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Damman K, Beldhuis IE, van der Meer P, Krikken JA, Coster JE, Nieuwland W, van Veldhuisen DJ, Voors AA, Ter Maaten JM. Renal function and natriuresis-guided diuretic therapy - a pre-specified analysis from the PUSH-AHF trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2024. [PMID: 38734982 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.3228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM In a randomized controlled trial, we recently showed that a natriuresis-guided diuretic approach improved natriuresis and diuresis in patients with acute heart failure (HF). In this pre-specified analysis, we investigated the association between (worsening) renal function, outcomes and the effect of intensive natriuresis-guided loop diuretic therapy as compared with standard of care. METHODS AND RESULTS The Pragmatic Urinary Sodium-based algoritHm in Acute Heart Failure (PUSH-AHF) trial randomized patients to natriuresis-guided diuretic therapy or standard of care. Serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were assessed at fixed timepoints, and worsening renal function (WRF) was assessed at 72 h. The primary outcome was the interaction between randomized treatment allocation, baseline eGFR and the dual primary outcome of PUSH-AHF: total natriuresis at 24 h and time to all-cause mortality or HF rehospitalization at 180 days. In 309 patients, median baseline eGFR was 53 (35-73) ml/min/1.73 m2, and 58% had eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Baseline eGFR did not significantly modify the treatment effect of natriuresis-guided diuretic therapy on natriuresis at 24 h (p for interaction = 0.730). However, baseline eGFR significantly modified the effect on all-cause mortality and HF rehospitalization (p for interaction = 0.017): the risk of this second primary outcome was lower in patients with lower eGFR who were randomized to the natriuresis-guided group. In the natriuresis-guided arm, eGFR decreased more (-11.0 vs. -6.91 ml/min/1.73 m2; p = 0.002) during the first 3 days, but this effect was attenuated at discharge (-10.3 vs. -8.69 ml/min/1.73 m2; p = 0.38). WRF was more frequently observed in patients randomized to natriuresis-guided treatment, but was not associated with worse clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Natriuresis-guided diuretic treatment improved diuresis and natriuresis irrespective of baseline eGFR and occurrence of WRF, was effective even in patients with low eGFR, and the observed effect on eGFR was transient and not associated with worse clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Damman
- University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris E Beldhuis
- University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Meer
- University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A Krikken
- University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jenifer E Coster
- University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wybe Nieuwland
- University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J van Veldhuisen
- University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A Voors
- University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jozine M Ter Maaten
- University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Kazory A. Contemporary Decongestive Strategies in Acute Heart Failure. Semin Nephrol 2024:151512. [PMID: 38702211 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2024.151512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Congestion is the primary driver of hospital admissions in patients with heart failure and the key determinant of their outcome. Although intravenous loop diuretics remain the predominant agents used in the setting of acute heart failure, the therapeutic response is known to be variable, with a significant subset of patients discharged from the hospital with residual hypervolemia. In this context, urinary sodium excretion has gained attention both as a marker of response to loop diuretics and as a marker of prognosis that may be a useful clinical tool to guide therapy. Several decongestive strategies have been explored to improve diuretic responsiveness and removal of excess fluid. Sequential nephron blockade through combination diuretic therapy is one of the most used methods to enhance natriuresis and counter diuretic resistance. In this article, I provide an overview of the contemporary decongestive approaches and discuss the clinical data on the use of add-on diuretic therapy. I also discuss mechanical removal of excess fluid through extracorporeal ultrafiltration with a brief review of the results of landmark studies. Finally, I provide a short overview of the strategies that are currently under investigation and may prove helpful in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Kazory
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
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Núñez-Marín G, Romero-González G, Bover J, Górriz JL, Bayés-Genís A, Sanchis J, Núñez J, de la Espriella R. Urinary Cell Cycle Arrest Biomarkers and Diuretic Efficiency in Acute Heart Failure. Cardiorenal Med 2024; 14:261-269. [PMID: 38631309 DOI: 10.1159/000538774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to evaluate the association between the NephroCheck® test AKIRisk® score, diuretic efficiency (DE), and the odds of worsening kidney function (WKF) within the first 72 h of admission in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure (AHF). METHODS The study prospectively enrolled 125 patients admitted with AHF. NephroCheck® test was obtained within the first 24 h of admission. DE was defined as net fluid urine output per 40 mg of furosemide equivalents. RESULTS The median AKIRisk® score was 0.11 (IQR 0.06-0.34), and 38 (30.4%) patients had an AKIRisk® score >0.3. The median cumulative DE at 72 h was 1,963 mL (IQR 1317-3,239 mL). At 72 h, a total of 10 (8%) patients developed an absolute increase in sCr ≥0.5 mg/dL (WKF). In a multivariable setting, there was an inverse association between the AKIRisk® score and DE within the first 72 h. In fact, the highest the AKIRisk® score (centered at 0.3), the higher the likelihood of poor DE (below the median) and WKF at 72 h (odds ratio [OR] 2.04; 95%; CI: 1.02-4.07; p = 0.043, and OR 3.31, 95% CI: 1.30-8.43; p = 0.012, respectively). CONCLUSION In patients with AHF, a higher NephroCheck® AKIRisk® score is associated with poorer DE and a higher risk of WKF at 72 h. Further research is needed to confirm the role of urinary cell cycle arrest biomarkers in the AHF scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Núñez-Marín
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Gregorio Romero-González
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), REMAR- IGTP Group (Kidney-affecting Diseases Research Group), Badalona, Spain
- International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Jordi Bover
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), REMAR- IGTP Group (Kidney-affecting Diseases Research Group), Badalona, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Górriz
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antoni Bayés-Genís
- Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Sanchis
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Núñez
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Espriella
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
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Rao VS, Ivey-Miranda JB, Cox ZL, Moreno-Villagomez J, Ramos-Mastache D, Neville D, Balkcom N, Asher JL, Bellumkonda L, Bigvava T, Shaburishvili T, Bartunek J, Wilson FP, Finkelstein F, Maulion C, Turner JM, Testani JM. Serial direct sodium removal in patients with heart failure and diuretic resistance. Eur J Heart Fail 2024. [PMID: 38556717 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.3196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Loop diuretics may exacerbate cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) in heart failure (HF). Direct sodium removal (DSR) using the peritoneal membrane, in conjunction with complete diuretic withdrawal, may improve CRS and diuretic resistance. METHODS AND RESULTS Patients with HF requiring high-dose loop diuretics were enrolled in two prospective, single-arm studies: RED DESERT (n = 8 euvolaemic patients), and SAHARA (n = 10 hypervolaemic patients). Loop diuretics were withdrawn, and serial DSR was utilized to achieve and maintain euvolaemia. At baseline, participants required a median 240 mg (interquartile range [IQR] 200-400) oral furosemide equivalents/day, which was withdrawn in all participants during DSR (median time of DSR 4 weeks [IQR 4-6]). Diuretic response (queried by formal 40 mg intravenous furosemide challenge and 6 h urine sodium quantification) increased substantially from baseline (81 ± 37 mmol) to end of DSR (223 ± 71 mmol, p < 0.001). Median time to re-initiate diuretics was 87 days, and the median re-initiation dose was 8% (IQR 6-10%) of baseline. At 1 year, diuretic dose remained substantially below baseline (30 [IQR 7.5-40] mg furosemide equivalents/day). Multiple dimensions of kidney function such as filtration, uraemic toxin excretion, kidney injury, and electrolyte handling improved (p < 0.05 for all). HF-related biomarkers including N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, carbohydrate antigen-125, soluble ST2, interleukin-6, and growth differentiation factor-15 (p < 0.003 for all) also improved. CONCLUSIONS In patients with HF and diuretic resistance, serial DSR therapy with loop diuretic withdrawal was feasible and associated with substantial and persistent improvement in diuretic resistance and several cardiorenal parameters. If replicated in randomized controlled studies, DSR may represent a novel therapy for diuretic resistance and CRS. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION RED DESERT (NCT04116034), SAHARA (NCT04882358).
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena S Rao
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Juan B Ivey-Miranda
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Hospital de Cardiologia, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Zachary L Cox
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Julieta Moreno-Villagomez
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniela Ramos-Mastache
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Neville
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Natasha Balkcom
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jennifer L Asher
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lavanya Bellumkonda
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | - F Perry Wilson
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Clinical and Translational Research Accelerator, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fredrick Finkelstein
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christopher Maulion
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Turner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Testani
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Meifang W, Ying W, Wen C, Kaizu X, Meiyan S, Liming L. Advance in the pharmacological and comorbidities management of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: evidence from clinical trials. Heart Fail Rev 2024; 29:305-320. [PMID: 37561223 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-023-10338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) accounts for approximately 50% of the total heart failure population, and with the aging of the population and the increasing prevalence of hypertension, obesity, and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), the incidence of HFpEF continues to rise and has become the most common subtype of heart failure. Compared with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, HFpEF has a more complex pathophysiology and is more often associated with hypertension, T2DM, obesity, atrial fibrillation, renal insufficiency, pulmonary hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea, and other comorbidities. HFpEF has generally been considered a syndrome with high phenotypic heterogeneity, and no effective treatments have been shown to reduce mortality to date. Diuretics and comorbidity management are traditional treatments for HFpEF; however, they are mostly empirical due to a lack of clinical evidence in the setting of HFpEF. With the EMPEROR-Preserved and DELIVER results, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors become the first evidence-based therapies to reduce rehospitalization for heart failure. Subgroup analyses of the PARAGON-HF, TOPCAT, and CHARM-Preserved trials suggest that angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors, spironolactone, and angiotensin II receptor blockers may be beneficial in patients at the lower end of the ejection fraction spectrum. Other potential pharmacotherapies represented by non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists finerenone and antifibrotic agent pirfenidone also hold promise for the treatment of HFpEF. This article intends to review the clinical evidence on current pharmacotherapies of HFpEF, as well as the comorbidities management of atrial fibrillation, hypertension, T2DM, obesity, pulmonary hypertension, renal insufficiency, obstructive sleep apnea, and iron deficiency, to optimize the clinical management of HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Meifang
- Department of Cardiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, 351100, Fujian, China
| | - Wu Ying
- Department of Cardiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, 351100, Fujian, China
| | - Chen Wen
- Department of Cardiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, 351100, Fujian, China
| | - Xu Kaizu
- Department of Cardiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, 351100, Fujian, China
| | - Song Meiyan
- Department of Cardiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, 351100, Fujian, China
| | - Lin Liming
- Department of Cardiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, 351100, Fujian, China.
