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At the Origins of Tobacco-Smoking and Tea Consumption in a Virgin Population (Yakutia, 1650–1900 A.D.): Comparison of Pharmacological, Histological, Economic and Cultural Data. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121271. [PMID: 34943186 PMCID: PMC8698326 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: The way tobacco and tea spread among virgin populations is of major interest our understanding of how ancient economic and cultural practices could have influenced current habits. (2) Methods: hair concentrations of theobromine, theophylline, caffeine, nicotine, and cotinine were measured in hair samples from 47 frozen bodies of people from eastern Siberia, dated from the contact with Europeans to the assimilation of people into Russian society. (3) Results: hair concentration of theobromine, theophylline, and caffeine vary with the type of beverage consumed: green, black, or local herbal teas. Shortly after the first contacts, a few heavy consumers of tobacco were found among light or passive consumers. Tobacco-related co-morbidities began to be recorded one century after and heavy tea users were only found from the 19th century (4) Conclusions: Economic factors and social and family contacts seem to have played a decisive role in tobacco consumption very early on. Behavioral evolution governed the process of substance integration into Siberian culture and was a determinant for the continuity of its use across long periods of time. Analyzing the respective contributions of social and economic processes in the use of these substances opens avenues of investigation for today’s public health.
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Lefeuvre S, Richeval C, Kramer-Ruggiu B, Lelong J, Venisse N, Delcoustal M, Gorry C, Humbert L, Brunet B. N-éthylhexédrone : une longue descente ! TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2021.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25CN-NBOMe Metabolites in Rat Urine, Human Liver Microsomes and C.elegans-Structure Determination and Synthesis of the Most Abundant Metabolites. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11040212. [PMID: 33807281 PMCID: PMC8066366 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11040212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Benzylphenethylamines are novel psychedelic substances increasingly used for research, diagnostic, or recreational purposes. To date, only a few metabolism studies have been conducted for N-2-methoxybenzylated compounds (NBOMes). Thus, the available 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(2-((2-methoxybenzyl)amino)ethyl)benzonitrile (25CN-NBOMe) metabolism data are limited. Herein, we investigated the metabolic profile of 25CN-NBOMe in vivo in rats and in vitro in Cunninghamella elegans (C. elegans) mycelium and human liver microsomes. Phase I and phase II metabolites were first detected in an untargeted screening, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identification of the most abundant metabolites by comparison with in-house synthesized reference materials. The major metabolic pathways described within this study (mono- and bis-O-demethylation, hydroxylation at different positions, and combinations thereof, followed by the glucuronidation, sulfation, and/or N-acetylation of primary metabolites) generally correspond to the results of previously reported metabolism of several other NBOMes. The cyano functional group was either hydrolyzed to the respective amide or carboxylic acid or remained untouched. Differences between species should be taken into account in studies of the metabolism of novel substances.
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Richeval C, Gaulier JM, Phanithavong M, Wiart JF, Martinez M, Detrez V, Humbert L, Allorge D. E-liquides et cannabinoïdes de synthèse : focus sur l’analyse d’e-liquides de 2016 à 2020. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2020.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kupriyanova OV, Shevyrin VA, Shafran YM, Lebedev AT, Milyukov VA, Rusinov VL. Synthesis and determination of analytical characteristics and differentiation of positional isomers in the series of
N
‐(2‐methoxybenzyl)‐2‐(dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine using chromatography–mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1154-1170. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Kupriyanova
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry FRC Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan Scientific Center Kazan Russian Federation
- Kazan State Medical University Kazan Russian Federation
| | - Vadim A. Shevyrin
- Ural Federal University Institute of Chemistry and Technology Ekaterinburg Russian Federation
| | - Yuri M. Shafran
- Ural Federal University Institute of Chemistry and Technology Ekaterinburg Russian Federation
| | - Albert T. Lebedev
- Organic Chemistry Department Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Vasili A. Milyukov
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry FRC Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan Scientific Center Kazan Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir L. Rusinov
- Ural Federal University Institute of Chemistry and Technology Ekaterinburg Russian Federation
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Yekaterinburg Russian Federation
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6
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Poulie CBM, Jensen AA, Halberstadt AL, Kristensen JL. DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: NBOMes. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 11:3860-3869. [PMID: 31657895 PMCID: PMC9191638 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Benzylphenethylamines, commonly known as NBOMes, are synthetic psychedelic compounds derived from the phenethylamine class of psychedelics (2C-X compounds), which originally have been derived from the naturally occurring alkaloid mescaline. Analogously to their parent compounds and other classical psychedelics, such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), NBOMes are believed to exert their main pharmacological effects through activation of serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptors. Since their introduction as New Psychoactive Substances (NPSs) in 2010, NBOMes have been widely used for recreational purposes; this has resulted in numerous cases of acute toxicity, sometimes with lethal outcomes, leading to the classification of several NBOMes as Schedule I substances in 2013. However, in addition to their recreational use, the NBOMe class has yielded several important biochemical tools, including [11C]Cimbi-36, which is now being used in positron emission tomography (PET) studies of the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in the mammalian brain, and 25CN-NBOH, one of the most selective 5-HT2A receptor agonists developed to date. In this Review, the history, chemistry, structure-activity relationships, ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) properties, and safety profiles of NBOMes will be outlined and discussed.
