1
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Agosto-Maldonado A, Guo J, Niu W. Engineering carboxylic acid reductases and unspecific peroxygenases for flavor and fragrance biosynthesis. J Biotechnol 2024; 385:1-12. [PMID: 38428504 PMCID: PMC11062483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Emerging consumer demand for safer, more sustainable flavors and fragrances has created new challenges for the industry. Enzymatic syntheses represent a promising green production route, but the broad application requires engineering advancements for expanded diversity, improved selectivity, and enhanced stability to be cost-competitive with current methods. This review discusses recent advances and future outlooks for enzyme engineering in this field. We focus on carboxylic acid reductases (CARs) and unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs) that enable selective productions of complex flavor and fragrance molecules. Both enzyme types consist of natural variants with attractive characteristics for biocatalytic applications. Applying protein engineering methods, including rational design and directed evolution in concert with computational modeling, present excellent examples for property improvements to unleash the full potential of enzymes in the biosynthesis of value-added chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiantao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States; The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication (NCIBC), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Wei Niu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States; The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication (NCIBC), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States.
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2
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Tian J, Zhou S, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Li S, Yang P, Xu X, Chen Y, Cheng X, Yang J. Synthesis of Chiral Sulfoxides by A Cyclic Oxidation-Reduction Multi-Enzymatic Cascade Biocatalysis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304081. [PMID: 38288909 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Optically pure sulfoxides are valuable organosulfur compounds extensively employed in medicinal and organic synthesis. In this study, we present a biocatalytic oxidation-reduction cascade system designed for the preparation of enantiopure sulfoxides. The system involves the cooperation of a low-enantioselective chimeric oxidase SMO (styrene monooxygenase) with a high-enantioselective reductase MsrA (methionine sulfoxide reductase A), facilitating "non-selective oxidation and selective reduction" cycles for prochiral sulfide oxidation. The regeneration of requisite cofactors for MsrA and SMO was achieved via a cascade catalysis process involving three auxiliary enzymes, sustained by cost-effective D-glucose. Under the optimal reaction conditions, a series of heteroaryl alkyl, aryl alkyl and dialkyl sulfoxides in R configuration were synthesized through this "one-pot, one step" cascade reaction. The obtained compounds exhibited high yields of >90 % and demonstrated enantiomeric excess (ee) values exceeding 90 %. This study represents an unconventional and efficient biocatalytic way in utilizing the low-enantioselective oxidase for the synthesis of enantiopure sulfoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Tian
- Department of Biochemistry, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, P. R. China
| | - Shihuan Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, P. R. China
| | - Yuyan Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, P. R. China
| | - Song Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, P. R. China
| | - Piao Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, P. R. China
| | - Xianlin Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, P. R. China
| | - Yongzheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, No.6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, P. R. China
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3
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Li H, Shen Q, Zhou X, Duan P, Hollmann F, Huang Y, Zhang W. Peroxygenase-Catalysed Sulfoxidations in Non-Aqueous Media. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301321. [PMID: 37948039 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Chiral sulfoxides are valuable building blocks in asymmetric synthesis. However, the biocatalytic synthesis of chiral sulfoxides is still challenged by low product titres. Herein, we report the use of peroxygenase as a catalyst for asymmetric sulfoxidation under non-aqueous conditions. Upon covalent immobilisation, the peroxygenase showed stability and activity under neat reaction conditions. A large variety of sulfides was converted into chiral sulfoxides in very high product concentration with moderate to satisfactory optical purity (e. g. 626 mM of (R)-methyl phenyl sulfoxide in approx. 89 % ee in 48 h). Further polishing of the ee value via cascading methionine reductase A (MsrA) gave>99 % ee of the sulfoxide. The robustness of the enzymes and high product titer is superior to the state-of-the-art methodologies. Gram-scale synthesis has been demonstrated. Overall, we demonstrated a practical and facile catalytic method to synthesize chiral sulfoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Science, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Science, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Science, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Peigao Duan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yawen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Science, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Science, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
