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Muvengwi J, Ndagurwa HGT, Witkowski ETF, Mbiba M. Woody species composition, diversity, and ecosystem services of yards along an urban socioeconomic gradient. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168976. [PMID: 38036145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Woody plants offer a wide range of valuable ecosystem services, but their distribution across socioeconomic gradients in urban landscapes remains poorly understood. Thus, we explored the effect of socioeconomic and legacy factors on plant species richness and phylogenetic diversity, and the motivations for growing and keeping certain species. We sampled a total of 300 households across a socioeconomic gradient in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe, in high-, medium- and low-density areas, representing low to high wealth strata. Trees were mostly grown for ornamental purpose in the rich (low-density) suburbs and utilitarian purposes in the poorer medium to high-density areas. However, trees were also grown with similar proportion for shade across the socioeconomic gradient. Proportion of medicinal and fruit trees increased with household density, while wind break trees were more common in low-density suburbs. Exotic species exhibited greater species richness compared with indigenous species, with both combined and separate assessments of indigenous and exotic species richness revealing a significant positive association with socioeconomic and legacy factors. The composition of species displayed considerable variation along the socioeconomic gradient. Notably, in low-density environments, exotic species maintained elevated phylogenetic diversity in comparison to indigenous species. This distinction was particularly pronounced when analysed independently, revealing a significant positive correlation between exotic species richness and both property value and education level. Our study shows that residents filter specific plant species based on their socioeconomic status and that, relative to low-income households, the rich homeowners have unintentionally incorporated enough exotic species to produce novel phylogenetic diversity of woody plants in their yards. Thus, we confirm the existence of a socioeconomic gradient in terms of species richness, composition, and phylogenetic diversity. However, the imbalance in species richness and phylogenetic diversity across the socioeconomic gradient can be reduced by increased tree planting in open areas, including along streets in medium to high-density areas to improve ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justice Muvengwi
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
| | - Hilton G T Ndagurwa
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Department of Geospatial Science, Faculty of Environmental Science, National University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box AC 939, Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
| | - Ed T F Witkowski
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Monicah Mbiba
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
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Li L, Du Z, Liang J, Mo X, Xu G, Zhu J, Li H. Homogenization characteristics and regional effects in the diversity pattern of woody plants in 101 cities in China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118665. [PMID: 37579603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Influenced by the interplay of global climate change and urbanization, urban plants have become increasingly homogenized in China. However, regional effects of biotic homogenization cannot be clearly explained due to the lack of continuous large-scale data. Thus, we explored the characteristics and regional effects of biotic homogenization, which not only contributes to the improvement of urban biodiversity, but also has important value for human well-being. Here, we analyzed the woody plants of 101 cities in 8 major urban agglomerations in China. The diversity patterns and influencing factors were explored using generalized additive, geographically weighted regression, and structural equation models. The main results were as follows: (1) The issue of woody plant homogenization is primarily manifested in urban greening species in China. (2) The characteristics of woody plant homogenization exhibit notable regional effects at a large scale. (3) Latitude, urban area, altitude and climatic factors all impact the woody plant homogenization. Thus, we found that the homogenization characteristics of urban greening species exhibit regional variations, influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors. Finally, we suggested that urban biodiversity management should be considered specific regional environmental, both to meet the needs of residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longqin Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Zhibo Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Jiaan Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Xunqiang Mo
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
| | - Guangyao Xu
- Department of Resource Management, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei, China.
| | - Jiyou Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Hongyuan Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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Deschamps-Cottin M, Jacek G, Seguinel L, Le Champion C, Robles C, Ternisien M, Duque C, Vila B. A 12-Year Experimental Design to Test the Recovery of Butterfly Biodiversity in an Urban Ecosystem: Lessons from the Parc Urbain des Papillons. INSECTS 2023; 14:780. [PMID: 37887792 PMCID: PMC10607803 DOI: 10.3390/insects14100780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization is one of the main threats to biodiversity. However, some urban green spaces could act as refuges for urban fauna if the composition of the flora were less horticultural and if a less intensive management strategy is adopted. Among the taxa, butterflies are experiencing a strong decline from European to regional scales. An ecological engineering project based on a plantation of host and nectariferous plants backed up by a well thought out management strategy was carried out in Marseille at the Parc Urbain des Papillons (the Butterflies Urban Park). We assessed its effectiveness by comparing the butterfly communities in this park before and after the engineering work, and we compared it to a neighboring wasteland with natural habitats. After 12 years of the project, the results show a significant change in the species composition. The species richness greatly increased from 25 to 42 species. Some specialist species we targeted appeared, and their numbers increased from one to five. However, three Mediterranean species are still absent compared to the wasteland with natural habitats. As the plant palette used and the management strategy implemented enabled us to significantly increase the number of species, we now plan to work on the structure of the vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Deschamps-Cottin
- Laboratoire Population Environnement Développement, Faculté des Sciences, Campus Saint-Charles, Aix Marseille University, IRD, 3 Place Victor-Hugo, CEDEX 3, 13331 Marseille, France; (G.J.); (L.S.); (C.L.C.); (C.R.); (M.T.); (C.D.); (B.V.)
| | - Guillaume Jacek
- Laboratoire Population Environnement Développement, Faculté des Sciences, Campus Saint-Charles, Aix Marseille University, IRD, 3 Place Victor-Hugo, CEDEX 3, 13331 Marseille, France; (G.J.); (L.S.); (C.L.C.); (C.R.); (M.T.); (C.D.); (B.V.)