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7
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Human biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of the 5-HT 2A receptor agonist Cimbi-36 labeled with carbon-11 in two positions. EJNMMI Res 2019; 9:71. [PMID: 31367837 PMCID: PMC6669221 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-019-0527-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cimbi-36 can be 11C-labeled to form an agonist radioligand used for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the 5-HT2A receptor in the brain. In its non-labeled form (25B-NBOMe), it is used as a recreational drug that can lead to severe adverse effects, in some cases, with fatal outcome. We investigated human biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of the radioligand with two different radiolabeling positions. Seven healthy volunteers underwent dynamic 120-min whole-body PET scans (injection of 581 ± 16 MBq, n = 5 for 11C-Cimbi-36; 593 ± 14 MBq, n = 2 for 11C-Cimbi-36_5). Time-integrated activity coefficients (TIACs) from time-activity curves (TACs) of selected organs were used as input into the OLINDA/EXM software to obtain dosimetry information for both 11C-labeling positions of Cimbi-36. Results The effective dose was only slightly higher for 11C-Cimbi-36 (5.5 μSv/MBq) than for 11C-Cimbi-36_5 (5.3 μSv/MBq). Standard uptake value (SUV) curves showed higher uptake of 11C-Cimbi-36 in the pancreas, small intestines, liver, kidney, gallbladder, and urinary bladder compared with 11C-Cimbi-36_5, reflecting differences in radiometabolism for the two radioligands. Variability in uptake in excretory organs for 11C-Cimbi-36 points to inter-individual differences with regard to metabolic rate and route. Surprisingly, moderate uptake was found in brown adipose tissue (BAT) in four subjects, possibly representing specific 5-HT2A/2C receptor binding. Conclusion The low effective dose of 5.5 μSv/MBq allows for the injection of up to 1.8 GBq for healthy volunteers per study (equivalent to 3 scans if injecting 600 MBq) and still stay below the international guidelines of 10 mSv, making 11C-Cimbi-36 eligible for studies involving a series of PET scans in a single subject. The biodistribution of Cimbi-36 (and its metabolites) may also help to shed light on the toxic effects of 25B-NBOMe when used in pharmacological doses in recreational settings. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13550-019-0527-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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8
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Case report on two-cathinones abuse: MPHP and N-ethyl-4′methylnorpentedrone, with a fatal outcome. Forensic Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-019-00486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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NBOMe compounds: An overview about analytical methodologies aiming their determination in biological matrices. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Kim JH, Kim S, Lee J, In S, Cho YY, Kang HC, Lee JY, Lee HS. In Vitro Metabolism of 25B-NBF, 2-(4-Bromo-2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)- N-(2-Fluorobenzyl)ethanamine, in Human Hepatocytes Using Liquid Chromatography⁻Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2019; 24:E818. [PMID: 30823561 PMCID: PMC6412758 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
25B-NBF, 2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-fluorobenzyl)ethanamine, is a new psychoactive substance classified as a phenethylamine. It is a potent agonist of the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor, but little is known about its metabolism and elimination properties since it was discovered. To aid 25B-NBF abuse screening, the metabolic characteristics of 25B-NBF were investigated in human hepatocytes and human cDNA-expressed cytochrome P450 (CYP) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes using liquid chromatography⁻high resolution mass spectrometry. At a hepatic extraction ratio of 0.80, 25B-NBF was extensively metabolized into 33 metabolites via hydroxylation, O-demethylation, bis-O-demethylation, N-debenzylation, glucuronidation, sulfation, and acetylation after incubation with pooled human hepatocytes. The metabolism of 25B-NBF was catalyzed by CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2J2, CYP3A4, and UGT2B7 enzymes. Based on these results, it is necessary to develop a bioanalytical method for the determination of not only 25B-NBF but also its metabolites in biological samples for the screening of 25B-NBF abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hyun Kim
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea.
