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Bressan C, Alechaga É, Monfort N, Ventura R. Evaluation of sulfate metabolites as markers of topical testosterone administration in Caucasian and Asian populations. Drug Test Anal 2023. [PMID: 38012839 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate metabolites of endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids (EAAS) have been shown to prolong the detection times compared with the conventional urinary markers of the steroid profile for oral and intramuscular administrations of testosterone (T). In this work, the sensitivity of sulfate EAAS markers for the detection of T gel administration has been evaluated in six Caucasian and six Asian male volunteers. Fourteen sulfate metabolites were measured in basal and post-administration samples after multiple doses of T gel (100 mg/day, three consecutive days), and the detection times based on individual thresholds for each volunteer were evaluated. Sulfate concentrations did not show adequate sensitivity, but the results of sulfate ratios were much more promising. Androsterone sulfate/testosterone sulfate (A-S/T-S), epiandrosterone sulfate/epitestosterone sulfate (epiA-S/E-S), epiA-S/T-S, and etiocholanolone sulfate/epitestosterone sulfate (Etio-S/E-S) provided the most consistent detectability for all volunteers and populations, with detection times ranging from 60 to 96 h since the first dose. Additional ratios improved detectability to up to 7 days, but only in particular volunteers. In general, sensitivity was similar to or better than the conventional testosterone/epitestosterone ratio (T/E) of the steroid profile, which further reinforces the conclusion that sulfate EAAS metabolites can be a good complement for the current steroid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bressan
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Élida Alechaga
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Monfort
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Rubio A, Thomas A, Euler L, Geyer H, Krug O, Reis G, Padilha MC, Pereira HMG, Muniz-Santos R, Cameron LC, Stojanovic B, Kuehne D, Lagojda A, McLeod MD, Thevis M. Investigations into Annona fruit consumption as a potential source of dietary higenamine intake in the context of sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1488-1502. [PMID: 37525530 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Higenamine is prohibited in sports as a β2 -agonist by the World Anti-Doping Agency. As a key component of a great variety of plants, including the Annonaceae family, one aim of this research project was to evaluate whether the ingestion of Annona fruit could lead to higenamine adverse analytical findings. Single-dose administration studies including three Annona species (i.e., Annona muricata, Annona cherimola, and Annona squamosa) were conducted, leading to higenamine findings below the established minimum reporting level (MRL) of 10 ng/mL in urine. In consideration of cmax values (7.8 ng/mL) observed for higenamine up to 24 h, a multidose administration study was also conducted, indicating cumulative effects, which can increase the risk of exceeding the applicable MRL doping after Annona fruit ingestion. In this study, however, the MRL was not exceeded at any time point. Further, the major urinary excretion of higenamine in its sulfo-conjugated form was corroborated, its stability in urine was assessed, and in the absence of reference material, higenamine sulfo-conjugates were synthesized and comprehensively characterized, suggesting the predominant presence of higenamine 7-sulfate. In addition, the option to include complementary biomarkers of diet-related higenamine intake into routine doping controls was investigated. A characteristic urinary pattern attributed to isococlaurine, reticuline, and a yet not fully characterized bismethylated higenamine glucuronide was observed after Annona ingestion but not after supplement use, providing a promising dataset of urinary biomarkers, which supports the discrimination between different sources of urinary higenamine detected in sports drug testing programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rubio
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma, Spain
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Luisa Euler
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Krug
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriel Reis
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory (LBCD - LADETEC/IQ - UFRJ) - Chemistry Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Monica Costa Padilha
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory (LBCD - LADETEC/IQ - UFRJ) - Chemistry Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Renan Muniz-Santos
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, The Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Claudio Cameron
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, The Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Dirk Kuehne
- Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Monheim, Germany
| | | | - Malcolm Donald McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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3
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Wu M, Du Y, Zhang C, Li Z, Li Q, Qi E, Ruan W, Feng S, Zhou H. Mendelian Randomization Study of Lipid Metabolites Reveals Causal Associations with Heel Bone Mineral Density. Nutrients 2023; 15:4160. [PMID: 37836445 PMCID: PMC10574167 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporosis, which is a bone disease, is characterized by low bone mineral density and an increased risk of fractures. The heel bone mineral density is often used as a representative measure of overall bone mineral density. Lipid metabolism, which includes processes such as fatty acid metabolism, glycerol metabolism, inositol metabolism, bile acid metabolism, carnitine metabolism, ketone body metabolism, sterol and steroid metabolism, etc., may have an impact on changes in bone mineral density. While some studies have reported correlations between lipid metabolism and heel bone mineral density, the overall causal relationship between metabolites and heel bone mineral density remains unclear. OBJECTIVE to investigate the causal relationship between lipid metabolites and heel bone mineral density using two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis. METHODS Summary-level data from large-scale genome-wide association studies were extracted to identify genetic variants linked to lipid metabolite levels. These genetic variants were subsequently employed as instrumental variables in Mendelian randomization analysis to estimate the causal effects of each lipid metabolite on heel bone mineral density. Furthermore, metabolites that could potentially be influenced by causal relationships with bone mineral density were extracted from the KEGG and WikiPathways databases. The causal associations between these downstream metabolites and heel bone mineral density were then examined. Lastly, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the robustness of the results and address potential sources of bias. RESULTS A total of 130 lipid metabolites were analyzed, and it was found that acetylcarnitine, propionylcarnitine, hexadecanedioate, tetradecanedioate, myo-inositol, 1-arachidonoylglycerophosphorine, 1-linoleoylglycerophoethanolamine, and epiandrosterone sulfate had a causal relationship with heel bone mineral density (p < 0.05). Furthermore, our findings also indicate an absence of causal association between the downstream metabolites associated with the aforementioned metabolites identified in the KEGG and WikiPathways databases and heel bone mineral density. CONCLUSION This work supports the hypothesis that lipid metabolites have an impact on bone health through demonstrating a causal relationship between specific lipid metabolites and heel bone mineral density. This study has significant implications for the development of new strategies to osteoporosis prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Wu
- National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yufei Du
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Zhen Li
- National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Qingyang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Enlin Qi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Wendong Ruan
- National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300070, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Hengxing Zhou
- National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300070, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250013, China