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4
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Gao S, Das A, Alfonzo E, Sicinski KM, Rieger D, Arnold FH. Enzymatic Nitrogen Incorporation Using Hydroxylamine. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20196-20201. [PMID: 37671894 PMCID: PMC10560455 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylamine-derived reagents have enabled versatile nitrene transfer reactions for introducing nitrogen-containing functionalities in small-molecule catalysis, as well as biocatalysis. These reagents, however, result in a poor atom economy and stoichiometric organic waste. Activating hydroxylamine (NH2OH) for nitrene transfer offers a low-cost and sustainable route to amine synthesis, since water is the sole byproduct. Despite its presence in nature, hydroxylamine is not known to be used for enzymatic nitrogen incorporation in biosynthesis. Here, we report an engineered heme enzyme that can utilize hydroxylammonium chloride, an inexpensive commodity chemical, for nitrene transfer. Directed evolution of Pyrobaculum arsenaticum protoglobin generated efficient enzymes for benzylic C-H primary amination and styrene aminohydroxylation. Mechanistic studies supported a stepwise radical pathway involving rate-limiting hydrogen atom transfer. This unprecedented activity is a useful addition to the "nitrene transferase" repertoire and hints at possible future discovery of natural enzymes that use hydroxylamine for amination chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Gao
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Anuvab Das
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Edwin Alfonzo
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Sicinski
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Dominic Rieger
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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5
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Sanfilippo C, Cernuto F, Patti A. Expanding the Use of Peroxygenase from Oat Flour in Organic Synthesis: Enantioselective Oxidation of Sulfides. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087464. [PMID: 37108626 PMCID: PMC10138840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocatalyzed oxidations are an important target in sustainable synthesis since chemical oxidations often require harsh conditions and metal-based catalysts. A raw peroxygenase-containing enzymatic preparation from oat flour was tested as a biocatalyst for the enantioselective oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides and the variations of some reaction parameters were evaluated. Under optimal conditions, thioanisole was fully converted into the corresponding (R)-sulfoxide with high optical purity (80% ee) and the same stereopreference was maintained in the oxidation of some other sulfides. Changes in the substituent on the sulfur atom affected the selectivity of the enzyme and the best results were obtained with phenyl methoxymethyl sulfide, which gave the corresponding sulfoxide in 92% ee as exclusive product. The over-oxidation of sulfides to sulfones was instead detected in all the other cases and preferential oxidation of the (S)-enantiomer of the sulfoxide intermediate was observed, albeit with low selectivity. Carrying out the oxidation of thioanisole up to the 29% formation of sulfone led to enhancement of the sulfoxide optical purity (89% ee). The activity in sulfoxidation reactions, in addition to that reported in the epoxidation of different substrates, makes this plant peroxygenase a promising and useful tool in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sanfilippo
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, I-95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Federica Cernuto
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, I-95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Patti
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, I-95126 Catania, Italy
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6
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Anselmi S, Carvalho ATP, Serrano-Sanchez A, Ortega-Roldan JL, Caswell J, Omar I, Perez-Ortiz G, Barry SM, Moody TS, Castagnolo D. Discovery and Rational Mutagenesis of Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase Biocatalysts To Expand the Substrate Scope of the Kinetic Resolution of Chiral Sulfoxides. ACS Catal 2023; 13:4742-4751. [PMID: 37066047 PMCID: PMC10088026 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) enzymes have recently found applications as nonoxidative biocatalysts in the enantioselective kinetic resolution of racemic sulfoxides. This work describes the identification of selective and robust MsrA biocatalysts able to catalyze the enantioselective reduction of a variety of aromatic and aliphatic chiral sulfoxides at 8-64 mM concentration with high yields and excellent ees (up to 99%). Moreover, with the aim to expand the substrate scope of MsrA biocatalysts, a library of mutant enzymes has been designed via rational mutagenesis utilizing in silico docking, molecular dynamics, and structural nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies. The mutant enzyme MsrA33 was found to catalyze the kinetic resolution of bulky sulfoxide substrates bearing non-methyl substituents on the sulfur atom with ees up to 99%, overcoming a significant limitation of the currently available MsrA biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Anselmi
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, WC1H 0AJ London, U. K.