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Segar MW, Khan MS, Patel KV, Butler J, Ravichandran AK, Walsh MN, Willett D, Fonarow GC, Drazner MH, Mentz RJ, Hall J, Farr MA, Hedayati SS, Yancy C, Allen LA, Tang WHW, Pandey A. A Phenomapping Tool and Clinical Score to Identify Low Diuretic Efficiency in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. JACC. HEART FAILURE 2024; 12:508-520. [PMID: 38099890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2023.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) have a varying response to diuretic therapy. Strategies for the early identification of low diuretic efficiency to inform decongestion therapies are lacking. OBJECTIVES The authors sought to develop and externally validate a machine learning-based phenomapping approach and integer-based diuresis score to identify patients with low diuretic efficiency. METHODS Participants with ADHF from ROSE-AHF, CARRESS-HF, and ATHENA-HF were pooled in the derivation cohort (n = 794). Multivariable finite-mixture model-based phenomapping was performed to identify phenogroups based on diuretic efficiency (urine output over the first 72 hours per total intravenous furosemide equivalent loop diuretic dose). Phenogroups were externally validated in other pooled ADHF trials (DOSE/ESCAPE). An integer-based diuresis score (BAN-ADHF score: blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, natriuretic peptide levels, atrial fibrillation, diastolic blood pressure, hypertension and home diuretic, and heart failure hospitalization) was developed and validated based on predictors of the diuretic efficiency phenogroups to estimate the probability of low diuretic efficiency using the pooled ADHF trials described earlier. The associations of the BAN-ADHF score with markers and symptoms of congestion, length of stay, in-hospital mortality, and global well-being were assessed using adjusted regression models. RESULTS Clustering identified 3 phenogroups based on diuretic efficiency: phenogroup 1 (n = 370; 47%) had lower diuretic efficiency (median: 13.1 mL/mg; Q1-Q3: 7.7-19.4 mL/mg) than phenogroups 2 (n = 290; 37%) and 3 (n = 134; 17%) (median: 17.8 mL/mg; Q1-Q3: 10.8-26.1 mL/mg and median: 35.3 mL/mg; Q1-Q3: 17.5-49.0 mL/mg, respectively) (P < 0.001). The median urine output difference in response to 80 mg intravenous twice-daily furosemide between the lowest and highest diuretic efficiency group (phenogroup 1 vs 3) was 3,520 mL/d. The BAN-ADHF score demonstrated good model performance for predicting the lowest diuretic efficiency phenogroup membership (C-index: 0.92 in DOSE/ESCAPE validation cohort) that was superior to measures of kidney function (creatinine or blood urea nitrogen), natriuretic peptide levels, or home diuretic dose (DeLong P < 0.001 for all). Net urine output in response to 80 mg intravenous twice-daily furosemide among patients with a low vs high (5 vs 20) BAN-ADHF score was 2,650 vs 660 mL per 24 hours, respectively. Participants with higher BAN-ADHF scores had significantly lower global well-being, higher natriuretic peptide levels on discharge, a longer in-hospital stay, and a higher risk of in-hospital mortality in both derivation and validation cohorts. CONCLUSIONS The authors developed and validated a phenomapping strategy and diuresis score for individuals with ADHF and differential response to diuretic therapy, which was associated with length of stay and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Segar
- Department of Cardiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Kershaw V Patel
- Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Javed Butler
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA; Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Mary Norine Walsh
- Department of Cardiology, St Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - DuWayne Willett
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Gregg C Fonarow
- Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Ahmanson-UCLA Cardiomyopathy Center, Division of Cardiology, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mark H Drazner
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Robert J Mentz
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer Hall
- Institute for Precision Cardiovascular Medicine at the American Heart Association, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Maryjane A Farr
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - S Susan Hedayati
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Clyde Yancy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Larry A Allen
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - W H Wilson Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ambarish Pandey
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
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Chodakowski P, Sokal A, Manka A, Szwarc B, Bogus P, Cornelussen R, Eggen M, Kornet L. Electrical Diuretics: Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation to Increase Diuresis. Neuromodulation 2024:S1094-7159(24)00029-1. [PMID: 38363246 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stimulation of diuresis is an essential component of heart failure treatment to reduce fluid overload. Over time, increasing doses of loop diuretics are required to achieve adequate urine output, and approximately 30% to 45% of patients develop diuretic resistance. We investigated the feasibility of affecting renal afferent sensory nerves by dorsal root ganglion neurostimulation as an alternative to medication to increase diuresis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Acute volume overload with an elevated and stable pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) was induced by infusion of isotonic fluid in swine (N = 7). In each experiment, diuresis and blood electrolyte levels were measured during cycles of up to two hours (baseline, stimulation, poststimulation) through bladder catheterization. Efficacy was tested using bilateral dorsal root ganglion (bDRG) stimulation at the T11 and/or T12 vertebral levels. RESULTS An elevated, stable PCWP (15 ± 4 mm Hg, N = 7) was obtained after uploading. Under these conditions, average diuresis increased 20% to 205% compared with no stimulation. Side effects such as motor stimulation were mitigated by decreasing current or terminated spontaneously without intervention. There was no negative effect on acute kidney function because blood electrolyte concentrations remained stable. When stimulation was deactivated, urine output decreased significantly but did not return to baseline levels, suggesting a carry-over effect of up to two hours. CONCLUSIONS Electrical stimulation (bDRG) at T11 and/or T12 increased diuresis in an acute volume overload model. Side effects caused by unintended (motor) stimulation could be eliminated by reducing the electrical current while sustaining increased diuresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Chodakowski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jan Paul II Hospital, Jastrzebie Zdroj, Poland
| | - Adam Sokal
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology Silesian Centre for Heart Diseases, Zabrze, Poland; Medical University of Silesia, WNOZ Bytom, Poland
| | | | - Bartlomiej Szwarc
- Research and Technology, Medtronic, Bakken Research Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Piotr Bogus
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology, Kardio-Med Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Richard Cornelussen
- Research and Technology, Medtronic, Bakken Research Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Eggen
- Research and Technology, Medtronic, Bakken Research Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lilian Kornet
- Research and Technology, Medtronic, Bakken Research Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Beargie SM, Tolbert L, Tunney RK, Cox ZL, Gong W, Zalawadiya S. Serial evaluation of loop diuretic efficiency following left ventricular assist device implantation. Int J Artif Organs 2023; 46:555-561. [PMID: 37646461 DOI: 10.1177/03913988231193446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
More than 50% of heart failure (HF) patients require diuretic therapy after left ventricular assist device (LVAD). Although few data related to diuretic response (DR) exist in stage D patients, tubular sodium reabsorption may be clinically prognostic independent of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and proteinuria within this cohort. We aimed to characterize DR serially before and after LVAD implantation in a stage D population. We conducted a prospective, observational cohort study of HF patients receiving diuretics with plans to undergo LVAD implantation. We measured urine sodium (UNa) and creatinine (UCr) at three points after diuretic therapy: pre-LVAD, post-LVAD prior to discharge, and as an outpatient. Prior to LVAD, patients (N = 19) had an average eGFR of 54.0 ± 18.0 mL/min/1.73 m2, spot UNa of 74.8 ± 28.0 mmol/L, and fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) of 3.1 ± 2.7%. Pre-LVAD, eGFR did not correlate with spot UNa nor FENa (p > 0.05 for both). LVAD implantation did not improve DR post-LVAD (mean change FENa per 40 mg IV furosemide 0.5 ± 1.0%; p = 0.84), and 90% of patients required loop diuretics at 90 days post-surgery. Improved hemodynamics following LVAD may not improve DR or tubular function; larger studies are needed to confirm our results and assess the utility of DR to predict post-LVAD outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Beargie
- Department of Pharmacy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lindsey Tolbert
- Department of Pharmacy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robert K Tunney
- Department of Pharmacy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Zachary L Cox
- Department of Pharmacy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wu Gong
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sandip Zalawadiya
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Kazory A. Combination Diuretic Therapy to Counter Renal Sodium Avidity in Acute Heart Failure: Trials and Tribulations. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 18:1372-1381. [PMID: 37102974 PMCID: PMC10578637 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.0000000000000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to significant advances in the management of patients with chronic heart failure over the past few years, there has been little change in how patients with acute heart failure are treated. Symptoms and signs of fluid overload are the primary reason for hospitalization of patients who experience acute decompensation of heart failure. Intravenous loop diuretics remain the mainstay of therapy in this patient population, with a significant subset of them showing suboptimal response to these agents leading to incomplete decongestion at the time of discharge. Combination diuretic therapy, that is, using loop diuretics along with an add-on agent, is a widely applied strategy to counter renal sodium avidity through sequential blockade of sodium absorption within renal tubules. The choice of the second diuretic is affected by several factors, including the site of action, the anticipated secondary effects, and the available evidence on their efficacy and safety. While the current guidelines recommend combination diuretic therapy as a viable option to overcome suboptimal response to loop diuretics, it is also acknowledged that this strategy is not supported by strong evidence and remains an area of uncertainty. The recent publication of landmark studies has regenerated the interest in sequential nephron blockade. In this article, we provide an overview of the results of the key studies on combination diuretic therapy in the setting of acute heart failure and discuss their findings primarily with regard to the effect on renal sodium avidity and cardiorenal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Kazory
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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10
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Biegus J, Zymliński R, Testani J, Fudim M, Cox ZL, Guzik M, Iwanek G, Hurkacz M, Raj D, Marciniak D, Ponikowska B, Ponikowski P. The blunted loop diuretic response in acute heart failure is driven by reduced tubular responsiveness rather than insufficient tubular delivery. The role of furosemide urine excretion on diuretic and natriuretic response in acute heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2023; 25:1323-1333. [PMID: 37042083 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Diuretic response in heart failure is blunted when compared to healthy individuals, but the pathophysiology underlying this phenomenon is unclear. We aimed to investigate whether the diuretic resistance mechanism is related to insufficient furosemide tubular delivery or low tubular responsiveness. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a prospective, observational study of 50 patients with acute heart failure patients divided into two groups based on previous furosemide use (furosemide naïve: n = 28 [56%] and chronic furosemide users: n = 22 [44%]). Each patient received a protocol-derived, standardized furosemide dose based on body weight. We measured diuretic response and urine furosemide concentrations. The furosemide naïve group had significantly higher urine volumes and natriuresis when compared to chronic users at all timepoints (all p < 0.05). Urine furosemide delivery was similar in furosemide naïve versus chronic users after accounting for differences in estimated glomerular filtration rate (28.02 [21.03-35.89] vs. 29.70 [18.19-34.71] mg, p = 0.87). However, the tubular response to delivered diuretic was dramatically higher in naïve versus chronic users, that is the urine volume per 1 μg/ml of urine furosemide at 2 h was 148.6 ± 136.1 versus 50.6 ± 56.1 ml (p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Patients naïve to furosemide have significantly better diuresis and natriuresis when compared to chronic furosemide users. The blunted diuretic response in patients with chronic loop diuretic exposure is driven by decreased tubular responsiveness rather than insufficient furosemide tubular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Biegus
- Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Robert Zymliński
- Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Marat Fudim
- Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zachary L Cox
- Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mateusz Guzik
- Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Gracjan Iwanek
- Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Hurkacz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Danuta Raj
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dominik Marciniak
- Department of Drugs Form Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Ponikowska
- Student Scientific Organization, Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Ponikowski
- Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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11
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Eder M, Griffin M, Moreno-Villagomez J, Bellumkonda L, Maulion C, Asher J, Wilson FP, Cox ZL, Ivey-Miranda JB, Rao VS, Butler J, Borlaug BA, McCallum W, Ramos-Mastache D, Testani JM. The importance of forward flow and venous congestion in diuretic response in acute heart failure: Insights from the ESCAPE trial. Int J Cardiol 2023; 381:57-61. [PMID: 37023862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Previous studies have suggested venous congestion as a stronger mediator of negative cardio-renal interactions than low cardiac output, with neither factor having a dominant role. While the influence of these parameters on glomerular filtration have been described, the impact on diuretic responsiveness is unclear. The goal of this analysis was to understand the hemodynamic correlates of diuretic response in hospitalized patients with heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed patients from the Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization Effectiveness (ESCAPE) dataset. Diuretic efficiency (DE) was defined as the average daily net fluid output per doubling of the peak loop diuretic dose. We evaluated a pulmonary artery catheter hemodynamic-guided cohort (n = 190) and a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) cohort (n = 324) where DE was evaluated with hemodynamic and TTE parameters. Metrics of "forward flow" such as cardiac index, mean arterial pressure and left ventricular ejection fraction were not associated with DE (p > 0.2 for all). Worse baseline venous congestion was paradoxically associated with better DE as assessed by right atrial pressure (RAP), right atrial area (RAA), and right ventricular systolic and diastolic area (p < 0.05 for all). Renal perfusion pressure (capturing both congestion and forward flow) was not associated with diuretic response (p = 0.84). CONCLUSIONS Worse venous congestion was weakly associated with better loop diuretic response. Metrics of "forward flow" did not demonstrate any correlation with diuretic response. These observations raise questions about the concept of central hemodynamic perturbations as the primary drivers of diuretic resistance on a population level in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Eder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Matthew Griffin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Julieta Moreno-Villagomez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lavanya Bellumkonda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Christopher Maulion
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Asher
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Francis P Wilson
- Clinical and translational research accelerator, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Zachary L Cox
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Juan B Ivey-Miranda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Hospital de Cardiologia, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Veena S Rao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Javed Butler
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, , United States of America
| | - Barry A Borlaug
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Wendy McCallum
- Division of Nephrology, Tufts medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Daniela Ramos-Mastache
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jeffrey M Testani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America.
