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Badhwar A, Hirschberg Y, Valle-Tamayo N, Iulita MF, Udeh-Momoh CT, Matton A, Tarawneh RM, Rissman RA, Ledreux A, Winston CN, Haqqani AS. Assessment of brain-derived extracellular vesicle enrichment for blood biomarker analysis in age-related neurodegenerative diseases: An international overview. Alzheimers Dement 2024. [PMID: 38864416 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain-derived extracellular vesicles (BEVs) in blood allows for minimally-invasive investigations of central nervous system (CNS) -specific markers of age-related neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Polymer-based EV- and immunoprecipitation (IP)-based BEV-enrichment protocols from blood have gained popularity. We systematically investigated protocol consistency across studies, and determined CNS-specificity of proteins associated with these protocols. METHODS NDD articles investigating BEVs in blood using polymer-based and/or IP-based BEV enrichment protocols were systematically identified, and protocols compared. Proteins used for BEV-enrichment and/or post-enrichment were assessed for CNS- and brain-cell-type-specificity, extracellular domains (ECD+), and presence in EV-databases. RESULTS A total of 82.1% of studies used polymer-based (ExoQuick) EV-enrichment, and 92.3% used L1CAM for IP-based BEV-enrichment. Centrifugation times differed across studies. A total of 26.8% of 82 proteins systematically identified were CNS-specific: 50% ECD+, 77.3% were listed in EV-databases. CONCLUSIONS We identified protocol steps requiring standardization, and recommend additional CNS-specific proteins that can be used for BEV-enrichment or as BEV-biomarkers. HIGHLIGHTS Across NDDs, we identified protocols commonly used for EV/BEV enrichment from blood. We identified protocol steps showing variability that require harmonization. We assessed CNS-specificity of proteins used for BEV-enrichment or found in BEV cargo. CNS-specific EV proteins with ECD+ or without were identified. We recommend evaluation of blood-BEV enrichment using these additional ECD+ proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- AmanPreet Badhwar
- Département de pharmacologie et physiologie, Institut de Génie Biomédical, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Multiomics Investigation of Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND) lab, Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yael Hirschberg
- Centre for Proteomics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Natalia Valle-Tamayo
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Calle San Quintí, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Florencia Iulita
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Calle San Quintí, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chinedu T Udeh-Momoh
- Ageing Epidemiology research unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of San Francisco Joan and Sanford I. Weill Neurosciences building, San Francisco, California, USA
- Imarisha Centre for Brain Health and Aging, Brain and Mind Institute, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anna Matton
- Ageing Epidemiology research unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Nobels väg, Sweden
| | - Rawan M Tarawneh
- Department of Neurology, Center for Memory and Aging, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Robert A Rissman
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Aurélie Ledreux
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Charisse N Winston
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, San Diego, California, USA
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Cyr B, Cabrera Ranaldi EDLRM, Hadad R, Dietrich WD, Keane RW, de Rivero Vaccari JP. Extracellular vesicles mediate inflammasome signaling in the brain and heart of Alzheimer's disease mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1369781. [PMID: 38660388 PMCID: PMC11039928 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1369781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory loss and cognitive impairment that worsens over time. AD is associated with many comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease that are associated with poorer outcomes. Comorbidities, especially heart disease and stroke, play a significant role in the demise of AD patients. Thus, it is important to understand how comorbidities are linked to AD. We have previously shown that extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated inflammasome signaling plays an important role in the pathogenesis of brain injury and acute lung injury after traumatic brain injury. Methods We analyzed the cortical, hippocampal, ventricular, and atrial protein lysates from APP/PS1 mice and their respective controls for inflammasome signaling activation. Additionally, we analyzed serum-derived EV for size, concentration, and content of inflammasome proteins as well as the EV marker CD63. Finally, we performed conditioned media experiments of EV from AD patients and healthy age-matched controls delivered to cardiovascular cells in culture to assess EV-induced inflammation. Results We show a significant increase in Pyrin, NLRP1, caspase-1, and ASC in the brain cortex whereas caspase-8, ASC, and IL-1β were significantly elevated in the heart ventricles of AD mice when compared to controls. We did not find significant differences in the size or concentration of EV between groups, but there was a significant increase of caspase-1 and IL-1β in EV from AD mice compared to controls. In addition, conditioned media experiments of serum-derived EV from AD patients and age-matched controls delivered to cardiovascular cells in culture resulted in inflammasome activation, and significant increases in TNF-α and IL-2. Conclusion These results indicate that EV-mediated inflammasome signaling in the heart may play a role in the development of cardiovascular diseases in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Cyr
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Erika D. L. R. M. Cabrera Ranaldi
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Roey Hadad
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - W. Dalton Dietrich
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Robert W. Keane
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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3
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Sukreet S, Rafii MS, Rissman RA. From understanding to action: Exploring molecular connections of Down syndrome to Alzheimer's disease for targeted therapeutic approach. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 16:e12580. [PMID: 38623383 PMCID: PMC11016820 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is caused by a third copy of chromosome 21. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by the deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Both disorders have elevated Aβ, tau, dysregulated immune response, and inflammation. In people with DS, Hsa21 genes like APP and DYRK1A are overexpressed, causing an accumulation of amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles, and potentially contributing to an increased risk of AD. As a result, people with DS are a key demographic for research into AD therapeutics and prevention. The molecular links between DS and AD shed insights into the underlying causes of both diseases and highlight potential therapeutic targets. Also, using biomarkers for early diagnosis and treatment monitoring is an active area of research, and genetic screening for high-risk individuals may enable earlier intervention. Finally, the fundamental mechanistic parallels between DS and AD emphasize the necessity for continued research into effective treatments and prevention measures for DS patients at risk for AD. Genetic screening with customized therapy approaches may help the DS population in current clinical studies and future biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Sukreet
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of California‐San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Michael S. Rafii
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research InstituteKeck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Robert A. Rissman
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of California‐San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department Physiology and Neuroscience, Alzheimer’s Therapeutic Research InstituteKeck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
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Berriel Pinho VH, Daher JPL, Kanaan S, Medeiros T. Extracellular vesicles in Alzheimer's disease. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2024; 82:1-8. [PMID: 38467392 PMCID: PMC10927369 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1779296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles released by cells that facilitate cell signaling. They are categorized based on their biogenesis and size. In the context of the central nervous system (CNS), EVs have been extensively studied for their role in both normal physiological functions and diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and neuronal death. EVs have emerged as potential biomarkers for AD due to their involvement in disease progression. Specifically, EVs derived from neurons, astrocytes, and neuron precursor cells exhibit changes in quantity and composition in AD. Neuron-derived EVs have been found to contain key proteins associated with AD pathology, such as amyloid beta (Aß) and tau. Increased levels of Aß in neuron-derived EVs isolated from the plasma have been observed in individuals with AD and mild cognitive impairment, suggesting their potential as early biomarkers. However, the analysis of tau in neuron-derived EVs is still inconclusive. In addition to Aß and tau, neuron-derived EVs also carry other proteins linked to AD, including synaptic proteins. These findings indicate that EVs could serve as biomarkers for AD, particularly for early diagnosis and disease monitoring. However, further research is required to validate their use and explore potential therapeutic applications. To summarize, EVs are small vesicles involved in cell signaling within the CNS. They hold promise as biomarkers for AD, potentially enabling early diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression. Ongoing research aims to refine their use as biomarkers and uncover additional therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João Paulo Lima Daher
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia, NIterói RJ, Brazil.
| | - Salim Kanaan
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia, NIterói RJ, Brazil.
| | - Thalia Medeiros
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia, NIterói RJ, Brazil.
