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Plata-Calzado C, Prieto AI, Cameán AM, Jos A. Analytical Methods for Anatoxin-a Determination: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:198. [PMID: 38668623 PMCID: PMC11053625 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16040198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Anatoxin-a (ATX-a) is a potent neurotoxin produced by several species of cyanobacteria whose exposure can have direct consequences, including neurological disorders and death. The increasing prevalence of harmful cyanobacterial blooms makes the detection and reliable assessment of ATX-a levels essential to prevent the risk associated with public health. Therefore, the aim of this review is to compile the analytical methods developed to date for the detection and quantification of ATX-a levels alone and in mixtures with other cyanotoxins and their suitability. A classification of the analytical methods available is fundamental to make an appropriate choice according to the type of sample, the equipment available, and the required sensitivity and specificity for each specific purpose. The most widely used detection technique for the quantification of this toxin is liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The analytical methods reviewed herein focus mainly on water and cyanobacterial samples, so the need for validated analytical methods in more complex matrices (vegetables and fish) for the determination of ATX-a to assess dietary exposure to this toxin is evidenced. There is currently a trend towards the validation of multitoxin methods as opposed to single-ATX-a determination methods, which corresponds to the real situation of cyanotoxins' confluence in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana I. Prieto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain; (C.P.-C.); (A.M.C.); (A.J.)
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Zhou W, Wang C, Hao X, Chen F, Huang Q, Liu T, Xu J, Guo S, Liao B, Liu Z, Feng Y, Wang Y, Liao P, Xue J, Shi M, Maoz I, Kai G. A chromosome-level genome assembly of anesthetic drug-producing Anisodus acutangulus provides insights into its evolution and the biosynthesis of tropane alkaloids. Plant Commun 2024; 5:100680. [PMID: 37660252 PMCID: PMC10811374 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Tropane alkaloids (TAs), which are anticholinergic agents, are an essential class of natural compounds, and there is a growing demand for TAs with anesthetic, analgesic, and spasmolytic effects. Anisodus acutangulus (Solanaceae) is a TA-producing plant that was used as an anesthetic in ancient China. In this study, we assembled a high-quality, chromosome-scale genome of A. acutangulus with a contig N50 of 7.4 Mb. A recent whole-genome duplication occurred in A. acutangulus after its divergence from other Solanaceae species, which resulted in the duplication of ADC1 and UGT genes involved in TA biosynthesis. The catalytic activities of H6H enzymes were determined for three Solanaceae plants. On the basis of evolution and co-expressed genes, AaWRKY11 was selected for further analyses, which revealed that its encoded transcription factor promotes TA biosynthesis by activating AaH6H1 expression. These findings provide useful insights into genome evolution related to TA biosynthesis and have potential implications for genetic manipulation of TA-producing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial International S&T Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Zhejiang Provincial Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Can Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial International S&T Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Zhejiang Provincial Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Xiaolong Hao
- Zhejiang Provincial International S&T Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Zhejiang Provincial Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute from Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Qikai Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial International S&T Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Zhejiang Provincial Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Tingyao Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial International S&T Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Zhejiang Provincial Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Shuai Guo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Baosheng Liao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhixiang Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial International S&T Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Zhejiang Provincial Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Yue Feng
- Zhejiang Provincial International S&T Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Zhejiang Provincial Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial International S&T Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Zhejiang Provincial Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Pan Liao
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiayu Xue
- College of Horticulture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Min Shi
- Zhejiang Provincial International S&T Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Zhejiang Provincial Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Itay Maoz
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Zhejiang Provincial International S&T Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Zhejiang Provincial Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China.
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García-Juan A, León N, Armenta S, Pardo O. Development and validation of an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 12 ergot, 2 tropane, and 28 pyrrolizidine alkaloids in cereal-based food by LC-MS/MS. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113614. [PMID: 37986536 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Alkaloids are naturally occurring compounds containing basic nitrogen atoms. They are biosynthesized mainly by plants but also by some fungi species. Many alkaloids are toxic to humans and animals, and they have been classified as food contaminants. Among them, ergot, tropane, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids have maximum levels in foods, established by the Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915. In this study, an analytical method was successfully developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 42 ergot, tropane, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides in cereal-based food. The method includes QuEChERS-based extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The proposed method was validated providing recoveries ranging from 71 to 119 %, intra- and inter-day precision lower than 19 %, and limits of quantification between 0.5 and 1.0 µg kg-1. Finally, the analysis of reference materials coming from FAPAS proficiency tests demonstrated the suitability for purpose of the methodology (z-scores < 2). Nine cereal-based products samples were analyzed of which ergot alkaloids were detected in two of them, while one sample showed the presence of three pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro García-Juan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Nuria León
- Agrifood, Ecological and Environmental Laboratory of the Generalitat Valenciana, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development, Climate Emergency and Ecological Transition, Pintor Goya 8, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Sergio Armenta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Olga Pardo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
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Malysheva SV, Streel C, Andjelkovic M, Masquelier J. Development, validation, and application of a multimatrix UHPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of Datura-type alkaloids in food. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1357-1368. [PMID: 37676931 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2253550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of tropane alkaloids (TAs), atropine and scopolamine, in a variety of food products. The sample preparation of cereal-based food, oilseeds, honey, and pulses consisted of a solid-liquid extraction with an acidified mixture of methanol and water, while an additional step of solid-phase extraction on a cation-exchange sorbent was introduced in the treatment of teas and herbal infusions, aromatic herbs, spices and food supplements. The limits of quantification of the method varied from 0.5 to 2.5 µg kg-1. Apparent recovery was in the range of 70-120%, and repeatability and intermediate precision were below 20%. The method was successfully applied in a proficiency testing exercise as well as in the analysis of various commercial foods. Only 26% of the analysed food samples contained one or both TAs. The mean concentrations for atropine and scopolamine amounted to 21.9 and 6.5 µg kg-1, respectively, while the maximum concentrations were 523.3 and 131.4 µg kg-1, respectively. Overall, the highest levels of TA sum were found in an herbal infusion of fennel and a spice mix containing fennel and anise seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V Malysheva
- Unit Toxins, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Camille Streel
- Unit Toxins, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Mirjana Andjelkovic
- Service Risk and Health Impact Assessment, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julien Masquelier
- Unit Toxins, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Tervuren, Belgium
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Rollo E, Catellani D, Dall'Asta C, Suman M. QuEChERS method combined to liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry for the accurate and sensitive simultaneous determination of pyrrolizidine and tropane alkaloids in cereals and spices. J Mass Spectrom 2023; 58:e4969. [PMID: 37604670 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Within the last decades, in the EU, there has been an increasing interest in toxic plant alkaloids as food contaminants, especially after the continuous and growing consumption of plant-based foods compared with food of animal origin. In this regard, the once neglected presence of these tropane alkaloids (TAs) and pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) has recently been reconsidered by the European Food Safety Authority, highlighting the lack of data and the need to develop risk assessment strategies. For this reason, the emphasis has been placed on detecting their occurrence in food through the development of accurate and sensitive analytical methods to achieve the determination of these compounds. The present study aims to elaborate and validate an analytical method based on QuEChERS sample preparation approach, exploiting the UHPLC coupled to the HRMS to simultaneously identify and quantify 21 PAs and two TAs in cereals and spices. For TAs, the obtained limit of detection (LOD) is 0.1 μg·kg-1 and the limit of quantification (LOQ) is 0.4 μg·kg-1 , while for PAs, the LODs values ranging between 0.2 to 0.3 μg·kg-1 and the LOQ, between 0.4 and 0.8 μg·kg-1 , ensuring compliance with the recently established European Regulations. Several commercial samples were analysed to further verify the applicability of this comprehensive analytical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Rollo
- Analytical Food Science, Barilla G. e R. Fratelli S.p.A., Parma, Italy
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Dante Catellani
- Analytical Food Science, Barilla G. e R. Fratelli S.p.A., Parma, Italy
| | | | - Michele Suman
- Analytical Food Science, Barilla G. e R. Fratelli S.p.A., Parma, Italy
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Catholic University Sacred Heart, Piacenza, Italy
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6
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Beach DG, Zamlynny L, MacArthur M, Miles CO. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry of anatoxins, including new conjugates and reduction products. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5281-5296. [PMID: 37507466 PMCID: PMC10444699 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04836-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Anatoxins (ATXs) are a potent class of cyanobacterial neurotoxins for which only a handful of structural analogues have been well characterized. Here, we report the development of an LC-HRMS/MS method for the comprehensive detection of ATXs. Application of this method to samples of benthic cyanobacterial mats and laboratory cultures showed detection of several new ATXs. Many of these result from nucleophilic addition to the olefinic bond of the α,β-unsaturated ketone functional group of anatoxin-a (ATX) and homoanatoxin-a (hATX), analogous to the conjugation chemistry of microcystins, which contain similar α,β-unsaturated amide functionality. Conjugates with glutathione, γ-glutamylcysteine, methanethiol, ammonia, methanol and water were detected, as well as putative C-10 alcohol derivatives. Structural confirmation was obtained by simple and selective analytical-scale semisynthetic reactions starting from available ATX standards. Methanol, water and ammonia conjugates were found to result primarily from sample preparation. Reduction products were found to result from enzymatic reactions occurring primarily after cell lysis in laboratory cultures of Kamptonema formosum and Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi. The relative contributions of the identified analogues to the anatoxin profiles in a set of 22 benthic-cyanobacterial-mat field samples were estimated, showing conjugates to account for up to 15% of total ATX peak area and 10-hydroxyanatoxins up to 38%. The developed methodology, new analogues and insight into the chemical and enzymatic reactivity of ATXs will enable a more comprehensive study of the class than possible previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Beach
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Lydia Zamlynny
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Melanie MacArthur
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Christopher O Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, NS, Canada
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de Nijs M, Crews C, Dorgelo F, MacDonald S, Mulder PPJ. Emerging Issues on Tropane Alkaloid Contamination of Food in Europe. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15020098. [PMID: 36828413 PMCID: PMC9961018 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of tropane alkaloids (TAs), toxic plant metabolites, in food in Europe was studied to identify those TAs in food most relevant for human health. Information was extracted from the literature and the 2016 study from the European Food Safety Authority. Calystegines were identified as being inherent TAs in foods common in Europe, such as Solanum tuberosum (potato), S. melongena (eggplant, aubergine), Capsicum annuum (bell pepper) and Brassica oleracea (broccoli, Brussels sprouts). In addition, some low-molecular-weight tropanes and Convolvulaceae-type TAs were found inherent to bell pepper. On the other hand, atropine, scopolamine, convolvine, pseudotropine and tropine were identified as emerging TAs resulting from the presence of associated weeds in food. The most relevant food products in this respect are unprocessed and processed cereal-based foods for infants, young children or adults, dry (herbal) teas and canned or frozen vegetables. Overall, the occurrence data on both inherent as well as on associated TAs in foods are still scarce, highlighting the need for monitoring data. It also indicates the urge for food safety authorities to work with farmers, plant breeders and food business operators to prevent the spreading of invasive weeds and to increase awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique de Nijs
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Folke Dorgelo
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Patrick P. J. Mulder
