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Young HS, McCauley FO, Micheli F, Dunbar RB, McCauley DJ. Shortened food chain length in a fished versus unfished coral reef. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024:e3002. [PMID: 38840322 DOI: 10.1002/eap.3002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Direct exploitation through fishing is driving dramatic declines of wildlife populations in ocean environments, particularly for predatory and large-bodied taxa. Despite wide recognition of this pattern and well-established consequences of such trophic downgrading on ecosystem function, there have been few empirical studies examining the effects of fishing on whole system trophic architecture. Understanding these kinds of structural impacts is especially important in coral reef ecosystems-often heavily fished and facing multiple stressors. Given the often high dietary flexibility and numerous functional redundancies in diverse ecosystems such as coral reefs, it is important to establish whether web architecture is strongly impacted by fishing pressure or whether it might be resilient, at least to moderate-intensity pressure. To examine this question, we used a combination of bulk and compound-specific stable isotope analyses measured across a range of predatory and low-trophic-level consumers between two coral reef ecosystems that differed with respect to fishing pressure but otherwise remained largely similar. We found that even in a high-diversity system with relatively modest fishing pressure, there were strong reductions in the trophic position (TP) of the three highest TP consumers examined in the fished system but no effects on the TP of lower-level consumers. We saw no evidence that this shortening of the affected food webs was being driven by changes in basal resource consumption, for example, through changes in the spatial location of foraging by consumers. Instead, this likely reflected internal changes in food web architecture, suggesting that even in diverse systems and with relatively modest pressure, human harvest causes significant compressions in food chain length. This observed shortening of these food webs may have many important emergent ecological consequences for the functioning of ecosystems impacted by fishing or hunting. Such important structural shifts may be widespread but unnoticed by traditional surveys. This insight may also be useful for applied ecosystem managers grappling with choices about the relative importance of protection for remote and pristine areas and the value of strict no-take areas to protect not just the raw constituents of systems affected by fishing and hunting but also the health and functionality of whole systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary S Young
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | | | - Fiorenza Micheli
- Oceans Department, Hopkins Marine Station, and Stanford Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California, USA
| | - Robert B Dunbar
- Oceans Department and Earth Systems Science, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California, USA
| | - Douglas J McCauley
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
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2
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Matthews CJD, Smith EAE, Ferguson SH. Comparison of δ 13C and δ 15N of ecologically relevant amino acids among beluga whale tissues. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11146. [PMID: 38750037 PMCID: PMC11096183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59307-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Ecological applications of compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) of amino acids (AAs) include 1) tracking carbon pathways in food webs using essential AA (AAESS) δ13C values, and 2) estimating consumer trophic position (TP) by comparing relative differences of 'trophic' and 'source' AA δ15N values. Despite the significance of these applications, few studies have examined AA-specific SI patterns among tissues with different AA compositions and metabolism/turnover rates, which could cause differential drawdown of body AA pools and impart tissue-specific isotopic fractionation. To address this knowledge gap, especially in the absence of controlled diet studies examining this issue in captive marine mammals, we used a paired-sample design to compare δ13C and δ15N values of 11 AAs in commonly sampled tissues (skin, muscle, and dentine) from wild beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas). δ13C of two AAs, glutamic acid/glutamine (Glx, a non-essential AA) and, notably, threonine (an essential AA), differed between skin and muscle. Furthermore, δ15N of three AAs (alanine, glycine, and proline) differed significantly among the three tissues, with glycine δ15N differences of approximately 10 ‰ among tissues supporting recent findings it is unsuitable as a source AA. Significant δ15N differences in AAs such as proline, a trophic AA used as an alternative to Glx in TP estimation, highlight tissue selection as a potential source of error in ecological applications of CSIA-AA. Amino acids that differed among tissues play key roles in metabolic pathways (e.g., ketogenic and gluconeogenic AAs), pointing to potential physiological applications of CSIA-AA in studies of free-ranging animals. These findings underscore the complexity of isotopic dynamics within tissues and emphasize the need for a nuanced approach when applying CSIA-AA in ecological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory J D Matthews
