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Zhang Z, Zhang H, Hou L, Jia D, Yao K, Meng Q, Qu J, Yan B, Luan Q, Liu T. Highly sensitive fiber-optic chemical pH sensor based on surface modification of optical fiber with ZnCdSe/ZnS quantum dots. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1294:342281. [PMID: 38336409 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The pH value plays a vital role in many biological and chemical reactions. In this work, the fiber-optic chemical pH sensors were fabricated based on carboxyl ZnCdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) and tapered optical fiber. The photoluminescence (PL) intensity of QDs is pH-dependence because protonation and deprotonation can affect the process of electron-hole recombination. The evanescent wave of tapered optical fiber was used as excitation source in the process of PL. To obtain higher sensitivity, the end faces of fiber were optimized for cone region. By lengthening the cone region and shrinking the end diameter of optical fiber, evanescent wave was enhanced and the excitation times of QDs were increased, which improved the PL intensity and the sensitivity of the sensor. The sensitivity of sensor can reach as high as 0.139/pH in the range of pH 6.00-9.01. The surface functional modification was adopted to prepare sensing films. The carboxyl groups on the QDs ligands are chemically bonded to the fiber surface, which is good for response time (40 s) and stability (decreased 0.9 % for 5 min). These results demonstrated that ZnCdSe/ZnS QDs-based fiber-optic chemical pH sensors are promising approach in rapid and precise pH detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongjie Zhang
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Opto-electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Opto-electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Lili Hou
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Opto-electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Dagong Jia
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Opto-electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Kaixin Yao
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Opto-electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qingyang Meng
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Opto-electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jiayi Qu
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Opto-electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Bing Yan
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Opto-electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qingxin Luan
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Opto-electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tiegen Liu
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Opto-electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Tianjin 300072, China
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2
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Czaja R, Pales-Espinosa E, Cerrato RM, Lwiza K, Allam B. Using meta-analysis to explore the roles of global upwelling exposure and experimental design in bivalve responses to low pH. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:165900. [PMID: 37572507 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Low pH conditions, associated with ocean acidification, represent threats to many commercially and ecologically important organisms, including bivalves. However, there are knowledge gaps regarding factors explaining observed differences in biological responses to low pH in laboratory experiments. Specific sources of local adaptation such as upwelling exposure and the role of experimental design, such as carbonate chemistry parameter changes, should be considered. Linking upwelling exposure, as an individual oceanographic phenomenon, to responses measured in laboratory experiments may further our understanding of local adaptation to global change. Here, meta-analysis is used to test the hypotheses that upwelling exposure and experimental design affect outcomes of individual, laboratory-based studies that assess bivalve metabolic (clearance and respiration rate) responses to low pH. Results show that while bivalves generally decrease metabolic activity in response to low pH, upwelling exposure and experimental design can significantly impact outcomes. Bivalves from downwelling or weak upwelling areas decrease metabolic activity in response to low pH, but bivalves from strong upwelling areas increase or do not change metabolic activity in response to low pH. Furthermore, experimental temperature, exposure time and magnitude of the change in carbonate chemistry parameters all significantly affect outcomes. These results suggest that bivalves from strong upwelling areas may be less sensitive to low pH. This furthers our understanding of local adaptation to global change by demonstrating that upwelling alone can explain up to 49 % of the variability associated with bivalve metabolic responses to low pH. Furthermore, when interpreting outcomes of individual, laboratory experiments, scientists should be aware that higher temperatures, shorter exposure times and larger changes in carbonate chemistry parameters may increase the chance of suppressed metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Czaja
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790-5000, United States of America.
| | - Emmanuelle Pales-Espinosa
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790-5000, United States of America
| | - Robert M Cerrato
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790-5000, United States of America
| | - Kamazima Lwiza
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790-5000, United States of America
| | - Bassem Allam
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790-5000, United States of America.
