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Ruraż K, Przemieniecki SW, Błaszak M, Czarnomska SD, Ochmian I, Piwowarczyk R. Stigmas of holoparasitic Phelipanche arenaria (Orobanchaceae) - a suitable ephemeric flower habitat for development unique microbiome. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:486. [PMID: 37821804 PMCID: PMC10566107 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial communities have occasionally been observed in part of the ephemeric reproductive structure of floral stigmas, but their prevalence, phylogenetic diversity and ecological roles are understudied. This report describes the first study of bacterial and fungal communities in immature and mature stigma tissue of the endangered holoparasitic plant Phelipanche arenaria. Culture-dependent methods coupled with next-generation sequencing indicated that a small surface of the flower stigma was an unexpectedly rich and diverse microhabitat for colonization of microbial. We also compared the enzymatic activity of the bacterial communities between immature and mature stigmas samples. RESULTS Using high-throughput sequencing methods, we identified and classified 39 to over 51 OTUs per sample for bacterial OTUs represented by Pantoea agglomerans and P. ananatis, comprising 50.6%, followed by Pseudomonas, Luteibacter spp., Sphingomonas spp. with 17% of total frequency. The bacterial profile of immature stigmas of P. arenaria contained unique microorganisms (21 of the most numerous OTUs) that were not confirmed in mature stigmas. However, the enzymatic activity of bacteria in mature stigmas of P. arenaria showed more activity than observed in immature stigmas. In the fungal profile, we recorded even 80 OTUs in mature stigmas, consisting of Capnodiales 45.03% of the total abundance with 28.27% of frequency was created by Alternaria eichhorniae (10.55%), Mycosphaerella tassiana (9.69%), and Aureobasidium pullulans (8.03%). Additionally, numerous putative plant growth-promoting bacteria, fungal pathogens and pathogen-antagonistic yeasts were also detected. CONCLUSIONS Our study uncovered that P. arenaria stigmas host diverse bacterial and fungal communities. These microorganisms are well known and have been described as beneficial for biotechnological and environmental applications (e.g., production of different enzymes and antimicrobial compounds). This research provided valuable insight into the parasitic plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Ruraż
- Center for Research and Conservation of Biodiversity, Department of Environmental Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406, Kielce, Poland
| | - Sebastian Wojciech Przemieniecki
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Magdalena Błaszak
- Department of Bioengineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Słowackiego 17, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Dagmara Czarnomska
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Nadwiślańska 108, 80-680 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Ochmian
- Department of Horticulture, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Słowackiego 17, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Renata Piwowarczyk
- Center for Research and Conservation of Biodiversity, Department of Environmental Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406, Kielce, Poland
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Antonovics J, Amoroso CR, Bruns E, Hood M. Host density shapes the relative contribution of vector-based and aerial transmission of a pathogenic fungus. Ecology 2022; 104:e3970. [PMID: 36576452 PMCID: PMC10073241 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen transmission mode is a key determinant of epidemiological outcomes. Theory shows that host density can influence the spread of pathogens differentially depending on their mode of transmission. Host density could therefore play an important role in determining the pathogen transmission mode. We tested theoretical expectations using floral arrays of the alpine carnation Dianthus pavonius in field experiments of spore dispersal of the anther-smut fungus, Microbotryum, by vector (pollinator)-based floral transmission and passive aerial transmission at a range of host densities. Pollinators deposited fewer spores per plant at high host density than at lower density (ranging from a 0.2-2 m spacing between plants), and vector-based spore deposition at higher densities declined more steeply with distance from diseased plant sources. In contrast, while aerial spore deposition declined with distance from the diseased source, the steepness of this decline was independent of host density. Our study indicates that the amount and distance of vector-based transmission are likely to be a nonmonotonic function of host density as a result of vector behavior, which is not readily encapsulated by fixed dispersal functions. We conclude that the spatial spread of pathogens by vectors is likely to be greater at lower and intermediate densities, whereas the spatial spread of aerially transmitted pathogens would be greater at high densities. These contrasting patterns could lead to differential importance of each transmission mode in terms of its contribution to subsequent infections across host densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Antonovics
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Caroline R Amoroso
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Emily Bruns
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael Hood
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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Lerner N, Luizzi V, Antonovics J, Bruns E, Hood ME. Resistance Correlations Influence Infection by Foreign Pathogens. Am Nat 2021; 198:206-218. [PMID: 34260867 PMCID: PMC8283004 DOI: 10.1086/715013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AbstractReciprocal selection promotes the specificity of host-pathogen associations and resistance polymorphisms in response to disease. However, plants and animals also vary in response to pathogen species not previously encountered in nature, with potential effects on new disease emergence. Using anther smut disease, we show that resistance (measured as infection rates) to foreign pathogens can be correlated with standing variation in resistance to an endemic pathogen. In Silene vulgaris, genetic variation in resistance to its endemic anther smut pathogen correlated positively with resistance variation to an anther smut pathogen from another host, but the relationship was negative between anther smut and a necrotrophic pathogen. We present models describing the genetic basis for assessing resistance relationships between endemic and foreign pathogens and for quantifying infection probabilities on foreign pathogen introduction. We show that even when the foreign pathogen has a lower average infection ability than the endemic pathogen, infection outcomes are determined by the sign and strength of the regression of the host's genetic variation in infection rates by a foreign pathogen on variation in infection rates by an endemic pathogen as well as by resistance allele frequencies. Given that preinvasion equilibria of resistance are determined by factors including resistance costs, we show that protection against foreign pathogens afforded by positively correlated resistances can be lessened or even result in elevated infection risk at the population level, depending on local dynamics. Therefore, a pathogen's emergence potential could be influenced not only by its average infection rate but also by resistance variation resulting from prior selection imposed by endemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Lerner
