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Pei X, Li B, Xu X, Zhang H. Spinal Caspase-6 Contributes to Intrathecal Morphine-induced Acute Itch and Contact Dermatitis-induced Chronic Itch Through Regulating the Phosphorylation of Protein Kinase Mζ in Mice. Neuroscience 2024; 539:21-34. [PMID: 38176610 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Patients receiving neuraxial treatment with morphine for pain relief often experience a distressing pruritus. Neuroinflammation-mediated plasticity of sensory synapses in the spinal cord is critical for the development of pain and itch. Caspase-6, as an intracellular cysteine protease, is capable of inducing central nociceptive sensitization through regulating synaptic transmission and plasticity. Given the tight interaction between protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ) and excitatory synaptic plasticity, this pre-clinical study investigates whether caspase-6 contributes to morphine-induced itch and chronic itch via PKMζ. Intrathecal morphine and contact dermatitis were used to cause pruritus in mice. Morphine antinociception, itch-induced scratching behaviors, spinal activity of caspase-6, and phosphorylation of PKMζ and ERK were examined. Caspase-6 inhibitor Z-VEID-FMK, exogenous caspase-6 and PKMζ inhibitor ZIP were utilized to reveal the mechanisms and prevention of itch. Herein, we report that morphine induces significant scratching behaviors, which is accompanied by an increase in spinal caspase-6 cleavage and PKMζ phosphorylation (but not expression). Intrathecal injection of Z-VEID-FMK drastically reduces morphine-induced scratch bouts and spinal phosphorylation of PKMζ, without abolishing morphine analgesia. Moreover, intrathecal strategies of ZIP dose-dependently reduce morphine-induced itch-like behaviors. Spinal phosphorylation of ERK following neuraxial morphine is down-regulated by ZIP therapy. Recombinant caspase-6 directly exhibits scratching behaviors and spinal phosphorylation of ERK, which is compensated by PKMζ inhibition. Also, spinal inhibition of caspase-6 and PKMζ reduces the generation and maintenance of dermatitis-induced chronic itch. Together, these findings demonstrate that spinal caspase-6 modulation of PKMζ phosphorylation is important in the development of morphine-induced itch and dermatitis-induced itch in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuxing Pei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China.
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2
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Fuller AM, Bharde S, Sikandar S. The mechanisms and management of persistent postsurgical pain. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2023; 4:1154597. [PMID: 37484030 PMCID: PMC10357043 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1154597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
An estimated 10%-50% of patients undergoing a surgical intervention will develop persistent postsurgical pain (PPP) lasting more than 3 months despite adequate acute pain management and the availability of minimally invasive procedures. The link between early and late pain outcomes for surgical procedures remains unclear-some patients improve while others develop persistent pain. The elective nature of a surgical procedure offers a unique opportunity for prophylactic or early intervention to prevent the development of PPP and improve our understanding of its associated risk factors, such as pre-operative anxiety and the duration of severe acute postoperative pain. Current perioperative pain management strategies often include opioids, but long-term consumption can lead to tolerance, addiction, opioid-induced hyperalgesia, and death. Pre-clinical models provide the opportunity to dissect mechanisms underpinning the transition from acute to chronic, or persistent, postsurgical pain. This review highlights putative mechanisms of PPP, including sensitisation of peripheral sensory neurons, neuroplasticity in the central nervous system and nociceptive signalling along the neuro-immune axis.
