCB4 in patients with AML was significantly lower than in normal individuals (P<0.001). Patients risk status was associated with ABCB1 (P=0.037), ABCC1 (P=0.047), ABCC4 (P=0.015) and ABCG2 (P=0.027). The 4 genes were expressed a significantly higher levels in the poor response group compared with the good response group (ABCB1, P=0.014; ABCC1, P=0.021; ABCC4, P=0.005; ABCG2, P=0.009). The overexpression of the 4 ABC transporters and the complete remission rate were inversely correlated (P<0.001). These results suggest that the co-expression of multiple ABC transporters may contribute to a worse prognosis in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China.,Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Li-Jun Li
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xia Gong
- Department of Special Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhao
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China.,Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
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Yu X, Du L, Li Y, Fu G, Jin Y. Improved anti-melanoma effect of a transdermal mitoxantrone ethosome gel. Biomed Pharmacother 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Yuan X, Koehn J, Hogge DE. Identification of prognostic subgroups among acute myeloid leukemia patients with intermediate risk cytogenetics using a flow-cytometry-based assessment of ABC-transporter function. Leuk Res 2015; 39:689-95. [PMID: 26002514 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A median fluorescence intensity ratio (MFIR) which measures the efflux of mitoxantrone (an ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) transporter substrate) with and without ABC transporter inhibition correlates with expression of MDR1 and BCRP in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts. METHODS This study evaluates the impacts of the MFIR on AML outcomes and its interaction with detection of the FLT3 ITD. RESULTS Among 200 newly diagnosed AML patients, an MFIR of ≥ 1.9 (MFIR+) was detected in 60 (30%) leukemic blast samples. In multivariate analysis, MFIR was an independent prognostic factor for response to induction chemotherapy (OR=7.2, P<0.00001), DFS (HR=2.3, P=0.004) and OS (HR=2.2, P=0.0005) with the main effect being in the 141 patients with intermediate risk cytogenetics. Among intermediate risk cytogenetics patients: MFIR+ outcomes were similar to unfavorable cytogenetic risk (CR, 53% vs. 52%, P=1.0; OS, 11 vs. 9 months, P=0.79). MFIR status can further stratify the prognostic risk for patients with or without FLT3 ITD mutation. CONCLUSIONS MFIR has value in predicting outcomes including DFS and OS as well as induction failure. This is particularly true for patients with intermediate risk cytogenetics and when combined with assessment for the FLT3-ITD mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoYu Yuan
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Hematology, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Joshua Koehn
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Donna E Hogge
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Yu X, Du L, Zhu L, Liu X, Zhang B, Fu G, Jin Y. Melanoma therapy with transdermal mitoxantrone cubic phases. Drug Deliv 2015; 23:1565-70. [PMID: 25835224 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2015.1024898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Melanoma therapy absorbs attention because of the high morbidity and mortality. However, currently systematic administrations could take little therapeutic efficiency and severe side effects. OBJECTIVE An effective transdermal formulation for the convenient melanoma therapy was found and evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS A mitoxantrone (MTO) cubic phase was prepared with glyceryl monooleate, ethanol and water. The permeation, cytotoxicity, in vivo anti-melanoma effect of the MTO cubic phases were evaluated. The anti-cancer mechanism of the MTO cubic phases was explored according to the immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The isotropic structure of MTO cubic phases was identified. The transdermal permeability of MTO was greatly improved by the cubic phase compared to that of the MTO solution. The MTO cubic phases showed the high cytotoxicity in B16 melanoma cells evidenced by a modified electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing system. High anti-melanoma effect of the MTO cubic phases was confirmed according to the tumor volume changes and tumor weight. The tumor inhibitory rate of the MTO cubic phases was 68.44%. The calreticulin expression of B16 cells was improved by the MTO cubic phases, and the improved cell uptake of MTO was confirmed by the flow cytometry. CONCLUSION The MTO cubic phase is a promising topical delivery system for melanoma therapy with the advantages of non-invasion and no severe side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yu
- a Department of Graduates , Anhui Medical University , Hefei , P.R. China .,b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing , P.R. China , and.,c Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Lina Du
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing , P.R. China , and
| | - Lifei Zhu
- a Department of Graduates , Anhui Medical University , Hefei , P.R. China .,b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing , P.R. China , and
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing , P.R. China , and
| | - Baolei Zhang
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing , P.R. China , and
| | - Guiying Fu
- a Department of Graduates , Anhui Medical University , Hefei , P.R. China .,c Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Yiguang Jin
- a Department of Graduates , Anhui Medical University , Hefei , P.R. China .,b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing , P.R. China , and
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Patients with acute myeloid leukemia typically are monitored with bone marrow biopsy 7-10 days after completion of induction therapy. However, this test has relatively poor sensitivity and specificity for classifying patients likely to have long-term cure or even patients who will need additional therapy to achieve complete remission. Several new methods of assessing response are being studied and are summarized in this review. RECENT FINDINGS Many new methods are being used to evaluate response assessment. Emerging data suggest that various types of clinical, chemical, and imaging biomarkers, as well as more sensitive techniques to measure minimal residual disease, can all help provide more accurate response assessment and prognostic information. SUMMARY New techniques will improve the way we assess response to acute myeloid leukemia therapy. Larger confirmatory studies utilizing these novel markers of response to change treatment and to improve clinical outcomes are urgently needed.