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Farzaneh M, Khoshnam SE. Functional Roles of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Exosomes in Ischemic Stroke Treatment. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:2-14. [PMID: 36567297 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x18666221222123818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a life-threatening disease and one of the leading causes of death and physical disability worldwide. Currently, no drugs on the market promote neural recovery after stroke insult, and spontaneous remodeling processes are limited to induce recovery in the ischemic regions. Therefore, promoting a cell-based therapy has been needed to elevate the endogenous recovery process. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been regarded as candidate cell sources for therapeutic purposes of ischemic stroke, and their therapeutic effects are mediated by exosomes. The microRNA cargo in these extracellular vesicles is mostly responsible for the positive effects. When it comes to the therapeutic viewpoint, MSCsderived exosomes could be a promising therapeutic strategy against ischemic stroke. The aim of this review is to discuss the current knowledge around the potential of MSCs-derived exosomes in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Farzaneh
- Fertility, Infertility and Perinatology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Zhang W, Uyemura R, Zhong K, Guo R, Zhong L. Current Advances and Future Perspectives on Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.1206. [PMID: 38270122 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been increasing in recent years as the world's population ages, which poses a significant challenge to public health. Due to the complexity of pathogenesis of AD, currently there is no effective treatment for it. In recent years, cell and gene therapy has attracted widespread attention in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) represent a novel cell-free therapy with numerous advantages over cell-based therapies owing to their low immunogenicity and high safety profile. We summarize recent progress in the application of EVs for treating AD and the specific mechanisms and outline the underlying mechanisms. We also explore various methods for optimizing the function of MSC-EVs, including gene editing, modifying stem cell culture conditions and peptide modification. In addition, we discuss the therapeutic potentials of MSC-EVs, as well as the obstacles that currently impede their clinical utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Russell Uyemura
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California 91766, USA
| | - Kun Zhong
- American Center of Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Farmington Hills, Michigan 48336, USA
| | - Rui Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Li Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California 91766, USA
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7
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Badhwar A, Hirschberg Y, Tamayo NV, Iulita MF, Udeh-Momoh CT, Matton A, Tarawneh RM, Rissman RA, Ledreux A, Winston CN, Haqqani AS. Assessment of brain-derived extracellular vesicle enrichment for blood biomarker analysis in age-related neurodegenerative diseases: An international overview. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.02.560210. [PMID: 37873207 PMCID: PMC10592861 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain-derived extracellular vesicles (BEVs) in blood allows for minimally- invasive investigations of CNS-specific markers of age-related neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Polymer-based EV- and immunoprecipitation (IP)-based BEV-enrichment protocols from blood have gained popularity. We systematically investigated protocol consistency across studies, and determined CNS-specificity of proteins associated with these protocols. METHODS NDD articles investigating BEVs in blood using polymer-based and/or IP-based BEV enrichment protocols were systematically identified, and protocols compared. Proteins used for BEV-enrichment and/or post-enrichment were assessed for CNS- and brain-cell-type- specificity; extracellular domains (ECD+); and presence in EV-databases. RESULTS 82.1% of studies used polymer-based (ExoQuick) EV-enrichment, and 92.3% used L1CAM for IP-based BEV-enrichment. Centrifugation times differed across studies. 26.8% of 82 proteins systematically identified were CNS-specific: 50% ECD+, 77.3% were listed in EV- databases. DISCUSSION We identified protocol steps requiring standardization, and recommend additional CNS-specific proteins that can be used for BEV-enrichment or as BEV-biomarkers.
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8
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Rufino-Ramos D, Leandro K, Perdigão PRL, O'Brien K, Pinto MM, Santana MM, van Solinge TS, Mahjoum S, Breakefield XO, Breyne K, Pereira de Almeida L. Extracellular communication between brain cells through functional transfer of Cre mRNA mediated by extracellular vesicles. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2220-2239. [PMID: 37194237 PMCID: PMC10362460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), the crosstalk between neural cells is mediated by extracellular mechanisms, including brain-derived extracellular vesicles (bdEVs). To study endogenous communication across the brain and periphery, we explored Cre-mediated DNA recombination to permanently record the functional uptake of bdEVs cargo over time. To elucidate functional cargo transfer within the brain at physiological levels, we promoted the continuous secretion of physiological levels of neural bdEVs containing Cre mRNA from a localized region in the brain by in situ lentiviral transduction of the striatum of Flox-tdTomato Ai9 mice reporter of Cre activity. Our approach efficiently detected in vivo transfer of functional events mediated by physiological levels of endogenous bdEVs throughout the brain. Remarkably, a spatial gradient of persistent tdTomato expression was observed along the whole brain, exhibiting an increment of more than 10-fold over 4 months. Moreover, bdEVs containing Cre mRNA were detected in the bloodstream and extracted from brain tissue to further confirm their functional delivery of Cre mRNA in a novel and highly sensitive Nanoluc reporter system. Overall, we report a sensitive method to track bdEV transfer at physiological levels, which will shed light on the role of bdEVs in neural communication within the brain and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rufino-Ramos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Kevin Leandro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro R L Perdigão
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Killian O'Brien
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Manuel Pinto
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Magda M Santana
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Thomas S van Solinge
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shadi Mahjoum
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Koen Breyne
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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9
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Roseborough AD, Saad L, Goodman M, Cipriano LE, Hachinski VC, Whitehead SN. White matter hyperintensities and longitudinal cognitive decline in cognitively normal populations and across diagnostic categories: A meta-analysis, systematic review, and recommendations for future study harmonization. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:194-207. [PMID: 35319162 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The primary aim of this paper is to improve the clinical interpretation of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) and provide an overarching summary of methodological approaches, allowing researchers to design future studies targeting current knowledge gaps. METHODS A meta-analysis and systematic review was performed investigating associations between baseline WMHs and longitudinal cognitive outcomes in cognitively normal populations, and populations with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and stroke. RESULTS Baseline WMHs increase the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia across diagnostic categories and most consistently in MCI and post-stroke populations. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and domain-specific cognitive changes relating to strategic anatomical locations, such as frontal WMH and executive decline, represent important considerations. Meta-analysis reliability was assessed using multiple methods of estimation, and results suggest that heterogeneity in study design and reporting remains a significant barrier. DISCUSSION Recommendations and future directions for study of WMHs are provided to improve cross-study comparison and translation of research into consistent clinical interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austyn D Roseborough
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lorenzo Saad
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maren Goodman
- Western Libraries, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren E Cipriano
- Ivey Business School and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vladimir C Hachinski
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn N Whitehead