- Laboratoire Géoarchitecture, Territoires, Urbanisation, Biodiversité, Environnement, Université de Bretagne Occidentale CS93837, CEDEX 3, F-29238 Brest, France
| | - Louise Seguinel
- Laboratoire Population Environnement Développement, Faculté des Sciences, Campus Saint-Charles, Aix Marseille University, IRD, 3 Place Victor-Hugo, CEDEX 3, 13331 Marseille, France; (G.J.); (L.S.); (C.L.C.); (C.R.); (M.T.); (C.D.); (B.V.)
| | - Clémentine Le Champion
- Laboratoire Population Environnement Développement, Faculté des Sciences, Campus Saint-Charles, Aix Marseille University, IRD, 3 Place Victor-Hugo, CEDEX 3, 13331 Marseille, France; (G.J.); (L.S.); (C.L.C.); (C.R.); (M.T.); (C.D.); (B.V.)
| | - Christine Robles
- Laboratoire Population Environnement Développement, Faculté des Sciences, Campus Saint-Charles, Aix Marseille University, IRD, 3 Place Victor-Hugo, CEDEX 3, 13331 Marseille, France; (G.J.); (L.S.); (C.L.C.); (C.R.); (M.T.); (C.D.); (B.V.)
| | - Mélanie Ternisien
- Laboratoire Population Environnement Développement, Faculté des Sciences, Campus Saint-Charles, Aix Marseille University, IRD, 3 Place Victor-Hugo, CEDEX 3, 13331 Marseille, France; (G.J.); (L.S.); (C.L.C.); (C.R.); (M.T.); (C.D.); (B.V.)
| | - Chloé Duque
- Laboratoire Population Environnement Développement, Faculté des Sciences, Campus Saint-Charles, Aix Marseille University, IRD, 3 Place Victor-Hugo, CEDEX 3, 13331 Marseille, France; (G.J.); (L.S.); (C.L.C.); (C.R.); (M.T.); (C.D.); (B.V.)
| | - Bruno Vila
- Laboratoire Population Environnement Développement, Faculté des Sciences, Campus Saint-Charles, Aix Marseille University, IRD, 3 Place Victor-Hugo, CEDEX 3, 13331 Marseille, France; (G.J.); (L.S.); (C.L.C.); (C.R.); (M.T.); (C.D.); (B.V.)
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Munschek M, Witt R, Kaltofen K, Segar J, Wirth C, Weigelt A, Engelmann RA, Staude IR. Putting conservation gardening into practice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12671. [PMID: 37652902 PMCID: PMC10471578 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39432-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Conservation gardening (CG) represents a socio-ecological approach to address the decline of native plant species and transform the gardening industry into an innovative conservation tool. However, essential information regarding amenable plants, their ecological requirements for gardening, and commercial availability remains limited and not readily available. In this study, we present a workflow using Germany as a case study to bridge this knowledge gap. We synthesized the Red Lists of all 16 federal states in Germany, and text-mined a comprehensive platform for garden plants, as well as multiple German producers of native plants. To provide accessible information, we developed a user-friendly app ( https://conservation-gardening.shinyapps.io/app-en/ ) that offers region-specific lists of CG plants, along with practical guidance for planting and purchasing. Our findings reveal that a median of 845 plant species are red-listed across federal states (ranging from 515 to 1123), with 41% of these species amenable to gardening (ranging from 29 to 53%), resulting in a total of 988 CG species. Notably, 66% of these species (650) are already available for purchase. Additionally, we observed that many CG plants exhibit drought tolerance and require less fertilizer on average, with implications for long-term urban planning and climate adaptation. Collaborating with gardening experts, we present a selection of purchasable CG balcony plants for each federal state, highlighting the feasibility of CG even for individuals without gardens. With a multitude of declining plants amenable to gardening and the vital role of gardens as refuges and green corridors, CG holds substantial potential to catalyze transformative change in bending the curve of biodiversity loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Josiane Segar
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Wirth
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Botanical Garden of the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rolf A Engelmann
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Botanical Garden of the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingmar R Staude
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Pušić M, Narandžić T, Ostojić J, Grubač M, Ljubojević M. Assessment and potential of ecosystem services of ornamental dendroflora in public green areas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:2850-2865. [PMID: 35934739 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22299-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The green infrastructure of the city of Novi Sad is characterized by a significant presence of ornamental invasive alien species, which might lead to their uncontrolled spread and suppression of autochthonous dendroflora. This study aimed to determine the ecosystem services and disservices of ornamental dendroflora in Novi Sad, as well as how they can affect urban green areas. Of the total ornamental dendroflora in Novi Sad, 88.33% of species with a good adaptation were determined, while 10% had a medium and 1.67% had a very good adaptation. Thirty-four allochthonous species showed very high (38.24%), moderate (47.06%), and low (14.71%) invasive potential according to the conducted invasiveness risk assessment. These species are also characterized by high (2.94%), moderate (67.65%), and low (29.41%) allergenic potential. On the contrary, 26 ornamental autochthonous species are characterized by moderate (38.46%) and low (61.54%) rates of spread on public green areas, while also characterized by high (26.92%), moderate (50%), and weak (23.08%) allergenic potential. Ornamental dendroflora provides many more positive ecosystem services, such as urban afforestation, climate regulation, decorative-aesthetic value, air and water purification, ecotourism and recreation, and other services that are of great benefit to the residents of that city. The highest calculated values of ecosystem services in allochthonous and autochthonous species were 27 and 26.5 (out of possible maximal value 40), while ecosystem disservices accounted down to the value of - 13.5 (out of possible minimal value - 22). Therefore, intrinsic disservices such as the production of large amounts of green waste of ornamental dendroflora can be shifted into a novel ecosystem service-green solutions based on nature, to avoid unsuitable deposition of seeds in the soil and creation of suitable vegetation on public green areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Pušić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tijana Narandžić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jovana Ostojić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Milica Grubač
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Ljubojević
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
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6