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Emma A Elliott Smith
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Steven H Ferguson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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3
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van Oordt F, Cuba A, Choy ES, Elliott JE, Elliott KH. Amino acid-specific isotopes reveal changing five-dimensional niche segregation in Pacific seabirds over 50 years. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7899. [PMID: 38570566 PMCID: PMC10991557 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57339-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Hutchison's niche theory suggests that coexisting competing species occupy non-overlapping hypervolumes, which are theoretical spaces encompassing more than three dimensions, within an n-dimensional space. The analysis of multiple stable isotopes can be used to test these ideas where each isotope can be considered a dimension of niche space. These hypervolumes may change over time in response to variation in behaviour or habitat, within or among species, consequently changing the niche space itself. Here, we use isotopic values of carbon and nitrogen of ten amino acids, as well as sulphur isotopic values, to produce multi-isotope models to examine niche segregation among an assemblage of five coexisting seabird species (ancient murrelet Synthliboramphus antiquus, double-crested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus, Leach's storm-petrel Oceanodrama leucorhoa, rhinoceros auklet Cerorhinca monocerata, pelagic cormorant Phalacrocorax pelagicus) that inhabit coastal British Columbia. When only one or two isotope dimensions were considered, the five species overlapped considerably, but segregation increased in more dimensions, but often in complex ways. Thus, each of the five species occupied their own isotopic hypervolume (niche), but that became apparent only when factoring the increased information from sulphur and amino acid specific isotope values, rather than just relying on proxies of δ15N and δ13C alone. For cormorants, there was reduction of niche size for both species consistent with a decline in their dominant prey, Pacific herring Clupea pallasii, from 1970 to 2006. Consistent with niche theory, cormorant species showed segregation across time, with the double-crested demonstrating a marked change in diet in response to prey shifts in a higher dimensional space. In brief, incorporating multiple isotopes (sulfur, PC1 of δ15N [baselines], PC2 of δ15N [trophic position], PC1 and PC2 of δ13C) metrics allowed us to infer changes and differences in food web topology that were not apparent from classic carbon-nitrogen biplots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis van Oordt
- Department of Natural Resources Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada.
| | | | - Emily S Choy
- Biology Department, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - John E Elliott
- Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, Canada
| | - Kyle H Elliott
- Department of Natural Resources Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
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4
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de la Vega C, Kershaw J, Stenson GB, Frie AK, Biuw M, Haug T, Norman L, Mahaffey C, Smout S, Jeffreys RM. Multi-decadal trends in biomarkers in harp seal teeth from the North Atlantic reveal the influence of prey availability on seal trophic position. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:5582-5595. [PMID: 37477068 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Arctic food webs are being impacted by borealisation and environmental change. To quantify the impact of these multiple forcings, it is crucial to accurately determine the temporal change in key ecosystem metrics, such as trophic position of top predators. Here, we measured stable nitrogen isotopes (δ15 N) in amino acids in harp seal teeth from across the North Atlantic spanning a period of 60 years to robustly assess multi-decadal trends in harp seal trophic position, accounting for changes in δ15 N at the base of the food web. We reveal long-term variations in trophic position of harp seals which are likely to reflect fluctuations in prey availability, specifically fish- or invertebrate-dominated diets. We show that the temporal trends in harp seal trophic position differ between the Northwest Atlantic, Greenland Sea and Barents Sea, suggesting divergent changes in each local ecosystem. Our results provide invaluable data for population dynamic and ecotoxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille de la Vega
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Joanna Kershaw
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Garry B Stenson
- Science Branch, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries & Oceans Canada, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- Department of Biology, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | | | - Martin Biuw
- Institute of Marine Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tore Haug
- Institute of Marine Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Louisa Norman
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claire Mahaffey
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sophie Smout
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Rachel M Jeffreys
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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5