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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González-Gómez L, Morante-Zarcero S, Pereira JAM, Câmara JS, Sierra I. Improved Analytical Approach for Determination of Tropane Alkaloids in Leafy Vegetables Based on µ-QuEChERS Combined with HPLC-MS/MS. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14100650. [PMID: 36287919 PMCID: PMC9612249 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents an optimized methodology based on the miniaturization of the original QuEChERS (μ-QuEChERS) followed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) for the determination of tropane alkaloids (TAs), atropine, and scopolamine in leafy vegetable samples. The analytical methodology was successfully validated, demonstrating quantitation limits (MQL) ≤ 2.3 ng/g, good accuracy, and precision, with recoveries between 90–100% and RSD ≤ 13% for both analytes. The method was applied to the analysis of TA-producing plants (Brugmansia versicolor, Solandra maxima, and Convolvulus arvensis). High concentrations of scopolamine were found in flowers (1771 mg/kg) and leaves (297 mg/kg) of B. versicolor. The highest concentration of atropine was found in flowers of S. maxima (10.4 mg/kg). Commercial mixed leafy vegetables contaminated with B. versicolor and S. maxima were analysed to verify the efficacy of the method, showing recoveries between 82 and 110% for both analytes. Finally, the method was applied to the analysis of eighteen samples of leafy vegetables, finding atropine in three samples of mixed leafy vegetables, with concentrations of 2.7, 3.2, and 3.4 ng/g, and in nine samples with concentrations ≤MQL. In turn, scopolamine was only found in a sample of chopped Swiss chard with a concentration ≤MQL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena González-Gómez
- ESCET—Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Departamento de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Sonia Morante-Zarcero
- ESCET—Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Departamento de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge A. M. Pereira
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - José S. Câmara
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sierra
- ESCET—Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Departamento de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-488-7018; Fax: +34-91-488-8143
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Jank B, Rath J. Emerging tropane alkaloid contaminations under climate change. Trends Plant Sci 2021; 26:1101-1103. [PMID: 34456120 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate-driven invasions of toxin-producing plants compromise human health, food safety, and food security. A recent poisoning that involved cereal products distributed by the World Food Programme revealed contamination with tropane alkaloids from seeds of invasive common thorn-apple. With continued global change, plant toxin contaminations could become a more widespread phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Jank
- Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Johannes Rath
- Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Rausch AK, Brockmeyer R, Schwerdtle T. Development, validation, and application of a multi-method for the determination of mycotoxins, plant growth regulators, tropane alkaloids, and pesticides in cereals by two-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3041-3054. [PMID: 33713146 PMCID: PMC8044062 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins and pesticides regularly co-occur in agricultural products worldwide. Thus, humans can be exposed to both toxic contaminants and pesticides simultaneously, and multi-methods assessing the occurrence of various food contaminants and residues in a single method are necessary. A two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of 40 (modified) mycotoxins, two plant growth regulators, two tropane alkaloids, and 334 pesticides in cereals was developed. After an acetonitrile/water/formic acid (79:20:1, v/v/v) multi-analyte extraction procedure, extracts were injected into the two-dimensional setup, and an online clean-up was performed. The method was validated according to Commission Decision (EC) no. 657/2002 and document N° SANTE/12682/2019. Good linearity (R2 > 0.96), recovery data between 70-120%, repeatability and reproducibility values < 20%, and expanded measurement uncertainties < 50% were obtained for a wide range of analytes, including very polar substances like deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside and methamidophos. However, results for fumonisins, zearalenone-14,16-disulfate, acid-labile pesticides, and carbamates were unsatisfying. Limits of quantification meeting maximum (residue) limits were achieved for most analytes. Matrix effects varied highly (-85 to +1574%) and were mainly observed for analytes eluting in the first dimension and early-eluting analytes in the second dimension. The application of the method demonstrated the co-occurrence of different types of cereals with 28 toxins and pesticides. Overall, 86% of the samples showed positive findings with at least one mycotoxin, plant growth regulator, or pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kristin Rausch
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
- Eurofins SOFIA GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Wang Z, Zheng P, Wang J, He S, Ren Z, Zhang Y, Xiong J, Jiang H. Indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on a broad-spectrum monoclonal antibody for tropane alkaloids detection in pig urine, pork and cereal flours. Food Chem 2021; 337:127617. [PMID: 32799156 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) based on a broad-spectrum monoclonal antibody for tropane alkaloids (TAs) was established for the rapid screening of atropine, scopolamine, homatropine, apoatropine, anisodamine, anisodine and L-hyoscyamine residues in pig urine, pork and cereal flour samples through a simple sample preparation procedure. The half inhibitory concentrations of atropine, homatropine, L-hyoscyamine, apoatropine, scopolamine, anisodamine and anisodine were 0.05, 0.07, 0.14, 0.14, 0.24, 5.30 and 10.15 ng mL-1, respectivelyThe detection and quantitative limits of this method for TAs in samples were 0.18-73.18 and 0.44-74.77 μg kg-1. The spiked recoveries ranged from 69.88% to 147.93%, and the coefficient of variations were less than 14%. Good correlation (R2 = 0.9929) between the results of the ic-ELISA and the high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry support the reliability of the developed ic-ELISA method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zile Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Pimiao Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyi Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang He
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhui Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jincheng Xiong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Beach DG, Rafuse C, Melanson JE, McCarron P. Rapid quantitative screening of cyanobacteria for production of anatoxins using direct analysis in real time high-resolution mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2021; 35:e8940. [PMID: 32881159 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Anatoxins (ATXs) are a potent class of cyanobacterial neurotoxins that are increasingly problematic in drinking water reservoirs and recreational water bodies worldwide. Because of their high polarity and low molecular weight, analysis of ATXs is challenging and they can be considered underreported compared with other classes of cyanobacterial toxins. Improved screening methods are therefore needed to effectively assess their occurrence and concentrations in the environment. METHODS A rapid screening method was developed for ATXs in cyanobacteria using direct analysis in real time combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS), requiring less than 2 min per sample for triplicate analysis. The developed method was evaluated for its quantitative capabilities, applied to the screening of 30 cyanobacterial culture samples for the presence of anatoxin-a, homoanatoxin-a and dihydroanatoxin-a, and compared with a more typical liquid chromatography (LC)/HRMS method. RESULTS Excellent linearity was observed in the analysis of a matrix-matched calibration curve using DART-HRMS, with ionization suppression of about 50% and relative standard deviations between replicate analyses of approximately 30%. Limits of detection for both anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a were estimated as 1 ng/mL. Excellent agreement was observed between DART-HRMS and LC/HRMS with all ATX-producing cultures correctly identified and only one false positive culture by DART-HRMS. CONCLUSIONS DART-HRMS shows excellent promise for the rapid, quantitative screening of ATXs in cyanobacteria and could be expanded in the future to include the analysis of field samples and drinking water, as well as additional ATX analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Beach
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Cheryl Rafuse
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Jeremy E Melanson
- Organic Chemical Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
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13
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Picardo M, Sanchís J, Núñez O, Farré M. Suspect screening of natural toxins in surface and drinking water by high performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Chemosphere 2020; 261:127888. [PMID: 33113669 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Besides anthropogenic contamination, freshwater environments can also be affected by the presence of natural toxins. Mycotoxins, plant toxins and cyanotoxins are the most relevant groups that can be found in the aquatic system. However, until now, only cyanotoxins have been more carefully studied. In the present work, single workflow for the assessment of natural toxins in waters, based on suspect screening and target screening of a selected group of toxins is presented. The approach is based on a triple-stage solid-phase extraction (SPE) able to isolate a wide range of natural toxins of different polarities, followed by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-ddHRMS2) using a Q-Exactive Orbitrap analyser. The acquisition was performed in full-scan (FS) and data-dependant acquisition (ddMS2) mode, working under positive and negative mode. For the tentative identification, different on-line databases such as ChemSpider and MzCloud and an in-house natural toxins list with 2384 structures, that includes cyanotoxins, plant toxins and mycotoxins, were used. Also, thanks to the MS2 data, it was possible to achieve a high level of tentative identification confidence, but confirmation was only possible comparing the standards of the suspected compounds. For those, the analytical parameters of the developed method were also validated, and the quantification was possible by external calibration. Validation showed recoveries in the range between 53 and 95%, and method limits of detection (MDL) between 0.02 and 1.22 μg/L. This approach was applied to study natural toxins in 4 sampling sites along the Ter River in Catalonia (NE Spain). In this preliminary study 23 natural toxins were tentatively identified, and 9 of them confirmed (aflatoxin B1, anatoxin-a, nodularin, microcystin-LR, baicalein, kojic acid, cinchonine, B-asarone and atropine). The results of the quantification of these compounds showed concentrations below 1 μg/L in all cases, that is considered safe according to the actual legislation. This suspect screening approach allows a more comprehensive assessment of natural toxins in natural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Picardo
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Sanchís
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Núñez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marinella Farré
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
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Smith ZJ, Conroe DE, Schulz KL, Boyer GL. Limnological Differences in a Two-Basin Lake Help to Explain the Occurrence of Anatoxin-a, Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins, and Microcystins. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E559. [PMID: 32872651 PMCID: PMC7551069 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chautauqua Lake, New York, is a two-basin lake with a deeper, cooler, and less nutrient-rich Northern Basin, and a warmer, shallower, nutrient-replete Southern Basin. The lake is populated by a complex mixture of cyanobacteria, with toxigenic strains that produce microcystins, anatoxins, and paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSTs). Samples collected from 24 sites were analyzed for these three toxin classes over four years spanning 2014-2017. Concentrations of the three toxin groups varied widely both within and between years. During the study, the mean and median concentrations of microcystins, anatoxin-a, and PSTs were 91 and 4.0 μg/L, 0.62 and 0.33 μg/L, and 32 and 16 μg/L, respectively. Dihydro-anatoxin was only detected once in Chautauqua Lake, while homo-anatoxin was never detected. The Northern Basin had larger basin-wide higher biomass blooms with higher concentrations of toxins relative to the more eutrophied Southern Basin, however blooms in the North Basin were infrequent. Chlorophyll concentrations and toxins in the two basins were correlated with different sets of environmental and physical parameters, suggesting that implementing controls to reduce toxin loads may require applications focused on more than reductions in cyanobacterial bloom density (e.g., reduction of phosphorus inputs), and that lake limnological factors and morphology are important determinants in the selection of an appropriate management strategy. Chautauqua Lake is a drinking water source and is also heavily used for recreation. Drinking water from Chautauqua Lake is unlikely to be a significant source of exposure to cyanotoxins due to the location of the intakes in the deeper North Basin, where there were generally low concentrations of toxins in open water; however, toxin levels in many blooms exceeded the US Environmental Protection Agency's recreational guidelines for exposure to cyanotoxins. Current cyanotoxin monitoring in Chautauqua Lake is focused on microcystins. However, the occurrence of blooms containing neurotoxic cyanotoxins in the absence of the microcystins indicates this restricted monitoring may not be sufficient when aiming to protect against exposure to cyanotoxins. The lake has a large number of tourist visitors; thus, special care should be taken to prevent recreational exposure within this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias J. Smith
- Ramboll, 333 W. Washington St., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA;
| | | | - Kimberly L. Schulz
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA;
| | - Gregory L. Boyer
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA;
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15
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Gonçalves C, Cubero-Leon E, Stroka J. Determination of tropane alkaloids in cereals, tea and herbal infusions: Exploiting proficiency testing data as a basis to derive interlaboratory performance characteristics of an improved LC-MS/MS method. Food Chem 2020; 331:127260. [PMID: 32653763 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring of tropane alkaloids is regulated in the European Union in cereal-based foods for infants and young children, tea and herbal infusions. The European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) developed an improved LC-MS/MS analytical method using a pentafluorophenyl column, validated it and conducted two proficiency tests targeting these food categories. A subset of the data gathered from laboratories that used the JRC method was additionally exploited to derive interlaboratory performance characteristics. The method showed fit-for-purpose figures of merit. The LOQs for atropine and scopolamine were around 0.4 and 1.2 µg/kg in cereal products, and in tea and herbal infusions, respectively. Uncertainties varied from 15 to 25%. The reproducibility varied from 11 to 38% for scopolamine and from 17 to 44% for atropine at levels ranging from 0.18 to 18.8 and 1.2-54.0 µg/kg, respectively. Recoveries ranged from 71 to 96%. These performance parameters render the method a good candidate for standardisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gonçalves
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium.
| | | | - Joerg Stroka
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium.