| | - Alexandra T. P. Carvalho
- Department
of Biocatalysis and Isotope Chemistry, Almac, 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon BT63 5QD, U. K.
| | | | | | - Jill Caswell
- Department
of Biocatalysis and Isotope Chemistry, Almac, 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon BT63 5QD, U. K.
| | - Iman Omar
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, WC1H 0AJ London, U. K.
- Faculty
of Natural, Mathematical and Engineering Sciences, Department of Chemistry, King’s College London, 7 Trinity Street, SE1 1DB London, U. K.
| | - Gustavo Perez-Ortiz
- Faculty
of Natural, Mathematical and Engineering Sciences, Department of Chemistry, King’s College London, 7 Trinity Street, SE1 1DB London, U. K.
| | - Sarah M. Barry
- Faculty
of Natural, Mathematical and Engineering Sciences, Department of Chemistry, King’s College London, 7 Trinity Street, SE1 1DB London, U. K.
| | - Thomas S. Moody
- Department
of Biocatalysis and Isotope Chemistry, Almac, 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon BT63 5QD, U. K.
- Arran
Chemical Company Limited, Unit 1 Monksland Industrial Estate, Athlone,
Co., Roscommon N37 DN24, Ireland
| | - Daniele Castagnolo
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, WC1H 0AJ London, U. K.
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7
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Robinson WXQ, Mielke T, Melling B, Cuetos A, Parkin A, Unsworth WP, Cartwright J, Grogan G. Comparing the Catalytic and Structural Characteristics of a 'Short' Unspecific Peroxygenase (UPO) Expressed in Pichia pastoris and Escherichia coli. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200558. [PMID: 36374006 PMCID: PMC10098773 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs) have emerged as valuable tools for the oxygenation of non-activated carbon atoms, as they exhibit high turnovers, good stability and depend only on hydrogen peroxide as the external oxidant for activity. However, the isolation of UPOs from their natural fungal sources remains a barrier to wider application. We have cloned the gene encoding an 'artificial' peroxygenase (artUPO), close in sequence to the 'short' UPO from Marasmius rotula (MroUPO), and expressed it in both the yeast Pichia pastoris and E. coli to compare the catalytic and structural characteristics of the enzymes produced in each system. Catalytic efficiency for the UPO substrate 5-nitro-1,3-benzodioxole (NBD) was largely the same for both enzymes, and the structures also revealed few differences apart from the expected glycosylation of the yeast enzyme. However, the glycosylated enzyme displayed greater stability, as determined by nano differential scanning fluorimetry (nano-DSF) measurements. Interestingly, while artUPO hydroxylated ethylbenzene derivatives to give the (R)-alcohols, also given by a variant of the 'long' UPO from Agrocybe aegerita (AaeUPO), it gave the opposite (S)-series of sulfoxide products from a range of sulfide substrates, broadening the scope for application of the enzymes. The structures of artUPO reveal substantial differences to that of AaeUPO, and provide a platform for investigating the distinctive activity of this and related'short' UPOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy X Q Robinson
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Tamara Mielke
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Benjamin Melling
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Anibal Cuetos
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Alison Parkin
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - William P Unsworth
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jared Cartwright
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Gideon Grogan
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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8
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Wang P, Han X, Liu X, Lin R, Chen Y, Sun Z, Zhang W. Synthesis of Enantioenriched Sulfoxides by an Oxidation‐Reduction Enzymatic Cascade. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201997. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science College of Life Sciences Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 P.R. China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 32 West 7th Avenue Tianjin 300308 P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Han