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12
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Guo L, Fu B, Liu Y, Hao N, Ji Y, Yang H. Diuretic resistance in patients with kidney disease: Challenges and opportunities. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:114058. [PMID: 36473405 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Edema caused by kidney disease is called renal edema. Edema is a common symptom of many human kidney diseases. Patients with renal edema often need to take diuretics.However, After taking diuretics, patients with kidney diseases are prone to kidney congestion, decreased renal perfusion, decreased diuretics secreted by renal tubules, neuroendocrine system abnormalities, abnormal ion transporter transport, drug interaction, electrolyte disorder, and hypoproteinemia, which lead to ineffective or weakened diuretic use and increase readmission rate and mortality. The main causes and coping strategies of diuretic resistance in patients with kidney diseases were described in detail in this report. The common causes of DR included poor diet (electrolyte disturbance and hypoproteinemia due to patients' failure to limit diet according to correct sodium, chlorine, potassium, and protein level) and poor drug compliance (the patient did not take adequate doses of diuretics. true resistance occurs only if the patient takes adequate doses of diuretics, but they are not effective), changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, electrolyte disorders, changes in renal adaptation, functional nephron reduction, and decreased renal blood flow. Common treatment measures include increasing in the diuretic dose and/or frequency, sequential nephron blockade,using new diuretics, ultrafiltration treatment, etc. In clinical work, measures should be taken to prevent or delay the occurrence and development of DR in patients with kidney diseases according to the actual situation of patients and the mechanism of various causes. Currently, there are many studies on DR in patients with heart diseases. Although the phenomenon of DR in patients with kidney diseases is common, there is a relatively little overview of the mechanism and treatment strategy of DR in patients with kidney diseases. Therefore, this paper hopes to show the information on DR in patients with kidney diseases to clinicians and researchers and broaden the research direction and ideas to a certain extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxuan Guo
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Baohui Fu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yang Liu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Na Hao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yue Ji
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Hongtao Yang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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13
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Oyama MA, Adin D. Toward quantification of loop diuretic responsiveness for congestive heart failure. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 37:12-21. [PMID: 36408832 PMCID: PMC9889629 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diuretics, such as furosemide, are routinely administered to dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF). Traditionally, dose and determination of efficacy primarily are based on clinical signs rather than quantitative measures of drug action. Treatment of human CHF patients increasingly is guided by quantification of urine sodium concentration (uNa) and urine volume after diuretic administration. Use of these and other measures of diuretic responsiveness is associated with decreased duration of hospitalization, complication rates, future rehospitalization, and mortality. At their core, loop diuretics act through natriuresis, and attention to body sodium (Na) stores and handling offers insight into the pathophysiology of CHF and pharmacology of diuretics beyond what is achievable from clinical signs alone. Human patients with low diuretic responsiveness or diuretic resistance are at risk for difficult or incomplete decongestion that requires diuretic intensification or other remedial strategies. Identification of the specific etiology of resistance in a patient can help tailor personalized interventions. In this review, we advance the concept of loop diuretic responsiveness by highlighting Na and natriuresis. Specifically, we review body water homeostasis and congestion in light of the increasingly recognized role of interstitial Na, propose definitions for diuretic responsiveness and resistance in veterinary subjects, review relevant findings of recent studies, explain how the particular cause of resistance can guide treatment, and identify current knowledge gaps. We believe that a quantitative approach to loop diuretic usage primarily involving natriuresis will advance our understanding and care of dogs with CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Oyama
- Clinical Sciences and Advanced MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania, MJR‐VHUP‐CardiologyPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Darcy Adin
- Large Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
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14
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Wang J, Chen Y, Ko YA, Okoh A, Testani J, Morris AA. Racial Differences in Natriuresis: A Post Hoc Analysis of the ROSE-AHF Trial. JACC. HEART FAILURE 2022; 10:876-878. [PMID: 36328658 PMCID: PMC9707654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2022.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Road, Suite 504, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Yuxuan Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Road, Suite 504, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Yi-An Ko
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Road, Suite 504, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Alexis Okoh
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Road, Suite 504, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Jeffrey Testani
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Road, Suite 504, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Alanna A. Morris
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Road, Suite 504, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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15
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Soliman NMSELD, Kotby AA, Shabaan MA, Eid EM. Serum chloride and serum sodium derangements in children on prolonged furosemide therapy and their effect on diuretic response. EGYPTIAN PEDIATRIC ASSOCIATION GAZETTE 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43054-022-00116-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Electrolyte disturbances are not uncommon in patients on chronic furosemide therapy. We hypothesized that serum chloride (Cl) and serum sodium (Na) abnormalities may occur in children on prolonged furosemide therapy affecting the diuretic response in these children.
Methods
The study included 45 children, with congenital left to right shunts causing chronic congestive state which necessitated chronic furosemide therapy. Patients in need to an increase of their furosemide dose were recruited in the study. We assessed serum Cl and serum Na as well as parameters of diuretic responsiveness; net fluid output and change in body weight/40 mg furosemide, and change in urinary Na/K ratio. These parameters were assessed initially and at day 3 after increasing furosemide dose.
Results
According to serum levels of Cl and Na, patients were divided into four groups: isolated hyponatremia (15 patients, 33.3%), isolated hypochloremia (9 patients, 20%), combined hypochloremia and hyponatremia (12 patients, 26.7%), and normal serum electrolytes (9 patients, 20%). Patients with combined hyponatremia and hypochloremia and those with isolated hypochloremia showed minimal clinical and radiological signs of decongestion as well as lowest changes in urinary Na/K ratio, fluid output and weight change/40 mg furosemide on augmenting the diuretic dose, unlike the hyponatremic patients who had near normal parameters with no evidence of diuretic resistance.
Conclusion
Both hypochloremia and hyponatremia are common in patients on prolonged furosemide therapy. Hypochloremia is associated with a poor diuretic response, unlike isolated hyponatremia which does not seem to affect the diuretic response. Concomitant occurrence of hyponatremia and hypochloremia is associated with poor diuretic response as well which can be worse than that seen in isolated hypochloremia.
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16
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Abassi Z, Khoury EE, Karram T, Aronson D. Edema formation in congestive heart failure and the underlying mechanisms. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:933215. [PMID: 36237903 PMCID: PMC9553007 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.933215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Congestive heart failure (HF) is a complex disease state characterized by impaired ventricular function and insufficient peripheral blood supply. The resultant reduced blood flow characterizing HF promotes activation of neurohormonal systems which leads to fluid retention, often exhibited as pulmonary congestion, peripheral edema, dyspnea, and fatigue. Despite intensive research, the exact mechanisms underlying edema formation in HF are poorly characterized. However, the unique relationship between the heart and the kidneys plays a central role in this phenomenon. Specifically, the interplay between the heart and the kidneys in HF involves multiple interdependent mechanisms, including hemodynamic alterations resulting in insufficient peripheral and renal perfusion which can lead to renal tubule hypoxia. Furthermore, HF is characterized by activation of neurohormonal factors including renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), sympathetic nervous system (SNS), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) due to reduced cardiac output (CO) and renal perfusion. Persistent activation of these systems results in deleterious effects on both the kidneys and the heart, including sodium and water retention, vasoconstriction, increased central venous pressure (CVP), which is associated with renal venous hypertension/congestion along with increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP). The latter was shown to reduce renal blood flow (RBF), leading to a decline in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Besides the activation of the above-mentioned vasoconstrictor/anti-natriuretic neurohormonal systems, HF is associated with exceptionally elevated levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). However, the supremacy of the deleterious neurohormonal systems over the beneficial natriuretic peptides (NP) in HF is evident by persistent sodium and water retention and cardiac remodeling. Many mechanisms have been suggested to explain this phenomenon which seems to be multifactorial and play a major role in the development of renal hyporesponsiveness to NPs and cardiac remodeling. This review focuses on the mechanisms underlying the development of edema in HF with reduced ejection fraction and refers to the therapeutic maneuvers applied today to overcome abnormal salt/water balance characterizing HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Abassi
- Department of Physiology, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- *Correspondence: Zaid Abassi,
| | - Emad E. Khoury
- Department of Physiology, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tony Karram
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Kidney Transplantation, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Doron Aronson
- Department of Cardiology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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Stencel J, Rajapreyar I, Samson R, Le Jemtel T. Comprehensive and Safe Decongestion in Acutely Decompensated Heart Failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2022; 19:364-374. [PMID: 36045314 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-022-00573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Progressive intravascular, interstitial, and alveolar fluid overload underlies the transition from compensated to acutely decompensated heart failure and loop diuretics are the mainstay of treatment. Adverse effects and resistance to loop diuretics received much attention while the contribution of a depressed cardiac output to diuretic resistance was downplayed. RECENT FINDINGS Analysis of experience with positive inotropic agents, especially dobutamine, indicates that enhancement of cardiac output is not consistently associated with increased renal blood flow. However, urinary output and renal sodium excretion increase likely due to dobutamine-mediated decrease in renal and systemic reduced activation of sympathetic nervous- and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Mechanical circulatory support with left ventricular assist devices ascertained the contribution of low cardiac output to diuretic resistance and the pathogenesis and progression of kidney disease in acutely decompensated heart failure. Diuretic resistance commonly occurs in acutely decompensated heart failure. However, failure to resolve fluid overload despite high doses of loop diuretics should alert to the presence of a low cardiac output state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Stencel
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | | | - Rohan Samson
- Rudd Heart and Lung Center, University of Louisville Health, Louisville, KY, USA
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Amatruda JG, Scherzer R, Rao VS, Ivey-Miranda JB, Shlipak MG, Estrella MM, Testani JM. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Activation and Diuretic Response in Ambulatory Patients With Heart Failure. Kidney Med 2022; 4:100465. [PMID: 35620081 PMCID: PMC9127684 DOI: 10.1016/j.xkme.2022.100465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale & Objective Heart failure treatment relies on loop diuretics to induce natriuresis and decongestion, but the therapy is often limited by diuretic resistance. We explored the association of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation with diuretic response. Study Design Observational cohort. Setting & Population Euvolemic ambulatory adults with chronic heart failure were administered torsemide in a monitored environment. Predictors Plasma total renin, active renin, angiotensinogen, and aldosterone levels. Urine total renin and angiotensinogen levels. Outcomes Sodium output per doubling of diuretic dose and fractional excretion of sodium per doubling of diuretic dose. Analytical Approach Robust linear regression models estimated the associations of each RAAS intermediate with outcomes. Results The analysis included 56 participants, and the median age was 65 years; 50% were women, and 41% were Black. The median home diuretic dose was 80-mg furosemide equivalents. In unadjusted and multivariable-adjusted models, higher levels of RAAS measures were generally associated with lower diuretic efficiency. Higher plasma total renin remained significantly associated with lower sodium output per doubling of diuretic dose (β = -0.41 [-0.76, -0.059] per SD change) with adjustment; higher plasma total and active renin were significantly associated with lower fractional excretion of sodium per doubling of diuretic dose (β = -0.48 [-0.83, -0.14] and β = -0.51 [-0.95, -0.08], respectively) in adjusted models. Stratification by RAAS inhibitor use did not substantially alter these associations. Limitations Small sample size; highly selected participants; associations may not be causal. Conclusions Among multiple measures of RAAS activation, higher plasma total and active renin levels were consistently associated with lower diuretic response. These findings highlight the potential drivers of diuretic resistance and underscore the need for high-quality trials of decongestive therapy enhanced by RAAS blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G. Amatruda
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System & University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Rebecca Scherzer
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System & University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Veena S. Rao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Juan B. Ivey-Miranda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Hospital de Cardiología, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Michael G. Shlipak
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System & University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA
| | - Michelle M. Estrella
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System & University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA
- Address for Correspondence: Michelle M. Estrella, MD, MHS, 4150 Clement St, Building 2, Room 145, San Francisco, CA 94121.