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16
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Czyżewska W, Piontek M, Łuszczyńska K. The Occurrence of Potential Harmful Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins in the Obrzyca River (Poland), a Source of Drinking Water. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E284. [PMID: 32354080 PMCID: PMC7290984 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacteria and their cyanotoxins may contaminate drinking water resources and their effective control remains challenging. The present study reports on cyanobacterial blooms and associated cyanotoxins in the Obrzyca River, a source of drinking water in Poland. The river was examined from July to October 2019 and concentrations of microcystins, anatoxin-a, and cylindrospermopsin were monitored. The toxicity of water samples was also tested using an ecotoxicological assay. All studied cyanotoxins were detected with microcystins revealing the highest levels. Maximal microcystin concentrations (3.97 μg/L) were determined in September at Uście point, exceeding the provisional guideline. Extracts from Uście point, where the dominant species were Dolichospermum flos-aquae (August), Microcystis aeruginosa (September), and Planktothrix agardhii (October), were toxic for Dugesia tigrina Girard. Microcystin concentrations (MC-LR and MC-RR) were positively correlated with cyanobacteria biovolume. Analysis of the chemical indicators of water quality has shown relationships between them and microcystins as well as cyanobacteria abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Czyżewska
- Water and Sewage Laboratory, Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant in Zielona Góra, Zjednoczenia 110 A, 65-120 Zielona Góra, Poland;
| | - Marlena Piontek
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, University of Zielona Góra, Licealna 9, 65-417 Zielona Góra, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Łuszczyńska
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, University of Zielona Góra, Licealna 9, 65-417 Zielona Góra, Poland;
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17
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Smith ZJ, Martin RM, Wei B, Wilhelm SW, Boyer GL. Spatial and Temporal Variation in Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Production by Benthic Microseira (Lyngbya) wollei in a Freshwater New York Lake. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E44. [PMID: 30650549 PMCID: PMC6356249 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Butterfield Lake is a mesotrophic lake in New York State where residents and pets have experienced unexplained health issues. Microseira wollei (basionym Lyngbya wollei) was found at two of 15 sites in Butterfield Lake and analyzed for microcystins, anatoxins, cylindrospermopsins, and paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSTs). Only PSTs and trace levels of anatoxin-a were detected in these samples. This is the first published report of PSTs within a New York State lake. To evaluate the environmental and temporal drivers leading to the observed toxicity, PST content at the two sites was examined in detail. There were distinct differences in the total PST content, filament nutrient, filament chlorophyll, and relationship to environmental drivers between the sites, as well as distinct differences in the total PST content measured using different analytical techniques. A multivariate model containing site, temperature, and filament chlorophyll explained 85% of the variation in PSTs observed over the growing season. This work emphasizes the importance of proper site selection and choice of analytical technique in the development of monitoring programs to protect lake users from the occurrence of benthic cyanobacteria toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | - Robbie M Martin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Bofan Wei
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | - Steven W Wilhelm
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Gregory L Boyer
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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18
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Urban M, Hann S, Rost H. Simultaneous determination of pesticides, mycotoxins, tropane alkaloids, growth regulators, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids in oats and whole wheat grains after online clean-up via two-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Environ Sci Health B 2019; 54:98-111. [PMID: 30600768 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2018.1531662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a two-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the determination of pesticide residues and contaminants in whole wheat grains and oats. The samples were extracted with a mixture of acetonitrile and water and were injected into the two-dimensional LC-MS/MS system without any further clean-up or sample preparation. Samples were analyzed with four different matrix matched calibrations. Matrix effects were evaluated by comparing analyte signals in the respective matrix matched standard with the neat solvent standards. The final method was validated according to the current Eurachem validation guide and SANTE document. The number of successfully validated analytes throughout all three validation levels in oats and wheat, respectively, were as follows: 330 and 316 out of 370 pesticides, 6 and 13 out of 18 pyrrolizidine alkaloids and 7 out of 9 regulated mycotoxins. Moreover, both plant growth regulators mepiquat and chlormequat as well as the tropane alkaloids atropine and scopolamine met the validation criteria. The majority of pesticides showed limits of detection below 1 µg kg-1, pyrrolizidine alkaloids below 0.7 µg kg-1, tropane alkaloids below 0.2 µg kg-1, growth regulators below 0.7 µg kg-1 and mycotoxins below 8 µg kg-1 in both matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Urban
- a Department of Residue Analysis , LVA GmbH , Klosterneuburg , Austria
| | - Stephan Hann
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Boku , Vienna , Austria
| | - Helmut Rost
- a Department of Residue Analysis , LVA GmbH , Klosterneuburg , Austria
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Echenique-Subiabre I, Tenon M, Humbert JF, Quiblier C. Spatial and Temporal Variability in the Development and Potential Toxicity of Phormidium Biofilms in the Tarn River, France. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10100418. [PMID: 30336603 PMCID: PMC6215143 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10100418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferation of Phormidium biofilms in rivers is becoming a worldwide sanitation problem for humans and animals, due to the ability of these bacteria to produce anatoxins. To better understand the environmental conditions that favor the development of Phormidium biofilms and the production of anatoxins, we monitored the formation of these biofilms and their toxins for two years in the Tarn River, biofilms from which are known to have caused the deaths of multiple dogs. As previously observed in New Zealand, Phormidium biofilm development occurred in riffle areas. The coverage of these biofilms at the bottom of the river exhibited strong spatial and temporal variations, but was positively correlated with water temperature and depth. Anatoxin-a was detected in less than 50% of the biofilms. The concentrations of these toxins in the biofilms exhibited high spatiotemporal variability, with the highest concentrations being recorded at the end of the summer period at the upstream sampling sites. These findings suggest that the maturity of the biofilms, combined with the local environmental conditions, have an impact on the production of anatoxin, making risk assessment for these benthic proliferations challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidora Echenique-Subiabre
- INRA, Sorbonne University, iEES Paris, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris CEDEX, France.
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Case 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Maxime Tenon
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Case 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.
| | | | - Catherine Quiblier
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Case 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.
- Department Sciences du Vivant, Paris Diderot University, 5 rue T. Mann, 75013 Paris, France.
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20
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Bouma-Gregson K, Kudela RM, Power ME. Widespread anatoxin-a detection in benthic cyanobacterial mats throughout a river network. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197669. [PMID: 29775481 PMCID: PMC5959195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Benthic algae fuel summer food webs in many sunlit rivers, and are hotspots for primary and secondary production and biogeochemical cycling. Concerningly, riverine benthic algal assemblages can become dominated by toxic cyanobacteria, threatening water quality and public health. In the Eel River in Northern California, over a dozen dog deaths have been attributed to cyanotoxin poisonings since 2000. During the summers of 2013–2015, we documented spatial and temporal patterns of cyanotoxin concentrations in the watershed, showing widespread distribution of anatoxin-a in benthic cyanobacterial mats. Solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) samplers were deployed weekly to record dissolved microcystin and anatoxin-a levels at 10 sites throughout the watershed, and 187 Anabaena-dominated or Phormidium-dominated cyanobacterial mat samples were collected from 27 locations to measure intracellular anatoxin-a (ATX) and microcystins (MCY). Anatoxin-a levels were higher than microcystin for both SPATT (mean MCY = 0.8 and ATX = 4.8 ng g resin-1 day-1) and cyanobacterial mat samples (mean MCY = 0.074 and ATX = 1.89 μg g-1 DW). Of the benthic mats sampled, 58.9% had detectable anatoxin-a (max = 70.93 μg g-1 DW), while 37.6% had detectable microcystins (max = 2.29 μg g-1 DW). SPATT cyanotoxin levels peaked in mid-summer in warm mainstem reaches of the watershed. This is one of the first documentations of widespread anatoxin-a occurrence in benthic cyanobacterial mats in a North American watershed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Bouma-Gregson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Raphael M. Kudela
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Mary E. Power
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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Mantzouki E, Lürling M, Fastner J, de Senerpont Domis L, Wilk-Woźniak E, Koreivienė J, Seelen L, Teurlincx S, Verstijnen Y, Krztoń W, Walusiak E, Karosienė J, Kasperovičienė J, Savadova K, Vitonytė I, Cillero-Castro C, Budzyńska A, Goldyn R, Kozak A, Rosińska J, Szeląg-Wasielewska E, Domek P, Jakubowska-Krepska N, Kwasizur K, Messyasz B, Pełechaty A, Pełechaty M, Kokocinski M, García-Murcia A, Real M, Romans E, Noguero-Ribes J, Duque DP, Fernández-Morán E, Karakaya N, Häggqvist K, Demir N, Beklioğlu M, Filiz N, Levi EE, Iskin U, Bezirci G, Tavşanoğlu ÜN, Özhan K, Gkelis S, Panou M, Fakioglu Ö, Avagianos C, Kaloudis T, Çelik K, Yilmaz M, Marcé R, Catalán N, Bravo AG, Buck M, Colom-Montero W, Mustonen K, Pierson D, Yang Y, Raposeiro PM, Gonçalves V, Antoniou MG, Tsiarta N, McCarthy V, Perello VC, Feldmann T, Laas A, Panksep K, Tuvikene L, Gagala I, Mankiewicz-Boczek J, Yağcı MA, Çınar Ş, Çapkın K, Yağcı A, Cesur M, Bilgin F, Bulut C, Uysal R, Obertegger U, Boscaini A, Flaim G, Salmaso N, Cerasino L, Richardson J, Visser PM, Verspagen JMH, Karan T, Soylu EN, Maraşlıoğlu F, Napiórkowska-Krzebietke A, Ochocka A, Pasztaleniec A, Antão-Geraldes AM, Vasconcelos V, Morais J, Vale M, Köker L, Akçaalan R, Albay M, Špoljarić Maronić D, Stević F, Žuna Pfeiffer T, Fonvielle J, Straile D, Rothhaupt KO, Hansson LA, Urrutia-Cordero P, Bláha L, Geriš R, Fránková M, Koçer MAT, Alp MT, Remec-Rekar S, Elersek T, Triantis T, Zervou SK, Hiskia A, Haande S, Skjelbred B, Madrecka B, Nemova H, Drastichova I, Chomova L, Edwards C, Sevindik TO, Tunca H, Önem B, Aleksovski B, Krstić S, Vucelić IB, Nawrocka L, Salmi P, Machado-Vieira D, de Oliveira AG, Delgado-Martín J, García D, Cereijo JL, Gomà J, Trapote MC, Vegas-Vilarrúbia T, Obrador B, Grabowska M, Karpowicz M, Chmura D, Úbeda B, Gálvez JÁ, Özen A, Christoffersen KS, Warming TP, Kobos J, Mazur-Marzec H, Pérez-Martínez C, Ramos-Rodríguez E, Arvola L, Alcaraz-Párraga P, Toporowska M, Pawlik-Skowronska B, Niedźwiecki M, Pęczuła W, Leira M, Hernández A, Moreno-Ostos E, Blanco JM, Rodríguez V, Montes-Pérez JJ, Palomino RL, Rodríguez-Pérez E, Carballeira R, Camacho A, Picazo A, Rochera C, Santamans AC, Ferriol C, Romo S, Soria JM, Dunalska J, Sieńska J, Szymański D, Kruk M, Kostrzewska-Szlakowska I, Jasser I, Žutinić P, Gligora Udovič M, Plenković-Moraj A, Frąk M, Bańkowska-Sobczak A, Wasilewicz M, Özkan K, Maliaka V, Kangro K, Grossart HP, Paerl HW, Carey CC, Ibelings BW. Temperature Effects Explain Continental Scale Distribution of Cyanobacterial Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10040156. [PMID: 29652856 PMCID: PMC5923322 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10040156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Insight into how environmental change determines the production and distribution of cyanobacterial toxins is necessary for risk assessment. Management guidelines currently focus on hepatotoxins (microcystins). Increasing attention is given to other classes, such as neurotoxins (e.g., anatoxin-a) and cytotoxins (e.g., cylindrospermopsin) due to their potency. Most studies examine the relationship between individual toxin variants and environmental factors, such as nutrients, temperature and light. In summer 2015, we collected samples across Europe to investigate the effect of nutrient and temperature gradients on the variability of toxin production at a continental scale. Direct and indirect effects of temperature were the main drivers of the spatial distribution in the toxins produced by the cyanobacterial community, the toxin concentrations and toxin quota. Generalized linear models showed that a Toxin Diversity Index (TDI) increased with latitude, while it decreased with water stability. Increases in TDI were explained through a significant increase in toxin variants such as MC-YR, anatoxin and cylindrospermopsin, accompanied by a decreasing presence of MC-LR. While global warming continues, the direct and indirect effects of increased lake temperatures will drive changes in the distribution of cyanobacterial toxins in Europe, potentially promoting selection of a few highly toxic species or strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia Mantzouki
- Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Miquel Lürling
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 6700 Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jutta Fastner
- German Environment Agency, Unit Drinking Water Resources and Water Treatment, Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Lisette de Senerpont Domis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 6700 Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Elżbieta Wilk-Woźniak
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-120 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Judita Koreivienė
- Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius 08412, Lithuania.