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Gallego JJ, Fiorillo A, Casanova-Ferrer F, Urios A, Ballester MP, Durbán L, Megías J, Rubio T, Cabrera-Pastor A, Escudero-García D, Felipo V, Montoliu C. Plasma Extracellular Vesicles Play a Role in Immune System Modulation in Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012335. [PMID: 36293192 PMCID: PMC9604313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is associated with changes in the immune system including an increased pro-inflammatory environment and altered differentiation of CD4+ T lymphocytes. The mechanisms remain unknown. Changes in extracellular vesicle (EV) cargo including proteins and miRNAs could play a main role as mediators of immune system changes associated with MHE. The aim was to assess whether plasma EVs from MHE patients played a role in inducing the pro-inflammatory environment and altered differentiation of CD4+ T lymphocyte subtypes in MHE patients. We characterized the miRNA and protein cargo of plasma EVs from 50 cirrhotic patients (27 without and 23 with MHE) and 24 controls. CD4+ T cells from the controls were cultured with plasma EVs from the three groups of study, and the cytokine release and differentiation to CD4+ T-cell subtypes were assessed. Plasma EVs from MHE patients had altered miRNA and protein contents, and were enriched in inflammatory factors compared to the controls and patients without MHE. EVs from MHE patients modulated the expression of pro-inflammatory IL-17, IL-21, and TNF-α and anti-inflammatory TGF-β in cultured CD4+ T lymphocytes, and increased the proportion of Th follicular and Treg cells and the activation of Th17 cells. In conclusion, plasma EVs could play an important role in the induction of immune changes observed in MHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Gallego
- Fundación de Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Alessandra Fiorillo
- Fundación de Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Franc Casanova-Ferrer
- Fundación de Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Urios
- Fundación de Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - María-Pilar Ballester
- Fundación de Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lucia Durbán
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, 46015 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Megías
- Departamento de Patología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Rubio
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrea Cabrera-Pastor
- Fundación de Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmina Montoliu
- Fundación de Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Patología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-963864381
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Khan NA, Asim M, El-Menyar A, Biswas KH, Rizoli S, Al-Thani H. The evolving role of extracellular vesicles (exosomes) as biomarkers in traumatic brain injury: Clinical perspectives and therapeutic implications. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:933434. [PMID: 36275010 PMCID: PMC9584168 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.933434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing effective disease-modifying therapies for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) requires reliable diagnostic, disease activity, and progression indicators. While desirable, identifying biomarkers for NDs can be difficult because of the complex cytoarchitecture of the brain and the distinct cell subsets seen in different parts of the central nervous system (CNS). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous, cell-derived, membrane-bound vesicles involved in the intercellular communication and transport of cell-specific cargos, such as proteins, Ribonucleic acid (RNA), and lipids. The types of EVs include exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies based on their size and origin of biogenesis. A growing body of evidence suggests that intercellular communication mediated through EVs is responsible for disseminating important proteins implicated in the progression of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and other NDs. Some studies showed that TBI is a risk factor for different NDs. In terms of therapeutic potential, EVs outperform the alternative synthetic drug delivery methods because they can transverse the blood–brain barrier (BBB) without inducing immunogenicity, impacting neuroinflammation, immunological responses, and prolonged bio-distribution. Furthermore, EV production varies across different cell types and represents intracellular processes. Moreover, proteomic markers, which can represent a variety of pathological processes, such as cellular damage or neuroinflammation, have been frequently studied in neurotrauma research. However, proteomic blood-based biomarkers have short half-lives as they are easily susceptible to degradation. EV-based biomarkers for TBI may represent the complex genetic and neurometabolic abnormalities that occur post-TBI. These biomarkers are not caught by proteomics, less susceptible to degradation and hence more reflective of these modifications (cellular damage and neuroinflammation). In the current narrative and comprehensive review, we sought to discuss the contemporary knowledge and better understanding the EV-based research in TBI, and thus its applications in modern medicine. These applications include the utilization of circulating EVs as biomarkers for diagnosis, developments of EV-based therapies, and managing their associated challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naushad Ahmad Khan
- Clinical Research, Trauma Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad Asim
- Clinical Research, Trauma Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayman El-Menyar
- Clinical Research, Trauma Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Ayman El-Menyar
| | - Kabir H. Biswas
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sandro Rizoli
- Trauma Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hassan Al-Thani
- Trauma Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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Lättekivi F, Guljavina I, Midekessa G, Viil J, Heath PR, Bæk R, Jørgensen MM, Andronowska A, Kingo K, Fazeli A. Profiling Blood Serum Extracellular Vesicles in Plaque Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Patients Reveals Potential Disease Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074005. [PMID: 35409365 PMCID: PMC9000144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis vulgaris (PsV) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are inflammatory diseases with unresolved pathophysiological aspects. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in intercellular communication. We compared the miRNA contents and surface proteome of the EVs in the blood serum of PsV and PsA patients to healthy controls. Size-exclusion chromatography was used to isolate EVs from the blood serum of 12 PsV patients, 12 PsA patients and 12 healthy control subjects. EV samples were characterized and RNA sequencing was used to identify differentially enriched EV-bound miRNAs. We found 212 differentially enriched EV-bound miRNAs present in both PsV and PsA groups—a total of 13 miRNAs at FDR ≤ 0.05. The predicted target genes of these miRNAs were significantly related to lesser known but potentially disease-relevant pathways. The EV array revealed that PsV patient EV samples were significantly enriched with CD9 EV-marker compared to controls. Analysis of EV-bound miRNAs suggests that signaling via EVs in the blood serum could play a role in the pathophysiological processes of PsV and PsA. EVs may be able to fill the void in clinically applicable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for PsV and PsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Lättekivi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila St. 14b, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (F.L.); (I.G.); (G.M.)
| | - Irina Guljavina
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila St. 14b, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (F.L.); (I.G.); (G.M.)
| | - Getnet Midekessa
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila St. 14b, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (F.L.); (I.G.); (G.M.)
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Janeli Viil
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila St. 14b, 50411 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Paul R. Heath
- Sheffield Institute of Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK;
| | - Rikke Bæk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Urbansgade 32-36, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark; (R.B.); (M.M.J.)
| | - Malene Møller Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Urbansgade 32-36, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark; (R.B.); (M.M.J.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Søndre Skovvej 15, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Aneta Andronowska
- Department of Hormonal Action Mechanisms, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima St. 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Kulli Kingo
- Clinic of Dermatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Raja 31, 50417 Tartu, Estonia;
- Clinic of Dermatology, Tartu University Hospital, Raja 31, 50417 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alireza Fazeli
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila St. 14b, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (F.L.); (I.G.); (G.M.)