| | - Jeffrey M. Testani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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19
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Roehm B, McAdams M, Hedayati SS. Novel Biomarkers of Kidney Disease in Advanced Heart Failure: Beyond GFR and Proteinuria. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2022; 19:223-235. [PMID: 35624386 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-022-00557-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Kidney disease is a common finding in patients with heart failure and can significantly impact treatment decisions and outcomes. Abnormal kidney function is currently determined in clinical practice using filtration markers in the blood to estimate glomerular filtration rate, but the manifestations of kidney disease in the setting of heart failure are much more complex than this. In this manuscript, we review novel biomarkers that may provide a more well-rounded assessment of kidney disease in patients with heart failure. RECENT FINDINGS Galectin-3, ST2, FGF-23, suPAR, miRNA, GDF-15, and NAG may be prognostic of kidney disease progression. L-FABP and suPAR may help predict acute kidney injury (AKI). ST2 and NAG may be helpful in diuretic resistance. Several biomarkers may be useful in determining prognosis of long-term kidney disease progression, prediction of AKI, and development of diuretic resistance. Further research into the mechanisms of kidney disease in heart failure utilizing many of these biomarkers may lead to the identification of therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Roehm
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6201 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Meredith McAdams
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6201 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - S Susan Hedayati
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6201 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
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20
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Lu X, Xin Y, Zhu J, Dong W, Guan TP, Li JY, Li Q. Diuretic Resistance Prediction and Risk Factor Analysis of Patients with Heart Failure During Hospitalization. Glob Heart 2022; 17:33. [PMID: 35837353 PMCID: PMC9138715 DOI: 10.5334/gh.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study performed a prediction and risk factor analysis of diuretic resistance (DR) in patients with decompensated heart failure during hospitalization. Methods The data of patients with decompensated heart failure treated in 2010-2018 with DR (n = 3,383) or without DR (n = 15,444) were retrospectively collected from Chinese PLA General Hospital medical records. Statistical analysis of baseline was performed on two groups of people, and the risk factor of DR was analyzed through logic regression. Six machine learning models were built accordingly, and the adjustment of model super parameters was performed by using Bayesian optimization method. Finally, the optimal algorithm was selected according to prediction efficiency. Results The preliminary analysis of variance showed significant differences in the incidence of DR among patients with lung infection, hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and kidney disease. There were significant differences in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (P < 0.001). In addition, some physical indicators like BMI were different, the laboratory results like mean red blood cell volume or C-reactive protein assay were also significantly different. The optimal classification model indicated that the best cutoff points for risk factors were vein carbon dioxide, 21 mmol/L and 29 mmol/L; total protein, 64 g/L; pro-brain natriuretic peptide (pro-BNP), 7,600 pg/mL; eGFR, 50 mL/(min ∙ 1.73 m2); serum albumin, 33 g/L; hematocrit, 0.32% and 0.56%; red blood cell volume distribution width, 13; and age, 59 years. The optimal area under the curve was 0.9512. The ranked features derived from the model were age, abnormal sodium level, pro-BNP level, serum albumin level, D-dimer level, direct bilirubin level, and eGFR. Conclusions The DR risk prediction model based on a gradient boosting decision tree created here identified its important risk factors. The model made very accurate predictions using simple indicators and simultaneously calculated cutoff values to help doctors predict the occurrence of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yi Xin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Department of Cardiology, the Sixth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tong-Peng Guan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jia-Yue Li
- Department of Cardiology, the Sixth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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21
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Cox ZL, Rao VS, Testani JM. Classic and Novel Mechanisms of Diuretic Resistance in Cardiorenal Syndrome. KIDNEY360 2022; 3:954-967. [PMID: 36128483 PMCID: PMC9438407 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0006372021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the incompletely understood multiple etiologies and underlying mechanisms, cardiorenal syndrome is characterized by decreased glomerular filtration and sodium avidity. The underlying level of renal sodium avidity is of primary importance in driving a congested heart failure phenotype and ultimately determining the response to diuretic therapy. Historically, mechanisms of kidney sodium avidity and resultant diuretic resistance were primarily extrapolated to cardiorenal syndrome from non-heart failure populations. Yet, the mechanisms appear to differ between these populations. Recent literature in acute decompensated heart failure has refuted several classically accepted diuretic resistance mechanisms and reshaped how we conceptualize diuretic resistance mechanisms in cardiorenal syndrome. Herein, we propose an anatomically based categorization of diuretic resistance mechanisms to establish the relative importance of specific transporters and translate findings toward therapeutic strategies. Within this categorical structure, we discuss classic and novel mechanisms of diuretic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L. Cox
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, Tennessee,Department of Pharmacy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Veena S. Rao
- Division of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jeffrey M. Testani
- Division of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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22
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Blázquez‐Bermejo Z, Farré N, Caravaca Perez P, Llagostera M, Morán‐Fernández L, Fort A, de Juan Bagudá J, García‐Cosio MD, Ruiz‐Bustillo S, Delgado JF. Dose of furosemide before admission predicts diuretic efficiency and long-term prognosis in acute heart failure. ESC Heart Fail 2022; 9:656-666. [PMID: 34766460 PMCID: PMC8788037 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The outpatient diuretic dose is a marker of diuretic resistance and prognosis in chronic heart failure (HF). Still, the impact of the preadmission dose on diuretic efficiency (DE) and prognosis in acute HF is not fully known. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted an observational and prospective study. All patients admitted for acute HF treated with intravenous diuretic and at least one criterion of congestion on admission were evaluated. Decongestion [physical examination, hemoconcentration, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) change, and lung ultrasound], DE (weight loss and urine output per unit of 40 mg furosemide), and urinary sodium were monitored on the fifth day of admission. DE was dichotomized into high-low based on the median value. A multivariate Cox regression analysis was conducted to find predictors of HF readmission or mortality. A total of 105 patients were included between July 2017 and July 2019. Mean age was 74.5 ± 12.0 years, 64.8% were male, 33.3% had de novo HF, and mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 46 ± 17%. Median follow-up was 26 [15-35] months. Low DE based on weight loss was associated with a higher previous dose of furosemide (odds ratio [OR] 1.01 [1.00-1.02]), thiazide treatment before admission (OR 9.37 [2.19-40.14]), and lower diastolic blood pressure (OR 0.95 [0.91-0.98]) in the multivariate regression model. Only previous dose of furosemide (OR 1.01 [1.00-1.02]) and haemoglobin at admission (OR 0.76 [0.58-0.99]) were associated with low DE based on urine output in the multivariate analysis. The correlation between the previous dose of furosemide and DE based on weight loss was poor (r = -0.12; P = 0.209) and with DE based on urine output was weak to moderate (r = -0.33; P < 0.001). Low DE based on weight loss and urine output was associated with lesser decongestion measured by NT-proBNP (P = 0.011; P = 0.007), hemoconcentration (P = 0.006; P = 0.044), and lung ultrasound (P = 0.034; P = 0.029), but not by physical examination (P = 0.506; P = 0.560). Survival and event-free survival in acute decompensated HF (ADHF) were lower than in de novo HF; a preadmission dose of furosemide > 80 mg in ADHF identified patients with particularly poor prognosis (log-rank < 0.001). In ADHF, the preadmission dose of furosemide (hazard ratio [HR] 1.34 [1.08-1.67] per 40 mg) and NT-proBNP at admission (HR 1.03 [1.01-1.06] per 1000 pg/mL) were independently associated with mortality or HF readmission in the multivariate Cox regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS The outpatient dose of furosemide before acute HF admission predicts DE and must be taken into account when deciding on the initial diuretic dose. In ADHF, the outpatient dose of furosemide can predict long-term prognosis better than DE during hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorba Blázquez‐Bermejo
- Cardiology DepartmentHospital del MarBarcelonaSpain
- Cardiology DepartmentHospital Universitario 12 de OctubreMadridSpain
| | - Nuria Farré
- Cardiology DepartmentHospital del MarBarcelonaSpain
- Biomedical Research Group on Heart Disease (GREC)Hospital del Mar Medical Research Group (IMIM)BarcelonaSpain
- Department of MedicineUniversidad Autónoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Pedro Caravaca Perez
- Cardiology DepartmentHospital Universitario 12 de OctubreMadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV)BarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Laura Morán‐Fernández
- Cardiology DepartmentHospital Universitario 12 de OctubreMadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Aleix Fort
- Cardiology DepartmentHospital del MarBarcelonaSpain
| | - Javier de Juan Bagudá
- Cardiology DepartmentHospital Universitario 12 de OctubreMadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV)BarcelonaSpain
| | - María Dolores García‐Cosio
- Cardiology DepartmentHospital Universitario 12 de OctubreMadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Sonia Ruiz‐Bustillo
- Cardiology DepartmentHospital del MarBarcelonaSpain
- Biomedical Research Group on Heart Disease (GREC)Hospital del Mar Medical Research Group (IMIM)BarcelonaSpain
- Department of MedicineUniversitat Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
| | - Juan F. Delgado
- Cardiology DepartmentHospital Universitario 12 de OctubreMadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV)BarcelonaSpain
- Faculty of MedicineUniversidad Complutense de MadridMadridSpain
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23
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Emmens JE, de Borst MH, Boorsma EM, Damman K, Navis G, van Veldhuisen DJ, Dickstein K, Anker SD, Lang CC, Filippatos G, Metra M, Samani NJ, Ponikowski P, Ng LL, Voors AA, ter Maaten JM. Assessment of Proximal Tubular Function by Tubular Maximum Phosphate Reabsorption Capacity in Heart Failure. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 17:228-239. [PMID: 35131929 PMCID: PMC8823926 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.03720321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is a crucial parameter in heart failure. Much less is known about the importance of tubular function. We addressed the effect of tubular maximum phosphate reabsorption capacity (TmP/GFR), a parameter of proximal tubular function, in patients with heart failure. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS We established TmP/GFR (Bijvoet formula) in 2085 patients with heart failure and studied its association with deterioration of kidney function (>25% eGFR decrease from baseline) and plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) doubling (baseline to 9 months) using logistic regression analysis and clinical outcomes using Cox proportional hazards regression. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of sodium-glucose transport protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibition by empagliflozin on tubular maximum phosphate reabsorption capacity in 78 patients with acute heart failure using analysis of covariance. RESULTS Low TmP/GFR (<0.80 mmol/L) was observed in 1392 (67%) and 21 (27%) patients. Patients with lower TmP/GFR had more advanced heart failure, lower eGFR, and higher levels of tubular damage markers. The main determinant of lower TmP/GFR was higher fractional excretion of urea (P<0.001). Lower TmP/GFR was independently associated with higher risk of plasma NGAL doubling (odds ratio, 2.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.05 to 4.66; P=0.04) but not with deterioration of kidney function. Lower TmP/GFR was associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 2.80; 95% confidence interval, 1.37 to 5.73; P=0.005), heart failure hospitalization (hazard ratio, 2.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.08 to 4.88; P=0.03), and their combination (hazard ratio, 1.89; 95% confidence interval, 1.07 to 3.36; P=0.03) after multivariable adjustment. Empagliflozin significantly increased TmP/GFR compared with placebo after 1 day (P=0.004) but not after adjustment for eGFR change. CONCLUSIONS TmP/GFR, a measure of proximal tubular function, is frequently reduced in heart failure, especially in patients with more advanced heart failure. Lower TmP/GFR is furthermore associated with future risk of plasma NGAL doubling and worse clinical outcomes, independent of glomerular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna E. Emmens
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin H. de Borst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva M. Boorsma
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Damman
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerjan Navis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J. van Veldhuisen
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kenneth Dickstein
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Stefan D. Anker
- Department of Cardiology and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Chim C. Lang
- School of Medicine Centre for Cardiovascular and Lung Biology, Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Gerasimos Filippatos
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marco Metra
- Institute of Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nilesh J. Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom,National Institute for Health Research, Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Piotr Ponikowski
- Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland,Cardiology Department, Military Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Leong L. Ng
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom,National Institute for Health Research, Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Adriaan A. Voors
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jozine M. ter Maaten
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Impact of Loop Diuretic on Outcomes in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2022; 19:15-25. [PMID: 35037162 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-021-00538-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Loop diuretics are the cornerstone of the treatment of congestion in heart failure patients. The manuscript aims to summarize the most updated information regarding the use of loop diuretics in heart failure. RECENT FINDINGS Diuretic response can be highly variable between patients and needs to be carefully evaluated during and after the hospitalization. Diuretic resistance can lead to residual congestion which affects prognosis and can be difficult to detect. The effect of loop diuretics on long-term prognosis remains uncertain but patients with advanced heart failure typically have renal dysfunction and are more inclined to develop loop diuretic resistance, which may lead to an incomplete decongestion and thus to a worse prognosis. Loop diuretics are the most potent diuretics available and their use is recommended in order to alleviate symptoms, improve exercise capacity, and reduce hospitalizations in patients with heart failure. Their use should be limited to the lowest dose necessary to maintain euvolemia because a low dose does not increase the risk of decompensation but reduce the risk of adverse effects and allow the up-titration of disease-modifying drugs.
