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Sorel MH, Murdoch AR, Zabel RW, Kamphaus CM, Buhle ER, Scheuerell MD, Converse SJ. Effects of population density and environmental conditions on life-history prevalence in a migratory fish. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10087. [PMID: 37234292 PMCID: PMC10206029 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual variation in life-history traits can have important implications for the ability of populations to respond to environmental variability and change. In migratory animals, flexibility in the timing of life-history events, such as juvenile emigration from natal areas, can influence the effects of population density and environmental conditions on habitat use and population dynamics. We evaluated the functional relationships between population density and environmental covariates and the abundance of juveniles expressing different life-history pathways in a migratory fish, Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), in the Wenatchee River basin in Washington State, USA. We found that the abundance of younger emigrants from natal streams was best described by an accelerating or near-linear function of spawners, whereas the abundance of older emigrants was best described by a decelerating function of spawners. This supports the hypothesis that emigration timing varies in response to density in natal areas, with younger-emigrating life-history pathways comprising a larger proportion of emigrants when densities of conspecifics are high. We also observed positive relationships between winter stream discharge and abundance of younger emigrants, supporting the hypothesis that habitat conditions can also influence the prevalence of different life-history pathways. Our results suggest that early emigration, and a resultant increase in the use of downstream rearing habitats, may increase at higher population densities and with greater winter precipitation. Winter precipitation is projected to increase in this system due to climate warming. Characterizing relationships between life-history prevalence and environmental conditions may improve our understanding of species habitat requirements and is a first step in understanding the dynamics of species with diverse life-history strategies. As environmental conditions change-due to climate change, management, or other factors-resultant life-history changes are likely to have important demographic implications that will be challenging to predict when life-history diversity is not accounted for in population models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H. Sorel
- Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Richard W. Zabel
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries ServiceNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AssociationSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Eric R. Buhle
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries ServiceNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AssociationSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Mt. Hood EnvironmentalSandyOregonUSA
| | - Mark D. Scheuerell
- U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Sarah J. Converse
- U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences & School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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Gallagher BK, Geargeoura S, Fraser DJ. Effects of climate on salmonid productivity: A global meta-analysis across freshwater ecosystems. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:7250-7269. [PMID: 36151941 PMCID: PMC9827867 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Salmonids are of immense socio-economic importance in much of the world, but are threatened by climate change. This has generated a substantial literature documenting the effects of climate variation on salmonid productivity in freshwater ecosystems, but there has been no global quantitative synthesis across studies. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to gain quantitative insight into key factors shaping the effects of climate on salmonid productivity, ultimately collecting 1321 correlations from 156 studies, representing 23 species across 24 countries. Fisher's Z was used as the standardized effect size, and a series of weighted mixed-effects models were compared to identify covariates that best explained variation in effects. Patterns in climate effects were complex and were driven by spatial (latitude, elevation), temporal (time-period, age-class), and biological (range, habitat type, anadromy) variation within and among study populations. These trends were often consistent with predictions based on salmonid thermal tolerances. Namely, warming and decreased precipitation tended to reduce productivity when high temperatures challenged upper thermal limits, while opposite patterns were common when cold temperatures limited productivity. Overall, variable climate impacts on salmonids suggest that future declines in some locations may be counterbalanced by gains in others. In particular, we suggest that future warming should (1) increase salmonid productivity at high latitudes and elevations (especially >60° and >1500 m), (2) reduce productivity in populations experiencing hotter and dryer growing season conditions, (3) favor non-native over native salmonids, and (4) impact lentic populations less negatively than lotic ones. These patterns should help conservation and management organizations identify populations most vulnerable to climate change, which can then be prioritized for protective measures. Our framework enables broad inferences about future productivity that can inform decision-making under climate change for salmonids and other taxa, but more widespread, standardized, and hypothesis-driven research is needed to expand current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Geargeoura
- Department of BiologyConcordia UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Present address:
Environment and Climate Change CanadaGatineauQuebecCanada
| | - Dylan J. Fraser
- Department of BiologyConcordia UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
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Turner Tomaszewicz CN, Avens L, LaCasella EL, Eguchi T, Dutton PH, LeRoux RA, Seminoff JA. Mixed‐stock aging analysis reveals variable sea turtle maturity rates in a recovering population. J Wildl Manage 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Calandra N. Turner Tomaszewicz
- National Research Council NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Larisa Avens
- NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center Beaufort NC 28516 USA
| | | | - Tomoharu Eguchi
- NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Peter H. Dutton
- NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Robin A. LeRoux
- NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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Wilson KL, Bailey CJ, Davies TD, Moore JW. Marine and freshwater regime changes impact a community of migratory Pacific salmonids in decline. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:72-85. [PMID: 34669231 PMCID: PMC9298309 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Marine and freshwater ecosystems are increasingly at risk of large and cascading changes from multiple human activities (termed "regime shifts"), which can impact population productivity, resilience, and ecosystem structure. Pacific salmon exhibit persistent and large fluctuations in their population dynamics driven by combinations of intrinsic (e.g., density dependence) and extrinsic factors (e.g., ecosystem changes, species interactions). In recent years, many Pacific salmon have declined due to regime shifts but clear understanding of the processes driving these changes remains elusive. Here, we unpacked the role of density dependence, ecosystem trends, and stochasticity on productivity regimes for a community of five anadromous Pacific salmonids (Steelhead, Coho Salmon, Pink Salmon, Dolly Varden, and Coastal Cutthroat Trout) across a rich 40-year time-series. We used a Bayesian multivariate state-space model to examine whether productivity shifts had similarly occurred across the community and explored marine or freshwater changes associated with those shifts. Overall, we identified three productivity regimes: an early regime (1976-1990), a compensatory regime (1991-2009), and a declining regime (since 2010) where large declines were observed for Steelhead, Dolly Varden, and Cutthroat Trout, intermediate declines in Coho and no change in Pink Salmon. These regime changes were associated with multiple cumulative effects across the salmon life cycle. For example, increased seal densities and ocean competition were associated with lower adult marine survival in Steelhead. Watershed logging also intensified over the past 40 years and was associated with (all else equal) ≥97% declines in freshwater productivity for Steelhead, Cutthroat, and Coho. For Steelhead, marine and freshwater dynamics played approximately equal roles in explaining trends in total productivity. Collectively, these changing environments limited juvenile production and lowered future adult returns. These results reveal how changes in freshwater and marine environments can jointly shape population dynamics among ecological communities, like Pacific salmon, with cascading consequences to their resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L. Wilson
- Earth to Oceans Research GroupDepartment of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Central Coast Indigenous Resource AllianceCampbell RiverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Colin J. Bailey
- Earth to Oceans Research GroupDepartment of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Trevor D. Davies
- B.C. Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Fish and Aquatic Habitat BranchVictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Jonathan W. Moore
- Earth to Oceans Research GroupDepartment of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
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Chang SL, Ward HGM, Russello MA. Genotyping-in-Thousands by sequencing panel development and application to inform kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) fisheries management at multiple scales. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261966. [PMID: 34941943 PMCID: PMC8699693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to differentiate life history variants is vital for estimating fisheries management parameters, yet traditional survey methods can be inaccurate in mixed-stock fisheries. Such is the case for kokanee, the freshwater resident form of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), which exhibits various reproductive ecotypes (stream-, shore-, deep-spawning) that co-occur with each other and/or anadromous O. nerka in some systems across their pan-Pacific distribution. Here, we developed a multi-purpose Genotyping-in-Thousands by sequencing (GT-seq) panel of 288 targeted single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to enable accurate kokanee stock identification by geographic basin, migratory form, and reproductive ecotype across British Columbia, Canada. The GT-seq panel exhibited high self-assignment accuracy (93.3%) and perfect assignment of individuals not included in the baseline to their geographic basin, migratory form, and reproductive ecotype of origin. The GT-seq panel was subsequently applied to Wood Lake, a valuable mixed-stock fishery, revealing high concordance (>98%) with previous assignments to ecotype using microsatellites and TaqMan® SNP genotyping assays, while improving resolution, extending a long-term time-series, and demonstrating the scalability of this approach for this system and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Chang
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Hillary G. M. Ward
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Penticton, BC, Canada
| | - Michael A. Russello
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Bailey CJ, Moore JW. Resource pulses increase the diversity of successful competitors in a multi‐species stream fish assemblage. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Colin J. Bailey
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Simon Fraser University 8888 University Dr. Burnaby British ColumbiaV5A 1S6USA
| | - Jonathan W. Moore
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Simon Fraser University 8888 University Dr. Burnaby British ColumbiaV5A 1S6USA
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Kendall NW, Nelson BW, Losee JP. Density‐dependent marine survival of hatchery‐origin Chinook salmon may be associated with pink salmon. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neala W. Kendall
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 1111 Washington St. SE Olympia Washington 98501 USA
| | - Benjamin W. Nelson
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries University of British Columbia 2202 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - James P. Losee
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 1111 Washington St. SE Olympia Washington 98501 USA
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Pitman KJ, Moore JW, Sloat MR, Beaudreau AH, Bidlack AL, Brenner RE, Hood EW, Pess GR, Mantua NJ, Milner AM, Radić V, Reeves GH, Schindler DE, Whited DC. Glacier Retreat and Pacific Salmon. Bioscience 2020; 70:220-236. [PMID: 32174645 PMCID: PMC7064434 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biaa015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaciers have shaped past and present habitats for Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in North America. During the last glacial maximum, approximately 45% of the current North American range of Pacific salmon was covered in ice. Currently, most salmon habitat occurs in watersheds in which glacier ice is present and retreating. This synthesis examines the multiple ways that glacier retreat can influence aquatic ecosystems through the lens of Pacific salmon life cycles. We predict that the coming decades will result in areas in which salmon populations will be challenged by diminished water flows and elevated water temperatures, areas in which salmon productivity will be enhanced as downstream habitat suitability increases, and areas in which new river and lake habitat will be formed that can be colonized by anadromous salmon. Effective conservation and management of salmon habitat and populations should consider the impacts of glacier retreat and other sources of ecosystem change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara J Pitman
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan W Moore
- Earth2Oceans Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | | | - Anne H Beaudreau
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, Alaska
| | - Allison L Bidlack
- Alaska Coastal Rainforest Center, University of Alaska Southeast, Juneau, Alaska
| | | | - Eran W Hood
- Environmental Science Program, University of Alaska Southeast, Juneau, Alaska
| | - George R Pess
- National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nathan J Mantua
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Santa Cruz, California
| | - Alexander M Milner
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska
| | - Valentina Radić
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gordon H Reeves
- US Department of Agriculture's Forest Service, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Daniel E Schindler
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Diane C Whited
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, Montana
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