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2SF, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +372-737-4425
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13
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Li TR, Yang Q, Hu X, Han Y. Biomarkers and Tools for Predicting Alzheimer's Disease in the Preclinical Stage. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:713-737. [PMID: 34030620 PMCID: PMC9878962 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210524153901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the only leading cause of death for which no disease-modifying therapy is currently available. Over the past decade, a string of disappointing clinical trial results has forced us to shift our focus to the preclinical stage of AD, which represents the most promising therapeutic window. However, the accurate diagnosis of preclinical AD requires the presence of brain β- amyloid deposition determined by cerebrospinal fluid or amyloid-positron emission tomography, significantly limiting routine screening and diagnosis in non-tertiary hospital settings. Thus, an easily accessible marker or tool with high sensitivity and specificity is highly needed. Recently, it has been discovered that individuals in the late stage of preclinical AD may not be truly "asymptomatic" in that they may have already developed subtle or subjective cognitive decline. In addition, advances in bloodderived biomarker studies have also allowed the detection of pathologic changes in preclinical AD. Exosomes, as cell-to-cell communication messengers, can reflect the functional changes of their source cell. Methodological advances have made it possible to extract brain-derived exosomes from peripheral blood, making exosomes an emerging biomarker carrier and liquid biopsy tool for preclinical AD. The eye and its associated structures have rich sensory-motor innervation. In this regard, studies have indicated that they may also provide reliable markers. Here, our report covers the current state of knowledge of neuropsychological and eye tests as screening tools for preclinical AD and assesses the value of blood and brain-derived exosomes as carriers of biomarkers in conjunction with the current diagnostic paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Ran Li
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Xiaochen Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne, 50924, Germany
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China;,Center of Alzheimer’s Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100053, China;,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, 100053, China;,School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China;,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China; Tel: +86 13621011941; E-mail:
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14
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Uchida K. Waste Clearance in the Brain and Neuroinflammation: A Novel Perspective on Biomarker and Drug Target Discovery in Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050919. [PMID: 35269541 PMCID: PMC8909773 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial disease with a heterogeneous etiology. The pathology of Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by amyloid-beta and hyperphosphorylated tau, which are necessary for disease progression. Many clinical trials on disease-modifying drugs for AD have failed to indicate their clinical benefits. Recent advances in fundamental research have indicated that neuroinflammation plays an important pathological role in AD. Damage- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns in the brain induce neuroinflammation and inflammasome activation, causing caspase-1-dependent glial and neuronal cell death. These waste products in the brain are eliminated by the glymphatic system via perivascular spaces, the blood-brain barrier, and the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Age-related vascular dysfunction is associated with an impairment of clearance and barrier functions, leading to neuroinflammation. The proteins involved in waste clearance in the brain and peripheral circulation may be potential biomarkers and drug targets in the early stages of cognitive impairment. This short review focuses on waste clearance dysfunction in AD pathobiology and discusses the improvement of waste clearance as an early intervention in prodromal AD and preclinical stages of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Uchida
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Ibaraki, Japan; ; Tel.: +81-29-853-3210; Fax: +81-50-3730-7456
- Institute for Biomedical Research, MCBI, 4-9-29 Matsushiro, Tsukuba 305-0035, Ibaraki, Japan
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15
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Holcar M, Kandušer M, Lenassi M. Blood Nanoparticles - Influence on Extracellular Vesicle Isolation and Characterization. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:773844. [PMID: 34867406 PMCID: PMC8635996 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.773844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood is a rich source of disease biomarkers, which include extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are nanometer-to micrometer-sized spherical particles that are enclosed by a phospholipid bilayer and are secreted by most cell types. EVs reflect the physiological cell of origin in terms of their molecular composition and biophysical characteristics, and they accumulate in blood even when released from remote organs or tissues, while protecting their cargo from degradation. The molecular components (e.g., proteins, miRNAs) and biophysical characteristics (e.g., size, concentration) of blood EVs have been studied as biomarkers of cancers and neurodegenerative, autoimmune, and cardiovascular diseases. However, most biomarker studies do not address the problem of contaminants in EV isolates from blood plasma, and how these might affect downstream EV analysis. Indeed, nonphysiological EVs, protein aggregates, lipoproteins and viruses share many molecular and/or biophysical characteristics with EVs, and can therefore co-isolate with EVs from blood plasma. Consequently, isolation and downstream analysis of EVs from blood plasma remain a unique challenge, with important impacts on the outcomes of biomarker studies. To help improve rigor, reproducibility, and reliability of EV biomarker studies, we describe here the major contaminants of EV isolates from blood plasma, and we report on how different EV isolation methods affect their levels, and how contaminants that remain can affect the interpretation of downstream EV analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Holcar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maša Kandušer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Lenassi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Azkargorta M, Iloro I, Escobes I, Cabrera D, Falcon-Perez JM, Elortza F, Royo F. Human Serum Extracellular Vesicle Proteomic Profile Depends on the Enrichment Method Employed. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011144. [PMID: 34681804 PMCID: PMC8540106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteomic profiling of serum samples supposes a challenge due to the large abundance of a few blood proteins in comparison with other circulating proteins coming from different tissues and cells. Although the sensitivity of protein detection has increased enormously in the last years, specific strategies are still required to enrich less abundant proteins and get rid of abundant proteins such as albumin, lipoproteins, and immunoglobulins. One of the alternatives that has become more promising is to characterize circulating extracellular vesicles from serum samples that have great interest in biomedicine. In the present work, we enriched the extracellular vesicles fraction from human serum by applying different techniques, including ultracentrifugation, size-exclusion chromatography, and two commercial precipitation methods based on different mechanisms of action. To improve the performance and efficacy of the techniques to promote purity of the preparations, we have employed a small volume of serum samples (<100 mL). The comparative proteomic profiling of the enriched preparations shows that ultracentrifugation procedure yielded a larger and completely different set of proteins than other techniques, including mitochondrial and ribosome related proteins. The results showed that size exclusion chromatography carries over lipoprotein associated proteins, while a polymer-based precipitation kit has more affinity for proteins associated with granules of platelets. The precipitation kit that targets glycosylation molecules enriches differentially protein harboring glycosylation sites, including immunoglobulins and proteins of the membrane attack complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Azkargorta
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain; (M.A.); (I.I.); (I.E.); (D.C.); (J.M.F.-P.)
| | - Ibon Iloro
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain; (M.A.); (I.I.); (I.E.); (D.C.); (J.M.F.-P.)
| | - Iraide Escobes
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain; (M.A.); (I.I.); (I.E.); (D.C.); (J.M.F.-P.)
| | - Diana Cabrera
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain; (M.A.); (I.I.); (I.E.); (D.C.); (J.M.F.-P.)
| | - Juan M. Falcon-Perez
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain; (M.A.); (I.I.); (I.E.); (D.C.); (J.M.F.-P.)
- Network Center of Cooperative Research in Biomedicine of Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Felix Elortza
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain; (M.A.); (I.I.); (I.E.); (D.C.); (J.M.F.-P.)
- Network Center of Cooperative Research in Biomedicine of Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.E.); (F.R.)
| | - Felix Royo
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain; (M.A.); (I.I.); (I.E.); (D.C.); (J.M.F.-P.)
- Network Center of Cooperative Research in Biomedicine of Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.E.); (F.R.)