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An K, Cui Y, Zhong X, Li K, Zhang J, Liu H, Wen Z. Immortalized Bone Mesenchymal Stromal Cells With Inducible Galanin Expression Produce Controllable Pain Relief in Neuropathic Rats. Cell Transplant 2022; 31:9636897221103861. [PMID: 35726855 PMCID: PMC9218486 DOI: 10.1177/09636897221103861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of chronic pain is one of the most difficult problems in modern practice. Grafted human telomerase reverse transcriptase–immortalized bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (hTERT-BMSCs) with inducible galanin (GAL) expression have been considered to be a potentially safe and controllable approach for the alleviation of chronic pain. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to assess the feasibility of hTERT-BMSCs/Tet-on/GAL cells secreting GAL under the transcriptional control of doxycycline (Dox) for controllable pain relief. After transplanted into the subarachnoid space of neuropathic rats induced by spared nerve injury of sciatic nerve, their analgesic actions were investigated by behavioral tests. The results showed that the pain-related behaviors, mechanical allodynia, and thermal hyperalgesia were significantly alleviated during 1 to 7 weeks after grafts of hTERT-BMSCs/Tet-on/GAL cells without motor incoordination. Importantly, these effects could be reversed by GAL receptor antagonist M35 and regulated by Dox induction as compared with control. Moreover, the GAL level in cerebrospinal fluid and spinal GAL receptor 1 (GalR1) expression were correlated with Dox administration, but not GAL receptor 2 (GalR2). Meanwhile, spinal protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ) expression was also inhibited significantly. Taken together, these data suggest that inducible release of GAL from transplanted cells was able to produce controllable pain relief in neuropathic rats via inhibiting the PKMζ activation and activating its GalR1 rather than GalR2. This provides a promising step toward a novel stem cell–based strategy for pain therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke An
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingpeng Cui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou First people's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kunhe Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinjun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiping Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhishuang Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Giraud F, Pereira E, Anizon F, Moreau P. Recent Advances in Pain Management: Relevant Protein Kinases and Their Inhibitors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092696. [PMID: 34064521 PMCID: PMC8124620 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to underline the protein kinases that have been established, either in fundamental approach or clinical trials, as potential biological targets in pain management. Protein kinases are presented according to their group in the human kinome: TK (Trk, RET, EGFR, JAK, VEGFR, SFK, BCR-Abl), CMGC (p38 MAPK, MEK, ERK, JNK, ASK1, CDK, CLK2, DYRK1A, GSK3, CK2), AGC (PKA, PKB, PKC, PKMζ, PKG, ROCK), CAMK, CK1 and atypical/other protein kinases (IKK, mTOR). Examples of small molecule inhibitors of these biological targets, demonstrating an analgesic effect, are described. Altogether, this review demonstrates the fundamental role that protein kinase inhibitors could play in the development of new pain treatments.
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5
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George NC, Laferrière A, Coderre TJ. Sex differences in the contributions of spinal atypical PKCs and downstream targets to the maintenance of nociceptive sensitization. Mol Pain 2020; 15:1744806919840582. [PMID: 30857476 PMCID: PMC6537080 DOI: 10.1177/1744806919840582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic pain has been shown to depend on nociceptive sensitization in the spinal cord, and while multiple mechanisms involved in the initiation of plastic changes have been established, the molecular targets which maintain spinal nociceptive sensitization are still largely unknown. Building upon the established neurobiology underlying the maintenance of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus, this present study investigated the contributions of spinal atypical protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms PKCι/λ and PKMζ and their downstream targets (p62/GluA1 and NSF/GluA2 interactions, respectively) to the maintenance of spinal nociceptive sensitization in male and female rats. Results Pharmacological inhibition of atypical PKCs by ZIP reversed established allodynia produced by repeated intramuscular acidic saline injections in male animals only, replicating previously demonstrated sex differences. Inhibition of both PKCι/λ and downstream substrates p62/GluA1 resulted in male-specific reversals of intramuscular acidic saline-induced allodynia, while female animals continued to display allodynia. Inhibition of NSF/GluA2, the downstream target to PKMζ, reversed allodynia induced by intramuscular acidic saline in both sexes. Neither PKCι/λ, p62/GluA1 or NSF/GluA2 inhibition had any effect on formalin response for either sex. Conclusion This study provides novel behavioural evidence for the male-specific role of PKCι/λ and downstream target p62/GluA1, highlighting the potential influence of ongoing afferent input. The sexually divergent pathways underlying persistent pain are shown here to converge at the interaction between NSF and the GluA2 subunit of the AMPA receptor. Although this interaction is thought to be downstream of PKMζ in males, these findings and previous work suggest that females may rely on a factor independent of atypical PKCs for the maintenance of spinal nociceptive sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C George
- 1 Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, Montreal, QC, Canada.,2 Integrated Program in Neuroscience, Montreal, QC, Canada.,3 Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - André Laferrière
- 1 Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, Montreal, QC, Canada.,3 Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Terence J Coderre