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea.
| | - Sunjoo Kim
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea.
| | - Jaesin Lee
- National Forensic Service, Wonju 24460, Korea.
| | - Sangwhan In
- National Forensic Service, Wonju 24460, Korea.
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea.
| | - Han Chang Kang
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea.
| | - Joo Young Lee
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea.
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea.
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Ameline A, Richeval C, Gaulier JM, Raul JS, Kintz P. Detection of the designer benzodiazepine flunitrazolam in urine and preliminary data on its metabolism. Drug Test Anal 2018; 11:223-229. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pascal Kintz
- Institut de médecine légale; Strasbourg France
- X-Pertise Consulting, Oberhausbergen; France
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12
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Grafinger KE, Stahl K, Wilke A, König S, Weinmann W. In vitro phase I metabolism of three phenethylamines 25D-NBOMe, 25E-NBOMe and 25N-NBOMe using microsomal and microbial models. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1607-1626. [PMID: 29971945 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Numerous 2,5-dimethoxy-N-benzylphenethylamines (NBOMe), carrying a variety of lipophilic substituents at the 4-position, are potent agonists at 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT2A ) receptors and show hallucinogenic effects. The present study investigated the metabolism of 25D-NBOMe, 25E-NBOMe, and 25N-NBOMe using the microsomal model of pooled human liver microsomes (pHLM) and the microbial model of the fungi Cunninghamella elegans (C. elegans). Identification of metabolites was performed using liquid chromatography-high resolution-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS/MS) with a quadrupole time-of-flight (QqToF) instrument. In total, 36 25D-NBOMe phase I metabolites, 26 25E-NBOMe phase I metabolites and 24 25N-NBOMe phase I metabolites were detected and identified in pHLM. Furthermore, 14 metabolites of 25D-NBOMe, 11 25E-NBOMe metabolites, and nine 25N-NBOMe metabolites could be found in C. elegans. The main biotransformation steps observed were oxidative deamination, oxidative N-dealkylation also in combination with hydroxylation, oxidative O-demethylation possibly combined with hydroxylation, oxidation of secondary alcohols, mono- and dihydroxylation, oxidation of primary alcohols, and carboxylation of primary alcohols. Additionally, oxidative di-O-demethylation for 25E-NBOMe and reduction of the aromatic nitro group and N-acetylation of the primary aromatic amine for 25N-NBOMe took place. The resulting 25N-NBOMe metabolites were unique for NBOMe compounds. For all NBOMes investigated, the corresponding 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-X) metabolite was detected. This study reports for the first time 25X-NBOMe N-oxide metabolites and hydroxylamine metabolites, which were identified for 25D-NBOMe and 25N-NBOMe and all three investigated NBOMes, respectively. C. elegans was capable of generating all main biotransformation steps observed in pHLM and might therefore be an interesting model for further studies of new psychoactive substances (NPS) metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Elisabeth Grafinger
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katja Stahl
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Offenburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Wilke
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Offenburg, Germany
| | - Stefan König
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Weinmann
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry, University of Bern, Switzerland
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13
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Seo H, Kim IS, Kim YH, Yoo HH, Hong J. Metabolic profile determination of 25N-NBOMe in human liver microsomes by liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Int J Legal Med 2018; 133:833-841. [PMID: 30090972 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-018-1904-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine (25N-NBOMe, 2C-N-NBOMe, NBOMe-2C-N) is a novel synthetic psychoactive substance of the phenethylamine chemical class. A few metabolism studies have been conducted for 25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, and 25C-NBOMe, and others, whereas 25N-NBOMe metabolism has not been researched. In this study, the in vitro metabolism of 25N-NBOMe was investigated with human liver microsomes, and the reaction mixture was analyzed using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF/MS). Formation of 14 metabolites (M1-M14) was yielded with incubation of 25N-NBOMe in human liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH. The metabolites were structurally characterized on the basis of accurate mass analysis and MS/MS fragmentation patterns. The biotransformations included hydroxylation, O-demethylation, N-dealkylation, nitro reduction, dehydrogenation, carbonylation, and combinations thereof. Hydroxyl metabolite was the most abundant compound after the phase I process. These results provide helpful information establishing biomarkers in case of 25N-NBOMe ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyewon Seo
- Pharmacological Research Division, Toxicological and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongwon-gun, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - In Sook Kim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- Pharmacological Research Division, Toxicological and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongwon-gun, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Hong
- Pharmacological Research Division, Toxicological and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongwon-gun, 28159, Republic of Korea. .,College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750, South Korea.