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17
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Alldred MJ, Martini AC, Patterson D, Hendrix J, Granholm AC. Aging with Down Syndrome-Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going? J Clin Med 2021; 10:4687. [PMID: 34682809 PMCID: PMC8539670 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10204687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a form of accelerated aging, and people with DS are highly prone to aging-related conditions that include vascular and neurological disorders. Due to the overexpression of several genes on Chromosome 21, for example genes encoding amyloid precursor protein (APP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and some of the interferon receptors, those with DS exhibit significant accumulation of amyloid, phospho-tau, oxidative stress, neuronal loss, and neuroinflammation in the brain as they age. In this review, we will summarize the major strides in this research field that have been made in the last few decades, as well as discuss where we are now, and which research areas are considered essential for the field in the future. We examine the scientific history of DS bridging these milestones in research to current efforts in the field. We extrapolate on comorbidities associated with this phenotype and highlight clinical networks in the USA and Europe pursuing clinical research, concluding with funding efforts and recent recommendations to the NIH regarding DS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Alldred
- Nathan Kline Institute, NYU Grossman Medical School, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA;
| | - Alessandra C. Martini
- Department of Pathology and Lab. Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - David Patterson
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA;
| | - James Hendrix
- LuMind IDSC Foundation, 20 Mall Road, Suite 200, Burlington, MA 01801, USA;
| | - Ann-Charlotte Granholm
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA;
- Department of Neurosurgery, CU Anschutz, 12631 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Systematic Search for Novel Circulating Biomarkers Associated with Extracellular Vesicles in Alzheimer's Disease: Combining Literature Screening and Database Mining Approaches. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11100946. [PMID: 34683087 PMCID: PMC8538213 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11100946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
miRNAs play an important role in neurodegenerative diseases. Many miRNA-target gene interactions (MTI) have been experimentally confirmed and associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). miRNAs may also be contained within extracellular vesicles (EVs), mediators of cellular communication and a potential source of circulating biomarkers in body fluids. Therefore, EV-associated miRNAs (EV-miRNAs) in peripheral blood could support earlier and less invasive AD diagnostics. We aimed to prioritize EV-related miRNA with AD-related genes and to identify the most promising candidates for novel AD biomarkers. A list of unique EV-miRNAs from the literature was combined with a known set of AD risk genes and enriched for MTI. Additionally, miRNAs associated with the AD phenotype were combined with all known target genes in MTI enrichment. Expression in different sample types was analyzed to identify AD-associated miRNAs with the greatest potential as AD circulating biomarkers. Four common MTI were observed between EV-miRNAs and AD-associated miRNAs: hsa-miR-375–APH1B, hsa-miR-107–CDC42SE2, hsa-miR-375–CELF2, and hsa-miR-107–IL6. An additional 61 out of 169 unique miRNAs (36.1%) and seven out of 84 unique MTI (8.3%), observed in the body fluids of AD patients, were proposed as very strong AD-circulating biomarker candidates. Our analysis summarized several potential novel AD biomarkers, but further studies are needed to evaluate their potential in clinical practice.
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Sil S, Singh S, Chemparathy DT, Chivero ET, Gordon L, Buch S. Astrocytes & Astrocyte derived Extracellular Vesicles in Morphine Induced Amyloidopathy: Implications for Cognitive Deficits in Opiate Abusers. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1389-1408. [PMID: 34527417 PMCID: PMC8407877 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While opiates like morphine play a major role in the pharmacotherapy for the control of pain associated with various diseases, paradoxically, their long-term use is associated with cognitive impairments. Furthermore, morphine administration has been shown to result in neuronal synaptodendritic injury in rodent brains, leading to neurodegeneration. We recently reported the role of astrocytes as contributors of amyloidosis associated with HIV-associated neurological disorders. Herein we hypothesize that morphine could induce astrocytic amyloidosis, which, in turn, could be disseminated to various regions in the brain by astrocyte-derived EVs (ADEVs). In this study we demonstrate brain region-specific up-regulation of astrocytic amyloids in morphine dependendent rhesus macaques. In addition, herein we also demonstrate increased expression of β-site cleaving enzyme (BACE1), APP, and Aβ in human primary astrocytes (HPAs) exposed to morphine. Mechanisms involved in this process included the up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α), its translocation and binding to the promoter of BACE1, leading to increased BACE1 activity and, generation of Aβ 1-42. Gene silencing approaches confirmed the regulatory role of HIF-1α in BACE1 mediated amyloidosis leading to astrocyte activation and neuroinflammation. We next sought to assess whether morphine-stimulated ADEVs could carry amyloid cargoes. Results showed that morphine exposure induced the release of morphine-ADEVs, carrying amyloids. Interestingly, silencing HIF-1α in astrocytes not only reduced the numbers of ADEV released, but also the packaging of amyloid cargos in the ADEVs. These findings were further validated in brain derived EVs (BEVs) isolated from macaques, wherein it was shown that BEVs from morphine-dependent macaques, carried varieties of amyloid cargoes including the cytokine IL-1β. This is the first report implicating the role of HIF-1α-BACE1 axis in morphine-mediated induction of astrocytic amyloidosis, leading, in turn, to neuroinflammation and release of the amyloid cargoes via ADEVs. These findings set the groundwork for the future development of therapeutic strategies for targeting cognitive deficits in chronic opiate users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Sil
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Seema Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Divya T Chemparathy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Ernest T Chivero
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Lila Gordon
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
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Shotgun-based proteomics of extracellular vesicles in Alzheimer's disease reveals biomarkers involved in immunological and coagulation pathways. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18518. [PMID: 34531462 PMCID: PMC8445922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97969-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and without readily available clinical biomarkers. Blood-derived proteins are routinely used for diagnostics; however, comprehensive plasma profiling is challenging due to the dynamic range in protein concentrations. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can cross the blood-brain barrier and may provide a source for AD biomarkers. We investigated plasma-derived EV proteins for AD biomarkers from 10 AD patients, 10 Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) patients, and 9 healthy controls (Con) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The ultracentrifuged EVs were washed and confirmed according to the MISEV2018 guidelines. Some AD patients presented with highly elevated FXIIIA1 (log2 FC: 4.6, p-value: 0.005) and FXIIIB (log2 FC: 4.9, p-value: 0.018). A panel of proteins was identified discriminating Con from AD (AUC: 0.91, CI: 0.67-1.00) with ORM2 (AUC: 1.00, CI: 1.00-1.00), RBP4 (AUC: 0.99, CI: 0.95-1.00), and HYDIN (AUC: 0.89, CI: 0.72-1.00) were found especially relevant for AD. This indicates that EVs provide an easily accessible matrix for possible AD biomarkers. Some of the MCI patients, with similar protein profiles as the AD group, progressed to AD within a 2-year timespan.
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21
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Small Neuron-Derived Extracellular Vesicles from Individuals with Down Syndrome Propagate Tau Pathology in the Wildtype Mouse Brain. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10173931. [PMID: 34501378 PMCID: PMC8432237 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10173931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) exhibit Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology at a young age, including amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Tau pathology can spread via extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes. The cargo of neuron-derived small extracellular vesicles (NDEVs) from individuals with DS contains p-Tau at an early age. The goal of the study was to investigate whether NDEVs isolated from the blood of individuals with DS can spread Tau pathology in the brain of wildtype mice. We purified NDEVs from the plasma of patients with DS-AD and controls and injected small quantities using stereotaxic surgery into the dorsal hippocampus of adult wildtype mice. Seeding competent Tau conformers were amplified in vitro from DS-AD NDEVs but not NDEVs from controls. One month or 4 months post-injection, we examined Tau pathology in mouse brains. We found abundant p-Tau immunostaining in the hippocampus of the mice injected with DS-AD NDEVs compared to injections of age-matched control NDEVs. Double labeling with neuronal and glial markers showed that p-Tau staining was largely found in neurons and, to a lesser extent, in glial cells and that p-Tau immunostaining was spreading along the corpus callosum and the medio-lateral axis of the hippocampus. These studies demonstrate that NDEVs from DS-AD patients exhibit Tau seeding capacity and give rise to tangle-like intracellular inclusions.
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Extracellular Vesicles as Emerging Players in Intercellular Communication: Relevance in Mast Cell-Mediated Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179176. [PMID: 34502083 PMCID: PMC8431297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are major effector cells in eliciting allergic responses. They also play a significant role in establishing innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as in modulating tumor growth. Mast cells can be activated upon engagement of the high-affinity receptor FcεRI with specific IgE to multivalent antigens or in response to several FcεRI-independent mechanisms. Upon stimulation, mast cells secrete various preformed and newly synthesized mediators. Emerging evidence indicates their ability to be a rich source of secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, which convey biological functions. Mast cell-derived EVs can interact with and affect other cells located nearby or at distant sites and modulate inflammation, allergic response, and tumor progression. Mast cells are also affected by EVs derived from other cells in the immune system or in the tumor microenvironment, which may activate mast cells to release different mediators. In this review, we summarize the latest data regarding the ability of mast cells to release or respond to EVs and their role in allergic responses, inflammation, and tumor progression. Understanding the release, composition, and uptake of EVs by cells located near to or at sites distant from mast cells in a variety of clinical conditions, such as allergic inflammation, mastocytosis, and lung cancer will contribute to developing novel therapeutic approaches.