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Yan H, Xiang QQ, Wang P, Zhang JY, Lian LH, Chen ZY, Li CJ, Chen LQ. Trophodynamics and health risk assessment of toxic trace metals in the food web of a plateau freshwater lake. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129690. [PMID: 36104924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The trophodynamics of toxic trace metals is significant for assessing the threat of toxic trace metals to the aquatic ecosystem and human safety. However, due to the difficulty of accurately calculating the trophic positions of freshwater aquatic organisms in the food web, the comprehensive process of trophodynamics of toxic trace metals in freshwater ecosystems was still rarely known. By integrating the compound-specific nitrogen stable isotopic analysis of amino acids (CSIA-AAs) and the Bayesian stable isotope mixing model (SIMM) as a novel approach, the present study investigated the trophodynamics of five toxic trace metals (Zn, As, Cr, Cu, and Hg) in the food web of the YangZong Lake, a plateau freshwater lake that was once heavily polluted by arsenic in Yunnan Province, China. The results revealed that Hg tended to be efficiently biomagnified in the food web with a trophic magnification factor of 1.75; As, Cr, and Cu were biodiluted significantly, while Zn showed no biomagnification or biodilution trends. The dietary health risk assessment indicated the potential health risk of toxic trace metals for the local residents of long-term fish consumption. The present work highlights the accuracy and reliability of the novel CSIA-AAS+SIMM approach in the calculation of the trophic positions of freshwater organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yan
- Instititue of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-Boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Qian Xiang
- Instititue of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-Boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China; Yunnan International Joint Research Center for Hydro-Ecology Science & Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Instititue of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-Boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China; Yunnan International Joint Research Center for Hydro-Ecology Science & Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Yu Zhang
- Instititue of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-Boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Hong Lian
- Instititue of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-Boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ying Chen
- Instititue of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-Boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Jing Li
- Instititue of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-Boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China; Yunnan International Joint Research Center for Hydro-Ecology Science & Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Qiang Chen
- Instititue of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-Boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China; Yunnan International Joint Research Center for Hydro-Ecology Science & Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Yun HY, Larsen T, Choi B, Won E, Shin K. Amino acid nitrogen and carbon isotope data: Potential and implications for ecological studies. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8929. [PMID: 35784034 PMCID: PMC9163675 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Explaining food web dynamics, stability, and functioning depend substantially on understanding of feeding relations within a community. Bulk stable isotope ratios (SIRs) in natural abundance are well‐established tools to express direct and indirect feeding relations as continuous variables across time and space. Along with bulk SIRs, the SIRs of individual amino acids (AAs) are now emerging as a promising and complementary method to characterize the flow and transformation of resources across a diversity of organisms, from microbial domains to macroscopic consumers. This significant AA‐SIR capacity is based on empirical evidence that a consumer's SIR, specific to an individual AA, reflects its diet SIR coupled with a certain degree of isotopic differences between the consumer and its diet. However, many empirical ecologists are still unfamiliar with the scope of applicability and the interpretative power of AA‐SIR. To fill these knowledge gaps, we here describe a comprehensive approach to both carbon and nitrogen AA‐SIR assessment focusing on two key topics: pattern in AA‐isotope composition across spatial and temporal scales, and a certain variability of AA‐specific isotope differences between the diet and the consumer. On this basis we review the versatile applicability of AA‐SIR to improve our understanding of physiological processes as well as food web functioning, allowing us to reconstruct dominant basal dietary sources and trace their trophic transfers at the specimen and community levels. Given the insightful and opportunities of AA‐SIR, we suggest future applications for the dual use of carbon and nitrogen AA‐SIR to study more realistic food web structures and robust consumer niches, which are often very difficult to explain in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Young Yun
- Deparment of Marine Science and Convergent Technology Hanyang University Ansan Korea
| | - Thomas Larsen
- Department of Archaeology Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History Jena Germany
| | - Bohyung Choi
- Deparment of Marine Science and Convergent Technology Hanyang University Ansan Korea