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14
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Johansen A, Hansen HD, Svarer C, Lehel S, Leth-Petersen S, Kristensen JL, Gillings N, Knudsen GM. The importance of small polar radiometabolites in molecular neuroimaging: A PET study with [ 11C]Cimbi-36 labeled in two positions. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:659-668. [PMID: 29215308 PMCID: PMC5888860 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17746179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[11C]Cimbi-36, a 5-HT2A receptor agonist PET radioligand, contains three methoxy groups amenable to [11C]-labeling. In pigs, [11C]Cimbi-36 yields a polar (M1) and a less polar (M2) radiometabolite fraction, while changing the labeling to [11C]Cimbi-36_5 yields only the M1 fraction. We investigate whether changing the labeling position of [11C]Cimbi-36 eliminates M2 in humans, and if this changes the signal-to-background ratio. Six healthy volunteers each underwent two dynamic PET scans; after injection of [11C]Cimbi-36, both the M1 and M2 fraction appeared in plasma, whereas only the M1 appeared after [11C]Cimbi-36_5 injection. [11C]Cimbi-36_5 generated higher uptake than [11C]Cimbi-36 in both neocortex and cerebellum. With the simplified reference tissue model mean neocortical non-displaceable binding potential for [11C]Cimbi-36 was 1.38 ± 0.07, whereas for [11C]Cimbi-36_5, it was 1.18 ± 0.14. This significant difference can be explained by higher non-displaceable binding caused by demethylation products in the M1 fraction such as [11C]formaldehyde and/or [11C]carbon dioxide/bicarbonate. Although often considered without any impact on binding measures, we show that small polar radiometabolites can substantially decrease the signal-to-background ratio of PET radioligands for neuroimaging. Further, we find that [11C]Cimbi-36 has a better signal-to-background ratio than [11C]Cimbi-36_5, and thus will be more sensitive to changes in 5-HT2A receptor levels in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Johansen
- Neurobiology Research Unit and Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne D Hansen
- Neurobiology Research Unit and Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Svarer
- Neurobiology Research Unit and Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Szabolcs Lehel
- PET & Cyclotron Unit, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Leth-Petersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper L Kristensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nic Gillings
- PET & Cyclotron Unit, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte M Knudsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit and Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Human cytochrome P450 kinetic studies on six N-2-methoxybenzyl (NBOMe)-derived new psychoactive substances using the substrate depletion approach. Toxicol Lett 2017; 285:1-8. [PMID: 29277574 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A huge number of new chemical derivatives of known drugs of abuse, so-called new psychoactive substances (NPS), are sold and consumed without prior preclinical and clinical testing. For assessing the elimination behaviors, determination of the kinetic constants Km and Vmax of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms involved in the hepatic metabolism of NPS could help to predict their contributions to hepatic clearance, drug-drug interactions and polymorphisms. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to determine the Km and Vmax values for CYP isoforms using the substrate depletion approach for the six N-2-methoxybenzyl (NBOMe)-derived NPS 25B-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, 25I-NBOMe, 3,4-DMA-NBOMe, 4-EA-NBOMe, and 4-MMA-NBOMe. Furthermore, the contributions of each CYP isozyme to the hepatic net clearance were elucidated using the relative activity factor approach. Several CYPs including CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 were identified to be involved in the metabolism of the investigated compounds. The determined Km values ranged from 0.010 μM (CYP2D6, 4-MMA-NBOMe) to 13 μM (CYP2B6, 4-EA-NBOMe). All NBOMes were good substrates of CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 resulting in very low Km values in the nanomolar range. The main contributors to hepatic net clearance were CYP2D6 for 25B-NBOMe (69%), 25C-NBOMe (83%), 25I-NBOMe (61%), 3,4-DMA-NBOMe (89%) as well as for 4-EA-NBOMe (62%) and CYP2C19 for 4-MMA-NBOMe (64%). As more than one isoform was involved in the particular steps, the risk of harm associated with drug-drug interactions might be considered low. However, in cases where substances with high contributions from polymorphically expressed CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 are encountered, inter-individual variations in metabolism and excretion cannot be excluded.