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3
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Leuchtenberger SG, Daleo M, Gullickson P, Delgado A, Lo C, Nishizaki MT. The effects of temperature and pH on the reproductive ecology of sand dollars and sea urchins: Impacts on sperm swimming and fertilization. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276134. [PMID: 36454769 PMCID: PMC9714736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In an era of climate change, impacts on the marine environment include warming and ocean acidification. These effects can be amplified in shallow coastal regions where conditions often fluctuate widely. This type of environmental variation is potentially important for many nearshore species that are broadcast spawners, releasing eggs and sperm into the water column for fertilization. We conducted two experiments to investigate: 1) the impact of water temperature on sperm swimming characteristics and fertilization rate in sand dollars (Dendraster excentricus; temperatures 8-38°C) and sea urchins (Mesocentrotus franciscanus; temperatures 8-28°C) and; 2) the combined effects of multiple stressors (water temperature and pH) on these traits in sand dollars. We quantify thermal performance curves showing that sand dollar fertilization rates, sperm swimming velocities, and sperm motility display remarkably wide thermal breadths relative to red urchins, perhaps reflecting the wider range of water temperatures experienced by sand dollars at our field sites. For sand dollars, both temperature (8, 16, 24°C) and pH (7.1, 7.5, 7.9) affected fertilization but only temperature influenced sperm swimming velocity and motility. Although sperm velocities and fertilization were positively correlated, our fertilization kinetics model dramatically overestimated measured rates and this discrepancy was most pronounced under extreme temperature and pH conditions. Our results suggest that environmental stressors like temperature and pH likely impair aspects of the reproductive process beyond simple sperm swimming behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Grace Leuchtenberger
- Biology Department, Carleton College, Northfield, MN, United States of America
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor, WA, United States of America
| | - Maris Daleo
- Biology Department, Carleton College, Northfield, MN, United States of America
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor, WA, United States of America
| | - Peter Gullickson
- Biology Department, Carleton College, Northfield, MN, United States of America
| | - Andi Delgado
- Biology Department, Carleton College, Northfield, MN, United States of America
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor, WA, United States of America
| | - Carly Lo
- Biology Department, Carleton College, Northfield, MN, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Nishizaki
- Biology Department, Carleton College, Northfield, MN, United States of America
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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4
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Kekuewa SAH, Courtney TA, Cyronak T, Andersson AJ. Seasonal nearshore ocean acidification and deoxygenation in the Southern California Bight. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17969. [PMID: 36289268 PMCID: PMC9606271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21831-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The California Current System experiences seasonal ocean acidification and hypoxia (OAH) owing to wind-driven upwelling, but little is known about the intensity, frequency, and depth distribution of OAH in the shallow nearshore environment. Here we present observations of OAH and dissolved inorganic carbon and nutrient parameters based on monthly transects from March 2017 to September 2018 extending from the surf zone to the ~ 40 m depth contour in La Jolla, California. Biologically concerning OAH conditions were observed at depths as shallow as 10 m and as close as 700 m to the shoreline. Below 20 m depth, 8% of observations were undersaturated with respect to aragonite, 28% of observations had a pHT less than 7.85, and 19% of observations were below the sublethal oxygen threshold of 157 µmol kg-1. These observations raise important questions about the impacts of OAH on coastal organisms and ecosystems and how future intensified upwelling may exacerbate these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A. H. Kekuewa
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Travis A. Courtney
- grid.267044.30000 0004 0398 9176Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez, Mayagüez, PR USA
| | - Tyler Cyronak
- grid.261241.20000 0001 2168 8324Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, FL USA
| | - Andreas J. Andersson
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
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5
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Hudson ME, Sewell MA. Ocean acidification impacts sperm swimming performance and pHi in the New Zealand sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:276137. [PMID: 35899479 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In sea urchins, spermatozoa are stored in the gonads in hypercapnic conditions (pH<7.0). During spawning, sperm are diluted in seawater of pH>8.0, and there is an alkalinization of the sperm's internal pH (pHi) through the release of CO2 and H+. Previous research has shown that when pHi is above 7.2-7.3, the dynein ATPase flagellar motors are activated, and the sperm become motile. It has been hypothesised that ocean acidification (OA), which decreases the pH of seawater, may have a narcotic effect on sea urchin sperm by impairing the ability to regulate pHi, resulting in decreased motility and swimming speed. Here we use data collected from the same individuals to test the relationship between pHi and sperm motility/performance in the New Zealand sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus (Valenciennes) under near- (2100) and far-future (2150) atmospheric pCO2 conditions (RCP 8.5: pH 7.77, 7.51). Decreasing seawater pH significantly negatively impacted the proportion of motile sperm), and four of the six computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) sperm performance measures. In control conditions, sperm had an activated pHi of 7.52. E. chloroticus sperm could not defend pHi. in future OA conditions; there was a stepped decrease in the pHi at pH 7.77, with no significant difference in mean pHi between pH 7.77 and 7.51. Paired measurements in the same males showed a positive relationship between pHi and sperm motility, but with a significant difference in the response between males. Differences in motility and sperm performance in OA conditions may impact fertilization success in a future ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Hudson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.,Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mary A Sewell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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6