| | - Laura Seelen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 6700 Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sven Teurlincx
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 6700 Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Yvon Verstijnen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wojciech Krztoń
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-120 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Edward Walusiak
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-120 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Jūratė Karosienė
- Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius 08412, Lithuania.
| | | | - Ksenija Savadova
- Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius 08412, Lithuania.
| | - Irma Vitonytė
- Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius 08412, Lithuania.
| | | | - Agnieszka Budzyńska
- Department ofWater Protection, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61614 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Ryszard Goldyn
- Department ofWater Protection, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61614 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Anna Kozak
- Department ofWater Protection, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61614 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Joanna Rosińska
- Department ofWater Protection, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61614 Poznan, Poland.
| | | | - Piotr Domek
- Department ofWater Protection, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61614 Poznan, Poland.
| | | | - Kinga Kwasizur
- Department of Hydrobiology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61614 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Beata Messyasz
- Department of Hydrobiology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61614 Poznan, Poland.
| | | | - Mariusz Pełechaty
- Department of Hydrobiology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61614 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Mikolaj Kokocinski
- Department of Hydrobiology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61614 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Ana García-Murcia
- Department of Limnology and Water Quality, AECOM U.R.S, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Monserrat Real
- Department of Limnology and Water Quality, AECOM U.R.S, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Elvira Romans
- Department of Limnology and Water Quality, AECOM U.R.S, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Noguero-Ribes
- Department of Limnology and Water Quality, AECOM U.R.S, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Parreño Duque
- Department of Limnology and Water Quality, AECOM U.R.S, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Nusret Karakaya
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14280 Bolu, Turkey.
| | - Kerstin Häggqvist
- Department of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Åbo, Finland.
| | - Nilsun Demir
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Ankara University, 6100 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Meryem Beklioğlu
- Department of biology, Middle East Technical University, 6800 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Nur Filiz
- Department of biology, Middle East Technical University, 6800 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Eti E. Levi
- Department of biology, Middle East Technical University, 6800 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Uğur Iskin
- Department of biology, Middle East Technical University, 6800 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Gizem Bezirci
- Department of biology, Middle East Technical University, 6800 Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | - Koray Özhan
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Department of Oceanography, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Spyros Gkelis
- Department of Botany, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Manthos Panou
- Department of Botany, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Özden Fakioglu
- Department of Basic Science, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Christos Avagianos
- Water Quality Department, Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company, 11146 Athens, Greece.
| | - Triantafyllos Kaloudis
- Water Quality Department, Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company, 11146 Athens, Greece.
| | - Kemal Çelik
- Department of Biology, Balikesir University, 10145 Balikesir, Turkey.
| | - Mete Yilmaz
- Department of Bioengineering, Bursa Technical University, 16310 Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Rafael Marcé
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Nuria Catalán
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), 17003 Girona, Spain.
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Limnology, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Andrea G. Bravo
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Limnology, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Moritz Buck
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Limnology, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - William Colom-Montero
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Erken Laboratory, Uppsala University, 76173 Norrtalje, Sweden.
| | - Kristiina Mustonen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Erken Laboratory, Uppsala University, 76173 Norrtalje, Sweden.
| | - Don Pierson
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Erken Laboratory, Uppsala University, 76173 Norrtalje, Sweden.
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Erken Laboratory, Uppsala University, 76173 Norrtalje, Sweden.
| | - Pedro M. Raposeiro
- Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources (CIBIO-Azores), InBIO Associated Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal.
| | - Vítor Gonçalves
- Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources (CIBIO-Azores), InBIO Associated Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal.
| | - Maria G. Antoniou
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Lemesos, Cyprus.
| | - Nikoletta Tsiarta
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Lemesos, Cyprus.
| | - Valerie McCarthy
- Centre for Freshwater and Environmental Studies, Dundalk Institute of Technology, A91 K584 Dundalk, Ireland.
| | - Victor C. Perello
- Centre for Freshwater and Environmental Studies, Dundalk Institute of Technology, A91 K584 Dundalk, Ireland.
| | - Tõnu Feldmann
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Alo Laas
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Kristel Panksep
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Lea Tuvikene
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Ilona Gagala
- European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 90364 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Joana Mankiewicz-Boczek
- European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 90364 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Meral Apaydın Yağcı
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food Agriculture, Fisheries Research Institute, 32500 Eğirdir, Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Şakir Çınar
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food Agriculture, Fisheries Research Institute, 32500 Eğirdir, Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Kadir Çapkın
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food Agriculture, Fisheries Research Institute, 32500 Eğirdir, Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Abdulkadir Yağcı
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food Agriculture, Fisheries Research Institute, 32500 Eğirdir, Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Cesur
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food Agriculture, Fisheries Research Institute, 32500 Eğirdir, Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Fuat Bilgin
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food Agriculture, Fisheries Research Institute, 32500 Eğirdir, Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Cafer Bulut
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food Agriculture, Fisheries Research Institute, 32500 Eğirdir, Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Rahmi Uysal
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food Agriculture, Fisheries Research Institute, 32500 Eğirdir, Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Ulrike Obertegger
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy.
| | - Adriano Boscaini
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Flaim
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy.
| | - Nico Salmaso
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Cerasino
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy.
| | - Jessica Richardson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - Petra M. Visser
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jolanda M. H. Verspagen
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Tünay Karan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gaziosmanpasa University, 60250 Merkez, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | - Agnieszka Ochocka
- Department of Freshwater Protection, Institute of Environmental Protection- National Research Institute, 01-692 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Pasztaleniec
- Department of Freshwater Protection, Institute of Environmental Protection- National Research Institute, 01-692 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ana M. Antão-Geraldes
- Centro de Investigação da Montanha, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal;
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR) and University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - João Morais
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR) and University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Micaela Vale
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR) and University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Latife Köker
- Department of Freshwater Resource and Management, Faculty of Aquatic Sciences, Istanbul University, 34134 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Reyhan Akçaalan
- Department of Freshwater Resource and Management, Faculty of Aquatic Sciences, Istanbul University, 34134 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Meriç Albay
- Department of Freshwater Resource and Management, Faculty of Aquatic Sciences, Istanbul University, 34134 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | - Filip Stević
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Tanja Žuna Pfeiffer
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Jeremy Fonvielle
- Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 16775 Stechlin, Germany.
| | - Dietmar Straile
- Department of Biology, Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Karl-Otto Rothhaupt
- Department of Biology, Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.
| | | | - Pablo Urrutia-Cordero
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Limnology, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Luděk Bláha
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Rodan Geriš
- Department of Hydrobiology, Morava Board Authority, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Markéta Fránková
- Laboratory of Paleoecology, Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Mehmet Ali Turan Koçer
- Department of Environment and Resource Management, Mediterranean Fisheries Research Production and Training Institute, 7090 Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Tahir Alp
- Faculty of Aquaculture, Mersin University, 33160 Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Spela Remec-Rekar
- Department ofWater Quality, Slovenian Environmental Agency, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Tina Elersek
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Theodoros Triantis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research «DEMOKRITOS», 15341 Attiki, Greece.
| | - Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research «DEMOKRITOS», 15341 Attiki, Greece.
| | - Anastasia Hiskia
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research «DEMOKRITOS», 15341 Attiki, Greece.
| | - Sigrid Haande
- Department of Freshwater Ecology, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Birger Skjelbred
- Department of Freshwater Ecology, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Beata Madrecka
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Hana Nemova
- National Reference Center for Hydrobiology, Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic, 82645 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Iveta Drastichova
- National Reference Center for Hydrobiology, Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic, 82645 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Lucia Chomova
- National Reference Center for Hydrobiology, Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic, 82645 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Christine Edwards
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK.
| | | | - Hatice Tunca
- Department of Biology, Sakarya University, 54187 Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Burçin Önem
- Department of Biology, Sakarya University, 54187 Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Boris Aleksovski
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, SS Cyril and Methodius University, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia.
| | - Svetislav Krstić
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, SS Cyril and Methodius University, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia.
| | - Itana Bokan Vucelić
- Department for Ecotoxicology, Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Lidia Nawrocka
- Institute of Technology, The State University of Applied Sciences, 82300 Elblag, Poland.
| | - Pauliina Salmi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Danielle Machado-Vieira
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58059-970 Paraíba, Brasil.
| | | | | | - David García
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of A Coruña, 15192 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Jose Luís Cereijo
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of A Coruña, 15192 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Joan Gomà
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mari Carmen Trapote
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Teresa Vegas-Vilarrúbia
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Biel Obrador
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Magdalena Grabowska
- Department of Hydrobiology, University of Bialystok, 15245 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Maciej Karpowicz
- Department of Hydrobiology, University of Bialystok, 15245 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Damian Chmura
- Institute of Environmental Protection and Engineering, University of Bielsko-Biala, 43309 Bielsko-Biala, Poland.
| | - Bárbara Úbeda
- Department of Biology, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - José Ángel Gálvez
- Department of Biology, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Arda Özen
- Department of Forest Engineering, University of Cankiri Karatekin, 18200 Cankiri, Turkey.
| | | | - Trine Perlt Warming
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Justyna Kobos
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, University of Gdansk, 81378 Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, University of Gdansk, 81378 Gdynia, Poland.
| | | | | | - Lauri Arvola
- Lammi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, 16900 Lammi, Finland.
| | - Pablo Alcaraz-Párraga
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Jaen, 23701 Jaen, Spain.
| | - Magdalena Toporowska
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20262 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Barbara Pawlik-Skowronska
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20262 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Michał Niedźwiecki
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20262 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Pęczuła
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20262 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Manel Leira
- Instituto Dom Luiz, University of Lisbon, 1749016 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Armand Hernández
- Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera, ICTJA, CSIC, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rafael Carballeira
- Centro de Investigacións Cientificas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Antonio Camacho
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, 46980 Paterna Valencia, Spain.
| | - Antonio Picazo
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, 46980 Paterna Valencia, Spain.
| | - Carlos Rochera
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, 46980 Paterna Valencia, Spain.
| | - Anna C. Santamans
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, 46980 Paterna Valencia, Spain.
| | - Carmen Ferriol
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, 46980 Paterna Valencia, Spain.
| | - Susana Romo
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Juan Miguel Soria
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain. (J.M.S.)
| | - Julita Dunalska
- Department ofWater Protection Engineering, University ofWarmia and Mazury, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Justyna Sieńska
- Department ofWater Protection Engineering, University ofWarmia and Mazury, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Daniel Szymański
- Department ofWater Protection Engineering, University ofWarmia and Mazury, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Marek Kruk
- Department of Tourism, Recreation and Ecology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | | | - Iwona Jasser
- Department of Plant Ecology and Environmental Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University ofWarsaw, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Petar Žutinić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marija Gligora Udovič
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | - Magdalena Frąk
- Department of Environmental Improvement, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Bańkowska-Sobczak
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Michał Wasilewicz
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Korhan Özkan
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Marine Biology and Fisheries, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Valentini Maliaka
- Society for the Protection of Prespa, 53077 Agios Germanos, Greece.
- Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Kersti Kangro
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.
- Tartu Observatory, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, 61602 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Hans-Peter Grossart
- Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 16775 Stechlin, Germany.
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, 14469 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Hans W. Paerl
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 28557, USA.
| | - Cayelan C. Carey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Bas W. Ibelings
- Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
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22
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Wiltsie D, Schnetzer A, Green J, Vander Borgh M, Fensin E. Algal Blooms and Cyanotoxins in Jordan Lake, North Carolina. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E92. [PMID: 29495289 PMCID: PMC5848192 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The eutrophication of waterways has led to a rise in cyanobacterial, harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) worldwide. The deterioration of water quality due to excess algal biomass in lakes has been well documented (e.g., water clarity, hypoxic conditions), but health risks associated with cyanotoxins remain largely unexplored in the absence of toxin information. This study is the first to document the presence of dissolved microcystin, anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin, and β-N-methylamino-l-alanine in Jordan Lake, a major drinking water reservoir in North Carolina. Saxitoxin presence was not confirmed. Multiple toxins were detected at 86% of the tested sites and during 44% of the sampling events between 2014 and 2016. Although concentrations were low, continued exposure of organisms to multiple toxins raises some concerns. A combination of discrete sampling and in-situ tracking (Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking [SPATT]) revealed that microcystin and anatoxin were the most pervasive year-round. Between 2011 and 2016, summer and fall blooms were dominated by the same cyanobacterial genera, all of which are suggested producers of single or multiple cyanotoxins. The study's findings provide further evidence of the ubiquitous nature of cyanotoxins, and the challenges involved in linking CyanoHAB dynamics to specific environmental forcing factors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wiltsie
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Astrid Schnetzer
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Jason Green
- North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Resources, Raleigh, NC 27699, USA.
| | - Mark Vander Borgh
- North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Resources, Raleigh, NC 27699, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Fensin
- North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Resources, Raleigh, NC 27699, USA.
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23
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Cantoral Uriza EA, Asencio AD, Aboal M. Are We Underestimating Benthic Cyanotoxins? Extensive Sampling Results from Spain. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9120385. [PMID: 29182536 PMCID: PMC5744105 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9120385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are potent hepatotoxins, and their presence in water bodies poses a threat to wildlife and human populations. Most of the available information refers to plankton, and much less is known about microcystins in other habitats. To broaden our understanding of the presence and environmental distribution of this group of toxins, we conducted extensive sampling throughout Spain, under a range of conditions and in distinct aquatic and terrestrial habitats. More than half of the tested strains were toxic; concentrations of the hepatotoxin were low compared with planktic communities, and the number of toxic variants identified in each sample of the Spanish strains ranged from 1–3. The presence of microcystins LF and LY (MC-LF and MC-LY) in the tested samples was significant, and ranged from 21.4% to 100% of the total microcystins per strain. These strains were only detected in cyanobacteria Oscillatoriales and Nostocales. We can report, for the first time, seven new species of microcystin producers in high mountain rivers and chasmoendolithic communities. This is the first report of these species in Geitlerinema and the confirmation of Anatoxin-a in Phormidium uncinatum. Our findings show that microcystins are widespread in all habitat types, including both aerophytic and endolithic peat bogs and that it is necessary to identify all the variants of microcystins in aquatic bodies as the commonest toxins sometimes represent a very low proportion of the total.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique A Cantoral Uriza
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación (UMDI), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, C.P. Querétaro 76230, Mexico.
| | - Antonia D Asencio
- Departamento de Biología Aplicada (Botánica), Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, E-03202 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Marina Aboal
- Laboratorio de Algología, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
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24
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Bouma-Gregson K, Power ME, Bormans M. Rise and fall of toxic benthic freshwater cyanobacteria (Anabaena spp.) in the Eel river: Buoyancy and dispersal. Harmful Algae 2017; 66:79-87. [PMID: 28602256 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Benthic cyanobacteria in rivers produce cyanotoxins and affect aquatic food webs, but knowledge of their ecology lags behind planktonic cyanobacteria. The buoyancy of benthic Anabaena spp. mats was studied to understand implications for Anabaena dispersal in the Eel River, California. Field experiments were used to investigate the effects of oxygen bubble production and dissolution on the buoyancy of Anabaena dominated benthic mats in response to light exposure. Samples of Anabaena dominated mats were harvested from the South Fork Eel River and placed in settling columns to measure floating and sinking velocities, or deployed into in situ ambient and low light treatments to measure the effect of light on flotation. Floating and sinking occurred within minutes and were driven by oxygen bubbles produced during photosynthesis, rather than intracellular changes in carbohydrates or gas vesicles. Light experiment results showed that in a natural ambient light regime, mats remained floating for at least 4days, while in low light mats begin to sink in <24h. Floating Anabaena samples were collected from five sites in the watershed and found to contain the cyanotoxins anatoxin-a and microcystin, with higher concentrations of anatoxin-a (median 560, max 30,693ng/gDW) than microcystin (median 30, max 37ng/gDW). The ability of Anabaena mats to maintain their buoyancy will markedly increase their downstream dispersal distances. Increased buoyancy also allows toxin-containing mats to collect along shorelines, increasing threats to human and animal public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Bouma-Gregson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Bldg. Berkeley, CA, 94702-3140, USA.
| | - Mary E Power
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Bldg. Berkeley, CA, 94702-3140, USA.
| | - Myriam Bormans
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO CNRS, University of Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, bat 14a, 35042 Rennes, France; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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25
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Rodriguez I, Fraga M, Alfonso A, Guillebault D, Medlin L, Baudart J, Jacob P, Helmi K, Meyer T, Breitenbach U, Holden NM, Boots B, Spurio R, Cimarelli L, Mancini L, Marcheggiani S, Albay M, Akcaalan R, Köker L, Botana LM. Monitoring of freshwater toxins in European environmental waters by using novel multi-detection methods. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017; 36:645-654. [PMID: 27505279 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the quality of freshwater is an important issue for public health. In the context of the European project μAqua, 150 samples were collected from several waters in France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, and Turkey for 2 yr. These samples were analyzed using 2 multitoxin detection methods previously developed: a microsphere-based method coupled to flow-cytometry, and an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method. The presence of microcystins, nodularin, domoic acid, cylindrospermopsin, and several analogues of anatoxin-a (ATX-a) was monitored. No traces of cylindrospermopsin or domoic acid were found in any of the environmental samples. Microcystin-LR and microcystin-RR were detected in 2 samples from Turkey and Germany. In the case of ATX-a derivatives, 75% of samples contained mainly H2 -ATX-a and small amounts of H2 -homoanatoxin-a, whereas ATX-a and homoanatoxin-a were found in only 1 sample. These results confirm the presence and wide distribution of dihydro derivatives of ATX-a toxins in European freshwaters. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:645-654. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Maria Fraga
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | | | - Linda Medlin
- Microbia Environnement, Observatoire Océanologique, France
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique, Observatoire Océanologique Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Julia Baudart
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique, Observatoire Océanologique Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Jacob
- Centre de Recherche de Saint Maurice, Veolia Recherche et Innovation Immeuble le Dufy, St. Maurice, France
| | - Karim Helmi
- Centre de Recherche de Saint Maurice, Veolia Recherche et Innovation Immeuble le Dufy, St. Maurice, France
| | - Thomas Meyer
- MariLim Aquatic Research, Schoenkirchen, Germany
| | | | - Nicholas M Holden
- School of Biosystems Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bas Boots
- School of Biosystems Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Roberto Spurio
- Laboratory of Genetics, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Lucia Cimarelli
- Laboratory of Genetics, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Laura Mancini
- Environmental, Quality and Fishfarm Unit, Environment & Primary Prevention Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Marcheggiani
- Environmental, Quality and Fishfarm Unit, Environment & Primary Prevention Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Meric Albay
- Fisheries Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Latife Köker
- Fisheries Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Luis M Botana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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26
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Nguyen TKO, Jamali A, Lanoue A, Gontier E, Dauwe R. Unravelling the architecture and dynamics of tropane alkaloid biosynthesis pathways using metabolite correlation networks. Phytochemistry 2015; 116:94-103. [PMID: 25823585 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The tropane alkaloid spectrum in Solanaceae is highly variable within and between species. Little is known about the topology and the coordination of the biosynthetic pathways leading to the variety of tropine and pseudotropine derived esters in the alkaloid spectrum, or about the metabolic dynamics induced by tropane alkaloid biosynthesis stimulating conditions. A good understanding of the metabolism, including all ramifications, is however necessary for the development of strategies to increase the abundance of pharmacologically interesting compounds such as hyoscyamine and scopolamine. The present study explores the tropane alkaloid metabolic pathways in an untargeted approach involving a correlation-based network analysis. Using GC-MS metabolite profiling, the variation and co-variation among tropane alkaloids and primary metabolites was monitored in 60 Datura innoxia Mill. individuals, of which half were exposed to tropane alkaloid biosynthesis stimulating conditions by co-culture with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Considerable variation was evident in the relative proportions of the tropane alkaloids. Remodeling of the tropane alkaloid spectrum under co-culture with A. rhizogenes involved a specific and strong increase of hyoscyamine production and revealed that the accumulation of hyoscyamine, 3-tigloyloxy-6,7-epoxytropane, and 3-methylbutyryloxytropane was controlled independently of the majority of tropane alkaloids. Based on correlations between metabolites, we propose a biosynthetic origin of hygrine, the order of esterification of certain di-oxygenated tropanes, and that the rate of acetoxylation contributes to control of hyoscyamine production. Overall, this study shows that the biosynthesis of tropane alkaloids may be far more complex and finely controlled than previously expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Kieu-Oanh Nguyen
- EA3900 BioPI, University of Picardy Jules Verne, UFR Sciences, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens cedex, France.
| | - Arash Jamali
- EA3900 BioPI, University of Picardy Jules Verne, UFR Pharmacie, 1 rue des Louvels, 80039 Amiens cedex, France.
| | - Arnaud Lanoue
- Laboratoire de biologie cellulaire et biochimie végétale, University of Tours, UFR de Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France.
| | - Eric Gontier
- EA3900 BioPI, University of Picardy Jules Verne, UFR Sciences, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens cedex, France.
| | - Rebecca Dauwe
- EA3900 BioPI, University of Picardy Jules Verne, UFR Sciences, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens cedex, France.