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23
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Sandau US, Loftis JM. Toward a better understanding of inflammatory microvesicles in alcohol use disorder. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:2364-2366. [PMID: 34292625 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula S Sandau
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jennifer M Loftis
- Research & Development Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Mahjoum S, Rufino-Ramos D, Pereira de Almeida L, Broekman MLD, Breakefield XO, van Solinge TS. Living Proof of Activity of Extracellular Vesicles in the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147294. [PMID: 34298912 PMCID: PMC8303915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of a heterogeneous population of cells with highly specialized functions. For optimal functioning of the CNS, in disease and in health, intricate communication between these cells is vital. One important mechanism of cellular communication is the release and uptake of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are membrane enclosed particles actively released by cells, containing a wide array of proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. These EVs can be taken up by neighboring or distant cells, and influence a wide range of processes. Due to the complexity and relative inaccessibility of the CNS, our current understanding of the role of EVs is mainly derived in vitro work. However, recently new methods and techniques have opened the ability to study the role of EVs in the CNS in vivo. In this review, we discuss the current developments in our understanding of the role of EVs in the CNS in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Mahjoum
- Program in Neuroscience, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02119, USA; (S.M.); (M.L.D.B.); (X.O.B.)
| | - David Rufino-Ramos
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (D.R.-R.); (L.P.d.A.)
- CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (D.R.-R.); (L.P.d.A.)
- CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marike L. D. Broekman
- Program in Neuroscience, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02119, USA; (S.M.); (M.L.D.B.); (X.O.B.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haaglanden Medical Center, 2512 VA The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Xandra O. Breakefield
- Program in Neuroscience, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02119, USA; (S.M.); (M.L.D.B.); (X.O.B.)
| | - Thomas S. van Solinge
- Program in Neuroscience, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02119, USA; (S.M.); (M.L.D.B.); (X.O.B.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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Utz J, Berner J, Muñoz LE, Oberstein TJ, Kornhuber J, Herrmann M, Maler JM, Spitzer P. Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients With Alzheimer's Disease Contains Increased Percentages of Synaptophysin-Bearing Microvesicles. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:682115. [PMID: 34295239 PMCID: PMC8290128 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.682115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In Alzheimer’s disease, the severity of symptoms is linked to a loss of synaptic density and the spread of pathologically hyperphosphorylated tau. The established cerebrospinal fluid markers Aβ, tau and phospho-tau reflect the histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease but do not indicate disease progression. Such markers are of special interest, especially for trials of disease modifying drugs. Microvesicles are produced by stressed cells and reflect part of the metabolism of their cells of origin. Therefore, we investigated microvesicles of neuronal origin in cerebrospinal fluid. Materials and Methods We used flow cytometry to analyze microvesicles carrying tau, phospho-tau-Thr181, phospho-tau-Ser202Thr205, synaptophysin, and SNAP-25 in the cerebrospinal fluid of 19 patients with Alzheimer’s disease and 15 non-inflammatory neurological disease controls. Results The percentages of synaptophysin-bearing microvesicles were significantly higher in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer’s disease than in the CSF of non-inflammatory neurological disease controls. Tau, phospho-tau-Thr181, phospho-tau-Ser202Thr205, and SNAP-25 did not differ between the groups. The percentages of synaptophysin-bearing vesicles distinguished patients with Alzheimer’s disease from the controls (AUC = 0.81). Conclusion The loss of synapses in Alzheimer’s disease may be reflected by synaptophysin-bearing microvesicles in the cerebrospinal fluid. Future studies are needed to investigate the possibility of using these MVs as a marker to determine the activity of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Utz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Judith Berner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luis Enrique Muñoz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timo Jan Oberstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Juan Manuel Maler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Spitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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Huda MN, Nafiujjaman M, Deaguero IG, Okonkwo J, Hill ML, Kim T, Nurunnabi M. Potential Use of Exosomes as Diagnostic Biomarkers and in Targeted Drug Delivery: Progress in Clinical and Preclinical Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:2106-2149. [PMID: 33988964 PMCID: PMC8147457 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-derived vesicles containing heterogeneous active biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, mRNAs, receptors, immune regulatory molecules, and nucleic acids. They typically range in size from 30 to 150 nm in diameter. An exosome's surfaces can be bioengineered with antibodies, fluorescent dye, peptides, and tailored for small molecule and large active biologics. Exosomes have enormous potential as a drug delivery vehicle due to enhanced biocompatibility, excellent payload capability, and reduced immunogenicity compared to alternative polymeric-based carriers. Because of active targeting and specificity, exosomes are capable of delivering their cargo to exosome-recipient cells. Additionally, exosomes can potentially act as early stage disease diagnostic tools as the exosome carries various protein biomarkers associated with a specific disease. In this review, we summarize recent progress on exosome composition, biological characterization, and isolation techniques. Finally, we outline the exosome's clinical applications and preclinical advancement to provide an outlook on the importance of exosomes for use in targeted drug delivery, biomarker study, and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nurul Huda
- Environmental Science & Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
| | - Md Nafiujjaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Isaac G Deaguero
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
| | - Jude Okonkwo
- John A Paulson School of Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Meghan L. Hill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Taeho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Environmental Science & Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
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27
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La Cognata V, Morello G, Cavallaro S. Omics Data and Their Integrative Analysis to Support Stratified Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094820. [PMID: 34062930 PMCID: PMC8125201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular and clinical heterogeneity is increasingly recognized as a common characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This heterogeneity makes difficult the development of early diagnosis and effective treatment approaches, as well as the design and testing of new drugs. As such, the stratification of patients into meaningful disease subgroups, with clinical and biological relevance, may improve disease management and the development of effective treatments. To this end, omics technologies-such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics-are contributing to offer a more comprehensive view of molecular pathways underlying the development of NDs, helping to differentiate subtypes of patients based on their specific molecular signatures. In this article, we discuss how omics technologies and their integration have provided new insights into the molecular heterogeneity underlying the most prevalent NDs, aiding to define early diagnosis and progression markers as well as therapeutic targets that can translate into stratified treatment approaches, bringing us closer to the goal of personalized medicine in neurology.
