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Zhang J, Feng J, Tian Y, Wu Y, Liu X, He Q. Ultrasensitive electrochemical determination of tyrosine based on the α-Fe2O3@Co3O4-NRGO modified electrode. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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2
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Enhanced electrochemical enantiorecognition of tryptophan enantiomers based on synergistic effect of porous β-CD-containing polymers and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Fooladi E, Razavizadeh BM, Noori M, Kakooei S. Application of carboxylic acid-functionalized of graphene oxide for electrochemical simultaneous determination of tryptophan and tyrosine in milk. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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4
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Jang MG, Jang MD, Park JH. Doxycycline as a new chiral selector in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1508:176-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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5
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Porrà, Quaglia MG, Fanali S. Determination of fenfluramine enantiomers in pharmaceutical formulations by capillary zone electrophoresis. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02688055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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6
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Synthesis of teicoplanin-modified hybrid magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles and their application in chiral separation of racemic compounds. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 399:107-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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7
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Řezanka M, Řezanka P, Sýkora D, Jindřich J, Král V. Impact of substituent position in monosubstituted α-cyclodextrins on enantioselectivity in capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:811-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201101034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Řezanka
- Department of Organic and Nuclear Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Řezanka
- Institute of Chemical Technology; Department of Analytical Chemistry; Prague Czech Republic
| | - David Sýkora
- Institute of Chemical Technology; Department of Analytical Chemistry; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Jindřich
- Department of Organic and Nuclear Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Král
- Institute of Chemical Technology; Department of Analytical Chemistry; Prague Czech Republic
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8
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Kumar AP, Park JH. Azithromycin as a new chiral selector in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1314-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Rapid analysis and sensitive detection of dl-tryptophan by using shorter capillary column coupled with deep-UV fluorescence detector. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3753-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
This paper summarizes the history of chiral separations done by using electromigration methods with CDs. Several enantioresolution mechanisms and a wide number of chiral selectors have been applied to the separation of optical isomers by CE. Among them inclusion-complexation with CDs or their derivatives played a very important role in CE. Since the beginning our group was involved in studying method optimization for enantiomer resolution by using these chiral selectors. One of our publications was the basis for further development in the field, at least for us. New chiral selectors, development of theory, new methodological approaches and a wide number of practical applications are the main results achieved in the last almost 25 years using CE as an enantioseparative technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Fanali
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies, National Council of Research, Area della Ricerca di Roma I, Monterotondo Scalo (Rome), Italy.
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11
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Chen B, Du Y, Li P. Investigation of enantiomeric separation of basic drugs by capillary electrophoresis using clindamycin phosphate as a novel chiral selector. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:2747-54. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Castro-Puyana M, Drewnowska R, Pérez-Fernández V, Ángeles García M, Crego AL, Marina ML. Simultaneous separation of epinephrine and norepinephrine enantiomers by EKC: Application to the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:2947-54. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Belin GK, Seeger S. Rapid analysis of serotonin and propranolol using miniaturized CE with deep-UV fluorescence detector. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:2565-71. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Chankvetadze B, Frost M, Blaschke G. Kapillarelektrophorese, eine attraktive Methode zur Enantiomerenanalytik. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pauz.19990280405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Srinivasan K, Bartlett MG. CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS DETERMINATION OF BUTALBITAL FROM SERUM USING SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION (SPE) AND ULTRAVIOLET DETECTION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Srinivasan
- a Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia , Athens, GA, 30602-2352, U.S.A
| | - Michael G. Bartlett
- b Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia , Athens, GA, 30602-2352, U.S.A