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27
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Szlag DC, Sinclair JL, Southwell B, Westrick JA. Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins Occurrence and Removal from Five High-Risk Conventional Treatment Drinking Water Plants. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:2198-220. [PMID: 26075379 PMCID: PMC4488698 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7062198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An environmental protection agency EPA expert workshop prioritized three cyanotoxins, microcystins, anatoxin-a, and cylindrospermopsin (MAC), as being important in freshwaters of the United States. This study evaluated the prevalence of potentially toxin producing cyanobacteria cell numbers relative to the presence and quantity of the MAC toxins in the context of this framework. Total and potential toxin producing cyanobacteria cell counts were conducted on weekly raw and finished water samples from utilities located in five US states. An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA) was used to screen the raw and finished water samples for microcystins. High-pressure liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector (HPLC/PDA) verified microcystin concentrations and quantified anatoxin-a and cylindrospermopsin concentrations. Four of the five utilities experienced cyanobacterial blooms in their raw water. Raw water samples from three utilities showed detectable levels of microcystins and a fourth utility had detectable levels of both microcystin and cylindrospermopsin. No utilities had detectable concentrations of anatoxin-a. These conventional plants effectively removed the cyanobacterial cells and all finished water samples showed MAC levels below the detection limit by ELISA and HPLC/PDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Szlag
- Chemistry Department, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
| | - James L Sinclair
- Office of Groundwater and Drinking Water, Technical Support Center, USEPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
| | - Benjamin Southwell
- Environmental Analysis Laboratory, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste. Marie, MI 49783, USA.
| | - Judy A Westrick
- Lumigen Instrument Center, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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28
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Vlad S, Anderson WB, Peldszus S, Huck PM. Removal of the cyanotoxin anatoxin-a by drinking water treatment processes: a review. J Water Health 2014; 12:601-617. [PMID: 25473970 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2014.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Anatoxin-a (ANTX-a) is a potent alkaloid neurotoxin, produced by several species of cyanobacteria and detected throughout the world. The presence of cyanotoxins, including ANTX-a, in drinking water sources is a potential risk to public health. This article presents a thorough examination of the cumulative body of research on the use of drinking water treatment technologies for extracellular ANTX-a removal, focusing on providing an analysis of the specific operating parameters required for effective treatment and on compiling a series of best-practice recommendations for owners and operators of systems impacted by this cyanotoxin. Of the oxidants used in drinking water treatment, chlorine-based processes (chlorine, chloramines and chlorine dioxide) have been shown to be ineffective for ANTX-a treatment, while ozone, advanced oxidation processes and permanganate can be successful. High-pressure membrane filtration (nanofiltration and reverse osmosis) is likely effective, while adsorption and biofiltration may be effective but further investigation into the implementation of these processes is necessary. Given the lack of full-scale verification, a multiple-barrier approach is recommended, employing a combination of chemical and non-chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Vlad
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1 E-mail:
| | - William B Anderson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1 E-mail:
| | - Sigrid Peldszus
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1 E-mail:
| | - Peter M Huck
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1 E-mail:
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29
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Tamayo P, Montes C, Perez ME, Martin E, García-Talavera JR. A novel, fully automated, observer-independent program for semiquantifying striatal ¹²³I-FP-CIT uptake. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2014; 34:89-94. [PMID: 25304848 DOI: 10.1016/j.remn.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe and validate a novel, fully automated program specifically designed for the semiquantification of striatal (123)I-FP-CIT uptake using volumes of interest (VOI) analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS The proposed algorithm is based on a template that mimics the striatal (123)I-FP-CIT uptake in a healthy subjects, derived from defined anatomical VOIs available from WFU PickAtlas. Four SPECT studies of the anthropomorphic Alderson phantom filled with variable radioactive concentrations were acquired for the experimental validation. Experimental SPECT images were spatially normalized with respect to the previously created template. The binary VOIs corresponding to left caudate and putamen and right caudate and putamen, which were used to construct the template, were projected onto the experimental images to obtain the counts for these regions. To minimize the partial volume effect, a percentage of the voxels in these regions (threshold), rather than all of them, was used. A binary occipital VOI was used to quantify the non-specific uptake. Experimental binding potentials (BPs) were calculated from the counts in these regions. True BPs were calculated from aliquots taken from the solutions used to fill the phantom. RESULTS There were statistically significant differences in the experimental BP values (p<0.002) according to the percentage of voxels used. A highly significant correlation was achieved between true and experimental BP values, regardless of the percentage of voxels included for quantification. CONCLUSIONS Our novel, observer-independent program automatically performs the semiquantification of striatal (123)I-FP-CIT uptake in experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tamayo
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Spain.
| | - C Montes
- Medical Physics Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Spain
| | - M E Perez
- Medical Physics Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, Spain
| | - E Martin
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, Spain
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30
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Fraga M, Vilariño N, Louzao MC, Rodríguez LP, Alfonso A, Campbell K, Elliott CT, Taylor P, Ramos V, Vasconcelos V, Botana LM. Multi-detection method for five common microalgal toxins based on the use of microspheres coupled to a flow-cytometry system. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 850:57-64. [PMID: 25441160 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater and brackish microalgal toxins, such as microcystins, cylindrospermopsins, paralytic toxins, anatoxins or other neurotoxins are produced during the overgrowth of certain phytoplankton and benthic cyanobacteria, which includes either prokaryotic or eukaryotic microalgae. Although, further studies are necessary to define the biological role of these toxins, at least some of them are known to be poisonous to humans and wildlife due to their occurrence in these aquatic systems. The World Health Organization (WHO) has established as provisional recommended limit 1μg of microcystin-LR per liter of drinking water. In this work we present a microsphere-based multi-detection method for five classes of freshwater and brackish toxins: microcystin-LR (MC-LR), cylindrospermopsin (CYN), anatoxin-a (ANA-a), saxitoxin (STX) and domoic acid (DA). Five inhibition assays were developed using different binding proteins and microsphere classes coupled to a flow-cytometry Luminex system. Then, assays were combined in one method for the simultaneous detection of the toxins. The IC50's using this method were 1.9±0.1μg L(-1) MC-LR, 1.3±0.1μg L(-1) CYN, 61±4μg L(-1) ANA-a, 5.4±0.4μg L(-1) STX and 4.9±0.9μg L(-1) DA. Lyophilized cyanobacterial culture samples were extracted using a simple procedure and analyzed by the Luminex method and by UPLC-IT-TOF-MS. Similar quantification was obtained by both methods for all toxins except for ANA-a, whereby the estimated content was lower when using UPLC-IT-TOF-MS. Therefore, this newly developed multiplexed detection method provides a rapid, simple, semi-quantitative screening tool for the simultaneous detection of five environmentally important freshwater and brackish toxins, in buffer and cyanobacterial extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fraga
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Natalia Vilariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - M Carmen Louzao
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Laura P Rodríguez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Katrina Campbell
- Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS), School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS), School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Palmer Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0657, United States
| | - Vítor Ramos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIIMAR, and Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, Porto 4050-123, Portugal
| | - Vítor Vasconcelos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIIMAR, and Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, Porto 4050-123, Portugal
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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31
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Sieroslawska A. Evaluation of usefulness of Microbial Assay for Risk Assessment (MARA) in the cyanobacterial toxicity estimation. Environ Monit Assess 2014; 186:4629-36. [PMID: 24682641 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3726-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to elucidate the usefulness of the Microbial Assay for Risk Assessment (MARA) to evaluate toxicity in samples containing cyanobacterial products. Cyanobacterial extracts with different cyanotoxin contents and pure cyanotoxins-microcystin-LR, cylindrospermopsin and anatoxin-a-were tested. On the basis of the microbial reaction, MARA indicated only slight or no toxicity in the studied extracts. Similarly, no or low toxicity of pure toxins was detected at the concentrations used (up to 10 μg/ml). Weak relationships between the reactions of individual organisms exposed to cyanotoxin-containing extracts and to the same pure toxins were observed. On the other hand, inhibition of some organisms, such as Pichia anomalia, whose growth was not impacted by pure cyanotoxins, indicated the presence of other biologically active compounds in the studied extracts. In conclusion, MARA assay is not enough sensitive to be used as a good tool for cyanotoxin screening. It may, however, be applied in searching for antimicrobial/antifungal cyanobacteria-derived compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sieroslawska
- Department of Physiology and Ecotoxicology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1 I, 20-708 Lublin, Poland,
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Sanchez JA, Otero P, Alfonso A, Ramos V, Vasconcelos V, Aráoz R, Molgó J, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Detection of anatoxin-a and three analogs in Anabaena spp. cultures: new fluorescence polarization assay and toxin profile by LC-MS/MS. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:402-15. [PMID: 24469431 PMCID: PMC3942742 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6020402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anatoxin-a (ATX) is a potent neurotoxin produced by several species of Anabaena spp. Cyanobacteria blooms around the world have been increasing in recent years; therefore, it is urgent to develop sensitive techniques that unequivocally confirm the presence of these toxins in fresh water and cyanobacterial samples. In addition, the identification of different ATX analogues is essential to later determine its toxicity. In this paper we designed a fluorescent polarization (FP) method to detect ATXs in water samples. A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) labeled with a fluorescein derivative was used to develop this assay. Data showed a direct relationship between the amount of toxin in a sample and the changes in the polarization degree of the emitted light by the labeled nAChR, indicating an interaction between the two molecules. This method was used to measure the amount of ATX in three Anabaena spp. cultures. Results indicate that it is a good method to show ATXs presence in algal samples. In order to check the toxin profile of Anabaena cultures a LC-MS/MS method was also developed. Within this new method, ATX-a, retention time (RT) 5 min, and three other molecules with a mass m/z 180.1 eluting at 4.14 min, 5.90 min and 7.14 min with MS/MS spectra characteristic of ATX toxin group not previously identified were detected in the Anabaena spp. cultures. These ATX analogues may have an important role in the toxicity of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon A Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology, Veterinary School, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
| | - Paz Otero
- Department of Pharmacology, Veterinary School, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Department of Pharmacology, Veterinary School, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
| | - Vitor Ramos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto 4619-007, Portugal.
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto 4619-007, Portugal.
| | - Romulo Aráoz
- CNRS, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard-FRC2118, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Développement-UPR3294, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif sur Yvette Cedex 91198, France.
| | - Jordi Molgó
- CNRS, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard-FRC2118, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Développement-UPR3294, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif sur Yvette Cedex 91198, France.