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Rodríguez-Santamaría K, Zafra-Mejía CA, Rondón-Quintana HA. Macro-Morphological Traits of Leaves for Urban Tree Selection for Air Pollution Biomonitoring: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:812. [PMID: 36290949 PMCID: PMC9599504 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Urban trees provide different ecosystem benefits, such as improving air quality due to the retention of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) on their leaves. The main objective of this paper was to study, through a systematic literature review, the leaf macro-morphological traits (LMTs) most used for the selection of urban trees as air pollution biomonitors. A citation frequency index was used in scientific databases, where the importance associated with each variable was organized by quartiles (Q). The results suggest that the most biomonitored air pollutants by the LMTs of urban trees were PM between 1-100 µm (Q1 = 0.760), followed by O3 (Q2 = 0.586), PM2.5 (Q2 = 0.504), and PM10 (Q3 = 0.423). PM was probably the most effective air pollutant for studying and evaluating urban air quality in the context of tree LMTs. PM2.5 was the fraction most used in these studies. The LMTs most used for PM monitoring were leaf area (Q1) and specific leaf area (Q4). These LMTs were frequently used for their easy measurement and quantification. In urban areas, it was suggested that leaf area was directly related to the amount of PM retained on tree leaves. The PM retained on tree leaves was also used to study other f associated urban air pollutants associated (e.g., heavy metals and hydrocarbons).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Rodríguez-Santamaría
- Grupo de Investigación INDESOS, Facultad del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Carrera 5 Este #15-82, Bogotá DC E-111711, Colombia
| | - Carlos Alfonso Zafra-Mejía
- Grupo de Investigación en Ingeniería Ambiental—GIIAUD, Facultad del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Carrera 5 Este #15-82, Bogotá DC E-111711, Colombia
| | - Hugo Alexander Rondón-Quintana
- Ingeniería Topográfica, Facultad del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Carrera 5 Este #15-82, Bogotá DC E-111711, Colombia
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Ryan CD, Groffman PM, Grove JM, Hall SJ, Heffernan JB, Hobbie SE, Locke DH, Morse JL, Neill C, Nelson KC, O'Neil‐Dunne J, Roy Chowdhury R, Steele MK, Trammell TLE. Ecological homogenization of soil properties in the American residential macrosystem. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Ryan
- The Graduate Center, Earth and Environmental Sciences Program City University of New York New York USA
- Environmental Sciences Initiative CUNY Advanced Science Research Center New York USA
| | - Peter M. Groffman
- The Graduate Center, Earth and Environmental Sciences Program City University of New York New York USA
- Environmental Sciences Initiative CUNY Advanced Science Research Center New York USA
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Millbrook New York USA
| | - J. Morgan Grove
- USDA Forest Service, Baltimore Field Station Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Sharon J. Hall
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
| | - James B. Heffernan
- Nicholas School of Environment Duke University Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Sarah E. Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota Twin Cities Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Dexter H. Locke
- USDA Forest Service, Baltimore Field Station Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Jennifer L. Morse
- Department of Environmental Science and Management Portland State University Portland Oregon USA
| | | | - Kristen C. Nelson
- Department of Forest Resources University of Minnesota Twin Cities St. Paul Minnesota USA
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology University of Minnesota Twin Cities St. Paul Minnesota USA
| | - Jarlath O'Neil‐Dunne
- Spatial Analysis Lab, Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
| | | | - Meredith K. Steele
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Science Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
| | - Tara L. E. Trammell
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences University of Delaware Newark Delaware USA
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Dobson B, Barry S, Maes-Prior R, Mijic A, Woodward G, Pearse WD. Predicting catchment suitability for biodiversity at national scales. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 221:118764. [PMID: 35752096 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biomonitoring of water quality and catchment management are often disconnected, due to mismatching scales. Considerable effort and money are spent each year on routine reach-scale surveying across many sites, particularly in countries like the UK, where nationwide sampling has been conducted using standardised techniques for many decades. Most of these traditional freshwater biomonitoring schemes focus on pre-defined indicators of organic pollution to compare observed vs expected subsets of common macroinvertebrate indicator species. Other taxa, including many threatened species, are often ignored due to their rarity, as are many invasive species, which are seen as undesirable despite becoming increasingly common and widespread in freshwaters, especially in urban ecosystems. Both these types of taxa are often monitored separately for reasons related to biodiversity concerns rather than for gauging water quality. Repurposing such data could therefore provide important new biomonitoring tools that can help catchment managers to directly link the water quality they aim to control with the biodiversity they are trying to protect. Here we used extensive data held in the England Non-Native and Rare/Protected species records that track these two groups of species as a proof-of-concept for linking catchment scale management of freshwater ecosystems and biodiversity to a range of potential drivers across England. We used national land use (Centre for Ecology and Hydrology land cover map) and water quality indicator (Environment Agency water quality data archive) datasets to predict, at the catchment scale, the presence or absence of 48 focal threatened or invasive species of concern routinely sampled by the English Environment Agency, with a median accuracy of 0.81 area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. A variety of water quality indicators and land-use types were useful in predictions, highlighting that future biomonitoring schemes could use such complementary measures to capture a wider spectrum of drivers and responses. In particular, the percentage of a catchment covered by freshwater was the single most important metric, reinforcing the need for space/habitat to support biodiversity, but we were also able to resolve a range of key environmental drivers for particular focal species. We show how our method could inform new catchment management approaches, by highlighting how key relationships can be identified and how to understand, visualise and prioritise catchments that are most suitable for restoration or water quality interventions. The scale of this work, in terms of number of species, drivers and locations, represents a significant step towards forging a new approach to catchment management that enables managers to link drivers they can control (water quality and land use) to the biota they are trying to protect (biodiversity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnaby Dobson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London.