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16
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Sharp VS, Risley DS, McCarthy S, Huff BE, Strege MA. Evaluation of a New Macrocyclic Antibiotic as a Chiral Selector for Use in Capillary Electrophoresis. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079708013660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Scott Sharp
- a Lilly Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division Lilly Corporate Center , Indianapolis, IN, 46285
| | - Donald S. Risley
- a Lilly Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division Lilly Corporate Center , Indianapolis, IN, 46285
| | - Sharon McCarthy
- a Lilly Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division Lilly Corporate Center , Indianapolis, IN, 46285
| | - Bret E. Huff
- a Lilly Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division Lilly Corporate Center , Indianapolis, IN, 46285
| | - Mark A. Strege
- a Lilly Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division Lilly Corporate Center , Indianapolis, IN, 46285
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17
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Ameyibor E, Stewart JT. Quantitative Determination of Pentazocine Enantiomers in Human Serum Using Derivatized β-Cyclodextrin-modified Capillary Electrophoresis and Solid Phase Extraction. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079808005861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ameyibor
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry College of Pharmacy , University of Georgia , Athens, GA, 30602-2352
| | - James T. Stewart
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry College of Pharmacy , University of Georgia , Athens, GA, 30602-2352
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18
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Hefnawy MM, Stewart JT. ENANTIOSELECTIVE DETERMINATION OF R(+) AND S(−) ROGLETIMIDE IN SERUM USING ALPHA-CYCLODEXTRIN MODIFIED CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS AND SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100101490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Hefnawy
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia , Athens, GA, 30602-2352, U.S.A
| | - James T. Stewart
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia , Athens, GA, 30602-2352, U.S.A
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19
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Delinsky DC, Srinivasan K, Solomon HM, Bartlett MG. SIMULTANEOUS CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS DETERMINATION OF BARBITURATES FROM MECONIUM. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100108543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David C. Delinsky
- a Dept. of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia , Athens , GA , 30602-2352 , U.S.A
| | - Karthik Srinivasan
- a Dept. of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia , Athens , GA , 30602-2352 , U.S.A
| | - Harvey M. Solomon
- b Quintiles Laboratories, Ltd. , 5500 Highlands Parkway, Suite, 600, Smyrna , GA , 30082 , U.S.A
| | - Michael G. Bartlett
- a Dept. of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia , Athens , GA , 30602-2352 , U.S.A
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20
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Sänger-van de Griend CE, Ek AG, Widahl-Näsman ME, Andersson EKM. Method development for the enantiomeric purity determination of low concentrations of adrenaline in local anaesthetic solutions by capillary electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:77-83. [PMID: 16303275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Revised: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
L-adrenaline is often included in local anaesthetic (LA) solutions for injection to improve the quality of the anaesthetic block. The concentration of the LA is between 2.5 and 20 mg/ml and the concentration of adrenaline is typically < or = 0.1% of the LA concentration. In order to follow the racemization into d-adrenaline, not only is chiral separation needed but also sufficient resolution from the LA and other components of the injection solution. Furthermore, very high sensitivity is needed in order to be able to determine the d-enantiomer at very low concentrations, i.e. down to about 0.1 microg/ml. The development of a chiral capillary electrophoresis method that is able to determine the racemization of adrenaline is described, together with a limited validation. Samples are injected without pretreatment and analysed with a capillary electrophoresis buffer containing 40 mM heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin, 0.10 M phosphoric acid and 0.05 M triethanolamine. The amounts of d-adrenaline found in the LA products tested were typically < 3% of the l-adrenaline concentration and < 0.003% of the LA concentration.
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21
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Kavran-Belin G, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. Enantioseparation of baclofen with highly sulfated β-cyclodextrin by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:2187-92. [PMID: 16318216 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The enantioseparation of baclofen (4-amino-3-p-chlorophenylbutyric acid) was achieved by CE-LIF with highly sulfated beta-CD (HS-beta-CD) as chiral selector. Naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde was used for the derivatization of nonfluorescent baclofen. HS-beta-CD (2%) containing 50 mM borate buffer at pH 9.5 was chosen as the optimal running electrolyte and applied to the analysis of baclofen enantiomers in human plasma. The linearity of calibration curves (R2 > or = 0.998) for R-(-) and S-(+)-baclofen was in the 0.1-2.0 microM concentration range. After a simple ACN-protein precipitation, the LOD of baclofen in plasma sample was found as low as 50 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Kavran-Belin