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 32 West 7th Avenue Tianjin 300308 P.R. China
| | - Xinqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science College of Life Sciences Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 P.R. China
| | - Richen Lin
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education School of Energy and Environment Southeast University 2 Sipailou Road Nanjing 210096 P.R. China
| | - Yongzheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province School of Pharmacy Zunyi Medical University 6 West Xuefu Road Zunyi 563000 P.R. China
| | - Zhoutong Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 32 West 7th Avenue Tianjin 300308 P.R. China
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 32 West 7th Avenue Tianjin 300308 P.R. China
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9
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de Gonzalo G, Loncar N, Fraaije M. Sulphoxidation reactions catalysed by the Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase OTEMO from Pseudomonas putida ATCC 17453. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2022.2113519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo de Gonzalo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Marco Fraaije
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Hofrichter M, Kellner H, Herzog R, Karich A, Kiebist J, Scheibner K, Ullrich R. Peroxide-Mediated Oxygenation of Organic Compounds by Fungal Peroxygenases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:163. [PMID: 35052667 PMCID: PMC8772875 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs), whose sequences can be found in the genomes of thousands of filamentous fungi, many yeasts and certain fungus-like protists, are fascinating biocatalysts that transfer peroxide-borne oxygen (from H2O2 or R-OOH) with high efficiency to a wide range of organic substrates, including less or unactivated carbons and heteroatoms. A twice-proline-flanked cysteine (PCP motif) typically ligates the heme that forms the heart of the active site of UPOs and enables various types of relevant oxygenation reactions (hydroxylation, epoxidation, subsequent dealkylations, deacylation, or aromatization) together with less specific one-electron oxidations (e.g., phenoxy radical formation). In consequence, the substrate portfolio of a UPO enzyme always combines prototypical monooxygenase and peroxidase activities. Here, we briefly review nearly 20 years of peroxygenase research, considering basic mechanistic, molecular, phylogenetic, and biotechnological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hofrichter
- Department of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, TU Dresden-International Institute Zittau, Markt 23, 02763 Zittau, Germany; (H.K.); (R.H.); (A.K.); (R.U.)
| | - Harald Kellner
- Department of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, TU Dresden-International Institute Zittau, Markt 23, 02763 Zittau, Germany; (H.K.); (R.H.); (A.K.); (R.U.)
| | - Robert Herzog
- Department of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, TU Dresden-International Institute Zittau, Markt 23, 02763 Zittau, Germany; (H.K.); (R.H.); (A.K.); (R.U.)
| | - Alexander Karich
- Department of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, TU Dresden-International Institute Zittau, Markt 23, 02763 Zittau, Germany; (H.K.); (R.H.); (A.K.); (R.U.)
| | - Jan Kiebist
- Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitätsplatz 1, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany; (J.K.); (K.S.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses, Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Katrin Scheibner
- Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitätsplatz 1, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany; (J.K.); (K.S.)
| | - René Ullrich
- Department of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, TU Dresden-International Institute Zittau, Markt 23, 02763 Zittau, Germany; (H.K.); (R.H.); (A.K.); (R.U.)