| | - Saoirse Barry
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London
| | - Robin Maes-Prior
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London
| | - Ana Mijic
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London
| | - Guy Woodward
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, U.K
| | - William D Pearse
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, U.K
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Sonti NF, Groffman PM, Nowak DJ, Henning JG, Avolio ML, Rosi EJ. Urban net primary production: Concepts, field methods, and Baltimore, Maryland, USA case study. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2562. [PMID: 35138007 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Given the large and increasing amount of urban, suburban, and exurban land use on Earth, there is a need to accurately assess net primary productivity (NPP) of urban ecosystems. However, the heterogeneous and dynamic urban mosaic presents challenges to the measurement of NPP, creating landscapes that may appear more similar to a savanna than to the native landscape replaced. Studies of urban biomass have tended to focus on one type of vegetation (e.g., lawns or trees). Yet a focus on the ecology of the city should include the entire urban ecosystem rather than the separate investigation of its parts. Furthermore, few studies have attempted to measure urban aboveground NPP (ANPP) using field-based methods. Most studies project growth rates from measurements of tree diameter to estimate annual ANPP or use remote sensing approaches. In addition, field-based methods for measuring NPP do not address any special considerations for adapting such field methods to urban landscapes. Frequent planting and partial or complete removal of herbaceous and woody plants can make it difficult to accurately quantify increments and losses of plant biomass throughout an urban landscape. In this study, we review how ANPP of urban landscapes can be estimated based on field measurements, highlighting the challenges specific to urban areas. We then estimated ANPP of woody and herbaceous vegetation over a 15-year period for Baltimore, MD, USA using a combination of plot-based field data and published values from the literature. Baltimore's citywide ANPP was estimated to be 355.8 g m-2 , a result that we then put into context through comparison with other North American Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites and mean annual precipitation. We found our estimate of Baltimore citywide ANPP to be only approximately half as much (or less) than ANPP at forested LTER sites of the eastern United States, and more comparable to grassland, oldfield, desert, or boreal forest ANPP. We also found that Baltimore had low productivity for its level of precipitation. We conclude with a discussion of the significance of accurate assessment of primary productivity of urban ecosystems and critical future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy F Sonti
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter M Groffman
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, USA
| | - David J Nowak
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Jason G Henning
- The Davey Institute and USDA Forest Service, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meghan L Avolio
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Emma J Rosi
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, USA
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10
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Zettle M, Anderson E, LaDeau SL. Changes in Container-Breeding Mosquito Diversity and Abundance Along an Urbanization Gradient are Associated With Dominance of Arboviral Vectors. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:843-854. [PMID: 35388898 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmental conditions associated with urbanization are likely to influence the composition and abundance of mosquito (Diptera, Culicidae) assemblages through effects on juvenile stages, with important consequences for human disease risk. We present six years (2011-2016) of weekly juvenile mosquito data from distributed standardized ovitraps and evaluate how variation in impervious cover and temperature affect the composition and abundance of container-breeding mosquito species in Maryland, USA. Species richness and evenness were lowest at sites with high impervious cover (>60% in 100-m buffer). However, peak diversity was recorded at sites with intermediate impervious cover (28-35%). Four species were observed at all sites, including two recent invasives (Aedes albopictus Skuse, Ae. japonicus Theobald), an established resident (Culex pipiens L), and one native (Cx. restuans Theobald). All four are viral vectors in zoonotic or human transmission cycles. Temperature was a positive predictor of weekly larval abundance during the growing season for each species, as well as a positive predictor of rapid pupal development. Despite being observed at all sites, each species responded differently to impervious cover. Abundance of Ae. albopictus larvae was positively associated with impervious cover, emphasizing that this medically-important vector not only persists in the warmer, impervious urban landscape but is positively associated with it. Positive temperature effects in our models of larval abundance and pupae occurrence in container habitats suggest that these four vector species are likely to continue to be present and abundant in temperate cities under future temperature scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- MyKenna Zettle
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Elsa Anderson
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545, USA
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11
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Lerman SB, Narango DL, Avolio ML, Bratt AR, Engebretson JM, Groffman PM, Hall SJ, Heffernan JB, Hobbie SE, Larson KL, Locke DH, Neill C, Nelson KC, Padullés Cubino J, Trammell TLE. Residential yard management and landscape cover affect urban bird community diversity across the continental USA. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02455. [PMID: 34523195 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization has a homogenizing effect on biodiversity and leads to communities with fewer native species and lower conservation value. However, few studies have explored whether or how land management by urban residents can ameliorate the deleterious effects of this homogenization on species composition. We tested the effects of local (land management) and neighborhood-scale (impervious surface and tree canopy cover) features on breeding bird diversity in six US metropolitan areas that differ in regional species pools and climate. We used a Bayesian multiregion community model to assess differences in species richness, functional guild richness, community turnover, population vulnerability, and public interest in each bird community in six land management types: two natural area park types (separate and adjacent to residential areas), two yard types with conservation features (wildlife-certified and water conservation) and two lawn-dominated yard types (high- and low-fertilizer application), and surrounding neighborhood-scale features. Species richness was higher in yards compared with parks; however, parks supported communities with high conservation scores while yards supported species of high public interest. Bird communities in all land management types were composed of primarily native species. Within yard types, species richness was strongly and positively associated with neighborhood-scale tree canopy cover and negatively associated with impervious surface. At a continental scale, community turnover between cities was lowest in yards and highest in parks. Within cities, however, turnover was lowest in high-fertilizer yards and highest in wildlife-certified yards and parks. Our results demonstrate that, across regions, preserving natural areas, minimizing impervious surfaces and increasing tree canopy are essential strategies to conserve regionally important species. However, yards, especially those managed for wildlife support diverse, heterogeneous bird communities with high public interest and potential to support species of conservation concern. Management approaches that include the preservation of protected parks, encourage wildlife-friendly yards and acknowledge how public interest in local birds can advance successful conservation in American residential landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah B Lerman