- 1 Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, Montreal, QC, Canada.,2 Integrated Program in Neuroscience, Montreal, QC, Canada.,3 Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Haubrich J, Bernabo M, Baker AG, Nader K. Impairments to Consolidation, Reconsolidation, and Long-Term Memory Maintenance Lead to Memory Erasure. Annu Rev Neurosci 2020; 43:297-314. [PMID: 32097575 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-091319-024636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An enduring problem in neuroscience is determining whether cases of amnesia result from eradication of the memory trace (storage impairment) or if the trace is present but inaccessible (retrieval impairment). The most direct approach to resolving this question is to quantify changes in the brain mechanisms of long-term memory (BM-LTM). This approach argues that if the amnesia is due to a retrieval failure, BM-LTM should remain at levels comparable to trained, unimpaired animals. Conversely, if memories are erased, BM-LTM should be reduced to resemble untrained levels. Here we review the use of BM-LTM in a number of studies that induced amnesia by targeting memory maintenance or reconsolidation. The literature strongly suggests that such amnesia is due to storage rather than retrieval impairments. We also describe the shortcomings of the purely behavioral protocol that purports to show recovery from amnesia as a method of understanding the nature of amnesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Haubrich
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada;
| | - Matteo Bernabo
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Andrew G Baker
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada;
| | - Karim Nader
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada;
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8
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Chronic postsurgical pain and cancer: the catch of surviving the unsurvivable. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2019; 12:118-123. [PMID: 29553987 DOI: 10.1097/spc.0000000000000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) is an important and well recognized cause of much long-term suffering, which in some cases may be preventable and affects many people living with cancer. Unfortunately, general consensus is lacking as to how best reduce the risk of developing CPSP. RECENT FINDINGS Cancer is now not always a short-lived, fatal disease and is now moving towards a chronic illness. Poorly managed perioperative pain is the greatest risk factor for CPSP. Recent trials have examined preventive strategies for CPSP associated with breast surgery and thoracotomy, two operations used in cancer treatment. Standard antinociceptive drugs, 5% lidocaine patches and ketamine do not prevent CPSP. The evidence for gabapentinoids is conflicting. Intravenous lidocaine and, separately, regional anaesthesia appear beneficial. SUMMARY Well-managed pain, irrespective of technique, reduces the risk of CPSP. The literature is inconclusive regarding an 'optimal approach.' Regional anaesthesia, intravenous lidocaine and the aggressive management of perioperative pain using multimodal analgesia including antineuropathic pain agents such as gabapentinoids and certain antidepressants are recommended. Clinicians should not rely on general anaesthesia, opioids, NSAIDs and ketamine to prevent CPSP. A blanket approach using gabapentinoids for all patients undergoing major surgery is not indicated. Instead, the presence of perioperative neuropathic pain should be checked for regularly.
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Abstract
Abstract
The development of chronic pain is considered a major complication after surgery. Basic science research in animal models helps us understand the transition from acute to chronic pain by identifying the numerous molecular and cellular changes that occur in the peripheral and central nervous systems. It is now well recognized that inflammation and nerve injury lead to long-term synaptic plasticity that amplifies and also maintains pain signaling, a phenomenon referred to as pain sensitization. In the context of surgery in humans, pain sensitization is both responsible for an increase in postoperative pain via the expression of wound hyperalgesia and considered a critical factor for the development of persistent postsurgical pain. Using specific drugs that block the processes of pain sensitization reduces postoperative pain and prevents the development of persistent postoperative pain. This narrative review of the literature describes clinical investigations evaluating different preventative pharmacologic strategies that are routinely used by anesthesiologists in their daily clinical practices for preventing persistent postoperative pain. Nevertheless, further efforts are needed in both basic and clinical science research to identify preclinical models and novel therapeutics targets. There remains a need for more patient numbers in clinical research, for more reliable data, and for the development of the safest and the most effective strategies to limit the incidence of persistent postoperative pain.
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10
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Zhang L, Guo S, Zhao Q, Li Y, Song C, Wang C, Yu Y, Wang G. Spinal Protein Kinase Mζ Regulates α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid Receptor Trafficking and Dendritic Spine Plasticity via Kalirin-7 in the Pathogenesis of Remifentanil-induced Postincisional Hyperalgesia in Rats. Anesthesiology 2018; 129:173-186. [PMID: 29578864 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Intraoperative remifentanil anesthesia exaggerates postoperative pain sensitivity. Recent studies recapitulate the significance of protein kinase Mζ in α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor–mediated pathologic pain. Kalirin-7, a Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor, coordinates AMPA receptor trafficking and dendritic spine plasticity. This study examines whether protein kinase Mζ and Kalirin-7 contribute to remifentanil-induced postincisional hyperalgesia via AMPA receptor.