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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22
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Wätzig H, Günter S. Capillary electrophoresis-a high performance analytical separation technique. Clin Chem Lab Med 2003; 41:724-38. [PMID: 12880135 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2003.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is often one of the preferred techniques in pharmaceutical quality control and in clinical chemistry, particularly considering the high selectivity and lower costs compared to HPLC. The precision of CE is as good as in liquid chromatography (LC). The sample-throughput is high due to short analysis times. Efforts for sample pre-treatment are usually minor in CE. Urine and even blood plasma can be directly injected without further pre-treatment. After summarising the basic principles of CE, general strategies for method development are described to achieve selective, efficient, precise, fast, sensitive, and validated methods. Sample pre-treatment requirements are discussed. Standard buffer recipes, surfactants used in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), chiral selectors, useful buffer additives, actions to deal with complex matrices, and aspects of validation have been collected. Other techniques that can be performed with CE instruments, such as capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF), capillary isotachophoresis (CITP), and capillary electrochromatography (CEC), are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Wätzig
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
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23
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Cucinotta V, Giuffrida A, Grasso G, Maccarrone G, Messina M. Simultaneous separation of different enantiomeric pairs in capillary electrophoresis by mixing different hemispherodextrins, a very versatile class of receptors. J Chromatogr A 2002; 979:137-45. [PMID: 12498242 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01437-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Six different racemates of the profen family were used as analytes in order to test the chiral selector properties of three members of a new class of cyclodextrin derivatives, hemispherodextrins (HMs), in capillary electrophoresis. In addition to experiments carried out to separate each enantiomeric pair one by one, other experiments were carried out on samples containing all six enantiomeric pairs. Electropherograms were obtained either by adding a single HM to the background electrolyte (BGE), or a binary mixture of HMs. The results obtained confirm the excellent chiral selector properties of the HMs, and furthermore show that these compounds can also be used for achiral selection. When mixing different HMs, a complementary effect in chiral selectivity is observed, which, in our opinion, deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Cucinotta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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24
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Abstract
The current methods for tropane alkaloid chromatographic separation and determination are summarised. The alkaloids included are: the medicinally applied tropic acid esters hyoscyamine and scopolamine and their derivatives, cocaine and derivatives, the metabolites and degradation products of these compounds occurring in plant material, calystegines as nortropane alkaloids, anatoxins as homonortropane alkaloids, pelletierines and pseudopelletierines as alkaloids with isomeric structures. Developments in GC, HPLC, CE and TLC are presented and the advantages of each method for plant analysis are discussed. A summary for each chromatographic method lists the instrumentation and parameters applied for tropane alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Dräger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
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Fanali S, Crucianelli M, De Angelis F, Presutti C. Enantioseparation of amino acid derivatives by capillary zone electrophoresis using vancomycin as chiral selector. Electrophoresis 2002; 23:3035-40. [PMID: 12207313 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200209)23:17<3035::aid-elps3035>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The separation of racemic derivatized amino acids (N-acetyl) into their enantiomers was achieved using capillary zone electrophoresis employing vancomycin as a chiral selector. Due to the strong absorption properties of the chiral selector at the low wavelengths used, the partial-filling countercurrent method was adopted in order to improve method sensitivity. In the separation system studied, the chiral selector filled only a part of the capillary and, due to the appropriate selection of the pH, was moving in the opposite direction of the analytes keeping the detector free from absorbing compounds. The effect of several experimental parameters on the enantioresolution of analytes was studied, e.g., vancomycin concentration (0-5 mM), pH of the background electrolyte (pH 4-7), capillary temperature (15-35 degrees C), and the presence of an organic modifier in the run buffer (methanol or ethanol or n-propanol). N-Acetyl glutamic acid, serine, cystine, tyrosine, and proline were all baseline-resolved into their enantiomers and the enantioresolution factor (R(s)) was increased by raising the vancomycin concentration. pH 4 allowed the baseline resolution of the five studied analytes in the presence of 2.5 mM of chiral selector and an increase in pH caused a decrease of R(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Fanali
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche del C.N.R., Area della Ricerca di Roma, Monterotondo Scalo, Italy.
