1
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Gorska-Ciebiada M, Ciebiada M. Association between Serum Irisin and Leptin Levels and Risk of Depressive Symptoms in the Diabetic Elderly Population. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4283. [PMID: 37445318 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipokines are considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes and depression. The associations of serum levels of leptin and irisin with depressive symptoms were investigated in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). METHODS 189 elderly diabetics were assessed with the 30-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-30), and 57 patients with depressive symptoms and 132 controls were selected. Blood biochemical parameters, including serum irisin and leptin, were measured. RESULTS Serum irisin levels were decreased and leptin concentrations were significantly higher in T2DM patients with depressive symptoms compared to controls. In all subjects, the irisin level was inversely correlated with the leptin level and the GDS-30 score, whereas the leptin level was highly correlated with BMI and the GDS-30 score. Higher levels of leptin and lower concentrations of irisin are, among other factors, variables indicative of predictive capacity for depressive symptoms in elderly patients with T2DM. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that irisin and leptin levels may be used as diagnostic markers of depressive symptoms in diabetic, elderly patients and as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment. Further prospective and more extensive studies are needed to clarify the role of these adipokines in the common pathogenesis of depression and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maciej Ciebiada
- Department of General and Oncological Pneumology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
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2
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Tu Y, Liu J, Kong D, Guo X, Li J, Long Z, Peng J, Wang Z, Wu H, Liu P, Liu R, Yu W, Li W. Irisin drives macrophage anti-inflammatory differentiation via JAK2-STAT6-dependent activation of PPARγ and Nrf2 signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 201:98-110. [PMID: 36940733 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Irisin is an exercise-induced myokine that alleviates inflammation and obesity. The induction of anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophage is facilitated for treatment of sepsis and associated lung damage. However, whether irisin drives macrophage M2 polarization remains unclear. Here, we found that irisin induced-macrophage anti-inflammatory differentiation in vivo using an LPS-induced septic mice model and in vitro using RAW64.7 cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Irisin also promoted the expression, phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Inhibition or knockdown of PPAR-γ and Nrf2 abolished irisin-induced accumulation of M2 macrophage markers, such as interleukin (IL)-10 and Arginase 1. Furthermore, dual-luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR (ChIP-qPCR) assays confirmed that STAT6 boosts PPAR-γ and Nrf2 transcription by binding to their DNA promoters in irisin-stimulated macrophages. In contrast, STAT6 shRNA blocked the irisin-induced activation of Pparγ, Nrf2, and related downstream genes. Moreover, the interaction of irisin with its ligand integrin αVβ5 remarkably promoted Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) phosphorylation, while inhibition or knockdown of integrin αVβ5 and JAK2 attenuated the activation of STAT6, PPAR-γ, and Nrf2 signaling. Interestingly, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay also revealed that the binding between JAK2 and integrin αVβ5 is critical for irisin-induced macrophage anti-inflammatory differentiation by enhancing the activation of the JAK2-STAT6 pathway. In conclusion, irisin boosted M2 macrophage differentiation by inducing JAK2-STAT6-dependent transcriptional activation of the PPAR-γ-related anti-inflammatory system and Nrf2-related antioxidant genes. The findings of this study suggest that the administration of irisin is a novel and promising therapeutic strategy for infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Tu
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China; School of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, China
| | - Jiangzheng Liu
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Deqin Kong
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xiaojie Guo
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zi Long
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Penghui Liu
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Weihua Yu
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Wenli Li
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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3
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Decourt C, Evans MC, Inglis MA, Anderson GM. Central Irisin Signaling Is Required for Normal Timing of Puberty in Female Mice. Endocrinology 2022; 164:6887324. [PMID: 36503981 PMCID: PMC9791080 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Timing of puberty requires exquisite coordination of genes, hormones, and brain circuitry. An increasing level of body adiposity, signaled to the brain via the fat-derived hormone leptin, is recognized as a major factor controlling puberty onset. However, it is clear that leptin is not the only metabolic cue regulating puberty, and that developmental regulation of this process also involves tissues other than adipose, with muscle development potentially playing a role in the timing of puberty. The proteolytic processing of fibronectin type 3 domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) releases a hormone, irisin. Irisin is primarily produced by muscle and is released into circulation, where levels increase dramatically as puberty approaches. We investigated the effects of a global deletion of the Fndc5 gene on pubertal timing. The absence of irisin induced a delay in puberty onset in female knockout mice compared with controls, without affecting body weight or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal density. We next treated pre-pubertal wild-type male and female mice with an irisin receptor antagonist, cilengitide, for 7 days and observed a delay in first estrus occurrence compared to vehicle-treated control mice. Male puberty timing was unaffected. Next, we deleted the irisin receptor (integrin subunit alpha V) in all forebrain neurons and found a delay in the occurrence of first estrus in knockout females compared to controls. Taken together, these data suggest irisin plays a role in the timing of puberty onset in female mice via a centrally mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Decourt