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16
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Temporal KDH, Scott KS, Mohr ALA, Logan BK. Metabolic Profile Determination of NBOMe Compounds Using Human Liver Microsomes and Comparison with Findings in Authentic Human Blood and Urine. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:646-657. [PMID: 28472358 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) such as hallucinogenic NBOMes (N-methoxybenzyl derivatives of 2C phenethylamines) in the past few years into the recreational drug market has introduced various challenges in forensic analytical toxicology in regard to adequate and timely detection of these compounds. This is especially true in samples from individuals who have experienced severe and fatal intoxications. The aim of this research was to identify the major Phase I metabolites of selected NBOMe compounds to generate a predicted human metabolic pathway of these substances. An in vitro incubation method of pooled human liver microsomes (HLMs) with four (4) NBOMes was used to identify major metabolites. These metabolic products were identified and confirmed from accurate mass findings of samples analyzed by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography/Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. The most common biotransformations observed among this group of NBOMes include O-demethylations at the three methoxy groups, hydroxylations and reduction at the amine group. Other metabolic products observed include positional isomers from various hydroxylation possibilities on the benzene ring and alkyl chains, and secondary metabolism resulting in multiple combinations of the reactions. Many of the major metabolites were subsequently identified in authentic human samples of blood and urine from drug users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen S Scott
- Arcadia University, 450 S. Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038, USA
| | - Amanda L A Mohr
- The Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, 2300 Stratford Avenue, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA
| | - Barry K Logan
- Arcadia University, 450 S. Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038, USA.,The Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, 2300 Stratford Avenue, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.,NMS Labs, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA
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17
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Allibe N, Richeval C, Phanithavong M, Faure A, Allorge D, Paysant F, Stanke-Labesque F, Eysseric-Guerin H, Gaulier JM. Fatality involving ocfentanil documented by identification of metabolites. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:995-1000. [PMID: 29045066 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) has rapidly increased over the last decade. In the last 4 years, producers increasingly appear to be targeting non-controlled synthetic opioids, involving fentanyl derivatives such as ocfentanil (OcF). Identification of metabolites is of major importance in the context of NPS use, as it could improve the detection window in biological matrices in clinical and forensic intoxication cases. Hence, this work aims to report a fatality involving OcF documented by the identification of metabolites. A 30-year-old woman was found dead at home: an unidentified powder was found near her body and some injection sites were found at the autopsy. Toxicological analyses allowed to determine the presence of OcF in the powder, blood (3.7/3.9 μg/L, peripheral/cardiac) and in other post-mortem samples. The most relevant potential CYP- and UGT-dependent metabolites of OcF were investigated in vitro using human liver microsome incubation and liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry, and subsequently confirmed in post-mortem samples. Four OcF metabolites were produced in vitro (a mono-hydroxylated OcF, O-desmethylOcF, a hydroxylated desmethylOcF and a glucuronidated form of the O-desmethylOcF), and all except the glucuronide were observed in blood and bile post-mortem samples. Considering the relative intensity of the chromatographic peak areas, O-desmethylOcF can be suggested to be an abundant metabolite of OcF. Nevertheless, the relevance of O-desmethylOcF as being a complementary analytical target of OcF for OcF use detection needs further in vivo confirmation, especially through analysis of urines from users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Allibe
- Forensic Laboratory, Grenoble Alpes University, F-38041, Grenoble, France
| | - Camille Richeval
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, F-59000, Lille, France.,University of Lille, EA 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France
| | | | - Amandine Faure
- Forensic Laboratory, Grenoble Alpes University, F-38041, Grenoble, France
| | - Delphine Allorge
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, F-59000, Lille, France.,University of Lille, EA 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France
| | | | - Françoise Stanke-Labesque
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CHU, F-38043, Grenoble, France.,INSERM U1042, F-38041, Grenoble, France
| | - Hélène Eysseric-Guerin
- Forensic Laboratory, Grenoble Alpes University, F-38041, Grenoble, France.,Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CHU, F-38043, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gaulier
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, F-59000, Lille, France.,University of Lille, EA 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France
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18
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19
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Caspar AT, Westphal F, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. LC-high resolution-MS/MS for identification of 69 metabolites of the new psychoactive substance 1-(4-ethylphenyl-)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl] propane-2-amine (4-EA-NBOMe) in rat urine and human liver S9 incubates and comparison of its screening power with further MS techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:897-912. [PMID: 28762065 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
4-EA-NBOMe (N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-4-ethylamphetamine, 1-(4-ethylphenyl-)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]propane-2-amine) is an amphetamine-derived new psychoactive substance (NPS) of the N-methoxybenzyl (NBOMe) group first seized by German custom authorities. In contrast to the phenethylamine NBOMes, studies on the pharmacological, toxicological, or metabolic properties are not yet published. The aims of the presented work were the use of LC-HR-MS/MS for identification of the phase I and II metabolites of 4-EA-NBOMe in rat urine and pooled human S9 fraction (pS9) incubations, to compare metabolite formation in both models, to identify involved monooxygenases, and to elucidate its detectability in standard urine screening approaches (SUSAs) using GC-MS, LC-MSn, and LC-HR-MS/MS. 4-EA-NBOMe was mainly metabolized by oxidation of the ethyl group to phenyl acetaldehyde, to benzoic acid, or to phenylacetic acid, by hydroxylation, and all combined with O-demethylation as well as by glucuronidation and sulfation of the main phase I metabolites in rats. With the exception of the oxidation to benzoic acid, all main metabolic reactions could be confirmed in the incubations with pS9. In total, 36 phase I and 33 phase II metabolites could be identified. Monooxygenase activity screenings revealed the general involvement of cytochrome-P450 (CYP) 1A2, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4. An intake of 4-EA-NBOMe was detectable only via its metabolites by all SUSAs after low-dose administration. The main targets for both LC-MS screenings should be the phenylacetic acid derivative, the mandelic acid derivative both with and without additional O-demethylation, and, for GC-MS, the hydroxy metabolite after conjugate cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim T Caspar
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Folker Westphal
- Section Narcotics/Toxicology, State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein, Mühlenweg 166, 24116, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Saarland, Germany.