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
| | - Victoria Luizzi
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Emily Bruns
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Michael E. Hood
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
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Bruns EL, Antonovics J, Hood ME. From generalist to specialists: Variation in the host range and performance of anther-smut pathogens on Dianthus. Evolution 2021; 75:2494-2508. [PMID: 33983636 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Determining the processes that drive the evolution of pathogen host range can inform our understanding of disease dynamics and the potential for host shifts. In natural populations, patterns of host range could be driven by genetically based differences in pathogen infectivity or ecological differences in host availability. In northwestern Italy, four reproductively isolated lineages of the fungal plant-pathogen Microbotryum have been shown to co-occur on several species in the genus Dianthus. We carried out cross-inoculation experiments to determine whether patterns of realized host range in these four lineages were driven by differences in infectivity and to test whether there was evidence of a trade-off between host range and within-host reproduction. We found strong concordance between field patterns of host range and pathogen infectivity on different Dianthus species using experimental inoculation, indicating that infection ability is a major driving force of host range. However, we found no evidence of a trade-off between the ability to infect a wider range of host species and spore production on a shared host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Bruns
- Current Address: Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904
| | - Michael E Hood
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01002
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Hartmann FE, Rodríguez de la Vega RC, Gladieux P, Ma WJ, Hood ME, Giraud T. Higher Gene Flow in Sex-Related Chromosomes than in Autosomes during Fungal Divergence. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:668-682. [PMID: 31651949 PMCID: PMC7038665 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonrecombining sex chromosomes are widely found to be more differentiated than autosomes among closely related species, due to smaller effective population size and/or to a disproportionally large-X effect in reproductive isolation. Although fungal mating-type chromosomes can also display large nonrecombining regions, their levels of differentiation compared with autosomes have been little studied. Anther-smut fungi from the Microbotryum genus are castrating pathogens of Caryophyllaceae plants with largely nonrecombining mating-type chromosomes. Using whole genome sequences of 40 fungal strains, we quantified genetic differentiation among strains isolated from the geographically overlapping North American species and subspecies of Silene virginica and S. caroliniana. We inferred that gene flow likely occurred at the early stages of divergence and then completely stopped. We identified large autosomal genomic regions with chromosomal inversions, with higher genetic divergence than the rest of the genomes and highly enriched in selective sweeps, supporting a role of rearrangements in preventing gene flow in genomic regions involved in ecological divergence. Unexpectedly, the nonrecombining mating-type chromosomes showed lower divergence than autosomes due to higher gene flow, which may be promoted by adaptive introgressions of less degenerated mating-type chromosomes. The fact that both mating-type chromosomes are always heterozygous and nonrecombining may explain such patterns that oppose to those found for XY or ZW sex chromosomes. The specific features of mating-type chromosomes may also apply to the UV sex chromosomes determining sexes at the haploid stage in algae and bryophytes and may help test general hypotheses on the evolutionary specificities of sex-related chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny E Hartmann
- Ecologie Systematique Evolution, Batiment 360, Univ. Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Ricardo C Rodríguez de la Vega
- Ecologie Systematique Evolution, Batiment 360, Univ. Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Pierre Gladieux
- UMR BGPI, Univ Montpellier, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Wen-Juan Ma
- Biology Department, Science Centre, Amherst College, Amherst, MA
| | - Michael E Hood
- Biology Department, Science Centre, Amherst College, Amherst, MA
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie Systematique Evolution, Batiment 360, Univ. Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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Hartmann FE, Snirc A, Cornille A, Godé C, Touzet P, Van Rossum F, Fournier E, Le Prieur S, Shykoff J, Giraud T. Congruent population genetic structures and divergence histories in anther‐smut fungi and their host plants
Silene italica
and the
Silene nutans
species complex. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:1154-1172. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny E. Hartmann
- Ecologie Systematique Evolution Batiment 360 AgroParisTech CNRS Universite Paris‐Saclay Orsay France
| | - Alodie Snirc
- Ecologie Systematique Evolution Batiment 360 AgroParisTech CNRS Universite Paris‐Saclay Orsay France
| | - Amandine Cornille
- Genetique Quantitative et Evolution–Le Moulon AgroParisTech CNRS INRAE Universite Paris‐Saclay Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| | - Cécile Godé
- UMR 8198 ‐ Evo‐Eco‐Paleo CNRS Univ. Lille Lille France
| | - Pascal Touzet
- UMR 8198 ‐ Evo‐Eco‐Paleo CNRS Univ. Lille Lille France
| | - Fabienne Van Rossum
- Meise Botanic Garden Meise Belgium
- Fédération Wallonie–Bruxelles Brussels Belgium
| | | | - Stéphanie Le Prieur
- Ecologie Systematique Evolution Batiment 360 AgroParisTech CNRS Universite Paris‐Saclay Orsay France
| | - Jacqui Shykoff
- Ecologie Systematique Evolution Batiment 360 AgroParisTech CNRS Universite Paris‐Saclay Orsay France
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie Systematique Evolution Batiment 360 AgroParisTech CNRS Universite Paris‐Saclay Orsay France
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