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28
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Jayachandran M, Miller VM, Lahr BD, Bailey KR, Lowe VJ, Fields JA, Mielke MM, Kantarci K. Peripheral Markers of Neurovascular Unit Integrity and Amyloid-β in the Brains of Menopausal Women. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:397-405. [PMID: 33554914 PMCID: PMC8075395 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of blood-borne biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias is more feasible at the population level than obtaining cerebrospinal fluid or neuroimaging markers. OBJECTIVE This study determined the association of blood microvesicles, derived from cells of the neurovascular unit, with brain amyloid-β deposition in menopausal women. METHODS A subset of women from the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study underwent brain amyloid-β positron emission tomography three years following cessation of study treatment with placebo (PL, n = 29), transdermal 17β-estradiol (tE2; n = 21), or oral conjugated equine estrogen (oCEE; n = 17). Isolated peripheral venous blood microvesicles were analyzed by digital flow cytometry using fluorophore conjugated antibodies directed toward total tau, amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ1-42), neuron specific class III β-tubulin (Tuj1), microglia ionized calcium -binding adaptor molecule 1(Iba1), glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), and low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein1 (LRP1). Principal components analysis reduced the dimensionality of these selected six markers to two principal components (PCs). Proportional odds ordinal logistic regression analysis was used with amyloid-β deposition regressed on these PCs. RESULTS Only the number of microvesicles positive for Aβ1-42 differed statistically among prior treatment groups (median [IQR]: 6.06 [2.11, 12.55] in PL; 2.49 [0.73, 3.59] in tE2; and 4.96 [0.83, 10.31] in oCEE; p = 0.032). The joint association between the 2 PCs and brain amyloid-β deposition was significant (p = 0.045). CONCLUSION Six selected markers expressing peripheral blood microvesicles derived from cells of the neurovascular unit, when summarized into two principal components, were associated with brain amyloid-β deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthuvel Jayachandran
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension and Hematology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Virginia M Miller
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brian D Lahr
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kent R Bailey
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Val J Lowe
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Julie A Fields
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michelle M Mielke
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kejal Kantarci
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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29
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Meldolesi J. News about the Role of Fluid and Imaging Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030252. [PMID: 33806691 PMCID: PMC7999537 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are molecules that are variable in their origin, nature, and mechanism of action; they are of great relevance in biology and also in medicine because of their specific connection with a single or several diseases. Biomarkers are of two types, which in some cases are operative with each other. Fluid biomarkers, started around 2000, are generated in fluid from specific proteins/peptides and miRNAs accumulated within two extracellular fluids, either the central spinal fluid or blood plasma. The switch of these proteins/peptides and miRNAs, from free to segregated within extracellular vesicles, has induced certain advantages including higher levels within fluids and lower operative expenses. Imaging biomarkers, started around 2004, are identified in vivo upon their binding by radiolabeled molecules subsequently revealed in the brain by positron emission tomography and/or other imaging techniques. A positive point for the latter approach is the quantitation of results, but expenses are much higher. At present, both types of biomarker are being extensively employed to study Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases, investigated from the presymptomatic to mature stages. In conclusion, biomarkers have revolutionized scientific and medical research and practice. Diagnosis, which is often inadequate when based on medical criteria only, has been recently improved by the multiplicity and specificity of biomarkers. Analogous results have been obtained for prognosis. In contrast, improvement of therapy has been limited or fully absent, especially for Alzheimer’s in which progress has been inadequate. An urgent need at hand is therefore the progress of a new drug trial design together with patient management in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Meldolesi
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
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30
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Loudjani S, Narayanan S, Haqqani AS, Badhwar A. How Your Blood Knows Your Brain Is Sick. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/frym.2020.561561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex disease that attacks the brain that mostly affects people 65 years and older. AD affects more and more people each year. A major problem with AD is that it is diagnosed too late. A big goal is to find ways to help doctors identify the disease early, so they can better help AD patients. Biomarkers are something that can tell you if a part of the body is feeling healthy or is being attacked by a disease. This article will describe one exciting new category of biomarkers that carry information from the brain into the blood. These biomarkers can be used to see how healthy the brain is feeling or if it is getting hurt by a disease like AD.
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31
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Zhao Y, Jaber V, Alexandrov PN, Vergallo A, Lista S, Hampel H, Lukiw WJ. microRNA-Based Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Front Neurosci 2020; 14:585432. [PMID: 33192270 PMCID: PMC7664832 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.585432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial, age-related neurological disease characterized by complex pathophysiological dynamics taking place at multiple biological levels, including molecular, genetic, epigenetic, cellular and large-scale brain networks. These alterations account for multiple pathophysiological mechanisms such as brain protein accumulation, neuroinflammatory/neuro-immune processes, synaptic dysfunction, and neurodegeneration that eventually lead to cognitive and behavioral decline. Alterations in microRNA (miRNA) signaling have been implicated in the epigenetics and molecular genetics of all neurobiological processes associated with AD pathophysiology. These changes encompass altered miRNA abundance, speciation and complexity in anatomical regions of the CNS targeted by the disease, including modified miRNA expression patterns in brain tissues, the systemic circulation, the extracellular fluid (ECF) and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). miRNAs have been investigated as candidate biomarkers for AD diagnosis, disease prediction, prognosis and therapeutic purposes because of their involvement in multiple brain signaling pathways in both health and disease. In this review we will: (i) highlight the significantly heterogeneous nature of miRNA expression and complexity in AD tissues and biofluids; (ii) address how information may be extracted from these data to be used as a diagnostic, prognostic and/or screening tools across the entire continuum of AD, from the preclinical stage, through the prodromal, i.e., mild cognitive impairment (MCI) phase all the way to clinically overt dementia; and (iii) consider how specific miRNA expression patterns could be categorized using miRNA reporters that span AD pathophysiological initiation and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhai Zhao
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Vivian Jaber
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | | | - Andrea Vergallo
- Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Simone Lista
- Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Boulevard de l’Hôpital, Paris, France
- Institute of Memory and Alzheimer’s Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Boulevard de l’hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Harald Hampel
- Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Walter J. Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Ophthalmology, LSU Neuroscience Center Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Neurology, LSU Neuroscience Center Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Guo M, Yin Z, Chen F, Lei P. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome: a promising alternative in the therapy of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2020; 12:109. [PMID: 32928293 PMCID: PMC7488700 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00670-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been a devastating public health with the development of global aging. Approaches for reducing the current AD epidemic are becoming a primary focus of human healthcare due to the lack of achieved lasting and complete remission strategies to treat AD with the characteristics of heterogeneity and complexity. Exosomes, which is the new emerging approach to intercellular communication, provide novel perspective on identified therapeutic strategies of AD. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-exos) are emerging to be an appealing therapeutic tool for AD, with the donor-derived properties and the characteristics of minimal immunogenicity, effortless storage, nature delivery vehicles, and low risks of tumor formation based on the previous researches. In this review, we elaborate the mechanism of MSC-exos in the treatment of AD and discuss limitations in the clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengtian Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenyu Yin
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Ping Lei
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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Ausó E, Gómez-Vicente V, Esquiva G. Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease Early Diagnosis. J Pers Med 2020; 10:E114. [PMID: 32899797 PMCID: PMC7563965 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, affecting the central nervous system (CNS) through the accumulation of intraneuronal neurofibrillary tau tangles (NFTs) and β-amyloid plaques. By the time AD is clinically diagnosed, neuronal loss has already occurred in many brain and retinal regions. Therefore, the availability of early and reliable diagnosis markers of the disease would allow its detection and taking preventive measures to avoid neuronal loss. Current diagnostic tools in the brain, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers (Aβ and tau) detection are invasive and expensive. Brain-secreted extracellular vesicles (BEVs) isolated from peripheral blood have emerged as novel strategies in the study of AD, with enormous potential as a diagnostic evaluation of therapeutics and treatment tools. In addition; similar mechanisms of neurodegeneration have been demonstrated in the brain and the eyes of AD patients. Since the eyes are more accessible than the brain, several eye tests that detect cellular and vascular changes in the retina have also been proposed as potential screening biomarkers. The aim of this study is to summarize and discuss several potential markers in the brain, eye, blood, and other accessible biofluids like saliva and urine, and correlate them with earlier diagnosis and prognosis to identify individuals with mild symptoms prior to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gema Esquiva
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (E.A.); (V.G.-V.)