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Piper T, Fusshöller G, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Investigations on the in vivo metabolism of 5α-androst-2-en-17-one. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9343. [PMID: 35737649 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The anabolic steroid 5α-androst-2-en-17-one (2EN) is sold as a prohormone and has been investigated regarding its potential as a steroidal aromatase inhibitor. The administration of 2EN was detected in a doping control sample in 2015, and investigations into its metabolism allowed for the identification and characterization of three urinary metabolites. Unfortunately, the utility of the main metabolite 2β,3α-dihydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one for doping control purposes was hampered under routine doping control conditions due to chromatographic issues, thus warranting further studies on the metabolism of the prohibited substance. METHODS The metabolism of 2EN was reinvestigated after oral administration of twofold-deuterated 2EN employing hydrogen isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) in combination with high-accuracy/high-resolution mass spectrometry. After a single dose of 50 mg of doubly labeled 2EN, urine samples were collected for 9 days. All samples were processed using routine doping control methods for IRMS analysis, and all detected metabolites were further characterized by mass spectrometry-based investigations. RESULTS More than 15 different metabolites still containing the deuterium label were detected after administration. The presence of steroids exhibiting a 5β-configuration was unexpected as the administered 2EN features a 5α-configured pharmacophore. Further investigations corroborated a significant impact of the administered 2EN on etiocholanolone and 5β-androstanediol. Seven metabolites of 2EN not present as endogenous compounds were identified as potential candidates for routine doping controls and could be detected for up to 9 days after administration. CONCLUSIONS The new metabolites identified in this study enable the detection of the misuse of 2EN for up to 9 days. The conversion of a 5α-steroid to urinary metabolites with 5β-configuration has not been reported so far and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, Köln, Germany
| | - Gregor Fusshöller
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, Köln, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, Köln, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, Köln, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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5
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Piper T, Thevis M. Addressing recent challenges in isotope ratio mass spectrometry: Development of a method applicable to 1-androstene-steroids, 6α-hydroxy-androstenedione and androstatrienedione. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1891-1903. [PMID: 36001066 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In 2020, the confirmation of the non-endogenous origin of several pseudo-endogenous steroids by means of isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) was recommended by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), in addition to previously established target analytes for IRMS in sports drug testing. To date, however, IRMS-based methods validated in accordance with current WADA regulations have not been available. Therefore, the aim of this research project was the development and validation of a method to determine the carbon isotope ratios (CIR) of all newly considered pseudo-endogenous steroids, encompassing the anabolic androgenic steroids comprising a 1-ene-core structure (5α-androst-1-ene-3β,17β-diol, 5α-androst-1-ene-3,17-dione (1AD), 17β-hydroxy-5α-androst-1-en-3-one, 3α-hydroxy-5α-androst-1-ene-17-one (1AND), and 3β-hydroxy-5α-androst-1-ene-17-one (1EpiAND)), as well as steroids referred to as hormone and metabolic modulators (androsta-1,4,6-triene-3,17-dione (TRD) and its main metabolite 17β-hydroxy-androsta-1,4,6-triene-3-one) and 6α- and 6β-hydroxy-androst-4-ene-3,17-dione. With peak purity of target analytes being critical for IRMS analyses, a twofold high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based sample purification was employed, with all analytes being acetylated between the first and second HPLC fractionation. Using established gas chromatography/combustion/IRMS (GC/C/IRMS) instrumentation, limits of quantification were estimated at 10 ng/mL for a 20 mL urine aliquot for all analytes, except for 1AND (20 ng/mL), and combined measurement uncertainties were estimated between 0.4 and 0.9 ‰. For proof-of-concept, samples collected after the single oral administration of a nutritional supplement containing 1AD and 1EpiAND were analyzed as well as existing excretion study urine samples obtained after the administration of 4-androstenedione and TRD. Based on the obtained results, the developed method was considered to be fit-for-purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, Köln, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, Köln, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA) Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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6
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Fitzgerald CCJ, Bowen C, Elbourne M, Cawley A, McLeod MD. Energy-Resolved Fragmentation Aiding the Structure Elucidation of Steroid Biomarkers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1276-1281. [PMID: 35791638 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The identification and confirmation of steroid sulfate metabolites in biological samples are essential to various fields, including anti-doping analysis and clinical sciences. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) is the leading method for the detection of intact steroid conjugates in biofluids, but because of the inherent complexity of biological samples and the low concentration of many targets of interest, metabolite identification based solely on mass spectrometry remains a major challenge. The confirmation of new metabolites typically depends on a comparison with synthetically derived reference materials that encompass a range of possible conjugation sites and stereochemistries. Herein, energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation (CID) is used as part of UHPLC-HRMS/MS analysis to distinguish between regio- and stereo-isomeric steroid sulfate compounds. This wholly MS-based approach was employed to guide the synthesis of reference materials to unambiguously confirm the identity of an equine steroid sulfate biomarker of testosterone propionate administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C J Fitzgerald
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Christopher Bowen
- Mass Spectrometry Business Unit, Shimadzu Scientific Instruments (Australasia), Rydalmere, New South Wales 2116, Australia
| | - Madysen Elbourne
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Adam Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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7
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Walpurgis K, Piper T, Thevis M. Androgens, sports, and detection strategies for anabolic drug use. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 36:101609. [PMID: 35120801 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
For decades, anabolic androgenic agents have represented the substance class most frequently observed in doping control samples. They comprise synthetic and pseudoendogenous anabolic androgenic steroids and other, mostly non-steroidal compounds with (presumed) positive effects on muscle mass and function. While exogenous substances can easily be detected by gas/liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, significantly more complex methodologies including the longitudinal monitoring of individual urinary steroid concentrations/ratios and isotope ratio mass spectrometry are required to provide evidence for the exogenous administration of endogenous compounds. This narrative review summarizes the efforts made within the last 5 years to further improve the detection of anabolic agents in doping control samples. Different approaches such as the identification of novel metabolites and biomarkers, the acquisition of complementary mass spectrometric data, and the development of new analytical strategies were employed to increase method sensitivity and retrospectivity while simultaneously reducing method complexity to facilitate a higher and faster sample throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Walpurgis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Thomas Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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8