- Correspondence: Caroline Decourt, PhD, Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, School of Biomedical Sciences, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Maggie C Evans
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Megan A Inglis
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Greg M Anderson
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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4
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Bao JF, She QY, Hu PP, Jia N, Li A. Irisin, a fascinating field in our times. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:601-613. [PMID: 35872067 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Irisin is a muscle-secreted hormone that is generated by cleavage of membrane protein FNDC-5 (fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5). Irisin is considered to be a mediator of exercise-induced metabolic improvements, such as browning of white adipose tissue, and is known to alleviate several chronic non-metabolic diseases. Thus, irisin may be an ideal therapeutic target for metabolic and non-metabolic diseases. However, several controversies regarding irisin have hindered its clinical translation. We review the generation, regulation (especially in exercise), and metabolic as well as therapeutic effects of irisin on metabolic and non-metabolic diseases. Furthermore, we discuss controversies regarding irisin and highlight potential future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Fu Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, 510005 Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin-Ying She
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510999 Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan-Pan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, 510005 Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, 510005 Guangzhou, China
| | - Aiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, 510005 Guangzhou, China.
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5
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Irisin, An Exercise-induced Bioactive Peptide Beneficial for Health Promotion During Aging Process. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 80:101680. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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6
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Vohra MS, Benchoula K, Serpell CJ, Hwa WE. AgRP/NPY and POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus and their potential role in treatment of obesity. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 915:174611. [PMID: 34798121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a major health crisis affecting over a third of the global population. This multifactorial disease is regulated via interoceptive neural circuits in the brain, whose alteration results in excessive body weight. Certain central neuronal populations in the brain are recognised as crucial nodes in energy homeostasis; in particular, the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) region contains two peptide microcircuits that control energy balance with antagonistic functions: agouti-related peptide/neuropeptide-Y (AgRP/NPY) signals hunger and stimulates food intake; and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) signals satiety and reduces food intake. These neuronal peptides levels react to energy status and integrate signals from peripheral ghrelin, leptin, and insulin to regulate feeding and energy expenditure. To manage obesity comprehensively, it is crucial to understand cellular and molecular mechanisms of information processing in ARC neurons, since these regulate energy homeostasis. Importantly, a specific strategy focusing on ARC circuits needs to be devised to assist in treating obese patients and maintaining weight loss with minimal or no side effects. The aim of this review is to elucidate the recent developments in the study of AgRP-, NPY- and POMC-producing neurons, specific to their role in controlling metabolism. The impact of ghrelin, leptin, and insulin signalling via action of these neurons is also surveyed, since they also impact energy balance through this route. Lastly, we present key proteins, targeted genes, compounds, drugs, and therapies that actively work via these neurons and could potentially be used as therapeutic targets for treating obesity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sufyan Vohra
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Khaled Benchoula
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Christopher J Serpell
- School of Physical Sciences, Ingram Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Wong Eng Hwa
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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7