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20
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Wille SMR, Richeval C, Nachon-Phanithavong M, Gaulier JM, Di Fazio V, Humbert L, Samyn N, Allorge D. Prevalence of new psychoactive substances and prescription drugs in the Belgian driving under the influence of drugs population. Drug Test Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. R. Wille
- Laboratory of Toxicology; National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology; Brussels Belgium
| | - C. Richeval
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie; Lille France
- University Lille, EA 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine; Lille France
| | | | - J. M. Gaulier
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie; Lille France
- University Lille, EA 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine; Lille France
| | - V. Di Fazio
- Laboratory of Toxicology; National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology; Brussels Belgium
| | - L. Humbert
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie; Lille France
| | - N. Samyn
- Laboratory of Toxicology; National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology; Brussels Belgium
| | - D. Allorge
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie; Lille France
- University Lille, EA 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine; Lille France
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21
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Nachon-Phanithavong M, Richeval C, Gaulier JM, Humbert L, Tournebize J, Kieffer P, Allorge D. Intoxication aiguë et consommation chronique de cathinones chez un polyconsommateur. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Chemsex, NPS et réduction des risques et des dommages : résultats préliminaires d’une étude pilote. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2017.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Wiart JF, Nachon-Phanithavong M, Richeval C, Vanhoye X, Caous AS, Carton L, Deheul S, Humbert L, Allorge D, Gaulier JM. Analyses capillaires d’un cas d’intoxication par la diphénidine et le 5-MeO-DALT fournissant des données sur les concentrations dans les cheveux de nombreux nouveaux produits de synthèse. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Pasin D, Cawley A, Bidny S, Fu S. Characterization of hallucinogenic phenethylamines using high-resolution mass spectrometry for non-targeted screening purposes. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1620-1629. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pasin
- Centre for Forensic Science; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Adam Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory; Racing NSW Sydney NSW 2000 Australia
| | - Sergei Bidny
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory; NSW Forensic and Analytical Science Service; Lidcombe NSW 2141 Australia
| | - Shanlin Fu
- Centre for Forensic Science; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
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25
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Richeval C, Humbert L, Nefau T, Martinez M, Allorge D, Gaulier JM. The comeback of Ecstasy: New designs and increased MDMA content. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Retrospective identification of 25I-NBOMe metabolites in an intoxication case. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Bodeau S, Bennis Y, Régnaut O, Fabresse N, Richeval C, Humbert L, Alvarez JC, Allorge D, Lemaire-Hurtel AS. LSD instead of 25I-NBOMe: The revival of LSD? A case report. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Allibe N, Richeval C, Willeman T, Humbert L, Allorge D, Maignan M, Eysseric-Guerin H, Stanke-Labesque F, Gaulier JM. Case reports: Four concomitant non-fatal intoxications with AB-FUBINACA and MDMA. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Nachon-Phanithavong M, Wille S, Richeval C, Di Fazio V, Samyn N, Humbert L, Gaulier JM, Allorge D. New psychoactive substances in a drugged driving population: Preliminary results. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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30
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Marillier M, Batisse A, Richeval C, Labrouve V, Martinez M, Allorge D, Gregoire M, Batel P, Nefau T, Chevallier C, Gaulier JM, Djezzar S. CHEMSEX, NPS & risk reduction management: Preliminary results of a pilot study. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Caspar AT, Brandt SD, Stoever AE, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. Metabolic fate and detectability of the new psychoactive substances 2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)- N- [(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine (25B-NBOMe) and 2-(4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)- N- [(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine (25C-NBOMe) in human and rat urine by GC–MS, LC–MS n , and LC–HR–MS/MS approaches. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 134:158-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Halberstadt AL. Pharmacology and Toxicology of N-Benzylphenethylamine ("NBOMe") Hallucinogens. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2017; 32:283-311. [PMID: 28097528 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2016_64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Serotonergic hallucinogens induce profound changes in perception and cognition. The characteristic effects of hallucinogens are mediated by 5-HT2A receptor activation. One class of hallucinogens are 2,5-dimethoxy-substituted phenethylamines, such as the so-called 2C-X compounds 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine (2C-B) and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (2C-I). Addition of an N-benzyl group to phenethylamine hallucinogens produces a marked increase in 5-HT2A-binding affinity and hallucinogenic potency. N-benzylphenethylamines ("NBOMes") such as N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (25I-NBOMe) show subnanomolar affinity for the 5-HT2A receptor and are reportedly highly potent in humans. Several NBOMEs have been available from online vendors since 2010, resulting in numerous cases of toxicity and multiple fatalities. This chapter reviews the structure-activity relationships, behavioral pharmacology, metabolism, and toxicity of members of the NBOMe hallucinogen class. Based on a review of 51 cases of NBOMe toxicity reported in the literature, it appears that rhabdomyolysis is a relatively common complication of severe NBOMe toxicity, an effect that may be linked to NBOMe-induced seizures, hyperthermia, and vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Halberstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA.
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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33
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Wiergowski M, Aszyk J, Kaliszan M, Wilczewska K, Anand JS, Kot-Wasik A, Jankowski Z. Identification of novel psychoactive substances 25B-NBOMe and 4-CMC in biological material using HPLC-Q-TOF-MS and their quantification in blood using UPLC-MS/MS in case of severe intoxications. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1041-1042:1-10. [PMID: 27992785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes cases of poisoning caused by new psychoactive substances such as: 25B-NBOMe (2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine) and 4-CMC (1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)-1-propanone). The analytical procedure includes rapid and selective method for the extraction and determination of 4-CMC and 25B-NBOMe in blood samples using UPLC-MS/MS technique. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report, that involves a fully validated method for quantification of new-designer drug - 4-CMC in postmortem blood samples. The biological material was also analyzed with the use of routine analytical methods: immunochemical techniques, gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and gas chromatography with electron impact mass spectrometry. The results of real samples analyses correspond to possible toxicological effects: death resulting from 25B-NBOMe - mediated hallucinations (661ng/mL of 25B-NBOMe and 0.887ng/mL of 4-CMC), fatal overdose of 25B-NBOMe and 4-CMC (66.5ng/mL of 25B-NBOMe and 2.14ng/mL of 4-CMC) and non-fatal intoxication of these drugs (38.4ng/mL of 25B NBOMe and 0.181ng/mL of 4-CMC). Additionally, O-demethylathed O, O-bis-demethylathed and glucuronidated metabolites of 25B-NBOMe in biological specimens were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Wiergowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 23 Dębowa Street, 80-204, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Justyna Aszyk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Michał Kaliszan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 23 Dębowa Street, 80-204, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Kamila Wilczewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Sein Anand
- Pomeranian Toxicology Center and Department of Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Subfaculty of Nursing and Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Tuwima 15 Street, 80-210, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agata Kot-Wasik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Jankowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 23 Dębowa Street, 80-204, Gdańsk, Poland
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34
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Kintz P, Richeval C, Jamey C, Ameline A, Allorge D, Gaulier JM, Raul JS. Detection of the designer benzodiazepine metizolam in urine and preliminary data on its metabolism. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:1026-1033. [PMID: 27671107 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Designer benzodiazepines provide an attractive alternative to prescribed benzodiazepines for abuse purposes as they are readily available via the Internet without control. Metizolam was ordered via the Internet and a 2 mg blue tablet was orally administered to a 54-year-old man. Urine samples were collected over 6 days in polypropylene tubes. After liquid/liquid extraction at pH 9.5, metizolam was analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) using a standard method devoted to benzodiazepines, and ions transitions, at m/z 328.9 > 275.0 and 328.9 > 300.0. Metizolam was detectable in hydrolyzed urine during the 46-h period, with concentrations always lower than 11 ng/mL. About 0.3% of the initial dose was excreted in urines as total unchanged metizolam during the first 24 h. The most relevant potential CYP- and UGT-dependent metabolites of metizolam were investigated in vitro using human liver microsome incubation and, subsequently, liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) analysis. Three mono-hydroxylated metabolites were produced including a hydroxylation compound at the 2-ethyl moiety of metizolam (M1) as quantitatively main metabolite, and a N-hydroxymetiazolam (M2). The structure of the third metabolite (M3) could not be elucidated because of a too low experimental production rate. Two authentic urine samples were analyzed using the same analytical method to search for metabolites of metizolam. M1, together with its glucuronide (M1-Glu), and M2 were observed in urine at the 8 h mark, whereas only M1 and M1-Glu were still detected in urine at 30 h post administration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Kintz
