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Vernham G, Bailey JJ, Chase JM, Hjort J, Field R, Schrodt F. Understanding trait diversity: the role of geodiversity. Trends Ecol Evol 2023:S0169-5347(23)00039-3. [PMID: 37003934 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Geodiversity - the abiotic heterogeneity of Earth's (sub)surface - is gaining recognition for its ecological links to biodiversity. However, theoretical and conceptual knowledge of geodiversity-trait diversity relationships is currently lacking and can improve understanding of abiotic drivers of community assembly. Here we synthesise the state of knowledge of these relationships. We find that some components of geodiversity (e.g., topographic heterogeneity) elicit strong trait responses, whereas other components (e.g., substrate heterogeneity) have marginal effects in driving trait distributions. However, current knowledge is lacking in key aspects, including geodiversity's effect on trait-specific diversity and intraspecific variation. We call for the explicit inclusion of geodiversity when relating environmental drivers to trait diversity, taking advantage of the increasing availability of trait and geodiversity data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph J Bailey
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Jonathan M Chase
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jan Hjort
- Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, 90570 Oulu, Finland
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2
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Yin Z. The pollution of microplastics in sediments: The ecological risk assessment and pollution source analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160323. [PMID: 36423839 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of microplastics (MPs) pollution in sediments has brought huge challenges to the development of society. Pollution control of MPs in sediments has become an inevitable requirement for current society. This requires implementing targeted pollution control measures in high MPs ecological risk areas and controls MPs discharge in pollution source. Existing studies lack in-depth understanding in MPs ecological risk assessment and MPs pollution source analysis, this limits the pollution control of MPs in sediments. In this study, the studies of MPs pollution in sediments from 2013 to 2022 were reviewed. The results showed that the environmental problems caused by MPs pollution in marine sediments have been widely discussed over the past decade. And the occurrence of MPs pollution in sediments brought potential threat to marine ecology and human food supply. Furthermore, pollution load index, polymer risk index and potential ecological risk index of MPs were frequently used in the existing ecological risk assessment of MPs in sediments. A large amount of monitoring data and simulation data is conducive to improving these MPs ecological risk assessment indicators. This can provide a useful reference for managers to formulate MPs pollution control measures. And MPs types and land-use types can provide basis to analyze the pollution source of MPs in sediments. Developing more accurate MPs detection and analysis technologies can further improve current MPs pollution source analysis system. This is conducive to control the discharge of MPs in the pollution source. In future studies, more complete MPs ecological risk assessment system and MPs pollution source analysis system should be established to control the pollution of MPs in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhou Yin
- School of Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Huhhot 010051, China.
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3
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Lincoln S, Andrews B, Birchenough SNR, Chowdhury P, Engelhard GH, Harrod O, Pinnegar JK, Townhill BL. Marine litter and climate change: Inextricably connected threats to the world's oceans. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 837:155709. [PMID: 35525371 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The global issues of climate change and marine litter are interlinked and understanding these connections is key to managing their combined risks to marine biodiversity and ultimately society. For example, fossil fuel-based plastics cause direct emissions of greenhouse gases and therefore are an important contributing factor to climate change, while other impacts of plastics can manifest as alterations in key species and habitats in coastal and marine environments. Marine litter is acknowledged as a threat multiplier that acts with other stressors such as climate change to cause far greater damage than if they occurred in isolation. On the other hand, while climate change can lead to increased inputs of litter into the marine environment, the presence of marine litter can also undermine the climate resilience of marine ecosystems. There is increasing evidence that that climate change and marine litter are inextricably linked, although these interactions and the resulting effects vary widely across oceanic regions and depend on the particular characteristics of specific marine environments. Ecosystem resilience approaches, that integrate climate change with other local stressors, offer a suitable framework to incorporate the consideration of marine litter where that is deemed to be a risk, and to steer, coordinate and prioritise research and monitoring, as well as management, policy, planning and action to effectively tackle the combined risks and impacts from climate change and marine litter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Lincoln
- International Marine Climate Change Centre (iMC3), The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences (Cefas), Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom.