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, USA
| | - Desirée L Narango
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, 10031, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, USA
| | - Meghan L Avolio
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218, USA
| | - Anika R Bratt
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
- Department of Environmental Studies, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina, 28035, USA
| | - Jesse M Engebretson
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Peter M Groffman
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, 10031, USA
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, 12545, USA
| | - Sharon J Hall
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287, USA
| | - James B Heffernan
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
| | - Sarah E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Kelli L Larson
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287, USA
| | - Dexter H Locke
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Baltimore, Maryland, 21228, USA
| | - Christopher Neill
- Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, Massachusetts, 02540, USA
| | - Kristen C Nelson
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Josep Padullés Cubino
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Tara L E Trammell
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, USA
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12
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Avolio ML, Swan C, Pataki DE, Jenerette GD. Incorporating human behaviors into theories of urban community assembly and species coexistence. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L. Avolio
- Dept of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins Univ. Baltimore MD USA
| | - Christopher Swan
- Dept of Geography and Environmental Systems, Univ. of Maryland Baltimore County Baltimore MD USA
| | - Diane E. Pataki
- School of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Utah Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - G. Darrel Jenerette
- Dept of Botany and Plant Sciences, Univ. of California Riverside Riverside CA USA
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13
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Morya CP, Punia M. Impact of urbanization processes on availability of ecosystem services in National Capital Region of Delhi (1992-2010). ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY 2021; 24:7324-7348. [PMID: 34421333 PMCID: PMC8365294 DOI: 10.1007/s10668-021-01748-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The Southern and Eastern National Capital Region of Delhi is experiencing diversified and expanding urbanization as in million-plus cities of the area the urban sprawl activities are more frequent than the urban densification activities. The progressing sprawl of residential and construction sites is transforming the regional ecosystems and hampering the generation of ecosystem services of fundamental importance, i.e. the benefits and services that we get directly or indirectly from the ecosystem functioning. The Costanza et al., (2014) approach shows that the ecosystem services value has decreased at US$ 56 ha-1 year-1 (0.09% per year) and absolute and cumulative losses are estimated US$ 285.4 ha-1 year-1 and US$ 502.8 ha-1 year-1, respectively. The ecosystem service values assessment shows that the ecosystem services like climate regulation and recreation have increased but food production, genetic resources, water supply, soil formation, raw materials and waste treatment have decreased over the time. The use of alternative ecosystem value coefficient shows that the estimated value of the ecosystem service value changed from a low of 0.005% for 1% change in the value of the forest coefficient, to a high of 0.749% for a 1% change in the value of the agricultural land coefficient. For each land use/land cover category, the sensitivity analysis reflects the inelasticity or robustness of the estimated ecosystem value with respect to the value coefficient. Overall, prioritizing the conservation and enrichment of natural and man-made ecosystems of critical value will lead to sustainable development of urban ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milap Punia
- Centre for the Study of Regional Development, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
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14
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Tretyakova AS, Yakimov BN, Kondratkov PV, Grudanov NY, Cadotte MW. Phylogenetic Diversity of Urban Floras in the Central Urals. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.663244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern cities harbor a high diversity of plants, and urban floras are significantly different from non-urban floras especially when considering the proportion of alien species found in cities. However, it is not clear whether urban areas disproportionately select for species from relatively few evolutionary lineages or provide opportunities for species across the full spectrum of plant lineages. Here, we examined the taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of the floras in four cities (Yekaterinburg, Kamensk-Uralsky, Krasnoufimsk, and Turinsk) in the understudied region of Central Urals (Russian Federation). We classified native species into indigenous and apophytic species, namely, those that are sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance and those that have expanded their range with human activity, respectively. Alien species were classified into archaeophytes and neophytes according to when they were introduced (i.e., before or after than 1800). Phylogenetic diversity was quantified using Faith’s index to reflect total evolutionary history in urban areas and mean phylogenetic distance (MPD) to reflect species dissimilarity. Phylogenetic diversity of native species was higher than that for alien species, and the standardized effect size (SES) of MPD for natives was positive, reflecting their general dissimilarity from one another, while it was very negative for aliens, showing that they were phylogenetically clustered. However, among natives, apophytes were significantly clustered, while indigenous species were overdispersed. For the aliens, MPD was higher for archaeophytes compared to neophytes, though both groups were significantly clustered. These results show that urbanization leads to a non-random selection of plants. Apophytes and alien plants were composed of closely related species, reflecting similar ecological traits and are likely to be pre-adapted to the environmentally altered and highly disturbed urban environment.