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25
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Chávez-Iñiguez JS, Ibarra-Estrada M, Sánchez-Villaseca S, Romero-González G, Font-Yañez JJ, De la Torre-Quiroga A, de Quevedo AAG, Romero-Muñóz A, Maggiani-Aguilera P, Chávez-Alonso G, Gómez-Fregoso J, García-García G. The Effect in Renal Function and Vascular Decongestion in Type 1 Cardiorenal Syndrome Treated with Two Strategies of Diuretics, a Pilot Randomized Trial. BMC Nephrol 2022; 23:3. [PMID: 34979962 PMCID: PMC8722345 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-021-02637-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The main treatment strategy in type 1 cardiorenal syndrome (CRS1) is vascular decongestion. It is probable that sequential blockage of the renal tubule with combined diuretics (CD) will obtain similar benefits compared with stepped-dose furosemide (SF). Methods In a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial of CRS1 patients were allocated in a 1:1 fashion to SF or CD. The SF group received a continuous infusion of furosemide 100 mg during the first day, with daily incremental doses to 200 mg, 300 mg and 400 mg. The CD group received a combination of diuretics, including 4 consecutive days of oral chlorthalidone 50 mg, spironolactone 50 mg and infusion of furosemide 100 mg. The objectives were to assess renal function recovery and variables associated with vascular decongestion. Results From July 2017 to February 2020, 80 patients were randomized, 40 to the SF and 40 to the CD group. Groups were similar at baseline and had several very high-risk features. Their mean age was 59 ± 14.5 years, there were 37 men (46.2%). The primary endpoint occurred in 20% of the SF group and 15.2% of the DC group (p = 0.49). All secondary and exploratory endpoints were similar between groups. Adverse events occurred frequently (85%) with no differences between groups (p = 0.53). Conclusion In patients with CRS1 and a high risk of resistance to diuretics, the use of CD compared to SF offers the same results in renal recovery, diuresis, vascular decongestion and adverse events, and it can be considered an alternative treatment. ClinicalTrials.gov with number NCT04393493 on 19/05/2020 retrospectively registered. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12882-021-02637-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Chávez-Iñiguez
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. .,Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud CUCS, Hospital 278, CP 44240, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Miguel Ibarra-Estrada
- Unidad de Terapia Intensiva, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Sergio Sánchez-Villaseca
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.,Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud CUCS, Hospital 278, CP 44240, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - Jorge J Font-Yañez
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.,Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud CUCS, Hospital 278, CP 44240, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Andrés De la Torre-Quiroga
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.,Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud CUCS, Hospital 278, CP 44240, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Andrés Aranda-G de Quevedo
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.,Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud CUCS, Hospital 278, CP 44240, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Alexia Romero-Muñóz
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.,Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud CUCS, Hospital 278, CP 44240, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Pablo Maggiani-Aguilera
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.,Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud CUCS, Hospital 278, CP 44240, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Gael Chávez-Alonso
- Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud CUCS, Hospital 278, CP 44240, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Juan Gómez-Fregoso
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.,Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud CUCS, Hospital 278, CP 44240, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Guillermo García-García
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.,Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud CUCS, Hospital 278, CP 44240, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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26
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Ter Maaten JM, Beldhuis IE, van der Meer P, Krikken JA, Coster JE, Nieuwland W, van Veldhuisen DJ, Voors AA, Damman K. Natriuresis guided therapy in acute heart failure: rationale and design of the Pragmatic Urinary Sodium-based Treatment algoritHm in Acute Heart Failure (PUSH-AHF) trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2021; 24:385-392. [PMID: 34791756 PMCID: PMC9306663 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Insufficient diuretic response frequently occurs in patients admitted for acute heart failure (HF) and is associated with worse clinical outcomes. Recent studies have shown that measuring natriuresis early after hospital admission could reliably identify patients with a poor diuretic response during hospitalization who might require enhanced diuretic treatment. This study will test the hypothesis that natriuresis‐guided therapy in patients with acute HF improves natriuresis and clinical outcomes. Methods The Pragmatic Urinary Sodium‐based treatment algoritHm in Acute Heart Failure (PUSH‐AHF) is a pragmatic, single‐centre, randomized, controlled, open‐label study, aiming to recruit 310 acute HF patients requiring treatment with intravenous loop diuretics. Patients will be randomized to natriuresis‐guided therapy or standard of care. Natriuresis will be determined at set time points after initiation of intravenous loop diuretics, and treatment will be adjusted based on the urinary sodium levels in the natriuresis‐guided group using a pre‐specified stepwise approach of increasing doses of loop diuretics and the initiation of combination diuretic therapy. The co‐primary endpoint is 24‐h urinary sodium excretion after start of loop diuretic therapy and a combined endpoint of all‐cause mortality or first HF rehospitalization at 6 months. Secondary endpoints include 48‐ and 72‐h sodium excretion, length of hospital stay, and percentage change in N‐terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide at 48 and 72 h. Conclusion The PUSH‐AHF study will investigate whether natriuresis‐guided therapy, using a pre‐specified stepwise diuretic treatment approach, improves natriuresis and clinical outcomes in patients with acute HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozine M Ter Maaten
- University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Iris E Beldhuis
- University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Meer
- University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan A Krikken
- University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jenifer E Coster
- University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wybe Nieuwland
- University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk J van Veldhuisen
- University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A Voors
- University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kevin Damman
- University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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27
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Lemoine S, Salerno FR, Akbari A, McKelvie RS, McIntyre CW. Tissue Sodium Storage in Patients With Heart Failure: A New Therapeutic Target? Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 14:e012910. [PMID: 34784242 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.121.012910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical data suggest sodium deposited (without water) in tissues may lead to aberrant remodeling and systemic inflammation, independently of fluid overload in patients with heart failure (HF). Tissue salt storage can be measured noninvasively and quantitatively with 23Na-magnetic resonance imaging. We aimed to investigate the possibility that patients with HF complicated by renal dysfunction are subject to higher tissue sodium concentration exposure than patients with chronic kidney disease alone. METHODS We conducted an exploratory study including 18 patients with HF, 34 hemodialysis patients (with no meaningful renal clearance of sodium), and 31 patients with chronic kidney disease, with glomerular filtration rate matched to the patients with HF. Every patient underwent 23Na-magnetic resonance imaging of the calf, to quantify tissue sodium and allow comparison among the 3 patient groups. RESULTS There were no differences in age, sex, and body mass index between groups. Median (interquartile range) skin sodium content in HF (31 [23-37] mmol/L) was very high and indistinguishable from skin sodium content in hemodialysis patients (30 [22-35] mmol/L), P=0.6. Patients with HF exhibited significantly higher skin sodium content than matched estimated glomerular filtration rate chronic kidney disease patients (22 [19-26] mmol/L), P=0.005. Median muscle sodium content in patients with HF was significantly higher than in patients with chronic kidney disease, P=0.002. There was no relationship with estimated glomerular filtration rate in patients with HF. We report a significant correlation between skin sodium and urinary sodium (P=0.04) but no correlation with muscle sodium. Patients who were assessed as being volume depleted (sodium excretion fraction <1%) had lower skin sodium content than patients with sodium excretion fraction >1% (P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that patients with HF characteristically have very high levels of skin sodium storage, comparable to well-characterized extreme levels seen in patients with end-stage kidney disease requiring hemodialysis. 23Na-magnetic resonance imaging may allow precision medicine in the management of this challenging group of patients with HF. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03004547.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Lemoine
- Lilibeth Caberto Kidney Clinical Research Unit (S.L., F.R.S., A.A., C.W.M.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,St Joseph's Health Care, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (S.L., F.R.S., R.S.M., C.W.M.).,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada (S.L., F.R.S., A.A., R.S.M., C.W.M.)
| | - Fabio R Salerno
- Lilibeth Caberto Kidney Clinical Research Unit (S.L., F.R.S., A.A., C.W.M.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics (F.R.S., A.A., C.W.M.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,St Joseph's Health Care, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (S.L., F.R.S., R.S.M., C.W.M.).,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada (S.L., F.R.S., A.A., R.S.M., C.W.M.)
| | - Alireza Akbari
- Lilibeth Caberto Kidney Clinical Research Unit (S.L., F.R.S., A.A., C.W.M.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics (F.R.S., A.A., C.W.M.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada (S.L., F.R.S., A.A., R.S.M., C.W.M.)
| | - Robert S McKelvie
- St Joseph's Health Care, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (S.L., F.R.S., R.S.M., C.W.M.).,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada (S.L., F.R.S., A.A., R.S.M., C.W.M.)
| | - Christopher W McIntyre
- Lilibeth Caberto Kidney Clinical Research Unit (S.L., F.R.S., A.A., C.W.M.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics (F.R.S., A.A., C.W.M.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Division of Nephrology, London Health Sciences Centre, Ontario, Canada (C.W.M.).,St Joseph's Health Care, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (S.L., F.R.S., R.S.M., C.W.M.).,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada (S.L., F.R.S., A.A., R.S.M., C.W.M.)
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Ivey-Miranda JB, Stewart B, Cox ZL, McCallum W, Maulion C, Gleason O, Meegan G, Amatruda JG, Moreno-Villagomez J, Mahoney D, Turner JM, Wilson FP, Estrella MM, Shlipak MG, Rao VS, Testani JM. FGF-23 (Fibroblast Growth Factor-23) and Cardiorenal Interactions. Circ Heart Fail 2021; 14:e008385. [PMID: 34689571 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.121.008385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal models implicate FGF-23 (fibroblast growth factor-23) as a direct contributor to adverse cardiorenal interactions such as sodium avidity, diuretic resistance, and neurohormonal activation, but this has not been conclusively demonstrated in humans. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate whether FGF-23 is associated with parameters of cardiorenal dysfunction in humans with heart failure, independent of confounding factors. METHODS One hundred ninety-nine outpatients with heart failure undergoing diuretic treatment at the Yale Transitional Care Center were enrolled and underwent blood collection, and urine sampling before and after diuretics. RESULTS FGF-23 was associated with several metrics of disease severity such as higher home loop diuretic dose and NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide), and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum chloride, and serum albumin. Multivariable analysis demonstrated no statistically significant association between FGF-23 and sodium avidity measured by fractional excretion of sodium, or proximal or distal tubular sodium reabsorption, either before diuretic administration or at peak diuresis (P≥0.11 for all). Likewise, FGF-23 was not independently associated with parameters of diuretic resistance (diuretic excretion, cumulative urine and sodium output, and loop diuretic efficiency [P≥0.33 for all]) or neurohormonal activation (plasma or urine renin [P≥0.36 for all]). Moreover, the upper boundary of the 95% CI of all the partial correlations were ≤0.30, supporting the lack of meaningful correlations. FGF-23 was not associated with mortality in multivariable analysis (P=0.44). CONCLUSIONS FGF-23 was not meaningfully associated with any cardiorenal parameter in patients with heart failure. While our methods cannot rule out a small effect, FGF-23 is unlikely to be a primary driver of cardiorenal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan B Ivey-Miranda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.I.-M., B.S., C.M., O.G., G.M., J.M.-V., D.M., V.S.R., J.M.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Heart Failure, Hospital de Cardiologia, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.B.I.-M.)
| | - Brendan Stewart
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.I.-M., B.S., C.M., O.G., G.M., J.M.-V., D.M., V.S.R., J.M.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Zachary L Cox
- Department of Pharmacy, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, TN (Z.L.C.)
| | - Wendy McCallum
- Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (W.M.)
| | - Christopher Maulion
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.I.-M., B.S., C.M., O.G., G.M., J.M.-V., D.M., V.S.R., J.M.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Olyvia Gleason
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.I.-M., B.S., C.M., O.G., G.M., J.M.-V., D.M., V.S.R., J.M.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Grace Meegan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.I.-M., B.S., C.M., O.G., G.M., J.M.-V., D.M., V.S.R., J.M.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jonathan G Amatruda
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (J.G.A., M.M.E., M.G.S.)
| | - Julieta Moreno-Villagomez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.I.-M., B.S., C.M., O.G., G.M., J.M.-V., D.M., V.S.R., J.M.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Neuroscience Project, Faculty of Higher Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City (J.M.-V.)
| | - Devin Mahoney
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.I.-M., B.S., C.M., O.G., G.M., J.M.-V., D.M., V.S.R., J.M.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jeffrey M Turner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology (J.M.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - F Perry Wilson
- Clinical and Translational Research Accelerator (F.P.W.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Michelle M Estrella
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (J.G.A., M.M.E., M.G.S.)
| | - Michael G Shlipak
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (J.G.A., M.M.E., M.G.S.)