Methods
Plantar incision was performed 10 min after the start of remifentanil infusion (1 µg · kg−1 · min−1 for 60 min). Paw withdrawal threshold (primary outcome), spinal protein kinase Mζ activity, Kalirin-7 expression, AMPA receptor trafficking, and spine morphology were assessed. Protein kinase Mζ inhibitor and Kalirin-7 knockdown by short hairpin RNA elucidated the mechanism and prevention of hyperalgesia. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording analyzed the role of protein kinase Mζ in spinal AMPA receptor–induced current.
Results
Remifentanil reduced postincisional paw withdrawal threshold (mean ± SD, control vs. hyperalgesia, 18.9 ± 1.6 vs. 5.3 ± 1.2 g, n = 7) at postoperative 48 h, which was accompanied by an increase in spinal protein kinase Mζ phosphorylation (97.8 ± 25.1 vs. 181.5 ± 18.3%, n = 4), Kalirin-7 production (101.9 ± 29.1 vs. 371.2 ± 59.1%, n = 4), and number of spines/10 µm (2.0 ± 0.3 vs. 13.0 ± 1.6, n = 4). Protein kinase Mζ inhibitor reduced remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia, Kalirin-7 expression, and GluA1 trafficking. Incubation with protein kinase Mζ inhibitor reversed remifentanil-enhanced AMPA receptor-induced current in dorsal horn neurons. Kalirin-7 deficiency impaired remifentanil-caused hyperalgesia, postsynaptic GluA1 insertion, and spine plasticity. Selective GluA2-lacking AMPA receptor antagonist prevented hyperalgesia in a dose-dependent manner.
Conclusions
Spinal protein kinase Mζ regulation of GluA1-containing AMPA receptor trafficking and spine morphology via Kalirin-7 overexpression is a fundamental pathogenesis of remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhang
- From the Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology and Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Suqian Guo
- From the Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology and Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- From the Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology and Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yize Li
- From the Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology and Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chengcheng Song
- From the Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology and Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- From the Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology and Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yonghao Yu
- From the Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology and Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guolin Wang
- From the Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology and Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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The Effect of Electroacupuncture on PKMzeta in the ACC in Regulating Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Rats Experiencing Chronic Inflammatory Pain. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:3728752. [PMID: 29075535 PMCID: PMC5624165 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3728752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory pain can induce emotional diseases. Electroacupuncture (EA) has effects on chronic pain and pain-related anxiety. Protein kinase Mzeta (PKMzeta) has been proposed to be essential for the maintenance of pain and may interact with GluR1 to maintain CNS plasticity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). We hypothesized that the PKMzeta-GluR1 pathway in the ACC may be involved in anxiety-like behaviors of chronic inflammatory pain and that the mechanism of EA regulation of pain emotion may involve the PKMzeta pathway in the ACC. Our results showed that chronic inflammatory pain model decreased the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and increased anxiety-like behaviors. The protein expression of PKCzeta, p-PKCzeta (T560), PKMzeta, p-PKMzeta (T560), and GluR1 in the ACC of the model group were remarkably enhanced. EA increased PWT and alleviated anxiety-like behaviors. EA significantly inhibited the protein expression of p-PKMzeta (T560) in the ACC, and only a downward trend effect for other substances. Further, the microinjection of ZIP remarkably reversed PWT and anxiety-like behaviors. The present study provides direct evidence that the PKCzeta/PKMzeta-GluR1 pathway is related to pain and pain-induced anxiety-like behaviors. EA treatment both increases pain-related somatosensory behavior and decreases pain-induced anxiety-like behaviors by suppressing PKMzeta activity in the ACC.
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12
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PKMζ Is Not Required for Development of Postsurgical Pain. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2397-2402. [PMID: 28357808 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0499-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ), a brain-specific isoform of protein kinase C, is involved in the central processing of nociception in several pain models by using a synthetic zeta inhibitory peptide. In the present study, we investigated whether PKMζ contributes to the pathogenesis of postsurgical pain using both conditional and conventional PKMζ knockout mice. Our results showed that the expression of PKMζ in anterior cingulate cortex, but not spinal cord, of the conditional PKMζ knockout mice was inhibited following tamoxifen injection. And the conditional PKMζ knockout mice displayed similar plantar incision-produced postsurgical pain responses as those in wild-type mice. Moreover, the expression of PKMζ was inhibited in both anterior cingulate cortex and spinal cord of the conventional PKMζ knockout mice. And there were no significant differences in the development of postsurgical pain among wild-type, heterozygous, and homozygous conventional PKMζ knockout mice. These data suggest that PKMζ is not required for the development of postsurgical pain after plantar incision.