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Thibodeaux SJ, Billiot E, Warner IM. Enantiomeric separations using poly(L-valine) and poly(L-leucine) surfactants. Investigation of steric factors near the chiral center. J Chromatogr A 2002; 966:179-86. [PMID: 12214692 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00747-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of steric factors near the stereogenic center on polymerized surfactants, sodium N-undecyl-L-leucine, sodium N-undecyl-L-norleucine, sodium N-undecyl-L-tert.-butyl leucine, sodium N-undecyl-L-isoleucine. sodium N-undecyl-L-valine, sodium N-undecyl-L-norvaline. and sodium N-undecyl-L-proline. The effect of steric factors near the chiral center of the polymeric surfactants were examined using binaphthyl derivatives, aminoglutethimide, and 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(9-anthryl)ethanol. In addition, fluorescence spectroscopy was used to determine the hydrophobicities of these surfactants using the environmentally-sensitive probe pyrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J Thibodeaux
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803-1804, USA
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Abstract
A review is presented that surveys the basic theory of direct separation of enantiomers by capillary electrophoretic (CE) techniques. These separations are based on the formation of diastereomeric complexes between the enantiomeric analytes and a chiral selector added to the electrolyte solution. The review covers a comprehensive treatment of the equations needed for optimization of selectivity coefficients, resolution and analysis time in the zone electrophoretic mode. In this context, it takes into account combined equilibria of complexation and protonation/deprotonation as well as complexation and paritition into micelles. On the basis of these equations, the benefits of charged selectors and the optimization potential inherent to pH tuning can be documented. In addition, the review deals with some basic aspects of chiral isoelectric focusing and briefly discusses indirect enantioseparation. In a subsequent section a survey is given on particularfeatures of the various types of chiral selectors. Finally, the recent developments in preparative enantioseparation in continuous free-flow system and by use of isoelectric membranes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rizzi
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria.
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Fanali S, Cartoni C, Aturki Z. Enantioseparation ofS-carboxymethylcysteine andN-acetamidocarboxymethylcysteine by capillary electrophoresis using vancomycin. J Sep Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20010901)24:9<789::aid-jssc789>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bednar P, Aturki Z, Stransky Z, Fanali S. Chiral analysis of UV nonabsorbing compounds by capillary electrophoresis using macrocyclic antibiotics: 1. Separation of aspartic and glutamic acid enantiomers. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:2129-35. [PMID: 11504043 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(20017)22:11<2129::aid-elps2129>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycopeptide antibiotics, namely vancomycin or teicoplanin, were evaluated in capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of UV nonabsorbing compounds such as aspartic and glutamic acid enantiomers. Electrophoretic runs were performed in laboratory-made polyacrylamide-coated capillaries using the partial filling-counter current method in order to avoid the presence on the detector path of the absorbing chiral selector. The background electrolyte consisted of an aqueous or aqueous-organic buffer in the pH range of 4.5-6.5 of sorbic acid/histidine and the appropriate concentration of chiral selector. Several experimental parameters such as antibiotic concentration and type, buffer pH, organic modifier, type and concentration of absorbing co-ion (for the indirect UV detection) were studied in order to find the optimum conditions for the chiral resolution of the two underivatized amino acids in their enantiomers. Among the two investigated chiral selectors, vancomycin resulted to be the most useful chiral selector allowing relatively high chiral resolution of the studied compounds even at low concentration. The optimized method (10 mM sorbic acid/histidine, pH 5, and 10 mM of vancomycin) was used for the analysis of real samples such as teeth dentine and beer.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bednar
- Istituto di Cromatografia del CNR, Area della Ricerca di Roma, Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
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Cucinotta V, Giuffrida A, Grasso G, Maccarrone G, Vecchio G. Hemispherodextrins, a new class of cyclodextrin derivatives, in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2001; 916:61-4. [PMID: 11382310 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)01260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A capped cyclodextrin derivative (THCMH), called hemispherodextrin, was observed to behave as a very efficient chiral selector for a variety of phenoxyacid enantiomeric pairs, both at pH 6 and pH 9. The very low concentration necessary to obtain separation was particularly impressive. The behaviour of THCMH was compared with that of other hemispherodextrins and cyclodextrin derivatives and the conclusions are reported. Some interesting conclusions are drawn by comparing the behaviour of THCMH with that of other hemispherodextrins reported elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cucinotta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, University of Catania, Italy.