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Fitzgerald CCJ, Hedman R, Uduwela DR, Paszerbovics B, Carroll AJ, Neeman T, Cawley A, Brooker L, McLeod MD. Profiling Urinary Sulfate Metabolites With Mass Spectrometry. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:829511. [PMID: 35281273 PMCID: PMC8906285 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.829511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of urinary phase II sulfate metabolites is central to understanding the role and fate of endogenous and exogenous compounds in biological systems. This study describes a new workflow for the untargeted metabolic profiling of sulfated metabolites in a urine matrix. Analysis was performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS) with data dependent acquisition (DDA) coupled to an automated script-based data processing pipeline and differential metabolite level analysis. Sulfates were identified through k-means clustering analysis of sulfate ester derived MS/MS fragmentation intensities. The utility of the method was highlighted in two applications. Firstly, the urinary metabolome of a thoroughbred horse was examined before and after administration of the anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) testosterone propionate. The analysis detected elevated levels of ten sulfated steroid metabolites, three of which were identified and confirmed by comparison with synthesised reference materials. This included 5α-androstane-3β,17α-diol 3-sulfate, a previously unreported equine metabolite of testosterone propionate. Secondly, the hydrolytic activity of four sulfatase enzymes on pooled human urine was examined. This revealed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa arylsulfatases (PaS) enzymes possessed higher selectivity for the hydrolysis of sulfated metabolites than the commercially available Helix pomatia arylsulfatase (HpS). This novel method provides a rapid tool for the systematic, untargeted metabolic profiling of sulfated metabolites in a urinary matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rikard Hedman
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Dimanthi R. Uduwela
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Bettina Paszerbovics
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Adam J. Carroll
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Teresa Neeman
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Adam Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lance Brooker
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory, National Measurement Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Malcolm D. McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- *Correspondence: Malcolm D. McLeod,
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9
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Savkovic S, Ly LP, Desai R, Howa J, Nair V, Eichner D, Handelsman DJ. Detection of testosterone microdosing in healthy females. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:653-666. [PMID: 34811948 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The ready detectability of synthetic androgens by mass spectrometry (MS)-based antidoping tests has reoriented androgen doping to using testosterone (T), which must be distinguished from its endogenous counterpart making detection of exogenous T harder. We investigated urine and serum steroid and hematological profiling individually and combined to determine the optimal detection model for T administration in women. Twelve healthy females provided six paired blood and urine samples over 2 weeks prior to treatment consisting of 12.5-mg T in a topical transdermal gel applied daily for 7 days. Paired blood and urine samples were then obtained at the end of treatment and Days 1, 2, 4, 7, and 14 days later. Compliance with treatment and sampling was high, and no adverse effects were reported. T treatment significantly increased serum and urine T, serum dihydrotestosterone (DHT), urine 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (5α-diol) epitestosterone (E), and urine T/E ratio with a brief window of detection (2-4 days) as well as total and immature (medium and high fluorescence) reticulocytes that remained elevated over the full 14 posttreatment days. Carbon isotope ratio MS and the OFF score and Abnormal Blood Profile score (ABPS) were not discriminatory. The optimal multivariate model to identify T exposure combined serum T, urine T/E ratio with three hematological variables (% high fluorescence reticulocytes, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and volume) with the five variables providing 93% correct classification (4% false positive, 10% false negatives). Hence, combining select serum and urine steroid MS variables with reticulocyte measures can achieve a high but imperfect detection of T administration to healthy females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Savkovic
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital & ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lam P Ly
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital & ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Reena Desai
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital & ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Howa
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Vinod Nair
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - David J Handelsman
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital & ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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10
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Zschiesche A, Chundela Z, Thieme D, Keiler AM. HepG2 as promising cell-based model for biosynthesis of long-term metabolites: Exemplified for metandienone. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:298-306. [PMID: 34705329 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to detect the abuse of substances in sports, the knowledge of their metabolism is of undisputable importance. As in vivo administration of compounds faces ethical problems and might even not be applicable for nonapproved compounds, cell-based models might be a versatile tool for biotransformation studies. We coincubated HepG2 cells with metandienone and D3 -epitestosterone for 14 days. Phase I and II metabolites were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-tandem mass spectrometry and confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The metandienone metabolites formed by HepG2 cells were comparable with those renally excreted by humans. HepG2 cells also generated the two long-term metabolites 17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methyl-18-nor-androst-1,4,13-trien-3-one and 17α-hydroxymethyl-17β-methyl-18-nor-androst-1,4,13-trien-3-one used in doping analyses, though in an inverse ratio compared with that observed in human urine. In conclusion, we showed that HepG2 cells are suitable as model for the investigation of biotransformation of androgens, especially for the anabolic androgenic steroid metandienone. They further proved to cover phase I and II metabolic pathways, which combined with a prolonged incubation time with metandienone resulted in the generation of its respective long-term metabolites known from in vivo metabolism. Moreover, we showed the usability of D3 -epitestosterone as internal standard for the incubation. The method used herein appears to be suitable and advantageous compared with other models for the investigation of doping-relevant compounds, probably enabling the discovery of candidate metabolites for doping analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Zschiesche
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry Dresden, Kreischa, Germany
| | - Zdenek Chundela
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry Dresden, Kreischa, Germany
| | - Detlef Thieme
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry Dresden, Kreischa, Germany
| | - Annekathrin M Keiler
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry Dresden, Kreischa, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Environmental Monitoring & Endocrinology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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11