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Department of Physiology, Veterinary School, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
| | - Luis M Botana
- Department of Pharmacology, Veterinary School, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
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Sun JW, Zhang H, Wang FY, Sun YM, Sun M. [Effects of methyl jasmonate on accumulation and release of main tropane alkaloids in liquid cultures of Datura stramonium hairy root]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2013; 38:1712-1718. [PMID: 24010283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effects of methyl jasmonate (MJ) on the accumulation and release of main secondary metabolites i. e. scopolamine and hyoscyamine in liquid cultures of Datura stramonium hairy roots. METHOD After 18 days liquid culture of D. stramonium hairy roots induced by agrobacterium rhizogenes C58C1, the chemical elicitor methyl jasmonate was added into 1/2 MS liquid cultures and scopolamine and hyoscyamine on the day 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12, after dealing with MJ, was determined by HPLC. RESULT After dealing with MJ on the day 3, 6, 9 and 12,the concentration of scopolamine reached to 0.419, 0.439, 0.431, 0.374 mg x g(-1), respectively, the increase of scopolamine were 1.36, 1.42, 1.17 and 1.12 fold higher than that of the control, respectively. And hyoscyamine reached 1.493, 0.817, 0.723 and 0.698 mg x g(-1), respectively, the increase of hyoscyamine were 2.28, 1.11, 0.63 and 0.70 fold higher than that of the control, respectively. CONCLUSION MJ could stimulate the accumulation of scopolamine and hyoscyamine (3,6 d) in D. stramonium hairy root and have released them into the culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Wei Sun
- School of Life Sciense, Southwest University/Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, MOE, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Bogialli S, Nigro di Gregorio F, Lucentini L, Ferretti E, Ottaviani M, Ungaro N, Abis PP, Cannarozzi de Grazia M. Management of a toxic cyanobacterium bloom (Planktothrix rubescens) affecting an Italian drinking water basin: a case study. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:574-583. [PMID: 23167492 DOI: 10.1021/es302260p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An extraordinary bloom of Planktothrix rubescens, which can produce microcystins (MCs), was observed in early 2009 in the Occhito basin, used even as a source of drinking water in Southern Italy. Several activities, coordinated by a task force, were implemented to assess and manage the risk associated to drinking water contaminated by cyanobacteria. Main actions were: evaluation of analytical protocols for screening and confirmatory purpose, monitoring the drinking water supply chain, training of operators, a dedicated web site for risk communication. ELISA assay was considered suitable for health authorities as screening method for MCs and to optimize frequency of sampling according to alert levels, and as internal control for the water supplier. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method able to quantify 9 MCs was optimized with the aim of supporting health authorities in a comprehensive risk evaluation based on the relative toxicity of different congeners. Short, medium, and long-term corrective actions were implemented to mitigate the health risk. Preoxidation with chlorine dioxide followed by flocculation and settling have been shown to be effective in removing MCs in the water treatment plant. Over two years, despite the high levels of cyanobacteria (up to 160 × 10(6) cells/L) and MCs (28.4 μg/L) initially reached in surface waters, the drinking water distribution was never limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bogialli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Metcalf JS, Banack SA, Kotut K, Krienitz L, Codd GA. Amino acid neurotoxins in feathers of the Lesser Flamingo, Phoeniconaias minor. Chemosphere 2013; 90:835-9. [PMID: 23123117 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.09.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Lesser Flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor) is known to use cyanobacteria (primarily Arthrospira) as a major food source in the East African Rift Valley lakes. Periodically, mass mortalities have occurred, associated with the cyanobacterial toxins (cyanotoxins), microcystins and anatoxin-a. Deposition of these cyanotoxins into P. minor feathers has been shown to occur, consistent with the presence of cyanotoxins in the livers, stomach and faecal contents after dietary intake. As cyanobacteria have been shown to also produce the neurotoxins β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB), stored wing feathers, previously recovered from flamingos which had been exposed to microcystins and anatoxin-a and had subsequently died, were analysed for these neurotoxic amino acids. Trace amounts of BMAA were detected in extracts from Lake Nakuru flamingo feathers, with DAB also present at concentrations between 3.5 and 8.5 μg g(-1) dry weight in feathers from both lakes. Toxin recovery by solid-phase extraction of feather digests was tested with spiked deuterated BMAA and showed good recovery when analysed by LC-MS/MS (80-94%). This is the first report of these neurotoxic amino acids in birds. We discuss the origin and significance of DAB, alongside other cyanotoxins of dietary origin, in the feathers of the Lesser Flamingo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Metcalf
- Institute for Ethnomedicine, Box 3464, Jackson, WY 83001, USA.
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Zhang H, Fu Z, Liu X, Zheng W, Wang X, Yu C, Jiang S, Qu W. [Determination of anatoxin-a in raw and finished water from two water plants in Shanghai by high performance liquid chromatography]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2012; 41:971-980. [PMID: 23424879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish the HPLC detection method for anatoxin-a in drinking water. METHODS 1L water was collected, respectively, from raw and finished water in A and B water-plants provided source water by Qingcaosha Reservoir. Water samples were filtered by GF/C membrane, and then intracellular and dissolved anatoxin-a were enriched by weak cation-exchange (WCX) packing, respectively. The optimal ratio of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) versus methanol for elution was determined. HPLC was employed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of anatoxin-a in water. RESULTS Methanol containing 0.2% TFA had an optimal elution effect. The linear range of standard curve was 0.01-5 microg/ml and R2 value was 0.9999. The detection limit of anatoxin-a was 2.9 ng/L in water sample. The spiked recovery rates and the relative standard deviation (RSD%) were 75.2% - 100.6% and 6.38% - 8.76%, respectively. When detected continuously for six days, the average values were consistent with the true values, and RSD% of intra- and inter-day was among 1.60% - 8.90%. Anatoxin-a was detectable in raw water of both water-plants. 0.028 microg/L anatoxin-a of A water-plant and 0.137 microg/L anatoxin-a of B water-plant. Anatoxin-a was un-detectable in finished water of both water-plants. CONCLUSION The current method can satisfy the detection of traces of anatoxin-a in drinking water and be used for continuous batch detection because of the low detection limit, high recovery rate and accuracy, good stability and reliability. More attention should be paid to surveillances of Qingcaosha Reservoir and raw and finished water from it, in order to prevent potential danger of Anatoxin-a on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Kai G, Yang S, Luo X, Zhou W, Fu X, Zhang A, Zhang Y, Xiao J. Co-expression of AaPMT and AaTRI effectively enhances the yields of tropane alkaloids in Anisodus acutangulus hairy roots. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:43. [PMID: 21526999 PMCID: PMC3111346 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tropane alkaloids (TA) including anisodamine, anisodine, hyoscyamine and scopolamine are a group of important anticholinergic drugs with rapidly increasing market demand, so it is significant to improve TA production by biotechnological approaches. Putrescine N-methyltransferase (PMT) was considered as the first rate-limiting upstream enzyme while tropinone reductase I (TRI) was an important branch-controlling enzyme involved in TA biosynthesis. However, there is no report on simultaneous introduction of PMT and TRI genes into any TA-producing plant including Anisodus acutangulus (A. acutangulus), which is a Solanaceous perennial plant that is endemic to China and is an attractive resource plant for production of TA. RESULTS In this study, 21 AaPMT and AaTRI double gene transformed lines (PT lines), 9 AaPMT single gene transformed lines (P lines) and 5 AaTRI single gene transformed lines (T lines) were generated. RT-PCR and real-time fluorescence quantitative analysis results revealed that total AaPMT (AaPMT T) and total AaTRI (AaTRI T) gene transcripts in transgenic PT, P and T lines showed higher expression levels than native AaPMT (AaPMT E) and AaTRI (AaTRI E) gene transcripts. As compared to the control and single gene transformed lines (P or T lines), PT transgenic hairy root lines produced significantly higher levels of TA. The highest yield of TA was detected as 8.104 mg/g dw in line PT18, which was 8.66, 4.04, and 3.11-times higher than those of the control (0.935 mg/g dw), P3 (highest in P lines, 2.004 mg/g dw) and T12 (highest in T lines, 2.604 mg/g dw), respectively. All the tested samples were found to possess strong radical scavenging capacity, which were similar to control. CONCLUSION In the present study, the co-expression of AaPMT and AaTRI genes in A. acutangulus hairy roots significantly improved the yields of TA and showed higher antioxidant activity than control because of higher total TA content, which is the first report on simultaneous introduction of PMT and TRI genes into TA-producing plant by biotechnological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai, Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai, Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Xiuqin Luo
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai, Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Wentao Zhou
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai, Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Xueqing Fu
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai, Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Ang Zhang
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai, Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai, Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai, Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
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Wood SA, Holland PT, MacKenzie L. Development of solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) for monitoring anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a in river water. Chemosphere 2011; 82:888-94. [PMID: 21074244 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Sampling and monitoring for cyanotoxins can be problematic as concentrations change with environmental and hydrological conditions. Current sampling practices (e.g. grab samples) provide data on cyanotoxins present only at one point in time and may miss areas or times of highest risk. Recent research has identified the widespread distribution of anatoxin-producing benthic cyanobacteria in rivers highlighting the need for development of effective sampling techniques. In this study we evaluated the potential of an in situ method known as solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) for collecting and concentrating anatoxin-a (ATX) and homoanatoxin-a (HTX) in river water. Fifteen different adsorption substrates were screened for efficiency of ATX uptake, nine of which retained high proportions (>70%) of ATX. Four substrates were then selected for a 24-h trial in a SPATT bag format in the laboratory. The greatest decrease in ATX in the water was observed with powdered activated carbon (PAC) and Strata-X (a polymeric resin) SPATT bags. A 3-d field study in a river containing toxic benthic cyanobacterial mats was undertaken using PAC and Strata-X SPATT bags. ATX and HTX were detected in all SPATT bags. Surface grab samples were taken throughout the field study and ATX and HTX were only detected in one of the water samples, highlighting the limitations of this currently used method. Both Strata-X and PAC were found to be effective absorbent substrates. PAC has the advantage that it is cheap and readily available and appears to continue to sorb toxins over longer periods than Strata-X. SPATT has the potential to be integrated into current cyanobacterial monitoring programmes and would be a very useful and economical tool for early warning of ATX and HTX contamination in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna A Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand.
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Osswald J, Rellán S, Gago-Martinez A, Vasconcelos V. Production of anatoxin-a by cyanobacterial strains isolated from Portuguese fresh water systems. Ecotoxicology 2009; 18:1110-5. [PMID: 19618268 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-009-0375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of anatoxin-a in several freshwater systems in Portugal and its production by Portuguese cyanobacterial strains, after cultivation in laboratory, were studied. Surface water samples from 9 water bodies, for recreational and human consumption usage, were surveyed for anatoxin-a presence and for obtaining cultures of pure cyanobacterial strains. Anatoxin-a analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (FLD) followed by Mass Spectrometry (MS) confirmation. No anatoxin-a was detected in all the natural water samples (limit of detection (LOD) = 25 ng l(-1)) but among the 22 isolated cyanobacterial strains, 13 could produce anatoxin-a in laboratory conditions (LOD = 3 ng g(-1) dw). This proportion of anatoxin-a producing strains (59.1%) in laboratory is discussed considering the hypothesis that anatoxin-a is a more frequent metabolite in cyanobacteria than it was thought before and making its occurrence in Portuguese freshwaters almost certain. Therefore, health and ecological risks caused by anatoxin-a in Portugal, should be seriously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Osswald
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR-U.P.), Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal.
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Li XM, Chen ZP, Wang SP, Tang J, Liu CY, Zou MF. Extractive spectrophotometric determination of TRODAT-1 hydrochloride in lyophilized kit. Pharmazie 2008; 63:638-640. [PMID: 18819514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive, and accurate spectrophotometric method has been developed for the assay of TRODAT-1 hydrochloride in lyophilized kit. The method is based on the formation of ion-pair association complex of TRODAT-1 with bromothymol blue (BTB) in disodium hydrogen phosphate/citric acid buffer of pH 4.0. The colored product was extracted with chloroform, and measured spectrophotometrically at 414 nm. Beer's law was obeyed in the range of 5-25 microg/ml with molar absorptivity of 2.75 x 10(4) l/mol/cm. Optimization of experimental conditions was described for the method. The proposed method has been successfully applied for the analysis of TRODAT-1 hydrochloride in lyophilized kit. No interference with pharmaceutical excipients was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- X M Li
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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Abstract
Toxic cyanobacterial blooms are an increasing problem in the lower Laurentian Great Lakes. To better understand their occurrence and distribution, samples for particulate toxin analysis were collected from more than 140 New York Lakes including Lakes Erie, Champlain and Ontario. Microcystins were of most importance and were detected in nearly 50% of the samples. Anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin and the paralytic shellfish toxins occurred much less frequently (0-4%). The implications for the management of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Boyer
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse NY 13210, USA.