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Cheng Y, Cui Y, Zhai Y, Xin W, Yu Y, Liang J, Li S, Sun H. Neuroprotective Effects of Exogenous Irisin in Kainic Acid-Induced Status Epilepticus. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:738533. [PMID: 34658794 PMCID: PMC8517324 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.738533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) level is considered a crucial causative factor for neuronal damage in epilepsy. Irisin has been reported to ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction and to reduce ROS levels; therefore, in this study, the effect of exogenous irisin on neuronal injury was evaluated in rats with kainic acid (KA)-induced status epilepticus (SE). Our results showed that exogenous irisin treatment significantly increased the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), and reduced the levels of neuronal injury and mitochondrial oxidative stress. Additionally, an inhibitor of UCP2 (genipin) was administered to investigate the underlying mechanism of irisin-induced neuroprotection; in rats treated with genipin, the neuroprotective effects of irisin on KA-induced SE were found to be partially reversed. Our findings confirmed the neuroprotective effects of exogenous irisin and provide evidence that these effects may be mediated via the BDNF/UCP2 pathway, thus providing valuable insights that may aid the development of exogenous irisin treatment as a potential therapeutic strategy against neuronal injury in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yaru Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yujie Zhai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Wenyu Xin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yan Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Jia Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Shucui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Hongliu Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
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8
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Li X, Zhu X, Wu H, Van Dyke TE, Xu X, Morgan EF, Fu W, Liu C, Tu Q, Huang D, Chen J. Roles and Mechanisms of Irisin in Attenuating Pathological Features of Osteoarthritis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:703670. [PMID: 34650969 PMCID: PMC8509718 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.703670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects and mechanisms of irisin, a newly discovered myokine, in cartilage development, osteoarthritis (OA) pathophysiology and its therapeutic potential for treating OA we applied the following five strategical analyses using (1) murine joint tissues at different developmental stages; (2) human normal and OA pathological tissue samples; (3) experimental OA mouse model; (4) irisin gene knockout (KO) and knock in (KI) mouse lines and their cartilage cells; (5) in vitro mechanistic experiments. We found that Irisin was involved in all stages of cartilage development. Both human and mouse OA tissues showed a decreased expression of irisin. Intra-articular injection of irisin attenuated ACLT-induced OA progression. Irisin knockout mice developed severe OA while irisin overexpression in both irisin KI mice and intraarticular injection of irisin protein attenuated OA progression. Irisin inhibited inflammation and promoted anabolism in chondrogenic ADTC5 cells. Proliferative potential of primary chondrocytes from KI mice was found to be enhanced, while KO mice showed an inhibition under normal or inflammatory conditions. The primary chondrocytes from irisin KI mice showed reduced expression of inflammatory factors and the chondrocytes isolated from KO mice showed an opposite pattern. In conclusion, it is the first time to show that irisin is involved in cartilage development and OA pathogenesis. Irisin has the potential to ameliorate OA progression by decreasing cartilage degradation and inhibiting inflammation, which could lead to the development of a novel therapeutic target for treating bone and cartilage disorders including osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Oral Biology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaofang Zhu
- Division of Oral Biology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hongle Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Oral Biology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Thomas E Van Dyke
- Clinical and Translational Research, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaoyang Xu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Elise F Morgan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wenyu Fu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chuanju Liu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Qisheng Tu
- Division of Oral Biology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dingming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jake Chen
- Division of Oral Biology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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9
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Zhang F, Hou G, Hou G, Wang C, Shi B, Zheng Y. Serum Irisin as a Potential Biomarker for Cognitive Decline in Vascular Dementia. Front Neurol 2021; 12:755046. [PMID: 34589052 PMCID: PMC8473826 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.755046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Irisin, a new exercise-related myokine, has been shown to be associated with a variety of diseases including serious neurological disorders. However, whether irisin is involved in the pathogenesis of vascular dementia (VD) has not yet been reported. Our aim is to determine the serum irisin level in patients with VD and investigate its relationship with cognitive function. Methods: The subjects of the study were VD patients and controls with normal cognitive function who were hospitalized in the Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University from July 2018 to June 2020. Upon admission, a cognitive function assessment was performed. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the concentration of irisin in serum. Results: During the study period, 187 subjects (82 controls and 105 VD patients) were included in the analysis. The serum irisin level of VD patients was significantly lower than that of the control group (p < 0.001). Spearman analysis showed that irisin was positively correlated with HLD-C and MoCA, and negatively correlated with all clinical characteristics except for HCY. Logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for all clinical characteristics, the serum irisin of VD patients still had a significant correlation with MoCA (β = 0.304, p = 0.029). According to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the diagnostic accuracy for serum irisin levels on VD was 76% with the sensitivity and 71% with specificity respectively. Conclusions: These data indicate that a decrease in serum irisin levels is a powerful biological marker for cognitive decline in patients with VD, even after adjustment for risk factors. Further multi-center studies need to confirm this connection, which may pave the way for new treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Guangshun Hou
- Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guangjian Hou
- Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Congan Wang
- Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yuekun Zheng
- Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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10
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Miazgowski T, Kaczmarkiewicz A, Miazgowski B, Kopeć J. Cardiometabolic health, visceral fat and circulating irisin levels: results from a real-world weight loss study. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:1243-1252. [PMID: 32892317 PMCID: PMC8124056 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01415-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this pragmatic intervention study was to investigate changes in cardiometabolic outcomes, irisin plasma concentration, and body composition during a 4-month intervention in unselected obese individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 111 obese women aged 36.73 ± 7.2 years, we measured changes in weight, lipid profiles, glucose, insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance Index (HOMA-IR), uric acid, aminotransferases, and irisin. Body composition including lean mass (LM) and total (TF), gynoid (GF), android (AF), and visceral fat (VF) was assessed using densitometry. Physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The participants received tailored written advice targeting lifestyle according to current guidelines. At follow-up, patients rated their adherence in the self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS Mean weight loss in the whole group was 3.12 kg (- 3.3%); 26% of the women achieved the desired target of weight loss (> 5% of the initial weight), whereas weight decreased moderately in 50% and increased in 14%. In 86 women with weight loss, there were significant changes in HOMA-IR (- 13.8%), insulin (- 11.2%), alanine aminotransferase (- 8.0%), VF (- 7.0%), AF (- 5.4%), TF (- 4.7%), GF (- 2.8%) and LM (- 1.5%), whereas irisin and HDL-C levels and the mean IPAQ score did not change. CONCLUSIONS In this real-world evidence study, a successful weight loss achieved only 26% of patients, with overall much better adherence to diet restriction than to exercise. However, even mild to moderate weight loss resulted in significant improvements in cardiometabolic health. Weight loss was associated with a modest LM decrease but did not influence plasma irisin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miazgowski
- Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases and Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252, Szczecin, Poland.
| | | | - B Miazgowski
- Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - J Kopeć
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Public Health Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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11
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Lee B, Shin M, Park Y, Won SY, Cho KS. Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115795. [PMID: 34071457 PMCID: PMC8198301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of the nervous system. Currently, there is no disease-modifying treatments for most NDs. Meanwhile, numerous studies conducted on human and animal models over the past decades have showed that exercises had beneficial effects on NDs. Inter-tissue communication by myokine, a peptide produced and secreted by skeletal muscles during exercise, is thought to be an important underlying mechanism for the advantages. Here, we reviewed studies about the effects of myokines regulated by exercise on NDs and their mechanisms. Myokines could exert beneficial effects on NDs through a variety of regulatory mechanisms, including cell survival, neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, proteostasis, oxidative stress, and protein modification. Studies on exercise-induced myokines are expected to provide a novel strategy for treating NDs, for which there are no adequate treatments nowadays. To date, only a few myokines have been investigated for their effects on NDs and studies on mechanisms involved in them are in their infancy. Therefore, future studies are needed to discover more myokines and test their effects on NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banseok Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - Myeongcheol Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - Youngjae Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - So-Yoon Won
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
- Korea Hemp Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.W.); (K.S.C.); Tel.: +82-10-3688-5474 (S.-Y.W.); Tel.: +82-2-450-3424 (K.S.C.)
| | - Kyoung Sang Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
- Korea Hemp Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.W.); (K.S.C.); Tel.: +82-10-3688-5474 (S.-Y.W.); Tel.: +82-2-450-3424 (K.S.C.)
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12