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Clohs L, McErlane KM. Development of a capillary electrophoresis assay for the determination of carvedilol enantiomers in serum using cyclodextrins. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 24:545-54. [PMID: 11272310 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00468-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis method using cyclodextrins as the chiral selectors was developed for the determination of carvedilol enantiomers in serum. Several types of cyclodextrins were evaluated. The effect of cyclodextrin concentration on enantiomer resolution was investigated. Best results were obtained using 10 mM hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in the run buffer. The effect of voltage on efficiency was assessed. Other electrophoretic conditions were optimized. The method was validated for carvedilol enantiomers in serum. Linearity of detection was assessed over the concentration range of 50-4000 ng/ml of each enantiomer in serum. Intra- and inter-assay variability obtained were under 8% for both enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Clohs
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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34
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Modelling enantiomer separation by CE. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Zhao S, Liu YM. Enantioseparation of underivatized amino acids by capillary electrophoresis using copper(II)-(S)-3-aminopyrrolidine-l-histidine ternary complex as the chiral selector. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)01170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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36
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Fanali S. Enantioselective determination by capillary electrophoresis with cyclodextrins as chiral selectors. J Chromatogr A 2000; 875:89-122. [PMID: 10839140 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01309-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
This review surveys the separation of enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis using cyclodextrins as chiral selector. Cyclodextrins or their derivatives have been widely employed for the direct chiral resolution of a wide number of enantiomers, mainly of pharmaceutical interest, selected examples are reported in the tables. For method optimisation, several parameters influencing the enantioresolution, e.g., cyclodextrin type and concentration, buffer pH and composition, presence of organic solvents or complexing additives in the buffer were considered and discussed. Finally, selected applications to real samples such as pharmaceutical formulations, biological and medical samples are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fanali
- Istituto di Cromatografia del C.N.R., Area della Ricerca di Roma, Monterotondo Scalo (Rome), Italy.
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37
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Chiral separation and determination of the optical purity of thiamphenicol-related chiral compound by capillary zone electrophoresis with cyclodextrins as chiral selectors. Chromatographia 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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38
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Wan H, Schmidt S, Carlsson L, Blomberg LG. Some factors affecting enantiomeric impurity determination by capillary electrophoresis using ultraviolet and laser-induced fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 1999; 20:2705-14. [PMID: 10532338 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19990901)20:13<2705::aid-elps2705>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The key factors influencing enantiomer trace determination were investigated; these include resolution capillary diameter, limit of detection, linear range and type of detection. Chiral reagents, (+)- and (-)-1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate (FLEC), were employed as probes to demonstrate the influence of the variables. In order to find the best resolution, separation variables were optimized in both capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) modes by the application of factorial design experiments. A highly efficient chiral separation of the (+/-)-FLEC, derivatized with nonchiral amino acids, was achieved when using gamma-cyclodextrin as the chiral selector. The benefits of using a small diameter capillary for direct determination of both (+) and (-)-FLEC impurity (0.05-0.1% area/area) were demonstrated using UV detection and applying a sample stacking condition. A frequency-doubled argon ion laser (244 nm) was used as light source for laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection. Excitation light was provided by means of an optical fiber directed into the Hewlett Packard 3D capillary cartridge. The signals from UV and LIF were monitored simultaneously. The application of LIF detection greatly improved sensitivity and linear range. Further, as a consequence of the increased sensitivity, sample loading could be decreased, which led to an improvement of separation efficiency. Direct determination of 0.005% impurity could be achieved within the linear range.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wan
- Department of Chemistry, Karlstad University, Sweden
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39