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11
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Synthesis of Indigo-Dyes from Indole Derivatives by Unspecific Peroxygenases and Their Application for In-Situ Dyeing. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11121495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrian purple (also known as royal or imperial purple) is the oldest known commercial pigment and still one of the most expensive dyes, often associated with the wardrobes of clergy and royalty. It is a brominated derivative of indigo, a natural dye that has been used since 4000 BC. Moreover, just recently, the therapeutic value of indigoids for the treatment of several disorders was discovered. The manufacturing of indigo derivatives by the existing chemical routes has become increasingly uninteresting due to the use of aggressive reagents, expensive starting materials and high-energy costs. Thus, both dyestuff manufacturers and the pharmaceutical industry are interested in the development of gentle preparation methods of indigoids from simple precursors. Here, we describe a simple enzymatic method for the one-step synthesis of Tyrian purple and other indigo derivatives with fungal peroxygenases (UPO, EC 1.11.2.1). The reaction does not require complex co-substrates and works well in phosphate buffers with H2O2 (<0.1 wt%) and less than 5% (v/v) acetonitrile as co-solvent. We demonstrate the scaling up of the reaction to 10 Liters and established thereupon an environmentally friendly combined synthesis and in-situ dyeing process, further simplifying the manufacturing of vat-dyed fabrics. Eventually, we screened a number of halogen-substituted indoles in the search for novel indigo derivatives, which may be of interest for pharmaceutical and/or dyeing purposes.
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12
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Hobisch M, Holtmann D, Gomez de Santos P, Alcalde M, Hollmann F, Kara S. Recent developments in the use of peroxygenases - Exploring their high potential in selective oxyfunctionalisations. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 51:107615. [PMID: 32827669 PMCID: PMC8444091 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Peroxygenases are an emerging new class of enzymes allowing selective oxyfunctionalisation reactions in a cofactor-independent way different from well-known P450 monooxygenases. Herein, we focused on recent developments from organic synthesis, molecular biotechnology and reaction engineering viewpoints that are devoted to bring these enzymes in industrial applications. This covers natural diversity from different sources, protein engineering strategies for expression, substrate scope, activity and selectivity, stabilisation of enzymes via immobilisation, and the use of peroxygenases in low water media. We believe that peroxygenases have much to offer for selective oxyfunctionalisations and we have much to study to explore the full potential of these versatile biocatalysts in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hobisch
- Department of Engineering, Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Dirk Holtmann
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstr. 14, Gießen 35390, Germany
| | | | - Miguel Alcalde
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, Madrid 28049, Spain; EvoEnzyme S.L, C/ Marie Curie 2, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Biocatalysis Group, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Selin Kara
- Department of Engineering, Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark.
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Grogan G. Hemoprotein Catalyzed Oxygenations: P450s, UPOs, and Progress toward Scalable Reactions. JACS AU 2021; 1:1312-1329. [PMID: 34604841 PMCID: PMC8479775 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The selective oxygenation of nonactivated carbon atoms is an ongoing synthetic challenge, and biocatalysts, particularly hemoprotein oxygenases, continue to be investigated for their potential, given both their sustainable chemistry credentials and also their superior selectivity. However, issues of stability, activity, and complex reaction requirements often render these biocatalytic oxygenations problematic with respect to scalable industrial processes. A continuing focus on Cytochromes P450 (P450s), which require a reduced nicotinamide cofactor and redox protein partners for electron transport, has now led to better catalysts and processes with a greater understanding of process requirements and limitations for both in vitro and whole-cell systems. However, the discovery and development of unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs) has also recently provided valuable complementary technology to P450-catalyzed reactions. UPOs need only hydrogen peroxide to effect oxygenations but are hampered by their sensitivity to peroxide and also by limited selectivity. In this Perspective, we survey recent developments in the engineering of proteins, cells, and processes for oxygenations by these two groups of hemoproteins and evaluate their potential and relative merits for scalable reactions.