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Piper T, Haenelt N, Fusshöller G, Geyer H, Thevis M. Sensitive detection of testosterone and testosterone prohormone administrations based on urinary concentrations and carbon isotope ratios of androsterone and etiocholanolone. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1835-1851. [PMID: 34648228 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The testing strategy for the detection of testosterone (T) or T-prohormones is based on the longitudinal evaluation of urinary steroid concentrations accompanied by subsequent isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS)-based confirmation of samples showing atypical concentrations or concentration ratios. In recent years, the IRMS methodology focussed more and more on T itself and on the metabolites of T, 5α- and 5β-androstanediol. These target analytes showed the best sensitivity and retrospectivity, but their use has occasionally been challenging due to their comparably low urinary concentrations. Conversely, the carbon isotope ratios (CIR) of the main urinary metabolites of T, androsterone (A) and etiocholanolone (EITO), can readily be measured even from low urine volumes; those however, commonly offer a lower sensitivity and shorter retrospectivity in uncovering T misuse. Within this study, the CIRs of A and ETIO were combined with their urinary concentrations, resulting in a single parameter referred to as 'difference from weighted mean' (DWM). Both glucuronidated and sulfated steroids were investigated, encompassing a reference population (n = 110), longitudinal studies on three individuals, influence of ethanol in two individuals, and re-analysis of several administration studies including T, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, epiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and T-gel. Especially DWM calculated for the sulfoconjugated steroids significantly prolonged the detection time of steroid hormone administrations when individual reference ranges were applied. Administration studies employing T encompassing CIR common for Europe (-23.8‰ and -24.4‰) were investigated and, even though for a significantly shorter time period and less pronounced, DWM could demonstrate the exogenous source of T metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Nadine Haenelt
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Gregor Fusshöller
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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12
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Piper T, Geyer H, Haenelt N, Huelsemann F, Schaenzer W, Thevis M. Current Insights into the Steroidal Module of the Athlete Biological Passport. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:863-878. [PMID: 34049412 PMCID: PMC8445669 DOI: 10.1055/a-1481-8683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
For decades, the class of anabolic androgenic steroids has represented the most frequently detected doping agents in athletes' urine samples. Roughly 50% of all adverse analytical findings per year can be attributed to anabolic androgenic steroids, of which about 2/3 are synthetic exogenous steroids, where a qualitative analytical approach is sufficient for routine doping controls. For the remaining 1/3 of findings, caused by endogenous steroid-derived analytical test results, a more sophisticated quantitative approach is required, as their sheer presence in urine cannot be directly linked to an illicit administration. Here, the determination of urinary concentrations and concentration ratios proved to be a suitable tool to identify abnormal steroid profiles. Due to the large inter-individual variability of both concentrations and ratios, population-based thresholds demonstrated to be of limited practicability, leading to the introduction of the steroidal module of the Athlete Biological Passport. The passport enabled the generation of athlete-specific individual reference ranges for steroid profile parameters. Besides an increase in sensitivity, several other aspects like sample substitution or numerous confounding factors affecting the steroid profile are addressed by the Athlete Biological Passport-based approach. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview on current prospects, supporting professionals in sports drug testing and steroid physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of
Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of
Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nadine Haenelt
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of
Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Frank Huelsemann
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of
Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schaenzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of
Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of
Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA)
Cologne/Bonn Germany
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13
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Abstract
Androgens are potent drugs requiring prescription for valid medical indications but are misused for invalid, unproven, or off-label reasons as well as being abused without prescription for illicit nonmedical application for performance or image enhancement. Following discovery and first clinical application of testosterone in the 1930s, commercialization of testosterone and synthetic androgens proliferated in the decades after World War II. It remains among the oldest marketed drugs in therapeutic use, yet after 8 decades of clinical use, the sole unequivocal indication for testosterone remains in replacement therapy for pathological hypogonadism, organic disorders of the male reproductive system. Nevertheless, wider claims assert unproven, unsafe, or implausible benefits for testosterone, mostly representing wishful thinking about rejuvenation. Over recent decades, this created an epidemic of testosterone misuse involving prescription as a revitalizing tonic for anti-aging, sexual dysfunction and/or obesity, where efficacy and safety remains unproven and doubtful. Androgen abuse originated during the Cold War as an epidemic of androgen doping among elite athletes for performance enhancement before the 1980s when it crossed over into the general community to become an endemic variant of drug abuse in sufficiently affluent communities that support an illicit drug industry geared to bodybuilding and aiming to create a hypermasculine body physique and image. This review focuses on the misuse of testosterone, defined as prescribing without valid clinical indications, and abuse of testosterone or synthetic androgens (androgen abuse), defined as the illicit use of androgens without prescription or valid indications, typically by athletes, bodybuilders and others for image-oriented, cosmetic, or occupational reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Handelsman
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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14
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A uniform sample preparation procedure for gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry for all human doping control relevant anabolic steroids using online 2/3-dimensional liquid chromatography fraction collection. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1168:338610. [PMID: 34051993 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Androgenic anabolic steroids are the most misused substances in sports because of their performance-enhancing effects. Often synthetic analogues of endogenously present steroids are administered. To determine their endogenous or exogenous origin, Gas Chromatography Combustion Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) is used in the field of doping control. Compounds subjected to IRMS analysis must be interference-free, with liquid chromatography fraction collection (HPLC-FC) being the crucial clean-up step. However, this clean-up is challenging, particularly for compounds present at low concentrations in samples with pronounced matrix effects. The compounds of interests for IRMS analyses in doping control are testosterone (T) and its main metabolites (androsterone, etiocholanolone, 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol, 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol), epitestosterone, 19-norandrosterone (19-NA), boldenone (B) and its main metabolite (BM), formestane (F) and 6αOH-androstenedione (6aOHADION). Currently, the available methods only deal with a selection of the above-mentioned compounds. Some of these compounds (e.g., 19-NA, B, BM, 6aOHADION) are present in very low concentrations, requiring an extensive and dedicated sample clean-up, and this makes it challenging to develop a universal clean-up procedure. Many of these methods require different and multiple offline HPLC-FC setups, which are labour-intensive and time-consuming. That is problematic during, e.g., large sports events, where reporting time is limited (e.g., 72 h). Therefore, in the current work, we developed a uniform online 2D/3D HPLC-FC method, capable of purifying all relevant target compounds in a single run, leading to the fastest clean-up procedure so far (i.e., 31 min for T and its main metabolites; 46 min for 19-NA, F and 6aOHADION; 48 min for B and BM).