| | - Veena S Rao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.I.-M., B.S., C.M., O.G., G.M., J.M.-V., D.M., V.S.R., J.M.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jeffrey M Testani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.I.-M., B.S., C.M., O.G., G.M., J.M.-V., D.M., V.S.R., J.M.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Cox ZL, Sarrell BA, Cella MK, Tucker B, Arroyo JP, Umanath K, Tidwell W, Guide A, Testani JM, Lewis JB, Dwyer JP. Multinephron Segment Diuretic Therapy to Overcome Diuretic Resistance in Acute Heart Failure: A Single-Center Experience. J Card Fail 2021; 28:21-31. [PMID: 34403831 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2021.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concept of multinephron segment diuretic therapy (MSDT) has been recommended in severe diuretic resistance with only expert opinion and case-level evidence. The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of MSDT, combining 4 diuretic classes, in acute heart failure (AHF) complicated by diuretic resistance. METHODS AND RESULTS A retrospective analysis was conducted in patients hospitalized with AHF at a single medical center who received MSDT, including concomitant carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, loop, thiazide, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist diuretics. Subjects served as their own controls with efficacy evaluated as urine output and weight change before and after MSDT. Serum chemistries, renal replacement therapies, and in-hospital mortality were evaluated for safety. Patients with severe diuretic resistance before MSDT were analyzed as a subcohort. A total of 167 patients with AHF and diuretic resistance received MSDT. MSDT was associated with increased median 24-hour urine output in the first day of therapy compared with the previous day (2.16 L [0.95-4.14 L] to 3.08 L [1.74-4.86 L], P = .003) in the total cohort and in the Severe diuretic resistance cohort (0.91 L [0.43-1.43 L] to 2.08 L [1.13-3.96 L], P < .001). The median cumulative weight loss at day 7 or discharge was -7.4 kg (-15.3 to -3.4 kg) (P = .02). Neither serum sodium, chloride, potassium, bicarbonate, or creatinine changed significantly relative to baseline (P > .05 for all). CONCLUSIONS In an AHF cohort with diuretic resistance, MSDT was associated with increased diuresis without changes in serum chemistries or kidney function. Prospective studies of MSDT in AHF and diuretic resistance are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L Cox
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Pharmacy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
| | - Bonnie Ann Sarrell
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mary Katherine Cella
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Brent Tucker
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Juan P Arroyo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kausik Umanath
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - William Tidwell
- Department of Pharmacy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Andrew Guide
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jeffrey M Testani
- Division of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Julia B Lewis
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jamie P Dwyer
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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30
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Kenig A, Kolben Y, Asleh R, Amir O, Ilan Y. Improving Diuretic Response in Heart Failure by Implementing a Patient-Tailored Variability and Chronotherapy-Guided Algorithm. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:695547. [PMID: 34458334 PMCID: PMC8385752 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.695547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is a major public health problem, which is associated with significant mortality, morbidity, and healthcare expenditures. A substantial amount of the morbidity is attributed to volume overload, for which loop diuretics are a mandatory treatment. However, the variability in response to diuretics and development of diuretic resistance adversely affect the clinical outcomes. Morevoer, there exists a marked intra- and inter-patient variability in response to diuretics that affects the clinical course and related adverse outcomes. In the present article, we review the mechanisms underlying the development of diuretic resistance. The role of the autonomic nervous system and chronobiology in the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure and response to therapy are also discussed. Establishing a novel model for overcoming diuretic resistance is presented based on a patient-tailored variability and chronotherapy-guided machine learning algorithm that comprises clinical, laboratory, and sensor-derived inputs, including inputs from pulmonary artery measurements. Inter- and intra-patient signatures of variabilities, alterations of biological clock, and autonomic nervous system responses are embedded into the algorithm; thus, it may enable a tailored dose regimen in a continuous manner that accommodates the highly dynamic complex system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Kenig
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yotam Kolben
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rabea Asleh
- Department of Cardiology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Offer Amir
- Department of Cardiology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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31
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Singh A, Agarwal A, Wafford QE, Shah SJ, Huffman M, Khan S. Efficacy and safety of diuretics in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a scoping review. Heart 2021; 108:593-605. [PMID: 34340995 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2021-319643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diuretics reduce congestion in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). However, comparison of clinical effects across diuretic classes or combinations of diuretics in patients with HFpEF are not well described. Therefore, we sought to conduct a scoping review to map trial data of diuretic efficacy and safety in patients with HFpEF. REVIEW METHODS AND RESULTS We searched multiple bibliometric databases for published literature and ClinicalTrials.gov, and hand searched unpublished studies comparing different classes of diuretics to usual care or placebo in patients with HFpEF. We included randomised controlled trials or quasi-experimental studies. Two authors independently screened and extracted key data using a structured form. We identified 13 published studies on diuretics in HFpEF, with 1 evaluating thiazide use, 7 on mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) and 5 on sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i). There remain 17 ongoing trials evaluating loop diuretics (n=1), MRAs (n=5), SGLT2i (n=10) and a polydiuretic (n=1), including 2 well-powered trials of SGLT2i that will be completed in 2021. CONCLUSIONS The limited number of published trials evaluating different classes of diuretics in patients with HFpEF have been generally small and short term. Ongoing and emerging trials of single or combination diuretics with greater power will be useful to better define their safety and efficacy. SCOPING REVIEW REGISTRATION: doi:10.18131/g3-dejv-tm77.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arushi Singh
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anubha Agarwal
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Q Eileen Wafford
- Galter Health Sciences Library, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sanjiv J Shah
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mark Huffman
- George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sadiya Khan
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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32
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de la Espriella R, Núñez E, Llàcer P, García-Blas S, Ventura S, Núñez JM, Sánchez R, Fácila L, Vaquer JM, Bodí V, Santas E, Miñana G, Mollar A, Núñez G, Chorro FJ, Górriz JL, Sanchis J, Bayés-Genis A, Núñez J. Trayectoria precoz del sodio urinario y riesgo de eventos adversos en insuficiencia cardiaca aguda y disfunción renal. Rev Esp Cardiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2020.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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de la Espriella R, Núñez E, Llàcer P, García-Blas S, Ventura S, Núñez JM, Sánchez R, Fácila L, Vaquer JM, Bodí V, Santas E, Miñana G, Mollar A, Núñez G, Chorro FJ, Górriz JL, Sanchis J, Bayés-Genis A, Núñez J. Early urinary sodium trajectory and risk of adverse outcomes in acute heart failure and renal dysfunction. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE CARDIOLOGIA (ENGLISH ED.) 2021; 74:616-623. [PMID: 32624444 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Urinary sodium (UNa+) has emerged as a useful biomarker of poor clinical outcomes in acute heart failure (AHF). Here, we sought to evaluate: a) the usefulness of a single early determination of UNa+ for predicting adverse outcomes in patients with AHF and renal dysfunction, and b) whether the change in UNa+ at 24hours (ΔUNa24h) adds any additional prognostic information over baseline values. METHODS This is a post-hoc analysis of a multicenter, open-label, randomized clinical trial (IMPROVE-HF) (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02643147) that randomized 160 patients with AHF and renal dysfunction on admission to a) the standard diuretic strategy, or b) a carbohydrate antigen 125-guided diuretic strategy. The primary end point was all-cause mortality and total all-cause readmissions. RESULTS The mean age was 78±8 years, and the mean glomerular filtration rate was 34.0±8.5mL/min/1.73 m2. The median UNa+ was 90 (65-111) mmol/L. At a median follow-up of 1.73 years [interquartile range, 0.48-2.35], 83 deaths (51.9%) were registered, as well as 263 all-cause readmissions in 110 patients. UNa+ was independently associated with mortality (HR, 0.75; 95%CI, 0.65-0.87; P <.001) and all-cause readmissions (HR, 0.92; 95%CI, 0.88-0.96; P <.001). The prognostic usefulness of the ΔUNa24h varied according to UNa+ at admission (P for interaction <.05). The ΔUNa24h was inversely associated with both end points only in the group with UNa+ ≤ 50 mmol/L. Conversely, no effect was found in the group with UNa+> 50 mmol/L. CONCLUSIONS In patients with AHF and renal dysfunction, a single early determination of UNa+ ≤ 50 mmol/L identifies patients with a higher risk of all-cause mortality and readmission. The ΔUNa24h adds prognostic information over baseline values only when UNa+ at admission is ≤ 50 mmol/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael de la Espriella
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Universitat de Valencia, Fundación Investigación Clínico de Valencia - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Núñez
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Universitat de Valencia, Fundación Investigación Clínico de Valencia - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Pau Llàcer
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Manises, Manises, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergio García-Blas
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Universitat de Valencia, Fundación Investigación Clínico de Valencia - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Silvia Ventura
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital de La Plana, Villa-Real, Castellón, Spain
| | - José María Núñez
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Universitario del Vinalopó, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ruth Sánchez
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Virgen de Los Lirios, Alcoy, Alicante, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Fácila
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juana María Vaquer
- Servicio de Bioquímica, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Universidad de Valencia, Fundación Investigación Clínico de Valencia - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicent Bodí
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Universitat de Valencia, Fundación Investigación Clínico de Valencia - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Santas
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Universitat de Valencia, Fundación Investigación Clínico de Valencia - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Gema Miñana
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Universitat de Valencia, Fundación Investigación Clínico de Valencia - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Anna Mollar
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Universitat de Valencia, Fundación Investigación Clínico de Valencia - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Núñez
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Universitat de Valencia, Fundación Investigación Clínico de Valencia - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Chorro
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Universitat de Valencia, Fundación Investigación Clínico de Valencia - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - José L Górriz
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Universidad de Valencia, Fundación Investigación Clínico de Valencia - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Sanchis
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Universitat de Valencia, Fundación Investigación Clínico de Valencia - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Bayés-Genis
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Cardiología y Unidad de Insuficiencia Cardiaca, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Núñez
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Universitat de Valencia, Fundación Investigación Clínico de Valencia - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.
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Cox ZL, Collins SP, Aaron M, Hernandez GA, III ATM, Davidson BT, Fowler M, Lindsell CJ, Jr FEH, Jenkins CA, Kampe C, Miller KF, Stubblefield WB, Lindenfeld J. Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in acute heart failure: Rationale and design of the DICTATE-AHF trial. Am Heart J 2021; 232:116-124. [PMID: 33144086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2020.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dapagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor, reduces cardiovascular death and worsening heart failure in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. Early initiation during an acute heart failure (AHF) hospitalization may facilitate decongestion, improve natriuresis, and facilitate safe transition to a beneficial outpatient therapy for both diabetes and heart failure. OBJECTIVE The objective is to assess the efficacy and safety of initiating dapagliflozin within the first 24 hours of hospitalization in patients with AHF compared to usual care. METHODS DICTATE-AHF is a prospective, multicenter, open-label, randomized trial enrolling a planned 240 patients in the United States. Patients with type 2 diabetes hospitalized with hypervolemic AHF and an estimated glomerular filtration rate of at least 30 mL/min/1.73m2 are eligible for participation. Patients are randomly assigned 1:1 to dapagliflozin 10 mg once daily or structured usual care until day 5 or hospital discharge. Both treatment arms receive protocolized diuretic and insulin therapies. The primary endpoint is diuretic response expressed as the cumulative change in weight per cumulative loop diuretic dose in 40 mg intravenous furosemide equivalents. Secondary and exploratory endpoints include inpatient worsening AHF, 30-day hospital readmission for AHF or diabetic reasons, change in NT-proBNP, and measures of natriuresis. Safety endpoints include the incidence of hyper/hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, worsening kidney function, hypovolemic hypotension, and inpatient mortality. CONCLUSIONS The DICTATE-AHF trial will establish the efficacy and safety of early initiation of dapagliflozin during AHF across both AHF and diabetic outcomes in patients with diabetes.