- X-Pertise Consulting, Oberhausbergen, France.,Institut de medicine légale, Strasbourg, France
| | - Camille Richeval
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, EA 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Delphine Allorge
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, EA 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gaulier
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, EA 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, Lille, France
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35
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Shevyrin V, Kupriyanova O, Lebedev AT, Melkozerov V, Eltsov O, Shafran Y, Morzherin Y, Sadykova R. Mass spectrometric properties of N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine (2,4,6-TMPEA-NBOMe), a new representative of designer drugs of NBOMe series and derivatives thereof. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:969-979. [PMID: 27388323 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Emergence of new psychoactive substances, hallucinogenic phenethylamines in particular, in illicit market is a serious threat to human health in global scale. We have detected and identified N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine (2,4,6-TMPEA-NBOMe), a new compound in NBOMe series. Identification was achieved by means of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), including high-resolution mass spectrometry with tandem experiments (GC/HRMS and GC/HRMS2 ), ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry with tandem experiments (UHPLC/HRMS and UHPLC/HRMS2 ), and 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The peculiarities of fragmentation of the compound under electron ionization (EI) and collision-induced dissociation were studied. Despite of the empirical rule denying migration of the hydrogen atom in McLafferty rearrangement to the benzene ring with substituents in the both ortho-positions, it easily occurs for 2,4,6-TMPEA-NBOMe in EI conditions. We have noticed that electron-donating substituents, e.g. methoxy groups in the both ortho-positions and para-positions favor the rearrangement. For specially synthesized N-methyl and N-acyl derivatives McLafferty rearrangement is not observed. N-Acyl derivatives demonstrate McLafferty rearrangement, but the charge retains at the alternative fragment involving N-acyl carbonyl group. We have also showed that the hydrogen atoms in 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzene ring may be easily substituted for deuterium or for strong electrophiles like trifluoroacetyl. Analytical characteristics of 2,4,6-TMPEA-NBOMe and of some derivatives thereof which enable their determination in various criminal seizures are given. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Shevyrin
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia.
| | - Olga Kupriyanova
- Kazan Scientific Center, A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov St., Kazan, 420088, Russia
| | - Albert T Lebedev
- Organic Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir Melkozerov
- Main Agency of the Ministry of the Interior of the Russian Federation, Sverdlovsk Region Branch, Expert and Criminalistic Center, 17 Lenina Avenue, Ekaterinburg, 620014, Russia
| | - Oleg Eltsov
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
| | - Yuri Shafran
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
| | - Yuri Morzherin
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
| | - Raziya Sadykova
- Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerov St., Kazan, 420012, Russia
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36
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New psychoactive substances: an overview on recent publications on their toxicodynamics and toxicokinetics. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2421-44. [PMID: 27665567 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1812-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review article covers English-written and PubMed-listed review articles and original studies published between January 2015 and April 2016 dealing with the toxicodynamics and toxicokinetics of new psychoactive substances. Compounds covered include stimulants and entactogens, synthetic cannabinoids, tryptamines, NBOMes, phencyclidine-like drugs, benzodiazepines, and opioids. First, an overview and discussion is provided on timely review articles followed by an overview and discussion on recent original studies. Both sections are then concluded by an opinion on these latest developments. This review shows that the NPS market is still highly dynamic and that the data published on their toxicodynamics and toxicokinetics can hardly keep pace with the appearance of new entities. However, data available are very helpful to understand and predict how NPS may behave in severe intoxication. The currently best-documented parameter is the in vitro metabolism of NPS, a prerequisite to allow detection of NPS in biological matrices in cases of acute intoxications or chronic consumption. However, additional data such as their chronic toxicity are still lacking.
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