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He X, Zhang Q, Peng N, Hu Y, Li H, Chen Z, Liu R, Xu S, Zhang M, He J, Shi L. Irisin plays an important role in the outcomes of newly diagnosed prediabetes in adults in Guiyang, China. J Diabetes Investig 2021; 12:747-755. [PMID: 33000530 PMCID: PMC8089006 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION To explore the potential role of irisin in the outcomes of newly diagnosed prediabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were obtained from the Guiyang subcenter of the Risk Evaluation of cAncers in Chinese diabeTic Individuals: a lONgitudinal (REACTION) study. A total of 2,530 participants had newly diagnosed prediabetes at baseline and completed follow up. The nested 1:1 case-control study included 161 participants who developed diabetes mellitus at follow up, and 161 age- and sex-matched controls. The follow-up study included 86 matched case-control pairs. Fasting serum irisin levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Baseline serum irisin levels were higher in the cases than in the controls (P = 0.002); high baseline serum irisin levels were an independent risk factor for the development of diabetes (odds ratio 1.235, 95% confidence interval 1.025-1.488). After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), smoking, exercise, and family history of diabetes, subjects in the highest quartile of irisin levels had a higher risk of diabetes than those in the lowest quartile (odds ratio 3.065, 95% confidence interval 1.511-6.218). The extent of decrease in irisin levels during follow-up was greater in the cases than in the controls (P < 0.001). Baseline serum irisin levels were positively correlated with the extent of decrease in irisin during follow-up (r = 0.773, P < 0.001). After adjustment for confounding factors, subjects with a decrease of irisin above the median had much higher risk for diabetes (odds ratio 5.077, 95% confidence interval 2.112-12.206). CONCLUSIONS Irisin might play an important role in the outcomes of newly diagnosed prediabetes in adults in Guiyang, and can predict the risk for developing diabetes in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi He
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGuizhou Provincial People’s HospitalGuiyangChina
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Nianchun Peng
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Zhengyi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Ruoyi Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Shujing Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Juan He
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Lixin Shi
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
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13
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Jodeiri Farshbaf M, Alviña K. Multiple Roles in Neuroprotection for the Exercise Derived Myokine Irisin. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:649929. [PMID: 33935687 PMCID: PMC8086837 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.649929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise has multiple beneficial effects on health including decreasing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Such effects are thought to be mediated (at least in part) by myokines, a collection of cytokines and other small proteins released from skeletal muscles. As an endocrine organ, skeletal muscle synthesizes and secretes a wide range of myokines which contribute to different functions in different organs, including the brain. One such myokine is the recently discovered protein Irisin, which is secreted into circulation from skeletal muscle during exercise from its membrane bound precursor Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5). Irisin contributes to metabolic processes such as glucose homeostasis and browning of white adipose tissue. Irisin also crosses the blood brain barrier and initiates a neuroprotective genetic program in the hippocampus that culminates with increased expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Furthermore, exercise and FNDC5/Irisin have been shown to have several neuroprotective effects against injuries in ischemia and neurodegenerative disease models, including Alzheimer's disease. In addition, Irisin has anxiolytic and antidepressant effects. In this review we present and summarize recent findings on the multiple effects of Irisin on neural function, including signaling pathways and mechanisms involved. We also discuss how exercise can positively influence brain function and mental health via the "skeletal muscle-brain axis." While there are still many unanswered questions, we put forward the idea that Irisin is a potentially essential mediator of the skeletal muscle-brain crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karina Alviña
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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14
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Marrano N, Biondi G, Borrelli A, Cignarelli A, Perrini S, Laviola L, Giorgino F, Natalicchio A. Irisin and Incretin Hormones: Similarities, Differences, and Implications in Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity. Biomolecules 2021; 11:286. [PMID: 33671882 PMCID: PMC7918991 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Incretins are gut hormones that potentiate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) after meals. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is the most investigated incretin hormone, synthesized mainly by L cells in the lower gut tract. GLP-1 promotes β-cell function and survival and exerts beneficial effects in different organs and tissues. Irisin, a myokine released in response to a high-fat diet and exercise, enhances GSIS. Similar to GLP-1, irisin augments insulin biosynthesis and promotes accrual of β-cell functional mass. In addition, irisin and GLP-1 share comparable pleiotropic effects and activate similar intracellular pathways. The insulinotropic and extra-pancreatic effects of GLP-1 are reduced in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients but preserved at pharmacological doses. GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are therefore among the most widely used antidiabetes drugs, also considered for their cardiovascular benefits and ability to promote weight loss. Irisin levels are lower in T2D patients, and in diabetic and/or obese animal models irisin administration improves glycemic control and promotes weight loss. Interestingly, recent evidence suggests that both GLP-1 and irisin are also synthesized within the pancreatic islets, in α- and β-cells, respectively. This review aims to describe the similarities between GLP-1 and irisin and to propose a new potential axis-involving the gut, muscle, and endocrine pancreas that controls energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Francesco Giorgino
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, I-70124 Bari, Italy; (N.M.); (G.B.); (A.B.); (A.C.); (S.P.); (L.L.); (A.N.)