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Abstract
Pediatric heart failure is a complex, heterogenous syndrome that occurs relatively rarely in children, but carries a high burden of morbidity and mortality. This article reflects on the current state of medical therapy for both acute and chronic pediatric heart failure, based on expert consensus guidelines, and the extrapolation of data from trials performed in adults. For the management of acute heart failure specifically, we rely on an initial assessment of the perfusion and volume status of a patient, to guide medical therapy. This paradigm was adapted from adult studies that demonstrated increased morbidity and mortality in heart failure patients whose hemodynamics or examination findings were consistent with a PCWP >18 mmHg and a CI ≤2.2 L/min/m2. The cornerstone of treatment in the acute setting therefore relies on achieving a euvolemic state with adequate cardiac output. In the chronic setting, patients are typically maintained on a regimen of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, a beta-blocker, and spironolactone. For those with refractory heart failure, intravenous milrinone therapy has become a mainstay of bridging children to cardiac transplantation. The pediatric-specific data driving these clinical practices are limited and often times, conflicting. The future of pediatric heart failure depends on collaboration, quality improvement, and a commitment to pediatric-specific indications for new medical and device therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humera Ahmed
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christina VanderPluym
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Mareev VY, Garganeeva AA, Ageev FT, Arutunov GP, Begrambekova YL, Belenkov YN, Vasyuk YA, Galyavich AS, Gilarevsky SR, Glezer MG, Drapkina OM, Duplyakov DV, Kobalava ZD, Koziolova NA, Kuzheleva EA, Mareev YV, Ovchinnikov AG, Orlova YA, Perepech NB, Sitnikova MY, Skvortsov AA, Skibitskiy VV, Chesnikova AI. [The use of diuretics in chronic heart failure. Position paper of the Russian Heart Failure Society]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 60:13-47. [PMID: 33522467 DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2020.12.n1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The document focuses on key issues of diuretic therapy in CHF from the standpoint of current views on the pathogenesis of edema syndrome, its diagnosis, and characteristics of using diuretics in various clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Yu Mareev
- Medical Research and Educational Center of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - A A Garganeeva
- "Research Institute for Cardiology", Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - F T Ageev
- Scientific Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Russia
| | - G P Arutunov
- Russian National Research Medical University named after Pirogov, Moscow
| | - Yu L Begrambekova
- Medical Research and Educational Center of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - Yu N Belenkov
- Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu A Vasyuk
- Moscow State Medical and Dental University named after Evdokimov, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - S R Gilarevsky
- Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - M G Glezer
- Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - O M Drapkina
- National Medical Research Centre for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - D V Duplyakov
- Samara Regional Clinical Cardiological Dispensary, Russia
| | - Zh D Kobalava
- Russian State University of Peoples' Friendship, Moscow, Russia
| | - N A Koziolova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Healthcare of Higher Education "Perm State Medical University named after Academician E.A. Wagner ", Russia
| | - E A Kuzheleva
- "Research Institute for Cardiology", Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - Yu V Mareev
- National Medical Research Centre for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Moscow, Russia Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, Glasgow, Great Britain
| | | | - Ya A Orlova
- Medical Research and Educational Center of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | | | - M Yu Sitnikova
- Almazov National Medical Research Center, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A A Skvortsov
- Scientific Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Russia
| | - V V Skibitskiy
- Kuban State Medical University" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Russia
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Biegus J, Zymliński R, Testani J, Marciniak D, Zdanowicz A, Jankowska EA, Banasiak W, Ponikowski P. Renal profiling based on estimated glomerular filtration rate and spot urine sodium identifies high-risk acute heart failure patients. Eur J Heart Fail 2020; 23:729-739. [PMID: 33190378 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS In acute heart failure (AHF), assessment of renal function comprises estimation of glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), which does not provide any information about renal sodium/water handling. We describe the interactions between urinary sodium concentration and eGFR to better characterize AHF patients. METHODS AND RESULTS In 219 patients with AHF, spot urine sodium (UNa+ ) and eGFR were assessed on admission, day 1 and day 2 of hospitalization. We found no correlation between UNa+ and eGFR (calculated on each consecutive day, as an average of all three values, and as changes from baseline; all P > 0.05). The population was subsequently divided into four profiles based on eGFR (preserved vs. impaired; cutoff of 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 ) and UNa+ (sodium excreter vs. non-excreter; cutoff of 60 mmol/L). At day 1, there were 70 (31.9%) patients classified as preserved eGFR/sodium excreter, 37 (16.8%) as impaired eGFR/sodium non-excreter, 72 (32.9%) as impaired eGFR/sodium excreter, and 40 (18%) as preserved eGFR/sodium non-excreter. Both sodium non-excreter profiles were associated with an increased risk of in-hospital heart failure worsening [odds ratio (OR) 2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3-6.4], inotrope use (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.1-6.7) and rehospitalization due to AHF (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.6-6.2; all P < 0.05). The preserved eGFR/sodium non-excreter profile was associated with highest 1-year mortality (52.5%) and remained an independent prognosticator after adjustment for other prognosticators (hazard ratio 2.9, 95% CI 1.7-5.2; P < 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS In AHF, values of spot UNa+ and eGFR are not interrelated. Concomitant assessment of eGFR and spot UNa+ may be useful for better clinical and therapeutic profiling of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Biegus
- Department of Heart Diseases, Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Robert Zymliński
- Department of Heart Diseases, Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Dominik Marciniak
- Department of Drugs Form Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agata Zdanowicz
- Student Scientific Organization, Department of Heart Diseases, Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa A Jankowska
- Department of Heart Diseases, Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Ponikowski
- Department of Heart Diseases, Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Verbrugge FH, Martens P, Testani JM, Tang WHW, Kuypers D, Bammens B. Measures of Loop Diuretic Efficiency and Prognosis in Chronic Kidney Disease. Cardiorenal Med 2020; 10:402-414. [PMID: 33120398 DOI: 10.1159/000509741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolution and prognostic impact of loop diuretic efficiency according to chronic kidney disease (CKD) severity is unclear. METHODS This retrospective cohort study includes 783 CKD patients on oral loop diuretic therapy with a 24-h urine collection available. Acute kidney injury and history of renal replacement therapy were exclusion criteria. Patients were stratified according to Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) glomerular filtration rate class. Loop diuretic efficiency was calculated as urine output, natriuresis, and chloruresis, each adjusted for loop diuretic dose, and compared among strata. Risk for onset of dialysis and all-cause mortality was evaluated. RESULTS Loop diuretic efficiency metrics decreased from KDIGO class IIIB to IV in furosemide users and from KDIGO class IV to V with all loop diuretics (p value <0.05 for all comparisons). The correlation between loop diuretic efficiency and creatinine clearance was moderate at best (Spearman's ρ 0.298-0.436; p value <0.001 for all correlations). During median follow-up of 45 months, 457 patients died (58%) and 63 received kidney transplantation (8%), while dialysis was started before in 328 (42%). All loop diuretic efficiency metrics were significantly and independently associated with both the risk for dialysis and all-cause mortality. In KDIGO class IV/V patients, low loop diuretic efficiency (i.e., urine output adjusted for loop diuretic dose ≤1,000 mL) shortened median time to dialysis with 24 months and median time to all-cause mortality with 23 months. CONCLUSION Low loop diuretic efficiency is independently associated with a shorter time to dialysis initiation and a higher risk for all-cause mortality in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Hendrik Verbrugge
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, .,Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium,
| | - Pieter Martens
- Department of Cardiology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jeffrey M Testani
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale Medical Center, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - W H Wilson Tang
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Dirk Kuypers
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert Bammens
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Wilcox CS, Testani JM, Pitt B. Pathophysiology of Diuretic Resistance and Its Implications for the Management of Chronic Heart Failure. Hypertension 2020; 76:1045-1054. [PMID: 32829662 PMCID: PMC10683075 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diuretic resistance implies a failure to increase fluid and sodium (Na+) output sufficiently to relieve volume overload, edema, or congestion, despite escalating doses of a loop diuretic to a ceiling level (80 mg of furosemide once or twice daily or greater in those with reduced glomerular filtration rate or heart failure). It is a major cause of recurrent hospitalizations in patients with chronic heart failure and predicts death but is difficult to diagnose unequivocally. Pharmacokinetic mechanisms include the low and variable bioavailability of furosemide and the short duration of all loop diuretics that provides time for the kidneys to restore diuretic-induced Na+ losses between doses. Pathophysiological mechanisms of diuretic resistance include an inappropriately high daily salt intake that exceeds the acute diuretic-induced salt loss, hyponatremia or hypokalemic, hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis, and reflex activation of the renal nerves. Nephron mechanisms include tubular tolerance that can develop even during the time that the renal tubules are exposed to a single dose of diuretic, or enhanced reabsorption in the proximal tubule that limits delivery to the loop, or an adaptive increase in reabsorption in the downstream distal tubule and collecting ducts that offsets ongoing blockade of Na+ reabsorption in the loop of Henle. These provide rationales for novel strategies including the concurrent use of diuretics that block these nephron segments and even sequential nephron blockade with multiple diuretics and aquaretics combined in severely diuretic-resistant patients with heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Stuart Wilcox
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Hypertension Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC (C.S.W.)
| | | | - Bertram Pitt
- Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (B.P.)
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40
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Cox ZL, Fleming J, Ivey-Miranda J, Griffin M, Mahoney D, Jackson K, Hodson DZ, Thomas D, Gomez N, Rao VS, Testani JM. Mechanisms of Diuretic Resistance Study: design and rationale. ESC Heart Fail 2020; 7:4458-4464. [PMID: 32893505 PMCID: PMC7754741 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diuretic resistance is a common complication impairing decongestion during hospitalization for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). The current understanding of diuretic resistance mechanisms in ADHF is based upon extrapolations from other disease states and healthy volunteers. However, accumulating evidence suggests that the dominant mechanisms in other populations have limited influence on diuretic response in ADHF. Additionally, the ability to rapidly and reliably diagnose diuretic resistance is inadequate using currently available tools. AIMS The Mechanisms of Diuretic Resistance (MDR) Study is designed to rigorously investigate the mechanisms of diuretic resistance and develop tools to rapidly predict diuretic response in a prospective cohort hospitalized with ADHF. METHODS Study assessments occur serially during the ADHF hospitalization and after discharge. Each assessment includes a supervised 6-hour urine collection with baseline blood and timed spot urine collections following loop diuretic administration. Patient characteristics, medications, physical exam findings, and both in-hospital and post-discharge HF outcomes are collected. Patients with diuretic resistance are eligible for a randomized sub-study comparing an increased loop diuretic dose with combination diuretic therapy of loop diuretic plus chlorothiazide. CONCLUSIONS The Mechanisms of Diuretic Resistance Study will establish a prospective patient cohort and biorepository to investigate the mechanisms of diuretic resistance and urine biomarkers to rapidly predict loop diuretic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L Cox
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James Fleming
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Juan Ivey-Miranda
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Hospital de Cardiologia, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Devin Mahoney
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel Thomas
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nicole Gomez
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Veena S Rao
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Testani
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Besche B, Blondel T, Guillot E, Garelli-Paar C, Oyama MA. Efficacy of oral torasemide in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease and new onset congestive heart failure: The CARPODIEM study. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1746-1758. [PMID: 32767627 PMCID: PMC7517836 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Torasemide is a potent loop diuretic with potential to treat congestive heart failure (CHF) in dogs. Objective Evaluate the efficacy and safety of torasemide compared to furosemide in dogs with first occurrence of CHF caused by degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD). Animals Three hundred and nineteen dogs with new onset CHF attributable to DMVD. Methods Double‐blinded randomized noninferiority study of PO torasemide vs furosemide in addition to standard CHF treatment. The primary efficacy criterion was decreased pulmonary edema and cough and no worsening of dyspnea or exercise tolerance at day 14. Secondary endpoints included clinical response at day 84 and time to death, euthanasia, or premature study withdrawal for cardiac reasons. Results Torasemide q24h (n = 161) was noninferior to furosemide q12h (n = 158); percentage of dogs meeting primary efficacy criterion at day 14 was similar between groups (torasemide, 74.4% [95% confidence interval (CI), 66.8%‐81.0%] vs. furosemide, 73.5% [95% CI, 65.7%‐80.4%]; risk ratio [RR], 1.01; 95% CI, 0.89‐1.15; P = .87). Efficacy at day 84 showed similar results (RR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.88‐1.25; P = .6). Dogs receiving torasemide had a longer time to endpoint and were less than half as likely to experience death, euthanasia, or premature study withdrawal (hazard ratio, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.19‐0.65; P = .001) than dogs receiving furosemide at any time during the study. Conclusion and Clinical importance Torasemide was noninferior to furosemide as first line PO treatment for new onset CHF caused by DMVD. Torasemide significantly decreased risk of cardiac‐related death or premature study withdrawal for cardiac reasons compared to furosemide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mark A Oyama
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
Purpose of review: Diuretic resistance (DR) occurs along a spectrum of relative severity and contributes to worsening of acute heart failure (AHF) during an inpatient stay. This review gives an overview of mechanisms of DR with a focus on loop diuretics and summarizes the current literature regarding the prognostic value of diuretic efficiency and predictors of natriuretic response in AHF. Recent findings: The pharmacokinetics of diuretics are impaired in chronic heart failure, but little is known about mechanisms of DR in AHF. Almost all diuresis after administration of a loop diuretic dose occurs in the first few hours after administration and within-dose DR can develop. Recent studies suggest that DR at the level of the nephron may be more important than defects in diuretic delivery to the tubule. Because loop diuretics induce natriuresis, urine sodium (UNa) concentration may serve as a functional, physiologic and direct measure for diuretic responsiveness to a given loop diuretic dose. Summary: Identifying and targeting individuals with DR for more aggressive, tailored therapy represents an important opportunity to improve outcomes. A better understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of DR in AHF is needed to identify additional biomarkers and guide future trials and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Gupta
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1121 Medical Center Dr., Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Jeffrey Testani
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale Medical Center, PO Box 208017, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Sean Collins
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1313 21st Ave. S, 703 Oxford House, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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Felker GM, Ellison DH, Mullens W, Cox ZL, Testani JM. Diuretic Therapy for Patients With Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 75:1178-1195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Rangaswami J, Bhalla V, Blair JEA, Chang TI, Costa S, Lentine KL, Lerma EV, Mezue K, Molitch M, Mullens W, Ronco C, Tang WHW, McCullough PA. Cardiorenal Syndrome: Classification, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Strategies: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2020; 139:e840-e878. [PMID: 30852913 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiorenal syndrome encompasses a spectrum of disorders involving both the heart and kidneys in which acute or chronic dysfunction in 1 organ may induce acute or chronic dysfunction in the other organ. It represents the confluence of heart-kidney interactions across several interfaces. These include the hemodynamic cross-talk between the failing heart and the response of the kidneys and vice versa, as well as alterations in neurohormonal markers and inflammatory molecular signatures characteristic of its clinical phenotypes. The mission of this scientific statement is to describe the epidemiology and pathogenesis of cardiorenal syndrome in the context of the continuously evolving nature of its clinicopathological description over the past decade. It also describes diagnostic and therapeutic strategies applicable to cardiorenal syndrome, summarizes cardiac-kidney interactions in special populations such as patients with diabetes mellitus and kidney transplant recipients, and emphasizes the role of palliative care in patients with cardiorenal syndrome. Finally, it outlines the need for a cardiorenal education track that will guide future cardiorenal trials and integrate the clinical and research needs of this important field in the future.