- Inland Fisheries Research Institute National Institute of Fisheries Science Geumsan‐gun Korea
| | - Eun‐Ji Won
- Deparment of Marine Science and Convergent Technology Hanyang University Ansan Korea
| | - Kyung‐Hoon Shin
- Deparment of Marine Science and Convergent Technology Hanyang University Ansan Korea
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7
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Riekenberg PM, Camalich J, Svensson E, IJsseldijk LL, Brasseur SMJM, Witbaard R, Leopold MF, Rebolledo EB, Middelburg JJ, van der Meer MTJ, Sinninghe Damsté JS, Schouten S. Reconstructing the diet, trophic level and migration pattern of mysticete whales based on baleen isotopic composition. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210949. [PMID: 34909214 PMCID: PMC8652277 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Baleen from mysticete whales is a well-preserved proteinaceous material that can be used to identify migrations and feeding habits for species whose migration pathways are unknown. Analysis of δ13C and δ15N values from bulk baleen have been used to infer migration patterns for individuals. However, this approach has fallen short of identifying migrations between regions as it is difficult to determine variations in isotopic shifts without temporal sampling of prey items. Here, we apply analysis of δ15N values of amino acids to five baleen plates belonging to three species, revealing novel insights on trophic position, metabolic state and migration between regions. Humpback and minke whales had higher reconstructed trophic levels than fin whales (3.7-3.8 versus 3-3.2, respectively) as expected due to different feeding specialization. Isotopic niche areas between baleen minima and maxima were well separated, indicating regional resource use for individuals during migration that aligned with isotopic gradients in Atlantic Ocean particulate organic matter. Phenylanine δ15N values confirmed regional separation between the niche areas for two fin whales as migrations occurred and elevated glycine and threonine δ15N values suggested physiological changes due to fasting. Simultaneous resolution of trophic level and physiological changes allow for identification of regional migrations in mysticetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Riekenberg
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Hoorn 1790AB, The Netherlands
| | - Jaime Camalich
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Hoorn 1790AB, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Svensson
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Hoorn 1790AB, The Netherlands
| | - Lonneke L. IJsseldijk
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3854 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie M. J. M. Brasseur
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 57, 1780 AB Den Helder, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Witbaard
- Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, and Utrecht University, PO Box 140, 4400 AC Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | - Mardik F. Leopold
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 57, 1780 AB Den Helder, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Bravo Rebolledo
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 57, 1780 AB Den Helder, The Netherlands
| | - Jack J. Middelburg
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel T. J. van der Meer
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Hoorn 1790AB, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Hoorn 1790AB, The Netherlands
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Schouten
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Hoorn 1790AB, The Netherlands
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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8
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Tejada JV, Flynn JJ, MacPhee R, O'Connell TC, Cerling TE, Bermudez L, Capuñay C, Wallsgrove N, Popp BN. Isotope data from amino acids indicate Darwin's ground sloth was not an herbivore. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18944. [PMID: 34615902 PMCID: PMC8494799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97996-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Fossil sloths are regarded as obligate herbivores for reasons including peculiarities of their craniodental morphology and that all living sloths feed exclusively on plants. We challenge this view based on isotopic analyses of nitrogen of specific amino acids, which show that Darwin's ground sloth Mylodon darwinii was an opportunistic omnivore. This direct evidence of omnivory in an ancient sloth requires reevaluation of the ecological structure of South American Cenozoic mammalian communities, as sloths represented a major component of these ecosystems across the past 34 Myr. Furthermore, by analyzing modern mammals with known diets, we provide a basis for reliable interpretation of nitrogen isotopes of amino acids of fossils. We argue that a widely used equation to determine trophic position is unnecessary, and that the relative isotopic values of the amino acids glutamate and phenylalanine alone permit reliable reconstructions of trophic positions of extant and extinct mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia V Tejada
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution, UMR 5554, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
- American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Departmento de Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo de Historia Natural-UNMSM, Lima, Peru.