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Abstract
This chapter examines the role of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in the separation of tropane alkaloids, glycoalkaloids, and closely related compounds that have either pharmaceutical value or toxicological effects on humans. The latest significant developments in CE analysis have been selected and critically discussed. When the conventional CE mode was found unable to provide an acceptable selectivity towards the analytes, the addition of either an organic solvent, a chiral selector, or a surfactant to the running buffers was exploited. Likewise, nonaqueous CE (NACE) was also employed to increase solute solubilities and for a better compatibility of this media with mass spectrometry. It turns out that, upon selecting the most appropriate experimental conditions, the CE separation of tropane alkaloids and steroidal glycoalkaloids of Solanaceae plants was successfully accomplished. All major steps involved in the separation and detection of these secondary metabolites in complex samples are described and the relevant aspects of each application are examined with emphasis on the main aspects entailed a typical assay. More applications have yet to be developed in order to encourage more labs to exploit the tremendous potential of capillary electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso R I Cataldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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Osswald J, Rellán S, Gago A, Vasconcelos V. Toxicology and detection methods of the alkaloid neurotoxin produced by cyanobacteria, anatoxin-a. Environ Int 2007; 33:1070-89. [PMID: 17673293 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater resources are under stress due to naturally occurring conditions and human impacts. One of the consequences is the proliferation of cyanobacteria, microphytoplankton organisms that are capable to produce toxins called cyanotoxins. Anatoxin-a is one of the main cyanotoxins. It is a very potent neurotoxin that was already responsible for some animal fatalities. In this review we endeavor to divulgate much of the internationally published information about toxicology, occurrence and detection methods of anatoxin-a. Cyanobacteria generalities, anatoxin-a occurrence and production as well as anatoxin-a toxicology and its methods of detection are the aspects focused in this review. Remediation of anatoxin-a occurrence will be addressed with a public health perspective. Final remarks call the attention for some important gaps in the knowledge about this neurotoxin and its implication to public health. Alterations of aquatic ecosystems caused by anatoxin-a is also addressed. Although anatoxin-a is not the more frequent cyanotoxin worldwide, it has to be regarded as a health risk that can be fatal to terrestrial and aquatic organisms because of its high toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Osswald
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
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Abstract
Solid phase microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection has been optimized and evaluated for a simple, rapid, and selective analysis of anatoxin-a. Four kinds of fiber (100 microm polydimethylsiloxane, 60 microm polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene, 50 microm Carbowax/templated resin-100, and 85 microm polyacrylate) were evaluated for an efficient extraction of the toxin. Parameters relating to the desorption step, such as desorption mode, solvent composition, time for both static and dynamic desorption, as well as carryover, have been studied and optimized. The derivatization process was investigated using NBD-F as derivatizing reagent. Anatoxin-a derivative was formed when the anatoxin-a-loaded fiber was inserted in a vial containing 5 microL of NBD-F. Variables affecting extraction such us ionic strength, temperature, and time have been also optimized. The results obtained showed linearity in the range of 10-2000 ng and a limit of detection of 0.29 ng/mL in river water. The presented method has been applied to different environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rellán
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Alimentaria, Facultad de Química, Edificio de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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Rellán S, Osswald J, Vasconcelos V, Gago-Martinez A. Analysis of anatoxin-a in biological samples using liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection after solid phase extraction and solid phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1156:134-40. [PMID: 17210160 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Revised: 12/17/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anatoxin-a is a naturally occurring, potent neurotoxin produced by some species of cyanobacteria in freshwaters. This toxin, which is a potential health hazard, especially to animals, has been determined in different biological matrices such as several cyanobacterial cultures and water samples and carps and mussels tissue using a sensitive High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence detection method. Sonication was the technique selected for the extraction of intracellular anatoxin-a and solid phase extraction using weak cation exchange was used for the concentration and purification of the samples. 4-Fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F) was used to convert anatoxin into a highly fluorescent derivative. Recovery experiments were performed for each type of matrix used in this work, and adequate values were obtained (71-87%). Limits of detection for anatoxin-a were estimated to be in the ng/L and ng/g level for water and cyanobacterial samples, respectively. The results obtained were also compared with those obtained after using solid phase microextraction, as an alternative for the extraction and purification of the samples. Advantages and disadvantages regarding to the efficiency for impurities removal, simplicity and rapidity and the potential for concentration enhancement of using both methodologies have been also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rellán
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Alimentaria, Facultad de Química, Edificio de Ciencias Experimentales, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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Giraudeau P, Guignard N, Hillion E, Baguet E, Akoka S. Optimization of homonuclear 2D NMR for fast quantitative analysis: Application to tropine–nortropine mixtures. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:1243-8. [PMID: 17118605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative analysis by (1)H NMR is often hampered by heavily overlapping signals that may occur for complex mixtures, especially those containing similar compounds. Bidimensional homonuclear NMR spectroscopy can overcome this difficulty. A thorough review of acquisition and post-processing parameters was carried out to obtain accurate and precise, quantitative 2D J-resolved and DQF-COSY spectra in a much reduced time, thus limiting the spectrometer instabilities in the course of time. The number of t(1) increments was reduced as much as possible, and standard deviation was improved by optimization of spectral width, number of transients, phase cycling and apodization function. Localized polynomial baseline corrections were applied to the relevant chemical shift areas. Our method was applied to tropine-nortropine mixtures. Quantitative J-resolved spectra were obtained in less than 3 min and quantitative DQF-COSY spectra in 12 min, with an accuracy of 3% for J-spectroscopy and 2% for DQF-COSY, and a standard deviation smaller than 1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Giraudeau
- Laboratoire d'Analyse Isotopique et Electrochimique de Métabolismes, UMR CNRS 6006, Université de Nantes, Faculté des Sciences, F-44322 Nantes Cedex 03, France.
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47
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Abstract
Blue-green algae and spirulina are marketed in health food stores and over the Internet as food supplements in Canada, the United States, and Europe. The reported benefits of consuming these products include improved digestion, strengthening of the immune system, and relief from the symptoms of attention deficit disorder. Some of these products have been found to contain elevated concentrations of microcystins, which are known hepatotoxins. In addition to producing microcystins, Anabaena sp. and Aphanizomenon sp. also produce the potent neurotoxin anatoxin-a. Samples of food supplements containing blue-green algae and spirulina were collected in Portugal and from urban centers across Canada in 2005. Extracts of these supplements were analyzed to determine the presence and concentrations of anatoxin-a and its two main metabolites, dihydroanatoxin-a and epoxyanatoxin-a. Initial analyses were performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection, and confirmation required the use of LC with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The HPLC with fluorescence detection indicated no anatoxin-a, but four samples were suspected to contain either dihydroanatoxin-a or epoxyanatoxin-a at 0.1 to 0.2 microg/g. LC-MS-MS results, however, indicated no trace of either transformation product in any sample analyzed. The detection limits for anatoxin-a, dihydroanatoxin-a, and epoxyanatoxin-a were similar for both fluorescence detection (0.2 to 0.3, 0.4 to 1.4, and 0.2 to 1.5 pg on the column, respectively) and mass spectrometry (0.3 to 1.5, 0.3 to 0.8, and 0.5 to 0.8 pg on the column, respectively). Because of the higher specificity of the LC-MS-MS analysis, all tested food supplement samples were considered free of anatoxin-a and its transformation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea F K Rawn
- Food Research Division, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 2203D, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9.
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Thome BM, Ivory CF. Increasing the scale of true moving bed electrophoretic separations using filtration to reduce solvent volumetric flows between sections II and III. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1138:291-300. [PMID: 17097668 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2006] [Revised: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade the moving bed process has become a commonly used tool for the continuous separation of chiral compounds, and its recent application to electrophoretic separations allows the technique to be used as a model system for moving bed method improvements. Much of the recent research on moving bed separations has focused on improving the technique's efficiency and increasing the maximum attainable throughput. This paper presents a novel method for reducing or reversing the increases in tailing that stem from the addition of the feed stream in a moving bed process by adding a filtration unit which retains the products while removing fluid from the boundary between the sections above and below the feed stream. This filtration-enhanced moving bed process was applied to a true moving bed (TMB) electrophoresis separation in the Vortex Stabilized Electrophoresis Apparatus, and its effect on a homatropine enantiomer separation was studied. Experiments showed that there is a 2.4-fold increase in the homatropine processing rate when 0.5 ml/h of water is removed through a reverse osmosis filter at the boundary between the sections above and below the feed stream. In order to further understand the process, filtration-enhanced TMB (FE-TMB) was also analyzed using a linear model of the system which shows that the 99% purity operating region of the separation is greatly increased even with moderate permeate flowrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Thome
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Washington State University, 118 Dana Hall, Pullman, WA 99164-2710, USA
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Abstract
Hepatic angiomyolipoma (AML), a rare benign mesenchymal tumour, is characterised by the presence of mature adipose tissue, smooth-muscle cells and thick-walled blood vessels. Increasing attention to hepatic AMLs has led to the discovery that sufficient proportions of fat often allow for definite diagnoses preoperatively. However, the proportion of fatty tissue in these tumours is highly variable. One case of hepatic AML is reported, where the amount of fat was <1%. In this case, the viral hepatitis markers, including hepatitis B antigen and anti-hepatitis C virus antibody, were negative. The serum alpha-fetoprotein level was 3.4 ng/ml and in the normal range. Abdominal ultrasonography showed a hypoechoic mass measuring 5 cm in diameter and without an obvious capsule in the left lobe of the liver. A dynamic computed tomography scan showed a well-defined and slightly enhanced mass in the medial segment of the left lobe of the liver. Angiography showed that the mass was hypervascular in character. As hepatocellular carcinoma was highly suspected from these preoperative image studies, a left lobectomy was carried out. Microscopically, the amount of fat was too low to establish a diagnosis of hepatic AML. However, positive homatropine methylbromide 45 immunoreactivity of the smooth-muscle cells seemed to assist in arriving at the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-N Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, USA
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Rodríguez V, Yonamine M, Pinto E. Determination of anatoxin-a in environmental water samples by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:2085-90. [PMID: 17017023 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a method was developed and optimized aiming at the determination of anatoxin-a in environmental water samples. The method is based on the direct derivatization of the analyte by adding hexylchloroformate in the alkalinized sample (pH = 9.0). The derivatized anatoxin-a was extracted by a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) procedure, submersing a PDMS fiber in an amber vial for 20 min under magnetic stirring. GC-MS was used to identify and quantify the analyte in the SIM mode. Norcocaine was used as internal standard. The following ions were chosen for SIM analyses (quantification ions in italics): anatoxin-a: 191, 164, 293 and norcocaine: 195, 136, 168. The calibration curve showed linearity in the range of 2.5-200 ng/mL and the LOD was 2 ng/mL. This method of SPME and GC-MS analysis can be readily utilized to monitor anatoxin-a for water quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Rodríguez
- Departamento de Análises Clinicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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