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15
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Swan CM, Brown B, Borowy D, Cavender‐Bares J, Jeliazkov A, Knapp S, Lososová Z, Padullés Cubino J, Pavoine S, Ricotta C, Sol D. A framework for understanding how biodiversity patterns unfold across multiple spatial scales in urban ecosystems. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences Virginia Tech 2125 Derring Hall Blacksburg Virginia 24061 USA
| | - Dorothy Borowy
- University of Maryland Baltimore County Baltimore Maryland 21250 USA
| | - Jeannine Cavender‐Bares
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior University of Minnesota 1479 Gortner Avenue St. Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Alienor Jeliazkov
- INRAE UR HYCAR University of Paris‐Saclay Antony 92160 France
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Sonja Knapp
- Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Theodor‐Lieser‐Str. 4 Halle (Saale) 06120 Germany
| | - Zdeňka Lososová
- Department of Botany and Zoology Masaryk University Kotlářská 2 Brno CZ‐61137 Czech Republic
| | - Josep Padullés Cubino
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior University of Minnesota 1479 Gortner Avenue St. Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
- Department of Botany and Zoology Masaryk University Kotlářská 2 Brno CZ‐61137 Czech Republic
| | - Sandrine Pavoine
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO) Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Sorbonne Université CP 135, 57 rue Cuvier Paris 75005 France
| | - Carlo Ricotta
- Department of Environmental Biology University of Rome La Sapienza’ Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 Roma 00185 Italy
| | - Daniel Sol
- CSIC Spanish National Research Council CREAF‐UAB Catalonia 08193 Spain
- CREAF Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries Catalonia 08193 Spain
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16
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Fuentes TL. Homeowner preferences drive lawn care practices and species diversity patterns in new lawn floras. JOURNAL OF URBAN ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jue/juab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Households intensively manage lawns to create uniformly green, low diversity plant communities. Because lawns occupy a large proportion of urban green space, they are a crucial case for understanding how people manipulate urban vegetation. In this study, I focused on 58 homeowners who purchased a newly constructed home and yard in the Seattle Metropolitan Statistical Area, USA, to see how preferences, lawn care regimes and new lawn floras develop within a multi-scalar urban environment. A typical homeowner watered 3 times in spring, watered 24 times in summer, applied fertilizer twice, mowed 21 times and edged 15 times. Most new lawn turfgrasses were Lolium perenne, Poa pratensis and/or Festuca spp. Mean species richness was 6.5 ± 5.3 species. The most frequent species were non-native and cosmopolitan (turfgrasses, Hypochaeris radicata, Taraxacum officinale and Trifolium repens). Five variables increased the probability of homeowners managing their lawns as turfgrass monocultures: living in a neighborhood with larger yards, summer watering frequency, fertilizer frequency, valuing space for children and valuing wildlife habitat. Valuing an easy to manage yard decreased the turfgrass monoculture probability. In polyculture yards, having a larger lawn was positively correlated with non-turfgrass species richness, but elevation was negatively correlated. Homeowners who valued space for children appeared to have more intensive lawn care regimes than those who valued wildlife habitat or easy to manage yards. Although lawn floras result from complex interactions of the environment and households, urban characteristics appeared to be weaker drivers of diversity than homeowner preferences and lawn care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Fuentes
- Urban Design and Planning, University of Washington, Box 355740, 410 Gould Hall, Seattle, WA, 98195-5740, USA
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17
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Ibsen PC, Borowy D, Rochford M, Swan CM, Jenerette GD. Influence of Climate and Management on Patterns of Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of Recreational Park Vegetation. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.501502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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18
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Contrasting Impacts of Cultivated Exotics on the Functional Diversity of Domestic Gardens in Three Regions with Different Aridity. Ecosystems 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-020-00556-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCultivated exotic plants are often introduced for their aesthetic value and today comprise a substantial fraction of the flora of urban domestic gardens. Yet, their relative contribution to the functional diversity of domestic gardens and how it changes across different climate zones is insufficiently understood. Here, we investigated whether the effects of cultivated exotics on functional diversity of three plant traits related to plant aesthetics (that is, plant showiness, plant height, and leaf area) varied in suburban domestic gardens in three regions (Minnesota, USA; Alt Empordà, Spain; and central South Africa) that differ in aridity. For each garden, we calculated the mean and variance of each plant trait considering all co-occurring species and also splitting them into co-occurring cultivated exotics and natives. Our results revealed that mean plant showiness increased linearly with the proportion of cultivated exotics both across and within studied regions. Moreover, co-occurring cultivated exotics were, on average, showier than natives in all regions, but differences in their trait variances were context-dependent. The interaction between cultivated exotics and aridity explained variation in mean plant height and leaf area better than either predictor alone, with the effect of cultivated exotics being stronger in more arid regions. Accordingly, co-occurring cultivated exotics were taller and had larger leaves than natives in warmer and drier regions, while the opposite was true in cooler and wetter regions. Our study highlights the need to consider the combined effects of exotic species and climate in future studies of urban ecology.
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19
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Alberti M, Palkovacs E, Roches S, Meester L, Brans K, Govaert L, Grimm NB, Harris NC, Hendry AP, Schell CJ, Szulkin M, Munshi-South J, Urban MC, Verrelli BC. The Complexity of Urban Eco-evolutionary Dynamics. Bioscience 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biaa079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Urbanization is changing Earth's ecosystems by altering the interactions and feedbacks between the fundamental ecological and evolutionary processes that maintain life. Humans in cities alter the eco-evolutionary play by simultaneously changing both the actors and the stage on which the eco-evolutionary play takes place. Urbanization modifies land surfaces, microclimates, habitat connectivity, ecological networks, food webs, species diversity, and species composition. These environmental changes can lead to changes in phenotypic, genetic, and cultural makeup of wild populations that have important consequences for ecosystem function and the essential services that nature provides to human society, such as nutrient cycling, pollination, seed dispersal, food production, and water and air purification. Understanding and monitoring urbanization-induced evolutionary changes is important to inform strategies to achieve sustainability. In the present article, we propose that understanding these dynamics requires rigorous characterization of urbanizing regions as rapidly evolving, tightly coupled human–natural systems. We explore how the emergent properties of urbanization affect eco-evolutionary dynamics across space and time. We identify five key urban drivers of change—habitat modification, connectivity, heterogeneity, novel disturbances, and biotic interactions—and highlight the direct consequences of urbanization-driven eco-evolutionary change for nature's contributions to people. Then, we explore five emerging complexities—landscape complexity, urban discontinuities, socio-ecological heterogeneity, cross-scale interactions, legacies and time lags—that need to be tackled in future research. We propose that the evolving metacommunity concept provides a powerful framework to study urban eco-evolutionary dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Alberti
- Department of Urban Design and Planning, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eric P Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,University of California, Santa Cruz, California
| | | | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology Evolution, and Conservation, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leibniz Institut für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei, Berlin, Germany, and with the Institute of Biology at Freie Universität Berlin, also in Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristien I Brans