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Parker LM, Scanes E, O'Connor WA, Ross PM. Transgenerational plasticity responses of oysters to ocean acidification differ with habitat. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb.239269. [PMID: 33785501 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.239269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Transgenerational plasticity (TGP) has been identified as a critical mechanism of acclimation that may buffer marine organisms against climate change, yet whether the TGP response of marine organisms is altered depending on their habitat is unknown. Many marine organisms are found in intertidal zones where they experience episodes of emersion (air exposure) daily as the tide rises and recedes. During episodes of emersion, the accumulation of metabolic carbon dioxide (CO2) leads to hypercapnia for many species. How this metabolic hypercapnia impacts the TGP response of marine organisms to climate change is unknown as all previous transgenerational studies have been done under subtidal conditions, where parents are constantly immersed. Here, we assess the capacity of the ecologically and economically important oyster, Saccostrea glomerata, to acclimate to elevated CO2 dependent on habitat, across its vertical distribution, from the subtidal to intertidal zone. Tidal habitat altered both the existing tolerance and transgenerational response of S. glomerata to elevated CO2. Overall, larvae from parents conditioned in an intertidal habitat had a greater existing tolerance to elevated CO2 than larvae from parents conditioned in a subtidal habitat, but had a lower capacity for beneficial TGP following parental exposure to elevated CO2. Our results suggest that the TGP responses of marine species will not be uniform across their distribution and highlights the need to consider the habitat of a species when assessing TGP responses to climate change stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Parker
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.,The University of New South Wales, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Elliot Scanes
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.,The Western Sydney University, School of Science and Health, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC 2751, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Wayne A O'Connor
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Taylors Beach, NSW 2316, Australia
| | - Pauline M Ross
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.,The Western Sydney University, School of Science and Health, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC 2751, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
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7
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Bitter MC, Kapsenberg L, Silliman K, Gattuso JP, Pfister CA. Magnitude and Predictability of pH Fluctuations Shape Plastic Responses to Ocean Acidification. Am Nat 2021; 197:486-501. [PMID: 33755541 DOI: 10.1086/712930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPhenotypic plasticity is expected to facilitate the persistence of natural populations as global change progresses. The attributes of fluctuating environments that favor the evolution of plasticity have received extensive theoretical investigation, yet empirical validation of these findings is still in its infancy. Here, we combine high-resolution environmental data with a laboratory-based experiment to explore the influence of habitat pH fluctuation dynamics on the plasticity of gene expression in two populations of the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis. We linked differences in the magnitude and predictability of pH fluctuations in two habitats to population-specific gene expression profiles in ambient and stressful pH treatments. Our results demonstrate population-based differentiation in gene expression plasticity, whereby mussels native to a habitat exhibiting a large magnitude of pH fluctuations with low predictability display reduced phenotypic plasticity between experimentally imposed pH treatments. This work validates recent theoretical findings on evolution in fluctuating environments, suggesting that the predictability of fluctuating selection pressures may play a predominant role in shaping the phenotypic variation observed across natural populations.
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8
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Wong JM, Hofmann GE. Gene expression patterns of red sea urchins (Mesocentrotus franciscanus) exposed to different combinations of temperature and pCO 2 during early development. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:32. [PMID: 33413121 PMCID: PMC7792118 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The red sea urchin Mesocentrotus franciscanus is an ecologically important kelp forest herbivore and an economically valuable wild fishery species. To examine how M. franciscanus responds to its environment on a molecular level, differences in gene expression patterns were observed in embryos raised under combinations of two temperatures (13 °C or 17 °C) and two pCO2 levels (475 μatm or 1050 μatm). These combinations mimic various present-day conditions measured during and between upwelling events in the highly dynamic California Current System with the exception of the 17 °C and 1050 μatm combination, which does not currently occur. However, as ocean warming and acidification continues, warmer temperatures and higher pCO2 conditions are expected to increase in frequency and to occur simultaneously. The transcriptomic responses of the embryos were assessed at two developmental stages (gastrula and prism) in light of previously described plasticity in body size and thermotolerance under these temperature and pCO2 treatments. RESULTS Although transcriptomic patterns primarily varied by developmental stage, there were pronounced differences in gene expression as a result of the treatment conditions. Temperature and pCO2 treatments led to the differential expression of genes related to the cellular stress response, transmembrane transport, metabolic processes, and the regulation of gene expression. At each developmental stage, temperature contributed significantly to the observed variance in gene expression, which was also correlated to the phenotypic attributes of the embryos. On the other hand, the transcriptomic response to pCO2 was relatively muted, particularly at the prism stage. CONCLUSIONS M. franciscanus exhibited transcriptomic plasticity under different temperatures, indicating their capacity for a molecular-level response that may facilitate red sea urchins facing ocean warming as climate change continues. In contrast, the lack of a robust transcriptomic response, in combination with observations of decreased body size, under elevated pCO2 levels suggest that this species may be negatively affected by ocean acidification. High present-day pCO2 conditions that occur due to coastal upwelling may already be influencing populations of M. franciscanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet M Wong
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
- Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, 33181, USA.