| | - Barnaby Andrews
- International Marine Climate Change Centre (iMC3), The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences (Cefas), Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
| | - Silvana N R Birchenough
- International Marine Climate Change Centre (iMC3), The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences (Cefas), Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
| | - Piyali Chowdhury
- International Marine Climate Change Centre (iMC3), The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences (Cefas), Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
| | - Georg H Engelhard
- International Marine Climate Change Centre (iMC3), The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences (Cefas), Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia Harrod
- International Marine Climate Change Centre (iMC3), The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences (Cefas), Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
| | - John K Pinnegar
- International Marine Climate Change Centre (iMC3), The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences (Cefas), Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
| | - Bryony L Townhill
- International Marine Climate Change Centre (iMC3), The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences (Cefas), Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
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Ashford OS, Guan S, Capone D, Rigney K, Rowley K, Cordes EE, Cortés J, Rouse GW, Mendoza GF, Sweetman AK, Levin LA. Relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning proxies strengthen when approaching chemosynthetic deep-sea methane seeps. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210950. [PMID: 34403635 PMCID: PMC8370799 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As biodiversity loss accelerates globally, understanding environmental influence over biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) relationships becomes crucial for ecosystem management. Theory suggests that resource supply affects the shape of BEF relationships, but this awaits detailed investigation in marine ecosystems. Here, we use deep-sea chemosynthetic methane seeps and surrounding sediments as natural laboratories in which to contrast relationships between BEF proxies along with a gradient of trophic resource availability (higher resource methane seep, to lower resource photosynthetically fuelled deep-sea habitats). We determined sediment fauna taxonomic and functional trait biodiversity, and quantified bioturbation potential (BPc), calcification degree, standing stock and density as ecosystem functioning proxies. Relationships were strongly unimodal in chemosynthetic seep habitats, but were undetectable in transitional 'chemotone' habitats and photosynthetically dependent deep-sea habitats. In seep habitats, ecosystem functioning proxies peaked below maximum biodiversity, perhaps suggesting that a small number of specialized species are important in shaping this relationship. This suggests that absolute biodiversity is not a good metric of ecosystem 'value' at methane seeps, and that these deep-sea environments may require special management to maintain ecosystem functioning under human disturbance. We promote further investigation of BEF relationships in non-traditional resource environments and emphasize that deep-sea conservation should consider 'functioning hotspots' alongside biodiversity hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver S Ashford
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92007, USA
| | - Shuzhe Guan
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92007, USA
| | - Dante Capone
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92007, USA.,University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Katherine Rigney
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92007, USA.,Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA
| | - Katelynn Rowley
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92007, USA
| | - Erik E Cordes
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Temple, PA 19122, USA
| | - Jorge Cortés
- CIMAR, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Greg W Rouse
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92007, USA
| | - Guillermo F Mendoza
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92007, USA
| | - Andrew K Sweetman
- The Lyell Centre for Earth and Marine Science and Technology, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lisa A Levin
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92007, USA.,Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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Doi H, Yasuhara M, Ushio M. Causal analysis of the temperature impact on deep-sea biodiversity. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20200666. [PMID: 34283931 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The deep sea comprises more than 90% of the ocean; therefore, understanding the controlling factors of biodiversity in the deep sea is of great importance for predicting future changes in the functioning of the ocean system. Consensus has recently been increasing on two plausible factors that have often been discussed as the drivers of deep-sea species richness in the contexts of the species-energy and physiological tolerance hypotheses: (i) seafloor particulate organic carbon (POC) derived from primary production in the euphotic zone and (ii) temperature. Nonetheless, factors that drive deep-sea biodiversity are still actively debated potentially owing to a mirage of correlations (sign and magnitude are generally time dependent), which are often found in nonlinear, complex ecological systems, making the characterization of causalities difficult. Here, we tested the causal influences of POC flux and temperature on species richness using long-term palaeoecological datasets derived from sediment core samples and convergent cross mapping, a numerical method for characterizing causal relationships in complex systems. The results showed that temperature, but not POC flux, influenced species richness over 103-104-year time scales. The temperature-richness relationship in the deep sea suggests that human-induced future climate change may, under some conditions, affect deep-sea ecosystems through deep-water circulation changes rather than surface productivity changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Doi