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Zhang XX, Hong F, Chang WB, Ci YX, Ye YH. Enantiomeric separation of promethazine and d,l-α-amino-β-[4-(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-quinoline)] propionic acid drugs by capillary zone electrophoresis using albumin as chiral selectors. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00248-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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McCurdy CR, Venkateshwaran TG, Beach JW, Stewart JT. Chiral separation of lobeline analogs using high performance capillary electrophoresis and derivatized cyclodextrins as chiral additives. Electrophoresis 1999; 20:212-8. [PMID: 10065979 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19990101)20:1<212::aid-elps212>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
High performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) methods are described that will separate the enantiomers of various lobeline analogs synthesized in these laboratories. "Cyclodextrin array analysis" was used for preliminary screening and electrophoresis conditions were optimized for each investigated analog. The lobeline analogs under consideration were investigated as potential nicotinic agonists for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. Native alpha (alpha)-, beta (beta)-, and gamma (gamma)-cyclodextrins, methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (M-beta-CD), heptakis-(2,6-di-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (DM-beta-CD), and heptakis-(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (TM-beta-CD), hydroxypropyl-alpha-cyclodextrin (HP-alpha-CD), hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) and hydroxypropl-gamma-cyclodextrin (HP-gamma-CD) were used as run buffer additives and their effect on the enantiomeric resolution of the lobeline analogs was investigated. The effect of pH, buffer concentration, voltage, temperature and organic modifier concentration on the enantiomeric resolution of the lobeline analogs was investigated. The most suitable conditions for each compound were chosen and, with detection at a wavelength of 200 nm, optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R McCurdy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-2352, USA
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41
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Wätzig H, Degenhardt M, Kunkel A. Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:2695-752. [PMID: 9870372 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150191603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This review is in support of the development of selective, reproducible and validated capillary electrophoretis (CE) methods. Focusing on pharmaceutical and biological applications, the successful use of CE is demonstrated by more than 800 references, mainly from 1994 until 1998. Approximately 80 recent reviews have been catalogued. These articles sum up the existing strategies for method development in CE, especially in the search for generally accepted concepts, but also looking for new, promising reagents and ideas. General strategies for method development were derived not only with regard to selectivity and efficiency, but also with regard to precision, short analysis time, limit of detection, sample pretreatment requirements and validation. Standard buffer recipes, surfactants used in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC), chiral selectors, useful buffer additives, polymeric separation media, electroosmotic flow (EOF) modifiers, dynamic and permanent coatings, actions to deal with complex matrices and aspects of validation are collected in 20 tables. Detailed schemes for the development of MEKC methods and chiral separations, for optimizing separation efficiency, means of troubleshooting, and other important information for key decisions during method development are given in 19 diagrams. Method development for peptide and protein separations, possibilities to influence the EOF and how to stabilize it, as well as indirect detection are considered in special sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wätzig
- Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Würzburg, Germany.
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42
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Chiral separations by capillary zone electrophoresis with the use of cyanoethylated-β-cyclodextrin as chiral selector. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00426-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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43
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Fanali S, Aturki Z, Desiderio C, Bossi A, Righetti PG. Use of a Hepta-tyr glycopeptide antibiotic as chiral selector in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:1742-51. [PMID: 9719555 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150191036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A new glycopeptide antibiotic, MDL 63,246 (Hepta-tyr), of the teicoplanin family, has been evaluated in capillary electrophoresis for the resolution of chiral compounds of pharmaceutical and environmental interest. Electrophoretic separations were carried out in a polyacrylamide-coated capillary using the partial filling-counter current mode with aqueous-organic buffers in the pH range 4-6. Experimental parameters affecting resolution, such as antibiotic concentration, buffer pH, organic modifier type and capillary temperature, were studied. The Hepta-tyr antibiotic exhibited a high enantiorecognition capability towards the studied compounds at very low concentrations (1-2 mg/mL). The optimum experimental conditions were achieved by using a buffer at pH 5 containing acetonitrile at 25 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fanali
- Istituto di Cromatografia del C.N.R. Area della Ricerca di Roma, Monterotondo Scalo, Italy.