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology Evolution, and Conservation, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lynn Govaert
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; with the Department of Aquatic Ecology, in the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, in Dübendorf, Switzerland; and with the University Research Priority Programme on Global Change and Biodiversity at the University of Zurich, in Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Nyeema C Harris
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andrew P Hendry
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher J Schell
- Department of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington
| | | | - Jason Munshi-South
- Louis Calder Center Biological Field Station, Fordham University, Armonk, New York
| | - Mark C Urban
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Brian C Verrelli
- Center for Life Sciences Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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20
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Smith J, Hallett R, Groffman PM. The state factor model and urban forest restoration. JOURNAL OF URBAN ECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jue/juaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A ‘state factor’ model of ecosystems can serve as a conceptual framework for researching and managing urban ecosystems. This approach provides alternative goals and narratives to those derived from historically grounded dichotomies between nature and culture, which can reify constructions of human influence as inherently destructive. The integration of human behaviour and state factors is critical to the application of a state factor model to urban ecosystems. We emphasize the role of culture in co-producing urban ecosystems and the importance of feedbacks between urban ecosystems and state factors. We advocate for ecosystem models that encourage local agency and actions that enhance the capacity of cities to constructively adapt to environmental change. We contrast this approach to efforts intended to minimize human impacts on ecosystems. The usefulness of the state factor model for informing such efforts is assessed through a consideration of the norms and practices of urban forest restoration in New York City. Despite the limitations and challenges of applying a state factor model to urban ecosystems, it can inform comparative research within and between cities and offers an intuitive framework for understanding the ecological conditions created in cities by human behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Smith
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York (CUNY), 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210 USA
- New York Restoration Project, 254 West 31st Street, 10th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA
| | - Richard Hallett
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, New York City Urban Field Station, 431 Walter Reed Road, Bayside, NY 11359, USA
| | - Peter M Groffman
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York (CUNY), 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210 USA
- City University of New York, Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, Environmental Science Initiative, 85 St Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, 2801 Sharon Turnpike, Millbrook, NY 12545, USA
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21
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22
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23
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Cavender-Bares J, Padullés Cubino J, Pearse WD, Hobbie SE, Lange AJ, Knapp S, Nelson KC. Horticultural availability and homeowner preferences drive plant diversity and composition in urban yards. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02082. [PMID: 31971651 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the factors that influence biodiversity in urban areas is important for informing management efforts aimed at enhancing the ecosystem services in urban settings and curbing the spread of invasive introduced species. We determined the ecological and socioeconomic factors that influence patterns of plant richness, phylogenetic diversity, and composition in 133 private household yards in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul Metropolitan area, Minnesota, USA. We compared the composition of spontaneously occurring plant species and those planted by homeowners with composition in natural areas (at the Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve) and in the horticulture pool of species available from commercial growers. Yard area and fertilizer frequency influenced species richness of the spontaneous species but expressed homeowner values did not. In contrast, the criteria that homeowners articulated as important in their management decisions, including aesthetics, wildlife, neatness and food provision, significantly predicted cultivated species richness. Strikingly, the composition of plant species that people cultivated in their yards resembled the taxonomic and phylogenetic composition of species available commercially. In contrast, the taxonomic and phylogenetic composition of spontaneous species showed high similarity to natural areas. The large fraction of introduced species that homeowners planted was a likely consequence of what was available for them to purchase. The study links the composition and diversity of yard flora to their natural and anthropogenic sources and sheds light on the human factors and values that influence the plant diversity in residential areas of a major urban system. Enhanced understanding of the influences of the sources of plants, both native and introduced, that enter urban systems and the human factors and values that influence their diversity is critical to identifying the levers to manage urban biodiversity and ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Cavender-Bares
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Josep Padullés Cubino
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - William D Pearse
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
- Department of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA
| | - Sarah E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - A J Lange
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Sonja Knapp
- Department of Community Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Kristen C Nelson
- Department of Forest Resources and Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
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24
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Avolio M, Blanchette A, Sonti NF, Locke DH. Time Is Not Money: Income Is More Important Than Lifestage for Explaining Patterns of Residential Yard Plant Community Structure and Diversity in Baltimore. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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25
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Díaz S, Settele J, Brondízio ES, Ngo HT, Agard J, Arneth A, Balvanera P, Brauman KA, Butchart SHM, Chan KMA, Garibaldi LA, Ichii K, Liu J, Subramanian SM, Midgley GF, Miloslavich P, Molnár Z, Obura D, Pfaff A, Polasky S, Purvis A, Razzaque J, Reyers B, Chowdhury RR, Shin YJ, Visseren-Hamakers I, Willis KJ, Zayas CN. Pervasive human-driven decline of life on Earth points to the need for transformative change. Science 2019; 366:366/6471/eaax3100. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aax3100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 691] [Impact Index Per Article: 138.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The human impact on life on Earth has increased sharply since the 1970s, driven by the demands of a growing population with rising average per capita income. Nature is currently supplying more materials than ever before, but this has come at the high cost of unprecedented global declines in the extent and integrity of ecosystems, distinctness of local ecological communities, abundance and number of wild species, and the number of local domesticated varieties. Such changes reduce vital benefits that people receive from nature and threaten the quality of life of future generations. Both the benefits of an expanding economy and the costs of reducing nature’s benefits are unequally distributed. The fabric of life on which we all depend—nature and its contributions to people—is unravelling rapidly. Despite the severity of the threats and lack of enough progress in tackling them to date, opportunities exist to change future trajectories through transformative action. Such action must begin immediately, however, and address the root economic, social, and technological causes of nature’s deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Díaz
- Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales,Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Josef Settele
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ, Halle, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research–iDiv, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Hien T. Ngo
- Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) Secretariat, United Nations Campus, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - John Agard
- Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Almut Arneth
- Atmospheric Environmental Research, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Patricia Balvanera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Kate A. Brauman
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, 325 Learning and Environmental Sciences, 1954 Buford Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Stuart H. M. Butchart
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Kai M. A. Chan
- Institute for Resources, Environment, and Sustainability, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lucas A. Garibaldi
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Mitre 630, CP 8400, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Kazuhito Ichii
- Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, 1-33,Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-852, Japan
- Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-0053, Japan
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 115 Manly Miles Building, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Suneetha M. Subramanian
- United Nations University (UNU)–Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, Tokyo, Japan
- UNU–International Institute for Global Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Guy F. Midgley
- Global Change Biology Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, P/Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Patricia Miloslavich
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)–Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Departamento de Estudios Ambientales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Zsolt Molnár
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany, Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, H-2163 Vácrátót, Hungary
| | - David Obura
- Coastal Oceans Research and Development–Indian Ocean (CORDIO) East Africa, Mombasa, Kenya
- Global Climate Institute, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alexander Pfaff
- Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Stephen Polasky
- Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, 1994 Buford Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1994 Buford Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Andy Purvis
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
- Grand Challenges in Ecosystems and the Environment, Imperial College London, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Jona Razzaque
- Department of Law, Faculty of Business and Law, University of the West of England, Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Belinda Reyers
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Sweden
- Department of Conservation Ecology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | | | - Yunne-Jai Shin
- Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC) Research Unit, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Ingrid Visseren-Hamakers
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
- Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Katherine J. Willis
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3AE, UK
- Long-Term Ecology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Cynthia N. Zayas
- Center for International Studies University of the Philippines, Diliman, Philippines
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Blouin D, Pellerin S, Poulin M. Increase in non-native species richness leads to biotic homogenization in vacant lots of a highly urbanized landscape. Urban Ecosyst 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-019-00863-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Leong M, Trautwein M. A citizen science approach to evaluating US cities for biotic homogenization. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6879. [PMID: 31106074 PMCID: PMC6499060 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cities around the world have converged on structural and environmental characteristics that exert similar eco-evolutionary pressures on local communities. However, evaluating how urban biodiversity responds to urban intensification remains poorly understood because of the challenges in capturing the diversity of a range of taxa within and across multiple cities from different types of urbanization. Here we utilize a growing resource—citizen science data. We analyzed 66,209 observations representing 5,209 species generated by the City Nature Challenge project on the iNaturalist platform, in conjunction with remote sensing (NLCD2011) environmental data, to test for urban biotic homogenization at increasing levels of urban intensity across 14 metropolitan cities in the United States. Based on community composition analyses, we found that while similarities occur to an extent, urban biodiversity is often much more a reflection of the taxa living locally in a region. At the same time, the communities found in high-intensity development were less explained by regional context than communities from other land cover types were. We also found that the most commonly observed species are often shared between cities and are non-endemic and/or have a distribution facilitated by humans. This study highlights the value of citizen science data in answering questions in urban ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misha Leong
- California Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Trautwein
- California Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Padullés Cubino J, Cavender‐Bares J, Hobbie SE, Hall SJ, Trammell TLE, Neill C, Avolio ML, Darling LE, Groffman PM. Contribution of non‐native plants to the phylogenetic homogenization of U.S. yard floras. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Josep Padullés Cubino
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota 1479 Gortner Avenue St. Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Jeannine Cavender‐Bares
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota 1479 Gortner Avenue St. Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Sarah E. Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota 1479 Gortner Avenue St. Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Sharon J. Hall
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe Arizona 85287‐4501 USA
| | - Tara L. E. Trammell
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | | | - Meghan L. Avolio
- Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland 21218 USA
| | | | - Peter M. Groffman
- City University of New York Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center New York New York 10031 USA
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Millbrook New York 12545 USA
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Pearse WD, Morales-Castilla I, James LS, Farrell M, Boivin F, Davies TJ. Complexity is complicated and so too is comparing complexity metrics-A response to Mikula et al. (2018). Evolution 2018; 72:2836-2838. [PMID: 30370539 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In a recent publication (Pearse et al. 2018b), we explored the macroevolution and macroecology of passerine song using a large citizen science database of bird songs and powerful machine learning tools. Mikula et al. (2018) examine a small subset (<8%) of the data we used, and suggest that our metric of song complexity, the SD of frequency (SDF), does not correlate to other metrics of birdsong complexity, specifically syllable repertoire size and syllable diversity. We comment on the diversity of complexity metrics that exist in the field at present, and, while acknowledging that metrics may differ, outline how this variety allows us to ask more biologically nuanced questions. We see no reason or need for all complexity metrics to be correlated. Since different complexity metrics have been, and will continue to be, used, we outline how metrics could be fairly compared in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Pearse
- Department of Biology & Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322
| | | | - Logan S James
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maxwell Farrell
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Departments of Botany, Forest & Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Boivin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - T Jonathan Davies
- Departments of Botany, Forest & Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
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Staudhammer CL, Escobedo FJ, Blood A. Assessing methods for comparing species diversity from disparate data sources: the case of urban and peri‐urban forests. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christina L. Staudhammer
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alabama PO Box 870344 Tuscaloosa Alabama 35406 USA
| | - Francisco J. Escobedo
- Biology Program Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Universidad del Rosario Kr 26 No 63B‐48 Bogotá Colombia
| | - Amy Blood
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation Virginia Tech 310 West Campus Drive Blacksburg Virginia 24061 USA
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Gopal D, von der Lippe M, Kowarik I. Sacred sites, biodiversity and urbanization in an Indian megacity. Urban Ecosyst 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-018-0804-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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