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Lubieniecka JM, Graham J, Heffner D, Mottus R, Reid R, Hogge D, Grigliatti TA, Riggs WK. A discovery study of daunorubicin induced cardiotoxicity in a sample of acute myeloid leukemia patients prioritizes P450 oxidoreductase polymorphisms as a potential risk factor. Front Genet 2013; 4:231. [PMID: 24273552 PMCID: PMC3822292 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracyclines are very effective chemotherapeutic agents; however, their use is hampered by the treatment-induced cardiotoxicity. Genetic variants that help define patient's sensitivity to anthracyclines will greatly improve the design of optimal chemotherapeutic regimens. However, identification of such variants is hampered by the lack of analytical approaches that address the complex, multi-genic character of anthracycline induced cardiotoxicity (AIC). Here, using a multi-SNP based approach, we examined 60 genes coding for proteins involved in drug metabolism and efflux and identified the P450 oxidoreductase (POR) gene to be most strongly associated with daunorubicin induced cardiotoxicity in a population of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients (FDR adjusted p-value of 0.15). In this sample of cancer patients, variation in the POR gene is estimated to account for some 11.6% of the variability in the drop of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) after daunorubicin treatment, compared to the estimated 13.2% accounted for by the cumulative dose and ethnicity. In post-hoc analysis, this association was driven by 3 SNPs-the rs2868177, rs13240755, and rs4732513-through their linear interaction with cumulative daunorubicin dose. The unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) for rs2868177 and rs13240755 were estimated to be 1.89 (95% CI: 0.7435-4.819; p = 0.1756) and 3.18 (95% CI: 1.223-8.27; p = 0.01376), respectively. Although the contribution of POR variants is expected to be overestimated due to the multiple testing performed in this small pilot study, given that cumulative anthracycline dose is virtually the only factor used clinically to predict the risk of cardiotoxicity, the contribution that genetic analyses of POR can make to the assessment of this risk is worthy of follow up in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Lubieniecka
- Department of Zoology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada ; Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Bircsak KM, Gibson CJ, Robey RW, Aleksunes LM. Assessment of drug transporter function using fluorescent cell imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 57:Unit 23.6.. [PMID: 24510579 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx2306s57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins, including the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and multidrug resistance proteins (MDRs), actively transport structurally diverse chemicals from a number of tissues and are being increasingly cited as mediators of clinically relevant drug-drug interactions. The potential outcomes of concomitantly administering two drugs that interact at the same transporter include altered disposition and toxicity and/or efficacy of one or both of the drugs. Research demonstrating the role of transporters in clinical pharmacokinetics has shed light on the need for in vitro screening methods that detect drug-transporter interactions during preclinical development. This unit describes cell-based procedures for detecting functional inhibitors of BCRP and MDR1 by measuring fluorescent substrate accumulation in suspended cells using an automated cell counter, which offers convenience, sensitivity, and speed in measuring intracellular fluorescence and identifying new inhibitors. An alternative method is provided for making similar measurements using a spectrophotometer with fluorescence detection capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Bircsak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
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Lubieniecka JM, Liu J, Graham J, Heffner D, Reid R, Hogge D, Grigliatti TA, Riggs WK. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in reductase genes are not associated with response to daunorubicin-based remission induction. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:1918-20. [PMID: 23880735 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To improve the quality of care for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), biomarkers predictive of response to the standard daunorubicin-based induction therapy are needed. Genetic variants affecting daunorubicin metabolism are attractive candidates for such biomarkers. METHODS We have previously shown that 13 of the naturally occurring nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the reductase genes affect daunorubicin metabolism in vitro. Here, we test these SNPs individually and jointly for association with response to one cycle of daunorubicin-based chemotherapy in a sample of 189 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. RESULTS Of the 13 SNPs included in this study, only 5 passed quality control filters. No association was found between these 5 SNPs and response to one cycle of daunorubicin-based induction therapy in either individual or joint effect tests. CONCLUSIONS Despite their showing in vitro effect on metabolic rate of daunorubicin, the nonsynonymous SNPs in the reductase genes on their own are not significant contributors to the observed variability in response to daunorubicin therapy and thus, as singularities, are not useful biomarkers of this outcome. IMPACT The results of this investigation provide important information for studies on personalization of anthracycline-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Lubieniecka
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Zoology, Life Sciences Institute; Department of Medicine; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia; British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver; and Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
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