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Bernardi S, Balbi C. Extracellular Vesicles: From Biomarkers to Therapeutic Tools. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9090258. [PMID: 32878063 PMCID: PMC7564466 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular communication is an essential hallmark of multicellular organisms and can be mediated through direct cell–cell contact or transfer of secreted molecules. In the last two decades, a third mechanism for intercellular communication has emerged that involves intercellular transfer of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are membranous vesicles of 30–5000 nm in size. Based on their dimension and biogenesis, EVs can be divided into different categories, such as microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, ectosomes, and exosomes. It has already been demonstrated that protein changes, expressed on the surfaces or in the content of these vesicles, may reflect the status of producing cells. For this reason, EVs, and exosomes in particular, are considered ideal biomarkers in several types of disease—from cancer diagnosis to heart rejection. This aspect opens different opportunities in EVs clinical application, considering the importance given to liquid biopsy in the recent years. Furthermore, extracellular vesicles can be natural or engineered carriers of cytoprotective or cytotoxic factors and applied, as a therapeutic tool, from regenerative medicine to target cancer therapy. This is of pivotal importance in the so called “era of the 4P medicine”. This Editorial focuses on recent findings pertaining to EVs in different medical areas, from biomarkers to therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bernardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica AIL (CREA), ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-003-9030-399-8464
| | - Carolina Balbi
- Cellular & Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Cardiocentro Ticino, Associated Institute of University of Zurich, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland;
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Bécot A, Volgers C, van Niel G. Transmissible Endosomal Intoxication: A Balance between Exosomes and Lysosomes at the Basis of Intercellular Amyloid Propagation. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8080272. [PMID: 32759666 PMCID: PMC7459801 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer′s disease (AD), endolysosomal dysfunctions are amongst the earliest cellular features to appear. Each organelle of the endolysosomal system, from the multivesicular body (MVB) to the lysosome, contributes to the homeostasis of amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage products including β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides. Hence, this review will attempt to disentangle how changes in the endolysosomal system cumulate to the generation of toxic amyloid species and hamper their degradation. We highlight that the formation of MVBs and the generation of amyloid species are closely linked and describe how the molecular machineries acting at MVBs determine the generation and sorting of APP cleavage products towards their degradation or release in association with exosomes. In particular, we will focus on AD-related distortions of the endolysomal system that divert it from its degradative function to favour the release of exosomes and associated amyloid species. We propose here that such an imbalance transposed at the brain scale poses a novel concept of transmissible endosomal intoxication (TEI). This TEI would initiate a self-perpetuating transmission of endosomal dysfunction between cells that would support the propagation of amyloid species in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Cocco S, Rinaudo M, Fusco S, Longo V, Gironi K, Renna P, Aceto G, Mastrodonato A, Li Puma DD, Podda MV, Grassi C. Plasma BDNF Levels Following Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Allow Prediction of Synaptic Plasticity and Memory Deficits in 3×Tg-AD Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:541. [PMID: 32719795 PMCID: PMC7349675 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) supposedly increases the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. However, presently available diagnostic procedures are either invasive or require complex and expensive technologies, which cannot be applied at a larger scale to screen populations at risk of AD. We were looking for a biomarker allowing to unveil a dysfunction of molecular mechanisms, which underly synaptic plasticity and memory, before the AD phenotype is manifested and investigated the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in 3×Tg-AD mice, an experimental model of AD which does not exhibit any long-term potentiation (LTP) and memory deficits at the age of 3 months (3×Tg-AD-3M). Our results demonstrated that tDCS differentially affected 3×Tg-AD-3M and age-matched wild-type (WT) mice. While tDCS increased LTP at CA3-CA1 synapses and memory in WT mice, it failed to elicit these effects in 3×Tg-AD-3M mice. Remarkably, 3×Tg-AD-3M mice did not show the tDCS-dependent increases in pCREBSer133 and pCaMKIIThr286, which were found in WT mice. Of relevance, tDCS induced a significant increase of plasma BDNF levels in WT mice, which was not found in 3×Tg-AD-3M mice. Collectively, our results showed that plasticity mechanisms are resistant to tDCS effects in the pre-AD stage. In particular, the lack of BDNF responsiveness to tDCS in 3×Tg-AD-3M mice suggests that combining tDCS with dosages of plasma BDNF levels may provide an easy-to-detect and low-cost biomarker of covert impairment of synaptic plasticity mechanisms underlying memory, which could be clinically applicable. Testing proposed here might be useful to identify AD in its preclinical stage, allowing timely and, hopefully, more effective disease-modifying interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cocco
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Rinaudo
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Fusco
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Longo
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Gironi
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Renna
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Aceto
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Domenica Donatella Li Puma
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Podda
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Serpente M, Fenoglio C, D'Anca M, Arcaro M, Sorrentino F, Visconte C, Arighi A, Fumagalli GG, Porretti L, Cattaneo A, Ciani M, Zanardini R, Benussi L, Ghidoni R, Scarpini E, Galimberti D. MiRNA Profiling in Plasma Neural-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles from Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061443. [PMID: 32531989 PMCID: PMC7349735 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (EVs) are able to pass from the central nervous system (CNS) into peripheral blood and contain molecule markers of their parental origin. The aim of our study was to isolate and characterize total and neural-derived small EVs (NDEVs) and their micro RNA (miRNA) cargo in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Small NDEVs were isolated from plasma in a population consisting of 40 AD patients and 40 healthy subjects (CTRLs) using high throughput Advanced TaqMan miRNA OpenArrays®, which enables the simultaneous determination of 754 miRNAs. MiR-23a-3p, miR-223-3p, miR-100-3p and miR-190-5p showed a significant dysregulation in small NDEVs from AD patients as compared with controls (1.16 ± 0.49 versus 7.54 ± 2.5, p = 0.026; 9.32 ± 2.27 versus 0.66 ± 0.18, p <0.0001; 0.069 ± 0.01 versus 0.5 ± 0.1, p < 0.0001 and 2.9 ± 1.2 versus 1.93 ± 0.9, p < 0.05, respectively). A further validation analysis confirmed that miR-23a-3p, miR-223-3p and miR-190a-5p levels in small NDEVs from AD patients were significantly upregulated as compared with controls (p = 0.008; p = 0.016; p = 0.003, respectively) whereas miR-100-3p levels were significantly downregulated (p = 0.008). This is the first study that carries out the comparison between total plasma small EV population and NDEVs, demonstrating the presence of a specific AD NDEV miRNA signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Serpente
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Fenoglio
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Marianna D'Anca
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Arcaro
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Sorrentino
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Dino Ferrari Center, CRC Molecular Basis of Neuro-Psycho-Geriatrics Diseases, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Visconte
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Arighi
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio G Fumagalli
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Porretti
- Flow Cytometry Service, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cattaneo
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Haematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Miriam Ciani
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberta Zanardini
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - Luisa Benussi
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberta Ghidoni
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - Elio Scarpini
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Dino Ferrari Center, CRC Molecular Basis of Neuro-Psycho-Geriatrics Diseases, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Dino Ferrari Center, CRC Molecular Basis of Neuro-Psycho-Geriatrics Diseases, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
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