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14
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Peng T, Cheng X, Chen Y, Yang J. Sulfoxide Reductases and Applications in Biocatalytic Preparation of Chiral Sulfoxides: A Mini-Review. Front Chem 2021; 9:714899. [PMID: 34490206 PMCID: PMC8417374 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.714899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral sulfoxides are valuable organosulfur compounds that have been widely used in medicinal and organic synthesis. Biocatalytic approaches for preparing chiral sulfoxides were developed in the past few years, mainly through asymmetric oxidation of prochiral sulfides. Recently, the application of sulfoxide reductase to prepare chiral sulfoxides through kinetic resolution has emerged as a new method, exhibiting extraordinary catalytic properties. This article reviews the chemical and biological functions of these sulfoxide reductases and highlights their applications in chiral sulfoxide preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaoling Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yongzheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jiawei Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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15
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Immobilization of the Peroxygenase from Agrocybe aegerita. The Effect of the Immobilization pH on the Features of an Ionically Exchanged Dimeric Peroxygenase. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11050560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper outlines the immobilization of the recombinant dimeric unspecific peroxygenase from Agrocybe aegerita (rAaeUPO). The enzyme was quite stable (remaining unaltered its activity after 35 h at 47 °C and pH 7.0). Phosphate destabilized the enzyme, while glycerol stabilized it. The enzyme was not immobilized on glyoxyl-agarose supports, while it was immobilized albeit in inactive form on vinyl-sulfone-activated supports. rAaeUPO immobilization on glutaraldehyde pre-activated supports gave almost quantitative immobilization yield and retained some activity, but the biocatalyst was very unstable. Its immobilization via anion exchange on PEI supports also produced good immobilization yields, but the rAaeUPO stability dropped. However, using aminated agarose, the enzyme retained stability and activity. The stability of the immobilized enzyme strongly depended on the immobilization pH, being much less stable when rAaeUPO was adsorbed at pH 9.0 than when it was immobilized at pH 7.0 or pH 5.0 (residual activity was almost 0 for the former and 80% for the other preparations), presenting stability very similar to that of the free enzyme. This is a very clear example of how the immobilization pH greatly affects the final biocatalyst performance.
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16
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Li Y, Ma Y, Li P, Zhang X, Ribitsch D, Alcalde M, Hollmann F, Wang Y. Enantioselective Sulfoxidation of Thioanisole by Cascading a Choline Oxidase and a Peroxygenase in the Presence of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents. Chempluschem 2021; 85:254-257. [PMID: 31951316 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A bienzymatic cascade for selective sulfoxidation is presented. The evolved recombinant peroxygenase from Agrocybe aegeritra catalyses the enantioselective sulfoxidation of thioanisole whereas the choline oxidase from Arthrobacter nicotianae provides the H2 O2 necessary via reductive activation of ambient oxygen. The reactions are performed in choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents serving as co-solvent and stoichiometric reductant at the same time. Very promising product concentrations (up to 15 mM enantiopure sulfoxide) and catalyst performances (turnover numbers of 150,000 and 2100 for the peroxygenase and oxidase, respectively) have been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongru Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yunjian Ma
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Peilin Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xizhen Zhang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Doris Ribitsch
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Konrad Lorenz Straße 22, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Miguel Alcalde
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ, Delft (The, Netherlands
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
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17
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Current state and future perspectives of engineered and artificial peroxygenases for the oxyfunctionalization of organic molecules. Nat Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-020-00507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Xu G, Crotti M, Saravanan T, Kataja KM, Poelarends GJ. Enantiocomplementary Epoxidation Reactions Catalyzed by an Engineered Cofactor-Independent Non-natural Peroxygenase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10374-10378. [PMID: 32160395 PMCID: PMC7317984 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peroxygenases are heme-dependent enzymes that use peroxide-borne oxygen to catalyze a wide range of oxyfunctionalization reactions. Herein, we report the engineering of an unusual cofactor-independent peroxygenase based on a promiscuous tautomerase that accepts different hydroperoxides (t-BuOOH and H2 O2 ) to accomplish enantiocomplementary epoxidations of various α,β-unsaturated aldehydes (citral and substituted cinnamaldehydes), providing access to both enantiomers of the corresponding α,β-epoxy-aldehydes. High conversions (up to 98 %), high enantioselectivity (up to 98 % ee), and good product yields (50-80 %) were achieved. The reactions likely proceed via a reactive enzyme-bound iminium ion intermediate, allowing tweaking of the enzyme's activity and selectivity by protein engineering. Our results underscore the potential of catalytic promiscuity for the engineering of new cofactor-independent oxidative enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcai Xu