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Nasir H, Mahboubi H, Gyawali S, Ding S, Mickeviciute A, Ragavendran JV, Laferrière A, Stochaj U, Coderre TJ. Consistent sex-dependent effects of PKMζ gene ablation and pharmacological inhibition on the maintenance of referred pain. Mol Pain 2016; 12:1744806916675347. [PMID: 27899695 PMCID: PMC5131814 DOI: 10.1177/1744806916675347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistently active PKMζ has been implicated in maintaining spinal nociceptive sensitization that underlies pain hypersensitivity. However, evidence for PKMζ in the maintenance of pain hypersensitivity comes exclusively from short-term studies in males using pharmacological agents of questionable selectivity. The present study examines the contribution of PKMζ to long-lasting allodynia associated with neuropathic, inflammatory, or referred visceral and muscle pain in males and females using pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation. RESULTS Pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of PKMζ reduced mild formalin pain and slowly developing contralateral allodynia in nerve-injured rats, but not moderate formalin pain or ipsilateral allodynia in models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of PKMζ also effectively reduced referred visceral and muscle pain in male, but not in female mice and rats. CONCLUSION We show pharmacological inhibition and genetic ablation of PKMζ consistently attenuate long-lasting pain hypersensitivity. However, differential effects in models of referred versus inflammatory and neuropathic pain, and in males versus females, highlight the roles of afferent input-dependent masking and sex differences in the maintenance of pain hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hibatulnaseer Nasir
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hicham Mahboubi
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sandeep Gyawali
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie Ding
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Aiste Mickeviciute
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - J Vaigunda Ragavendran
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - André Laferrière
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ursula Stochaj
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Terence J Coderre
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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14
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Tang Y, Chen A, Chen Y, Guo L, Dai H, Huang Y, Chen Q, Lin C. Zeta Inhibitory Peptide as a Novel Therapy to Control Chronic Visceral Hypersensitivity in a Rat Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163324. [PMID: 27776136 PMCID: PMC5077089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis of multiple chronic visceral pain syndromes, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), is not well known, and as a result current therapies are ineffective. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of spinal protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ) on visceral pain sensitivity in rats with IBS to better understand the pathogenesis and investigate the effect of zeta inhibitory peptide (ZIP) as a therapy for chronic visceral pain. Methods Visceral hypersensitivity rats were produced by neonatal maternal separation (NMS). Visceral pain sensitivity was assessed by electromyographic (EMG) responses of abdominal muscles to colorectal distention (CRD). Spinal PKMζ and phosphorylated PKMζ (p-PKMζ) were detected by western blot. Varying doses of ZIP were intrathecally administered to investigate the role of spinal PKMζ in chronic visceral hypersensitivity. The open field test was used to determine if ZIP therapy causes spontaneous motor activity side effects. Results Graded CRD pressure significantly increased EMG responses in NMS rats compared to control rats (p < 0.05). p-PKMζ expression increased in the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral spinal cord in the IBS-like rats with notable concomitant chronic visceral pain compared to control rats (p < 0.05). EMG data revealed that intrathecal ZIP injection (1, 5, and 10 μg) dose-dependently attenuated visceral pain hypersensitivity in IBS-like rats. Conclusions Phosphorylated PKMζ may be involved in the spinal central sensitization of chronic visceral hypersensitivity in IBS, and administration of ZIP could effectively treat chronic visceral pain with good outcomes in rat models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tang
- Fujian Medical University, Basic Medical College, Laboratory of Pain Research, Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Neuroscience Research Center, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350108, PR China
| | - Aiqin Chen
- Fujian Medical University, Basic Medical College, Laboratory of Pain Research, Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Neuroscience Research Center, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350108, PR China
| | - Yu Chen
- Fujian Medical University, Basic Medical College, Laboratory of Pain Research, Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Neuroscience Research Center, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350108, PR China
| | - Lixia Guo
- Department of Pathology, Pingxiang People's Hospital, Pingxiang 337000, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Hengfen Dai
- Fujian Medical University, Basic Medical College, Laboratory of Pain Research, Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Neuroscience Research Center, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350108, PR China
| | - Yang Huang
- Fujian Medical University, Basic Medical College, Laboratory of Pain Research, Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Neuroscience Research Center, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350108, PR China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- Fujian Medical University, Basic Medical College, Laboratory of Pain Research, Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Neuroscience Research Center, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350108, PR China
| | - Chun Lin
- Fujian Medical University, Basic Medical College, Laboratory of Pain Research, Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Neuroscience Research Center, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350108, PR China
- * E-mail:
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