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15
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Lood Y, Aardal E, Gustavsson S, Prasolov I, Josefsson M, Ahlner J. False negative results in testosterone doping in forensic cases: Sensitivity of the urinary detection criteria T/E and T/LH. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1735-1742. [PMID: 34228890 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
At the Swedish national forensic toxicology laboratory, a measured testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) ratio ≥ 12 together with testosterone/luteinizing hormone (T/LH) in urine > 400 nmol/IU is considered as a proof of exogenous testosterone administration. However, according to the rules of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), samples with T/E ratio > 4 are considered suspicious and shall be further analysed by gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) to confirm the origin of testosterone and its metabolites. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of false negative results and to estimate the frequency of negative results using the current criteria for detection of abuse of testosterone in forensic investigations. Urine and serum samples were collected by the police at suspected infringement of the doping law in Sweden. Fifty-eight male subjects were included in the study. Urinary testosterone was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), serum testosterone and LH-by immunoassay. The origin of testosterone and its metabolites was confirmed by means of GC-C-IRMS. Twenty-six of the 57 analysed subjects tested positive for exogenous testosterone using the criteria T/E ≥ 12 combined with T/LH > 400 nmol/IU. The IRMS analyses confirmed 47 positives; thus, 21 were considered false negatives. Negative predictive value was 32% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16%-50%) and sensitivity 55%. No false positive subjects were found. The number of false negative cases using the current criteria for the detection of testosterone abuse and hence the low sensitivity indicates a need to discuss introduction of new strategies in forensic doping investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Lood
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Aardal
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sara Gustavsson
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ilya Prasolov
- Swedish Doping Control Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Josefsson
- Drug Unit Department, National Forensic Centre, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johan Ahlner
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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16
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Carbon isotope ratios of endogenous steroids found in human serum-method development, validation, and reference population-derived thresholds. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5655-5667. [PMID: 34142201 PMCID: PMC8410697 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to detect the misuse of testosterone (T), urinary steroid concentrations and concentration ratios are quantified and monitored in a longitudinal manner to enable the identification of samples exhibiting atypical test results. These suspicious samples are then forwarded to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS)–based methods for confirmation. Especially concentration ratios like T over epitestosterone (E) or 5α-androstanediol over E proved to be valuable markers. Unfortunately, depending on the UGT2B17 genotype and/or the gender of the athlete, these markers may fail to provide evidence for T administrations when focusing exclusively on urine samples. In recent years, the potential of plasma steroids has been investigated and were found to be suitable to detect T administrations especially in female volunteers. A current drawback of this approach is the missing possibility to confirm that elevated steroid concentrations are solely derived from an administration of T and cannot be attributed to confounding factors. Therefore, an IRMS method for plasma steroids was developed and validated taking into account the comparably limited sample volume. As endogenous reference compounds, unconjugated cholesterol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate were found suitable, while androsterone and epiandrosterone (both sulfo-conjugated) were chosen as target analytes. The developed method is based on multi-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to IRMS in order to optimize the overall assay sensitivity. The approach was validated, and a reference population encompassing n = 65 males and females was investigated to calculate population-based thresholds. As proof-of-concept, samples from volunteers receiving T replacement therapies and excretion study samples were investigated.
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17
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De Wilde L, Van Renterghem P, Van Eenoo P. Long-term stability study and evaluation of intact steroid conjugate ratios after the administration of endogenous steroids. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:851-863. [PMID: 33982451 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The most frequently detected substances prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) belong to the anabolic steroids class. The most challenging compounds among this class are the endogenous anabolic steroids, which are detected by quantitative measurement of testosterone (T) and its metabolites with a so-called "steroid profiling" method. The current steroid profile is based on the concentrations and ratios of the sum of free and glucuronidated steroids. Recently, our group developed a steroid profiling method for the detection of three free steroids and 14 intact steroid conjugates, including both the glucuronic acid conjugated and sulfated fraction. The study aimed at evaluating the long-term stability of steroid conjugate concentrations and ratios, and the influence of different endogenous steroids on this extended steroid profile. A single dose of oral T undecanoate (TU), topical T gel, topical dihydrotestosterone (DHT) gel, and oral dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) was administered to six healthy male volunteers. One additional volunteer with a homozygote deletion of the UGT2B17 gene (del/del genotype) received a single topical dose of T gel. An intramuscular dose of TU was administered to another volunteer. To avoid fluctuation of steroid concentrations caused by variations in urinary flow rates, steroid ratios were calculated and evaluated as possible biomarkers for the detection of endogenous steroid abuse with low doses. Overall, sulfates do not have substantial additional value in prolonging detection times for the investigated endogenous steroids and administration doses. The already monitored glucuronides were overall the best markers and were sufficient to detect the administered steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie De Wilde
- Department Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Renterghem
- Department Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Department Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Ghent, Belgium
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18
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Schulze J, Pettersson-Bohlin K, Thörngren JO, Ekström L. Re-evaluation of combined ((ES/EG)/(TS/TG)) ratio as a marker of testosterone intake in men. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1576-1579. [PMID: 33864421 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To detect doping with pseudo-endogenous anabolic steroids in sports, a urinary steroid profile with glucuronidated plus unconjugated androgens is used. In addition to analyze androgen glucuronide metabolites, it can be of interest to also include sulfate metabolites in the urinary steroid profile. The combined ratios of epitestosterone sulfate/epitestosterone glucuronide to the ratios of testosterone sulfate/testosterone glucuronide ((ES/EG)/(TS/TG)) have previously been investigated as a complementary biomarker for testosterone doping. In this restudy, the aim was to evaluate this biomarker in a larger study sample population. A single dose of 500-mg testosterone enanthate was administered to 54 healthy male volunteers. Urine was collected prior to (Day 0) administration and throughout 15 days and analyzed for the sulfate and glucuronide conjugates of testosterone and epitestosterone. The results show that the combined ratio increased to a larger extent than the traditional T/E ratio in all subjects. This increase was independent on UGT2B17 gene polymorphism. Moreover, a delayed peak of the combined ratio was observed in ~60% of the participants. The results confirm that complementary analyses of the sulfate metabolites may be a useful approach to detect testosterone doping in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Schulze
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kim Pettersson-Bohlin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John-Olof Thörngren