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15
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Dashti HS, Daghlas I, Lane JM, Huang Y, Udler MS, Wang H, Ollila HM, Jones SE, Kim J, Wood AR, Weedon MN, Aslibekyan S, Garaulet M, Saxena R. Genetic determinants of daytime napping and effects on cardiometabolic health. Nat Commun 2021; 12:900. [PMID: 33568662 PMCID: PMC7876146 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20585-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Daytime napping is a common, heritable behavior, but its genetic basis and causal relationship with cardiometabolic health remain unclear. Here, we perform a genome-wide association study of self-reported daytime napping in the UK Biobank (n = 452,633) and identify 123 loci of which 61 replicate in the 23andMe research cohort (n = 541,333). Findings include missense variants in established drug targets for sleep disorders (HCRTR1, HCRTR2), genes with roles in arousal (TRPC6, PNOC), and genes suggesting an obesity-hypersomnolence pathway (PNOC, PATJ). Association signals are concordant with accelerometer-measured daytime inactivity duration and 33 loci colocalize with loci for other sleep phenotypes. Cluster analysis identifies three distinct clusters of nap-promoting mechanisms with heterogeneous associations with cardiometabolic outcomes. Mendelian randomization shows potential causal links between more frequent daytime napping and higher blood pressure and waist circumference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan S Dashti
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Iyas Daghlas
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Lane
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Miriam S Udler
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heming Wang
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hanna M Ollila
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Samuel E Jones
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Marta Garaulet
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
- IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Richa Saxena
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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16
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Gonzalez-Gil AM, Elizondo-Montemayor L. The Role of Exercise in the Interplay between Myokines, Hepatokines, Osteokines, Adipokines, and Modulation of Inflammation for Energy Substrate Redistribution and Fat Mass Loss: A Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1899. [PMID: 32604889 PMCID: PMC7353393 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise is an effective strategy for preventing and treating obesity and its related cardiometabolic disorders, resulting in significant loss of body fat mass, white adipose tissue browning, redistribution of energy substrates, optimization of global energy expenditure, enhancement of hypothalamic circuits that control appetite-satiety and energy expenditure, and decreased systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. Novel exercise-inducible soluble factors, including myokines, hepatokines, and osteokines, and immune cytokines and adipokines are hypothesized to play an important role in the body's response to exercise. To our knowledge, no review has provided a comprehensive integrative overview of these novel molecular players and the mechanisms involved in the redistribution of metabolic fuel during and after exercise, the loss of weight and fat mass, and reduced inflammation. In this review, we explain the potential role of these exercise-inducible factors, namely myokines, such as irisin, IL-6, IL-15, METRNL, BAIBA, and myostatin, and hepatokines, in particular selenoprotein P, fetuin A, FGF21, ANGPTL4, and follistatin. We also describe the function of osteokines, specifically osteocalcin, and of adipokines such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin. We also emphasize an integrative overview of the pleiotropic mechanisms, the metabolic pathways, and the inter-organ crosstalk involved in energy expenditure, fat mass loss, reduced inflammation, and healthy weight induced by exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M. Gonzalez-Gil
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000, Monterrey N.L. 64710, Mexico;
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Center for Research in Clinical Nutrition and Obesity, Ave. Morones Prieto 300, Monterrey N.L. 64710, Mexico
| | - Leticia Elizondo-Montemayor
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000, Monterrey N.L. 64710, Mexico;
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Center for Research in Clinical Nutrition and Obesity, Ave. Morones Prieto 300, Monterrey N.L. 64710, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Cardiovascular and Metabolomics Research Group, Hospital Zambrano Hellion, San Pedro Garza Garcia P.C. 66278, Mexico
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17
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Palasz E, Wysocka A, Gasiorowska A, Chalimoniuk M, Niewiadomski W, Niewiadomska G. BDNF as a Promising Therapeutic Agent in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031170. [PMID: 32050617 PMCID: PMC7037114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes neuroprotection and neuroregeneration. In animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD), BDNF enhances the survival of dopaminergic neurons, improves dopaminergic neurotransmission and motor performance. Pharmacological therapies of PD are symptom-targeting, and their effectiveness decreases with the progression of the disease; therefore, new therapeutical approaches are needed. Since, in both PD patients and animal PD models, decreased level of BDNF was found in the nigrostriatal pathway, it has been hypothesized that BDNF may serve as a therapeutic agent. Direct delivery of exogenous BDNF into the patient’s brain did not relieve the symptoms of disease, nor did attempts to enhance BDNF expression with gene therapy. Physical training was neuroprotective in animal models of PD. This effect is mediated, at least partly, by BDNF. Animal studies revealed that physical activity increases BDNF and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) expression, leading to inhibition of neurodegeneration through induction of transcription factors and expression of genes related to neuronal proliferation, survival, and inflammatory response. This review focuses on the evidence that increasing BDNF level due to gene modulation or physical exercise has a neuroprotective effect and could be considered as adjunctive therapy in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Palasz
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrianna Wysocka
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Gasiorowska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Chalimoniuk
- Faculty in Biala Podlaska, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 21-500 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Wiktor Niewiadomski
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grazyna Niewiadomska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-225892409
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