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44
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Haynes JL, Shamsi SA, O'Keefe F, Darcey R, Warner IM. Cationic beta-cyclodextrin derivative for chiral separations. J Chromatogr A 1998; 803:261-71. [PMID: 9604336 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)01212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel hepta-substituted beta-cyclodextrin bearing the methoxyethylamine group linked to the upper cyclodextrin rim was successfully used as a chiral selector for enantiomeric separation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and phenoxypropionic acid herbicides (PPAHs). Separation parameters such as pH and concentration were found to have major influences on enantiomeric resolution of the NSAIDs and PPAHs. Results indicate that heptakis(6-methoxyethylamine-6-deoxy)-beta-cyclodextrin [beta-CD-OMe (VII)] performs exceptionally well for the enantiomeric resolution of NSAIDs: indoprofen and fenoprofen (Rs = 11 and 14, respectively). In addition, baseline enantiomeric separation of a mixture of six pairs of PPAHs was achieved in under 30 min. Compared to other cationic beta-cyclodextrins reported in the literature, the beta-CD-OMe (VII) showed improved selectivity for both classes of the aforementioned anionic racemates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70820, USA
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45
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Blanco M, Coello J, Iturriaga H, Maspoch S, Pérez-Maseda C. Chiral and nonchiral determination of ketoprofen in pharmaceuticals by capillary zone electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1998; 799:301-7. [PMID: 9550108 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)01040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The new method for the enantiomeric resolution of various 2-arylpropionic acids by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) using heptakis-tri-O-methyl-beta-cyclodextrin as chiral selector was applied to the determination of ketoprofen in different commercially-available pharmaceutical preparations. The analyte was determined under chiral and nonchiral conditions (viz. in the presence and absence of 50 mM heptakis-tri-O-methyl-beta-cyclodextrin in the background electrolyte), with significantly similar results and relative standard deviations from 1.2 to 6.5% in both cases. The limits of detection and determination for the inactive enantiomer, R-(-)-ketoprofen, were calculated to be 7.0 x 10(-7) and 1.6 x 10(-6) M, respectively. The proposed method was successfully used to determine enantiomeric purity in the drugs studied, with results comparable to those provided by the chiral HPLC method.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Blanco
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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46
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Vespalec R, Bocek P. Methods for determination of electrophoretic mobility and stability of complexes originating in solutions during the chiral discrimination process. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:276-81. [PMID: 9548291 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150190222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An equation for the calculation of electrophoretic mobility of kinetically labile complexes originating in solutions during the chiral discrimination process is derived. The mobility of the complex is calculated from that of a fully ionized racemic compound, measured in absence of the chiral selector, and from the effective mobilities of its enantiomers, corresponding to the concentration of the chiral selector causing their maximum difference. Correct values of stoichiometric stability constants of both enantiomers may be calculated from the mobility of the complex obtained in this way. Both the mobility and the stability values hold only for the experimental conditions used and the selected background electrolyte. The proposed method is demonstrated for the separation of the fully ionized N-t-BOC-DL-tryptophan with beta-cyclodextrin in 20 mM aqueous solution of alpha-hydroxyisobutyric acid, adjusted with NaOH to pH 4.5. Mobility of the complex is 8.4 X 10(-9) m2V[-1]s(-1) at 25 degrees C. The stability constants of D- and L-enantiomers of N-t-BOC-DL-tryptophan with beta-cyclodextrin, KD and KL obtained from migration data using this mobility of the complex, are 374+/-37 M(-1) and 336+/-31 M(-1), respectively. The geometrical mean value of calculated stability constants, 355 M(-1), agrees perfectly with the value of 350 M(-1), calculated from the same experimental data by another procedure recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vespalec
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno
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47
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Blanco M, Coello J, Iturriaga H, Maspoch S, Pérez-Maseda C. Separation of profen enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis using cyclodextrins as chiral selectors. J Chromatogr A 1998; 793:165-75. [PMID: 9468656 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00893-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A method for resolving the enantiomers of various 2-arylpropionic acids (viz. ketoprofen, ibuprofen and fenoprofen) by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) using a background electrolyte (BGE) containing a cyclodextrin as chiral selector is proposed. The effects of the type of cyclodextrin used and its concentration on resolution were studied and heptakis-2,3,6-tri- O-methyl-beta-cyclodextrin was found to be the sole effective choice for the quantitative enantiomeric resolution of all the compounds tested. The influence of pH, BGE concentration, capillary temperature and addition of methanol to the BGE on resolution and other separation-related parameters was also studied. The three compounds studied can be enantiomerically resolved with a high efficiency in a short time (less than 20 min) with no capillary treatment. This makes the proposed method suitable for assessing the enantiomeric purity of commercially available pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Blanco
- Departament de Química, Unitat de Química Analítica, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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48
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49
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50
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Abstract
This review surveys enantiomer separation by capillary electrophoresis (CE) using polysaccharides as chiral selectors. Many ionic or electrically neutral polysaccharides, such as heparin, chondroitin sulfate, dextrin, etc., have been employed successfully for the CE separation of enantiomers. The operational conditions that affect the enantioselectivity of the chiral separation system will be described. The mechanism of enantioseparation will also be discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nishi
- Analytical Research Laboratory, Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
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