| | - Gretchen E Hofmann
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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9
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Kapsenberg L, Cyronak T. Ocean acidification refugia in variable environments. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:3201-3214. [PMID: 31199553 PMCID: PMC6851593 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Climate change refugia in the terrestrial biosphere are areas where species are protected from global environmental change and arise from natural heterogeneity in landscapes and climate. Within the marine realm, ocean acidification, or the global decline in seawater pH, remains a pervasive threat to organisms and ecosystems. Natural variability in seawater carbon dioxide (CO2 ) chemistry, however, presents an opportunity to identify ocean acidification refugia (OAR) for marine species. Here, we review the literature to examine the impacts of variable CO2 chemistry on biological responses to ocean acidification and develop a framework of definitions and criteria that connects current OAR research to management goals. Under the concept of managing vulnerability, the most likely mechanisms by which OAR can mitigate ocean acidification impacts are by reducing exposure to harmful conditions or enhancing adaptive capacity. While local management options, such as OAR, show some promise, they present unique challenges, and reducing global anthropogenic CO2 emissions must remain a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Kapsenberg
- Department of Marine Biology and OceanographyCSIC Institute of Marine SciencesBarcelonaSpain
| | - Tyler Cyronak
- Department of Marine and Environmental SciencesHalmos College of Natural Sciences and OceanographyNova Southeastern UniversityDania BeachFlorida
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10
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Smith KE, Byrne M, Deaker D, Hird CM, Nielson C, Wilson-McNeal A, Lewis C. Sea urchin reproductive performance in a changing ocean: poor males improve while good males worsen in response to ocean acidification. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190785. [PMID: 31337311 PMCID: PMC6661356 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is predicted to be a major driver of ocean biodiversity change. At projected rates of change, sensitive marine taxa may not have time to adapt. Their persistence may depend on pre-existing inter-individual variability. We investigated individual male reproductive performance under present-day and OA conditions using two representative broadcast spawners, the sea urchins Lytechinus pictus and Heliocidaris erythrogramma. Under the non-competitive individual ejaculate scenario, we examined sperm functional parameters (e.g. swimming speed, motility) and their relationship with fertilization success under current and near-future OA conditions. Significant inter-individual differences in almost every parameter measured were identified. Importantly, we observed strong inverse relationships between individual fertilization success rate under current conditions and change in fertilization success under OA. Individuals with a high fertilization success under current conditions had reduced fertilization under OA, while individuals with a low fertilization success under current conditions improved. Change in fertilization success ranged from -67% to +114% across individuals. Our results demonstrate that while average population fertilization rates remain similar under OA and present-day conditions, the contribution by different males to the population significantly shifts, with implications for how selection will operate in a future ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. Smith
- College of Live and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Maria Byrne
- Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Dione Deaker
- Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Cameron M. Hird
- College of Live and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Clara Nielson
- College of Live and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Alice Wilson-McNeal
- College of Live and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Ceri Lewis
- College of Live and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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11
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Lenz B, Fogarty ND, Figueiredo J. Effects of ocean warming and acidification on fertilization success and early larval development in the green sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 141:70-78. [PMID: 30955782 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification and warming are predicted to affect the early life of many marine organisms, but their effects can be synergistic or antagonistic. This study assessed the combined effects of near-future (2100) ocean acidification (pH 7.8) and warming (+3 °C) on the fertilization, larval development and growth of the green sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus, common in tropical reefs of Florida and the Caribbean. Acidification had no effect on fertilization, but delayed larval development, stunted growth, and increased asymmetry. Warming decreased fertilization success when the sperm:egg ratio was higher (1847:1), accelerated larval development, but had no effect on growth. When exposed to both acidification and warming, fertilization rates decreased, larval development accelerated (due to increased respiration/metabolism), but larvae were smaller and more asymmetric, meaning acidification and warming had additive effects. Thus, climate change is expected to decrease the abundance of this important herbivore, exacerbating macroalgal growth and dominance on coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney Lenz
- Department of Marine and Environmental Science, Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, FL, USA
| | - Nicole D Fogarty
- Department of Marine and Environmental Science, Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, FL, USA; Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Center for Marine Science, USA
| | - Joana Figueiredo
- Department of Marine and Environmental Science, Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, FL, USA.