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical BiologyGroningen Research Institute of PharmacyUniversity of GroningenAntonius Deusinglaan 19713AVGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Michele Crotti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical BiologyGroningen Research Institute of PharmacyUniversity of GroningenAntonius Deusinglaan 19713AVGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Thangavelu Saravanan
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical BiologyGroningen Research Institute of PharmacyUniversity of GroningenAntonius Deusinglaan 19713AVGroningenThe Netherlands
- Present address: School of ChemistryUniversity of HyderabadP.O. Central University, GachibowliHyderabad500046India
| | - Kim M. Kataja
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical BiologyGroningen Research Institute of PharmacyUniversity of GroningenAntonius Deusinglaan 19713AVGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J. Poelarends
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical BiologyGroningen Research Institute of PharmacyUniversity of GroningenAntonius Deusinglaan 19713AVGroningenThe Netherlands
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19
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Wojaczyńska E, Wojaczyński J. Modern Stereoselective Synthesis of Chiral Sulfinyl Compounds. Chem Rev 2020; 120:4578-4611. [PMID: 32347719 PMCID: PMC7588045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chiral sulfinyl compounds, sulfoxides, sulfoximines, sulfinamides, and other derivatives, play an important role in asymmetric synthesis as versatile auxiliaries, ligands, and catalysts. They are also recognized as pharmacophores found in already marketed and well-sold drugs (e.g., esomeprazole) and used in drug design. This review is devoted to the modern methods of preparation of sulfinyl derivatives in enantiopure or enantiomerically enriched form. Selected new approaches leading to racemic products for which the asymmetric variant can be developed in the future are mentioned as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Wojaczyńska
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Wrocław University of
Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego
27, 50 370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Wojaczyński
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław 14 F. Joliot-Curie St., 50 383 Wrocław, Poland
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20
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Xu G, Crotti M, Saravanan T, Kataja KM, Poelarends GJ. Enantiocomplementary Epoxidation Reactions Catalyzed by an Engineered Cofactor‐Independent Non‐natural Peroxygenase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangcai Xu
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Michele Crotti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Thangavelu Saravanan
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
- Present address: School of Chemistry University of Hyderabad P.O. Central University, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Kim M. Kataja
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J. Poelarends
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
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21
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Discovery and application of methionine sulfoxide reductase B for preparation of (S)-sulfoxides through kinetic resolution. CATAL COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2019.105908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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22
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Fungal Peroxygenases: A Phylogenetically Old Superfamily of Heme Enzymes with Promiscuity for Oxygen Transfer Reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29541-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Heine T, Scholtissek A, Hofmann S, Koch R, Tischler D. Accessing Enantiopure Epoxides and Sulfoxides: Related Flavin‐Dependent Monooxygenases Provide Reversed Enantioselectivity. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Heine
- Institute of BiosciencesTU Bergakademie Freiberg Freiberg 09599 Germany
| | - Anika Scholtissek
- Institute of BiosciencesTU Bergakademie Freiberg Freiberg 09599 Germany
| | - Sarah Hofmann
- Institute of BiosciencesTU Bergakademie Freiberg Freiberg 09599 Germany
| | - Rainhard Koch
- Engineering & TechnologyBayer AG Leverkusen 51368 Germany
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Institute of BiosciencesTU Bergakademie Freiberg Freiberg 09599 Germany
- Microbial BiotechnologyRuhr University Bochum Bochum 44780 Germany
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24
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Hori M, Yanagi T, Murakami K, Nogi K, Yorimitsu H. Annulative Synthesis of Benzofurans from General Alkenyl Sulfoxides and Phenols via Pummerer/Sigmatropic Cascade. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuki Hori
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yanagi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kei Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nogi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hideki Yorimitsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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