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Ekström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Martinez-Brito D, Notarianni ML, Iannone M, de la Torre X, Botrè F. Validation of steroid sulfates deconjugation for metabolic studies. Application to human urine samples. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2020; 106:106938. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2020.106938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Development and application of analytical procedures for the GC–MS/MS analysis of the sulfates metabolites of anabolic androgenic steroids: The pivotal role of chemical hydrolysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1155:122280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Nair VS, Doman CE, Morrison MS, Miller GD, Husk J, Eenoo P, Crouch AK, Eichner D. Evaluation of epiandrosterone as a long‐term marker of testosterone use. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1554-1560. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinod S. Nair
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan UT USA
| | | | | | | | - Jacob Husk
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan UT USA
| | - Peter Eenoo
- DoCoLab, Department of Chemical Biology, Microbiology and Immunology Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Andre K. Crouch
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan UT USA
| | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan UT USA
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22
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De Wilde L, Roels K, Van Renterghem P, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K. Steroid profiling in urine of intact glucuronidated and sulfated steroids using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1624:461231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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23
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Development and validation of an UHPLC–MS/MS method for extended serum steroid profiling in female populations. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:753-768. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Quantitative endogenous steroid profiling in blood appears as a complementary approach to the urinary module of the World Anti-Doping Agency's Athlete Biological Passport Steroidal Module for the detection of testosterone doping. To refine this approach further, a UHPLC–MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 14 free and 14 conjugated steroids in serum. Results: The method was validated for quantitative purposes with satisfactory results in terms of selectivity, linearity range, trueness, precision and combined uncertainty (<20%). The validated method was then applied to serum samples from both healthy women and women diagnosed with mild hyperandrogenism. Conclusion: The UHPLC–MS/MS method showed promising capability in quantifying free and conjugated steroids in serum and determining variations of their concentration/distribution within serum samples from different populations.
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24
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De Wilde L, Van Renterghem P, Van Eenoo P, Polet M. Development and validation of a fast gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry method for the detection of epiandrosterone sulfate in urine. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1006-1018. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie De Wilde
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent) Technologiepark 30B B‐9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Renterghem
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent) Technologiepark 30B B‐9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent) Technologiepark 30B B‐9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Michaël Polet
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent) Technologiepark 30B B‐9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
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25
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Sun S, Jiao M, Han C, Zhang Q, Shi W, Shi J, Li X. Causal Effects of Genetically Determined Metabolites on Risk of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:621. [PMID: 33013699 PMCID: PMC7505923 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrine disorder that is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. However, the etiology of PCOS remains unclear. Methods: We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to assess the causal effects of genetically determined metabolites (GDMs) on the risk of PCOS. We used summary level data of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 486 metabolites (n = 7,824) as exposure and a PCOS GWAS consisting of 4,138 cases and 20,129 controls as the outcome. Both datasets were obtained from publicly published databases. For each metabolite, a genetic instrumental variable was generated to assess the relationship between the metabolite and PCOS. For MR analysis, we primarily used the standard inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, while three additional methods-the MR-Egger, weighted median, and MR-PRESSO (pleiotropy residual sum and outlier) methods-were performed as sensitivity analyses. Results: Using genetic variants as predictors, we observed a robust relationship between epiandrosterone sulfate (EPIA-S) and PCOS (PIVW = 0.0186, PMR-Egger = 0.0111; PWeighted-median = 0.0154, and PMR-PRESSO = 0.0290). Similarly, 3-dehydrocarnitine, 4-hydroxyhippurate, hexadecanedioate, and β-hydroxyisovalerate may also have causal effects on PCOS development. Conclusions: We identified metabolites that might have causal effects on PCOS development. Our study emphasizes the role of genetic factors underlying the causal relationships between metabolites and PCOS and provides novel insights through the integration of metabolomics and genomics to better understand the mechanisms involved in human disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuliu Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Minjie Jiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Chengcheng Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenhao Shi
- The Assisted Reproductive Centre, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Juanzi Shi
- The Assisted Reproductive Centre, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaojuan Li
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26
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Iannone M, Palermo A, de la Torre X, Romanelli F, Sansone A, Sansone M, Lenzi A, Botrè F. Effects of transdermal administration of testosterone gel on the urinary steroid profile in hypogonadal men: Implications in antidoping analysis. Steroids 2019; 152:108491. [PMID: 31499075 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone is one of the most abused pseudo-endogenous anabolic steroids in sport doping. The current method adopted to detect the abuse of testosterone and other pseudo-endogenous steroids (endogenous steroids when administered exogenously) is first based on the longitudinal monitoring of several urinary biomarkers, which constitute the so called "steroidal module" of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP): atypical samples undergo a confirmation analysis based on the measurement of the 13C/12C isotopic ratio of selected target compounds, to distinguish their endogenous or exogenous origin. At the same time, testosterone administration can be allowed in athletes diagnosed with hypogonadism, provided they are granted a therapeutic use exemption by the relevant medical authority. In this pilot study we have investigated whether the approach based on the preliminary determination of the urinary steroid profile, in the format considered in the steroidal module of the ABP, also integrated with the inclusion of the sulfo-conjugates and of additional target steroids, can retain its validity also in the case of hypogonadal athletes. We have studied the effects of a single low dose (40 mg) of testosterone gel (T-gel) on the urinary concentration of the markers of steroidal module of the ABP, as well as on some additional steroid markers. The study was based on the analysis of urinary samples from 19 non-hospitalized hypogonadal men, 10 of them with late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), collected before, after 4 h and after 24 h the transdermal self-administration of 40 mg of T-gel. None of the patient had any co-morbidities possibly affecting the urinary excretion of the steroidal markers. The steroidal markers were quantified by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) after the enzymatic hydrolysis of the respective glucuro-conjugates and the chemical hydrolysis of the respective sulfo-conjugates. Targeted GC-MS/MS analysis was carried out operating in electron impact (EI) ionization mode, with acquisition in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Our preliminary results show that, as expected, the treatment with T-gel leads, in all hypogonadal men, to an increase of the urinary concentration of the glucuro-conjugate metabolites of testosterone and its main metabolites, with special relevance to those with 5α-reduction. Furthermore, samples collected from non-LOH hypogonadal men showed an increase also in the levels of epitestosterone glucuronide, testosterone sulfate and epitestosterone sulfate. Apart from their biochemical and pharmacological relevance, these outcomes could be leveraged to refine the analytical strategy currently followed in the antidoping field for the analysis of the urinary steroidal markers, with potential implications also in other forensic and/or clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Iannone
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Amelia Palermo
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Romanelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Sansone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Sansone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Roma, Italy.