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12
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Sato KN, Powell J, Rudie D, Levin LA. Evaluating the promise and pitfalls of a potential climate change-tolerant sea urchin fishery in southern California. ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE : JOURNAL DU CONSEIL 2018; 75:1029-1041. [PMID: 29881244 PMCID: PMC5972446 DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsx225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Marine fishery stakeholders are beginning to consider and implement adaptation strategies in the face of growing consumer demand and potential deleterious climate change impacts such as ocean warming, ocean acidification, and deoxygenation. This study investigates the potential for development of a novel climate change-tolerant sea urchin fishery in southern California based on Strongylocentrotus fragilis (pink sea urchin), a deep-sea species whose peak density was found to coincide with a current trap-based spot prawn fishery (Pandalus platyceros) in the 200-300-m depth range. Here we outline potential criteria for a climate change-tolerant fishery by examining the distribution, life-history attributes, and marketable qualities of S. fragilis in southern California. We provide evidence of seasonality of gonad production and demonstrate that peak gonad production occurs in the winter season. S. fragilis likely spawns in the spring season as evidenced by consistent minimum gonad indices in the spring/summer seasons across 4 years of sampling (2012-2016). The resiliency of S. fragilis to predicted future increases in acidity and decreases in oxygen was supported by high species abundance, albeit reduced relative growth rate estimates at water depths (485-510 m) subject to low oxygen (11.7-16.9 µmol kg-1) and pHTotal (<7.44), which may provide assurances to stakeholders and managers regarding the suitability of this species for commercial exploitation. Some food quality properties of the S. fragilis roe (e.g. colour, texture) were comparable with those of the commercially exploited shallow-water red sea urchin (Mesocentrotus franciscanus), while other qualities (e.g. 80% reduced gonad size by weight) limit the potential future marketability of S. fragilis. This case study highlights the potential future challenges and drawbacks of climate-tolerant fishery development in an attempt to inform future urchin fishery stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk N Sato
- Marine Biophysics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0218, USA
| | - Jackson Powell
- Florida State University, 319 Stadium Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Dave Rudie
- Catalina Offshore Products Seafood Incorporated, 5202 Lovelock Street, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Lisa A Levin
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0218, USA
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13
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Wong JM, Johnson KM, Kelly MW, Hofmann G. Transcriptomics reveal transgenerational effects in purple sea urchin embryos: Adult acclimation to upwelling conditions alters the response of their progeny to differential
p
CO
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levels. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:1120-1137. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliet M. Wong
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Kevin M. Johnson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA USA
| | - Morgan W. Kelly
- Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA USA
| | - Gretchen E. Hofmann
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA
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14
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Kapsenberg L, Okamoto DK, Dutton JM, Hofmann GE. Sensitivity of sea urchin fertilization to pH varies across a natural pH mosaic. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:1737-1750. [PMID: 28331584 PMCID: PMC5355180 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the coastal ocean, temporal fluctuations in pH vary dramatically across biogeographic ranges. How such spatial differences in pH variability regimes might shape ocean acidification resistance in marine species remains unknown. We assessed the pH sensitivity of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus in the context of ocean pH variability. Using unique male-female pairs, originating from three sites with similar mean pH but different variability and frequency of low pH (pHT ≤ 7.8) exposures, fertilization was tested across a range of pH (pHT 7.61-8.03) and sperm concentrations. High fertilization success was maintained at low pH via a slight right shift in the fertilization function across sperm concentration. This pH effect differed by site. Urchins from the site with the narrowest pH variability regime exhibited the greatest pH sensitivity. At this site, mechanistic fertilization dynamics models support a decrease in sperm-egg interaction rate with decreasing pH. The site differences in pH sensitivity build upon recent evidence of local pH adaptation in S. purpuratus and highlight the need to incorporate environmental variability in the study of global change biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Kapsenberg
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine BiologyUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
- Sorbonne UniversitésUniversité Pierre et Marie Curie‐Paris 6CNRS‐INSULaboratoire d'Océanographie de VillefrancheVillefranche‐sur‐MerFrance
| | - Daniel K. Okamoto
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine BiologyUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
- School of Resource and Environmental ManagementSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
| | - Jessica M. Dutton
- Wrigley Institute for Environmental StudiesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Gretchen E. Hofmann
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine BiologyUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
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