- Graduate School of Information Science, University of Hyogo, 7-1-28 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Moriaki Yasuhara
- Division of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, Swire Institute of Marine Science, and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Masayuki Ushio
- Hakubi Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu 520-2113, Japan
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Abel SM, Primpke S, Int-Veen I, Brandt A, Gerdts G. Systematic identification of microplastics in abyssal and hadal sediments of the Kuril Kamchatka trench. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 269:116095. [PMID: 33257152 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of microplastics throughout marine environments worldwide, from pelagic to benthic habitats, has become serious cause for concern. Hadal zones were recently described as the "trash bins of the oceans" and ultimate sink for marine plastic debris. The Kuril region covers a substantial area of the North Pacific Ocean and is characterised by high biological productivity, intense marine traffic through the Kuril straits, and anthropogenic activity. Moreover, strong tidal currents and eddy activity, as well as the influence of Pacific currents, have the potential for long distance transport and retention of microplastics in this area. To verify the hypothesis that the underlying Kuril Kamchatka Trench might accumulate microplastics from the surrounding environments and act as the final sink for high quantities of microplastics, we analysed eight sediment samples collected in the Kuril Kamchatka Trench at a depth range of 5143-8250 m during the Kuril Kamchatka Biodiversity Studies II (KuramBio II) expedition in summer 2016. Microplastics were characterised via Micro Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. All samples were analysed in their entirety to avoid inaccuracies due to extrapolations of microplastic concentrations and polymer diversities, which would otherwise be based on commonly applied representative aliquots. The number of microplastic particles detected ranged from 14 to 209 kg-1 sediment (dry weight) with a total of 15 different plastic polymers detected. Polypropylene accounted for the largest proportion (33.2%), followed by acrylates/polyurethane/varnish (19%) and oxidized polypropylene (17.4%). By comparing extrapolated sample aliquots with in toto results, it was shown that aliquot-based extrapolations lead to severe under- or overestimations of microplastic concentrations, and an underestimation of polymer diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena M Abel
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum; Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Microbial Ecology, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Kurpromenade 201, 27498, Helgoland, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Ecology, Diversity and Evolution, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Primpke
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Kurpromenade 201, 27498, Helgoland, Germany
| | - Ivo Int-Veen
- Thünen-Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Angelika Brandt
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum; Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Ecology, Diversity and Evolution, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gunnar Gerdts
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Kurpromenade 201, 27498, Helgoland, Germany
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Discovery of widely available abyssal rock patches reveals overlooked habitat type and prompts rethinking deep-sea biodiversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15450-15459. [PMID: 32554606 PMCID: PMC7355009 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920706117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ground-truthed analyses of multibeam sonar data along a fracture zone of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge reveal an abyssal seafloor much rockier than previously assumed. Our data show rock exposures occurring at all crustal ages from 0–100 Ma along the Vema Fracture Zone and that approximately 260,000 km2 of rock habitats can be expected to occur along Atlantic fracture zones alone. This higher than expected geodiversity implies that future sampling campaigns should be considerably more sophisticated than at present to capture the full deep-sea habitat heterogeneity. We provide a baseline to unravel the processes responsible for the evolution and persistence of biodiversity on the deep seafloor as well as to determine the significant scales of these processes in the benthoscape. Habitat heterogeneity and species diversity are often linked. On the deep seafloor, sediment variability and hard-substrate availability influence geographic patterns of species richness and turnover. The assumption of a generally homogeneous, sedimented abyssal seafloor is at odds with the fact that the faunal diversity in some abyssal regions exceeds that of shallow-water environments. Here we show, using a ground-truthed analysis of multibeam sonar data, that the deep seafloor may be much rockier than previously assumed. A combination of bathymetry data, ruggedness, and backscatter from a trans-Atlantic corridor along the Vema Fracture Zone, covering crustal ages from 0 to 100 Ma, show rock exposures occurring at all crustal ages. Extrapolating to the whole Atlantic, over 260,000 km2 of rock habitats potentially occur along Atlantic fracture zones alone, significantly increasing our knowledge about abyssal habitat heterogeneity. This implies that sampling campaigns need to be considerably more sophisticated than at present to capture the full deep-sea habitat heterogeneity and biodiversity.
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