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27
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Thevis M, Walpurgis K, Thomas A. Analytical Approaches in Human Sports Drug Testing: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Solutions. Anal Chem 2019; 92:506-523. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne 50933, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne 50933, Germany
| | - Katja Walpurgis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne 50933, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne 50933, Germany
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28
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Handelsman DJ, Bermon S. Detection of testosterone doping in female athletes. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1566-1571. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stéphane Bermon
- International Association of Athletics Federations Monaco and Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS Nice France
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29
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Steroidomics for highlighting novel serum biomarkers of testosterone doping. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:1171-1187. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Quantification of testosterone (T) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone serum concentrations proved to be an efficient alternative to urinary steroid profiling for the detection of T doping. In this context, additional serum markers could be discovered by exploratory untargeted steroidomics studies. Results: Endogenous steroid metabolites were monitored by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry in serum samples collected during a T administration clinical trial. A three-step workflow for accurate review of annotation was used and multifactorial data analysis allowed highlighting promising serum biomarkers. Longitudinal monitoring of selected compounds was performed to assess T abuse detection capabilities. Conclusion: Application of serum steroidomics showed high potential for biomarker discovery of T doping, suggesting longitudinal monitoring of steroid hormones in serum as a significant improvement in detection of endogenous steroids abuse.
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30
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Esquivel A, Alechaga É, Monfort N, Yang S, Xing Y, Moutian W, Ventura R. Evaluation of sulfate metabolites as markers of intramuscular testosterone administration in Caucasian and Asian populations. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1218-1230. [PMID: 30932347 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of alternative markers to the steroid profile can be an effective approach to improving the screening capabilities for the detection of testosterone (T) misuse. In this work, endogenous steroid sulfates were evaluated as potential markers to detect intramuscular (IM) T administration. Fourteen sulfate metabolites were quantified using mixed-mode solid-phase extraction and analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Urine samples after a single IM injection (100 mg) of T cypionate to six Caucasian and six Asian healthy male volunteers were analyzed. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to characterize the sample cohort and to obtain the most useful markers for discrimination between pre- and post-administration samples. For Caucasian volunteers, a separation between pre- and post-administration samples was observed in PCA, whereas for Asian volunteers no separation was obtained. Seventeen ratios between sulfate metabolites were selected and further considered. Detection times (DTs) of each marker were evaluated using individual thresholds for each volunteer. The best results were obtained using ratios involving T and epitestosterone (E) sulfates in the denominator. The best marker was the ratio androsterone sulfate/testosterone sulfate (A-S/T-S) which prolonged the DT 1.2-2.1 times in respect to those obtained using T/E ratio in all Caucasian volunteers and 1.3-1.5 times in two Asian volunteers. Other ratios between A-S or etiocholanolone sulfate and E-S, and sulfates of etiocholanolone, dehydroandrosterone or epiandrosterone, and T-S were also found adequate. These ratios improve the DT after IM T administration and their incorporation to complement the current steroid profile is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argitxu Esquivel
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Fundació IMIM, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Élida Alechaga
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Fundació IMIM, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Monfort
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Fundació IMIM, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sheng Yang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyi Xing
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Wu Moutian
- China Anti-Doping Agency, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Fundació IMIM, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Pranata A, Fitzgerald CC, Khymenets O, Westley E, Anderson NJ, Ma P, Pozo OJ, McLeod MD. Synthesis of steroid bisglucuronide and sulfate glucuronide reference materials: Unearthing neglected treasures of steroid metabolism. Steroids 2019; 143:25-40. [PMID: 30513322 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Doubly or bisconjugated steroid metabolites have long been known as minor components of the steroid profile that have traditionally been studied by laborious and indirect fractionation, hydrolysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Recently, the synthesis and characterisation of steroid bis(sulfate) (aka disulfate or bis-sulfate) reference materials enabled the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) study of this metabolite class and the development of a constant ion loss (CIL) scan method for the direct and untargeted detection of steroid bis(sulfate) metabolites. Methods for the direct LC-MS/MS detection of other bisconjugated steroids, such as steroid bisglucuronide and mixed steroid sulfate glucuronide metabolites, have great potential to reveal a more complete picture of the steroid profile. However, access to steroid bisglucuronide or sulfate glucuronide reference materials necessary for LC-MS/MS method development, metabolite identification or quantification is severely limited. In this work, ten steroid bisglucuronide and ten steroid sulfate glucuronide reference materials were synthesised through an ordered combination of chemical sulfation and/or enzymatic glucuronylation reactions. All compounds were purified and characterised using NMR and MS methods. Chemistry for the preparation of stable isotope labelled steroid {13C6}-glucuronide internal standards has also been developed and applied to the preparation of two selectively mono-labelled steroid bisglucuronide reference materials used to characterise more completely MS fragmentation pathways. The electrospray ionisation and fragmentation of the bisconjugated steroid reference materials has been studied. Preliminary targeted ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis of the reference materials prepared revealed the presence of three steroid sulfate glucuronides as endogenous human urinary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Pranata
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | - Olha Khymenets
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Erin Westley
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Natasha J Anderson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Paul Ma
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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32