| | - John J Flynn
- American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ross MacPhee
- American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tamsin C O'Connell
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DZ, UK
| | - Thure E Cerling
- Department of Geology and Geophysics and Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | | | | | - Natalie Wallsgrove
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA
| | - Brian N Popp
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA
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9
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Troina GC, Riekenberg P, van der Meer MTJ, Botta S, Dehairs F, Secchi ER. Combining isotopic analysis of bulk-skin and individual amino acids to investigate the trophic position and foraging areas of multiple cetacean species in the western South Atlantic. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111610. [PMID: 34224712 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the trophic structure and habitat use of ten cetacean species occurring in the oceanic waters of the western South Atlantic using naturally-occurring stable isotopes. We analysed δ15N in individual amino acids (AA) to estimate cetacean trophic position (TP) and to evaluate the spatial differences in baseline δ15N (source AAs). We adjusted cetacean bulk-skin δ13C and δ15N for the effect of trophic level using their estimated TPs, obtaining δ13CAdjusted and δ15NAdjusted, respectively. These values were applied to estimate the overlap in the niche areas of cetacean baseline sources. Our analyses showed spatial segregation between Steno bredanensis and the remaining odontocetes, and the high δ15N in this species reflects its occurrence in neritic waters of the southern region. The highest TPs were observed in Physeter macrocephalus, Stenella attenuata and Globicephala melas, while the lowest TPs were reported for S. longirostris, S. clymene and Orcinus orca. Overall, source AA-δ15N showed similar patterns as those of baseline-δ15N (zooplankton) and were higher in species sampled in the southernmost region of the study area (e.g., Delphinus delphis). Isotopic niche areas estimated using δ13CAdjusted and δ15NAdjusted suggested high overlap in foraging area between S. frontalis and Tursiops truncatus, with the latter occupying a higher TP. Our analyses of δ15N in AAs provide a unique insight into the trophic ecology, forage areas and spatial segregation in resource use among these cetacean populations. Additionally, our work provides AA-δ15N baseline for future studies on the trophic ecology and habitat use of marine organisms in the western South Atlantic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genyffer C Troina
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação da Megafauna Marinha (ECOMEGA), Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Avenida Itália km 8, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | - Philip Riekenberg
- Department of Marine Microbiology & Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Hoorn, 1790AB, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel T J van der Meer
- Department of Marine Microbiology & Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Hoorn, 1790AB, the Netherlands
| | - Silvina Botta
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação da Megafauna Marinha (ECOMEGA), Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Avenida Itália km 8, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Frank Dehairs
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry Department (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eduardo R Secchi
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação da Megafauna Marinha (ECOMEGA), Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Avenida Itália km 8, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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10
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Ruiz‐Cooley RI, Gerrodette T, Chivers SJ, Danil K. Cooperative feeding in common dolphins as suggested by ontogenetic patterns in δ
15
N bulk and amino acids. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:1583-1595. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rocio I. Ruiz‐Cooley
- Departamento de Oceanografía Biológica Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada Ensenada Baja California México
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories San Jose State University Moss Landing CA USA
| | - Tim Gerrodette
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries ServiceNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries La Jolla CA USA
| | - Susan J. Chivers
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries ServiceNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries La Jolla CA USA
| | - Kerri Danil
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries ServiceNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries La Jolla CA USA
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Amino acid δ15N differences consistent with killer whale ecotypes in the Arctic and Northwest Atlantic. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249641. [PMID: 33798257 PMCID: PMC8018630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecotypes are groups within a species with different ecological adaptations than their conspecifics. Eastern North Pacific (ENP) killer whale (Orcinus orca) ecotypes differ in their diet, behavior, and morphology, but the same is not known for this species in the eastern Canadian Arctic (ECA) and Northwest Atlantic (NWA). Using compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) of amino acids (AAs), we compared δ15N patterns of the primary trophic and source AA pair, glutamic acid/glutamine (Glx) and phenylalanine (Phe), in dentine collagen of (1) sympatric ENP killer whale ecotypes with well-characterized diet differences and (2) ECA/NWA killer whales with unknown diets. δ15NGlx-Phe was significantly higher in the ENP fish-eating (FE) than mammal-eating (ME) ecotype (19.2 ± 0.4‰ vs. 13.5 ± 0.7‰, respectively). Similar bimodal variation in δ15NGlx-Phe indicated analogous dietary divisions among ECA/NWA killer whales, with two killer whales having higher δ15NGlx-Phe (16.5 ± 0.0‰) than the others (13.5 ± 0.6‰). Inferences of dietary divisions between these killer whales were supported by parallel differences in threonine δ15N (–33.5 ± 1.6‰ and –40.4 ± 1.1‰, respectively), given the negative correlation between δ15NThr and TP across a range of marine consumers. CSIA-AA results for ECA/NWA whales, coupled with differences in tooth wear (a correlate for diet), are consistent with ecotype characteristics reported in ENP and other killer whale populations, thus adding to documented ecological divergence in this species worldwide.