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Cox ZL, Sury K, Rao VS, Ivey-Miranda JB, Griffin M, Mahoney D, Gomez N, Fleming JH, Inker LA, Coca SG, Turner J, Wilson FP, Testani JM. Effect of Loop Diuretics on the Fractional Excretion of Urea in Decompensated Heart Failure. J Card Fail 2020; 26:402-409. [PMID: 32007554 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fractional excretion of urea (FEUrea) is often used to understand the etiology of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients receiving diuretics. Although FEUrea demonstrates diagnostic superiority over fractional excretion of sodium (FENa), clinicians often assume FEUrea is not affected by diuretics. OBJECTIVE To assess the intravenous loop diuretic effect on FEUrea. METHODS We analyzed a prospective cohort (n=297) hospitalized with hypervolemic heart failure at Yale New Haven Hospital System. FENa and FEUrea were calculated at baseline and serially after diuretics. The change in FEUrea at peak diuresis was compared with the pre-diuretic baseline. RESULTS Mean baseline FEUrea was 35.2% ± 10.5% and increased by a mean 5.6% ± 10.5% following 80 mg (40-160 mg) of furosemide equivalents (P < .001). The magnitude of change in FEUrea was clinically important as the distribution of change in FEUrea was similar to the overall distribution of baseline FEUrea. Change in FEUrea was related to the diuretic response (r = 0.61, P < .001), with a larger FEUrea increase in diuretic responders (8.8%, interquartile range [IQR]: 1.8-16.9) than non-responders (1.2%, IQR: -3.2 to 5.5; P < .001). Diuretic administration reclassified 27% of patients between low and high FEUrea groups across a 35% threshold. Neither change in FEUrea nor percentage reclassified out of a low FEUrea category differed between patients with and without AKI (P > .63 for both). CONCLUSIONS FEUrea is meaningfully affected by loop diuretics. The degree of change in FEUrea is highly variable between patients and commonly of a magnitude that could reclassify across categories of FEUrea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L Cox
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Pharmacy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Krishna Sury
- Division of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Veena S Rao
- Division of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Juan B Ivey-Miranda
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital de Cardiologia Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Matthew Griffin
- Division of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Devin Mahoney
- Division of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Nicole Gomez
- Division of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - James H Fleming
- Division of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lesley A Inker
- Department of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven G Coca
- Department of Nephrology, Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Jeff Turner
- Division of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - F Perry Wilson
- Division of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jeffrey M Testani
- Division of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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Cox ZL, Hung R, Lenihan DJ, Testani JM. Diuretic Strategies for Loop Diuretic Resistance in Acute Heart Failure: The 3T Trial. JACC-HEART FAILURE 2019; 8:157-168. [PMID: 31838029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study compared combination diuretic strategies in acute heart failure (AHF) complicated by diuretic resistance (DR). BACKGROUND Combination diuretic regimens to overcome loop DR are commonly used but with limited evidence. METHODS This study was a randomized, double-blinded trial in 60 patients hospitalized with AHF and intravenous (IV) loop DR. Patients were randomized to oral metolazone, IV chlorothiazide, or tolvaptan therapy. All patients received concomitant high-dose IV infusions of furosemide. The primary outcome was 48-h weight loss. RESULTS The cohort exhibited DR prior to enrollment, producing 1,188 ± 476 ml of urine in 12 h during high-dose loop diuretic therapy (IV furosemide: 612 ± 439 mg/day). All 3 interventions significantly improved diuretic efficacy (p < 0.001). Compared to metolazone (4.6 ± 2.7 kg), neither IV chlorothiazide (5.8 ± 2.7 kg; 1.2 kg [95% confidence interval (CI)]: -2.9 to 0.6; p = 0.292) nor tolvaptan (4.1 ± 3.3 kg; 0.5 kg [95% CI: -1.5 to 2.4; p = 0.456) resulted in more weight loss at 48 h. Median (interquartile range [IQR]) cumulative urine output increased significantly and did not differ among those receiving metolazone (7.78 [IQR: 6.59 to 10.10] l) and chlorothiazide (8.77 [IQR: 7.37 to 10.86] l; p = 0.245) or tolvaptan (9.70 [IQR: 6.36 to 13.81] l; p = 0.160). Serum sodium decreased less with tolvaptan than with metolazone (+4 ± 5 vs. -1 ± 3 mEq/l; p = 0.001), but 48-h spot urine sodium was lower with tolvaptan (58 ± 25 mmol/l) than with metolazone (104 ± 16 mmol/l; p = 0.002) and with chlorothiazide (117 ± 14 mmol/l; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In this moderately sized DR trial, weight loss was excellent with the addition of metolazone, IV chlorothiazide, or tolvaptan to loop diuretics, without a detectable between-group difference. (Comparison of Oral or Intravenous Thiazides vs. tolvaptan in Diuretic Resistant Decompensated Heart Failure [3T]; NCT02606253).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L Cox
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy, Nashville Tennessee; Department of Pharmacy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville Tennessee.
| | - Rebecca Hung
- Division of Cardiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville Tennessee
| | - Daniel J Lenihan
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey M Testani
- Division of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Tomasoni D, Adamo M, Lombardi CM, Metra M. Highlights in heart failure. ESC Heart Fail 2019; 6:1105-1127. [PMID: 31997538 PMCID: PMC6989277 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) remains a major cause of mortality, morbidity, and poor quality of life. It is an area of active research. This article is aimed to give an update on recent advances in all aspects of this syndrome. Major changes occurred in drug treatment of HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Sacubitril/valsartan is indicated as a substitute to ACEi/ARBs after PARADIGM-HF (hazard ratio [HR], 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73 to 0.87 for sacubitril/valsartan vs. enalapril for the primary endpoint and Wei, Lin and Weissfeld HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.71-0.89 for recurrent events). Its initiation was then shown as safe and potentially useful in recent studies in patients hospitalized for acute HF. More recently, dapagliflozin and prevention of adverse-outcomes in DAPA-HF trial showed the beneficial effects of the sodium-glucose transporter type 2 inhibitor dapaglifozin vs. placebo, added to optimal standard therapy [HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.85;0.74; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.85 for the primary endpoint]. Trials with other SGLT 2 inhibitors and in other patients, such as those with HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) or with recent decompensation, are ongoing. Multiple studies showed the unfavourable prognostic significance of abnormalities in serum potassium levels. Potassium lowering agents may allow initiation and titration of mineralocorticoid antagonists in a larger proportion of patients. Meta-analyses suggest better outcomes with ferric carboxymaltose in patients with iron deficiency. Drugs effective in HFrEF may be useful also in HF with mid-range ejection fraction. Better diagnosis and phenotype characterization seem warranted in HF with preserved ejection fraction. These and other burning aspects of HF research are summarized and reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Tomasoni
- Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of BresciaCardiothoracic DepartmentCivil HospitalsBresciaItaly
| | - Marianna Adamo
- Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of BresciaCardiothoracic DepartmentCivil HospitalsBresciaItaly
| | - Carlo Mario Lombardi
- Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of BresciaCardiothoracic DepartmentCivil HospitalsBresciaItaly
| | - Marco Metra
- Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of BresciaCardiothoracic DepartmentCivil HospitalsBresciaItaly
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Cunningham JW, Sun JL, Mc Causland FR, Ly S, Anstrom KJ, Lindenfeld J, Givertz MM, Stevenson LW, Lakdawala NK. Lower urine sodium predicts longer length of stay in acute heart failure patients: Insights from the ROSE AHF trial. Clin Cardiol 2019; 43:43-49. [PMID: 31721249 PMCID: PMC6954375 DOI: 10.1002/clc.23286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In patients hospitalized with acute heart failure (AHF), low urine sodium concentration (UNa) after diuretic treatment may identify patients at risk for longer length of stay (LOS) and adverse events. We investigated the prognostic significance of 24‐hour cumulative postdiuretic urine sodium concentration in a multicenter clinical trial population. Methods The Renal Optimization Strategies Evaluation AHF (ROSE AHF) trial randomized 360 patients with AHF and renal dysfunction receiving intravenous diuretic to dopamine, nesiritide, or placebo. Sodium concentration was measured in cumulative urine sample collected during the first 24 hours after randomization in 298 patients. Based on prior studies, lower UNa was defined as ≤60 mmol/L. Results Lower UNa was present in 142 (48%) patients, who had longer LOS (7 days vs 5 days, P < .001) and less 72‐hour weight loss (5.7 lb vs 9.0 lb, P < .001). These associations persisted after controlling for baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate and outpatient furosemide dose. Lower UNa did not modify the null effects of dopamine or nesiritide on clinical outcomes. Results were similar for spot rather than cumulative 24‐hour UNa concentration. Conclusion In patients hospitalized for AHF and renal dysfunction, UNa ≤ 60 mmol/L during the first 24 hours of diuresis identifies patients at risk for prolonged hospitalization but does not provide an indication for adjunctive dopamine or nesiritide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Cunningham
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jie-Lena Sun
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Samantha Ly
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Kevin J Anstrom
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Michael M Givertz
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Neal K Lakdawala
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Ruocco G, Feola M, Nuti R, Luschi L, Evangelista I, Palazzuoli A. Loop Diuretic Administration in Patients with Acute Heart Failure and Reduced Systolic Function: Effects of Different Intravenous Diuretic Doses and Diuretic Response Measurements. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111854. [PMID: 31684094 PMCID: PMC6912499 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite the fact that loop diuretics are a landmark in acute heart failure (AHF) treatment, few trials exist that evaluate whether the duration and timing of their administration and drug amount affect outcome. In this study, we sought to evaluate different loop diuretic infusion doses in relation to outcome and to diuretic response (DR), which was serially measured during hospitalization. Methods: This is a post-hoc analysis of a DIUR-HF trial. We divided our sample on the basis of intravenous diuretic dose during hospitalization. Patients taking less than 125 mg of intravenous furosemide (median value) were included in the low dose group (LD), patients with a diuretic amount above this threshold were inserted in the high dose group (HD). The DR formula was defined as weight loss/40 mg daily of furosemide and it was measured during the first 24 h, 72 h, and over the whole infusion period. Outcome was considered as death due to cardiovascular causes or heart failure hospitalization. Results: One hundred and twenty-one AHF patients with reduced ejection fractions (EF) were evaluated. The cardiovascular (CV) death/heart failure (HF) re-hospitalization rate was significantly higher in the HD group compared to the LD group (75% vs. 22%; p < 0.001). Both low DR, measured during the entire infusion period (HR 3.25 (CI: 1.92–5.50); p < 0.001) and the intravenous diuretic HD (HR 5.43 [CI: 2.82–10.45]; p < 0.001) were related to outcome occurrence. Multivariable analysis showed that DR (HR 3.01 (1.36–6.65); p = 0.006), intravenous diuretic HD (HR 2.83 (1.24–6.42); p=0.01) and worsening renal function (WRF) (HR 2.21 (1.14–4.28); p = 0.01) were related to poor prognosis. Conclusions: HD intravenous loop diuretic administration is associated with poor prognosis and less DR. Low DR measured during the whole intravenous administration better predicts outcome compared to DR measured in the early phases. ClinicalTrials.gov Acronym and Identifier Number: DIUR-HF; NCT01441245; registered on 23 September 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Ruocco
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Disease Unit, Le Scotte Hospital, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
- Cardiology Section, Regina Montis Regalis Hospital, Mondovì, 12084 Cuneo, Italy.
| | - Mauro Feola
- Cardiology Section, Regina Montis Regalis Hospital, Mondovì, 12084 Cuneo, Italy.
| | - Ranuccio Nuti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Disease Unit, Le Scotte Hospital, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Luschi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Disease Unit, Le Scotte Hospital, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Isabella Evangelista
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Disease Unit, Le Scotte Hospital, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Alberto Palazzuoli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Disease Unit, Le Scotte Hospital, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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