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H. Annual banned-substance review: Analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:8-26. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses; University Center of Legal Medicine, Genève and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne; Epalinges Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
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33
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Esquivel A, Alechaga É, Monfort N, Ventura R. Sulfate metabolites improve retrospectivity after oral testosterone administration. Drug Test Anal 2018; 11:392-402. [PMID: 30362276 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The detection of testosterone (T) misuse is performed using the steroid profile that includes concentrations of T and related metabolites excreted free and glucuronoconjugated, and the ratios between them. In this work, the usefulness of 14 endogenous steroid sulfates to improve the detection capabilities of oral T administration has been evaluated. Quantitation of the sulfate metabolites was performed using solid-phase extraction and analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Urine samples were collected up to 144 hours after a single oral dose of T undecanoate (120 mg) to five Caucasian male volunteers. Detection times (DTs) of each marker were estimated using reference limits based on a population study and also monitoring the individual threshold for each volunteer. High inter-individual variability was observed for sulfate metabolites and, therefore, better DTs were obtained using individual thresholds. Using individual threshold limits, epiandrosterone sulfate (epiA-S) improved the DT with respect to testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) ratio in all volunteers. Androsterone, etiocholanolone, and two androstanediol sulfates also improved DTs for some volunteers. Principal component analysis was used to characterize the sample cohort, obtaining 13 ratios useful for discrimination. These ratios as well as the ratio epiA-S/dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate were further examined. The most promising results were obtained using ratios between sulfates of epiA, androsterone, or androstanediol 1 and E, and also sulfates of epiA or androstanediol 1, and dehydroandrosterone. These selected ratios prolonged the DT of oral T administration up to 144 hours, which corresponded to a significantly higher retrospectivity compared to those obtained using concentrations or the conventional T/E ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argitxu Esquivel
- Doping Control Research Group, Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Élida Alechaga
- Doping Control Research Group, Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Monfort
- Doping Control Research Group, Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Doping Control Research Group, Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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34
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VITKU J, KOLATOROVA L, RICCO C, FERROUD C, HENNEBERT O, SKODOVA T, HERACEK J, STARKA L. The Quantitation of 7β-Hydroxy-Epiandrosterone in the Plasma and Seminal Plasma of Men With Different Degrees of Fertility. Physiol Res 2018; 67:S511-S519. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
7β-hydroxy-epiandrosterone (7β-OH-EpiA) is an endogenous androgen metabolite that has been shown to exert neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-estrogenic effects. However, to the best of our knowledge no information is available about this androgen steroid in relation to sperm quality. We analyzed 7β-OH-EpiA in plasma and seminal plasma using a newly developed isotope dilution ultra-high performance liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry method. Validation met the requirements of FDA guidelines. Levels of 7β-OH-EpiA were measured in 191 men with different degrees of infertility. One-way analysis of variance followed by multiple comparison and correlation analysis adjusted for age, BMI and abstinence time were performed to evaluate the relationships between this steroid and sperm quality. Concentrations of 7β-OH-EpiA in seminal plasma were significantly higher in severely infertile men in comparison with healthy men and slightly infertile men. The same trend was found when blood plasma was evaluated. Furthermore, plasma 7β-OH-EpiA negatively correlated with sperm concentration (-0.215; p<0.01) and total count (-0.15; p<0.05). Seminal 7β-OH-EpiA was negatively associated with motility (-0.26; p<0.01), progressively motile spermatozoa (-0.233; p<0.01) and nonprogressively motile spermatozoa (-0.188; p<0.05). 7β-OH-EpiA is associated with lower sperm quality and deserves more research in that respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. VITKU
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
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35
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Development and validation of a multidimensional gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry-based test method for analyzing urinary steroids in doping controls. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1030:105-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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36
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Uduwela DR, Pabis A, Stevenson BJ, Kamerlin SCL, McLeod MD. Enhancing the Steroid Sulfatase Activity of the Arylsulfatase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimanthi R. Uduwela
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Anna Pabis
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bradley J. Stevenson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Shina C. L. Kamerlin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malcolm D. McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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37
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Esquivel A, Alechaga É, Monfort N, Ventura R. Direct quantitation of endogenous steroid sulfates in human urine by liquid chromatography‐electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1734-1743. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Argitxu Esquivel
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain
| | - Élida Alechaga
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group Barcelona Spain
| | - Núria Monfort
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group Barcelona Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain
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38
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Torre X, Colamonici C, Curcio D, Botrè F. Fast IRMS screening of pseudoendogenous steroids in doping analyses. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1804-1812. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Torre
- Laboratorio AntidopingFederazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Cristiana Colamonici
- Laboratorio AntidopingFederazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Davide Curcio
- Laboratorio AntidopingFederazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio AntidopingFederazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale‘Sapienza’ Università di Roma Viale Regina Elena 324 00161 Rome Italy
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39
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Thevis M. The 35 th Manfred Donike workshop on doping analysis. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1657. [PMID: 29065248 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
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