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Yurkowski DJ, Brown TA, Blanchfield PJ, Ferguson SH. Atlantic walrus signal latitudinal differences in the long-term decline of sea ice-derived carbon to benthic fauna in the Canadian Arctic. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20202126. [PMID: 33290685 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2126rspb20202126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is altering the biogeochemical and physical characteristics of the Arctic marine environment, which impacts sea ice algal and phytoplankton bloom dynamics and the vertical transport of these carbon sources to benthic communities. Little is known about whether the contribution of sea ice-derived carbon to benthic fauna and nitrogen cycling has changed over multiple decades in concert with receding sea ice. We combined compound-specific stable isotope analysis of amino acids with highly branched isoprenoid diatom lipid biomarkers using archived (1982-2016) tissue of benthivorous Atlantic walrus to examine temporal trends of sea ice-derived carbon, nitrogen isotope baseline and trophic position of Atlantic walrus at high- and mid-latitudes in the Canadian Arctic. Associated with an 18% sea ice decline in the mid-Arctic, sea ice-derived carbon contribution to Atlantic walrus decreased by 75% suggesting a strong decoupling of sea ice-benthic habitats. By contrast, a nearly exclusive amount of sea ice-derived carbon was maintained in high-Arctic Atlantic walrus (98% in 1996 and 89% in 2006) despite a similar percentage in sea ice reduction. Nitrogen isotope baseline or the trophic position of Atlantic walrus did not change over time at either location. These findings indicate latitudinal differences in the restructuring of carbon energy sources used by Atlantic walrus and their benthic prey, and in turn a change in Arctic marine ecosystem functioning between sea ice-pelagic-benthic habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas A Brown
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban PA37 1QA, UK
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Yurkowski DJ, Brown TA, Blanchfield PJ, Ferguson SH. Atlantic walrus signal latitudinal differences in the long-term decline of sea ice-derived carbon to benthic fauna in the Canadian Arctic. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20202126. [PMID: 33290685 PMCID: PMC7739943 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is altering the biogeochemical and physical characteristics of the Arctic marine environment, which impacts sea ice algal and phytoplankton bloom dynamics and the vertical transport of these carbon sources to benthic communities. Little is known about whether the contribution of sea ice-derived carbon to benthic fauna and nitrogen cycling has changed over multiple decades in concert with receding sea ice. We combined compound-specific stable isotope analysis of amino acids with highly branched isoprenoid diatom lipid biomarkers using archived (1982-2016) tissue of benthivorous Atlantic walrus to examine temporal trends of sea ice-derived carbon, nitrogen isotope baseline and trophic position of Atlantic walrus at high- and mid-latitudes in the Canadian Arctic. Associated with an 18% sea ice decline in the mid-Arctic, sea ice-derived carbon contribution to Atlantic walrus decreased by 75% suggesting a strong decoupling of sea ice-benthic habitats. By contrast, a nearly exclusive amount of sea ice-derived carbon was maintained in high-Arctic Atlantic walrus (98% in 1996 and 89% in 2006) despite a similar percentage in sea ice reduction. Nitrogen isotope baseline or the trophic position of Atlantic walrus did not change over time at either location. These findings indicate latitudinal differences in the restructuring of carbon energy sources used by Atlantic walrus and their benthic prey, and in turn a change in Arctic marine ecosystem functioning between sea ice-pelagic-benthic habitats.
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