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Ravald H, Wiedmer SK. Potential of liposomes and lipid membranes for the separation of β-blockers by capillary electromigration and liquid chromatographic techniques. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464265. [PMID: 37573755 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
β-Blockers belong to a frequently used class of drugs primarily used to treat heart and circulatory conditions. Here we describe the use of lipid vesicles and liposomes as cell membrane biomimicking models in capillary electromigration (CE) and liquid chromatography (LC) techniques for the investigation of interactions between lipid membranes and β-blockers. In addition to liposomes, the use of commercial intravenous lipid emulsions, and their interactions with β-blockers are also discussed. Different CE and LC instrumental techniques designed for these purposes are introduced. Other methodologies for studying interactions between β-blockers and lipid membranes are also briefly discussed, and the different methodologies are compared. The aim is to give the reader a good overview on the status of the use of liposomes and lipids in CE and LC for studying β-blocker interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Ravald
- Department of Chemistry, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, POB 55, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanne K Wiedmer
- Department of Chemistry, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, POB 55, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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2
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Ravald H, Moghaddam AH, Jaikishan S, Lavainne M, Wiedmer SK. Effect of liposome composition on β-blocker interactions studied by capillary electrokinetic chromatography. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300414. [PMID: 37496318 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Liposome capillary electrokinetic chromatography was used to investigate the interactions between three β-blockers of different hydrophobicity and various liposome solutions. The studied β-blockers comprised alprenolol, propranolol, and carvedilol. The composition of the liposome solutions, containing 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phos-phoethanolamine, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-l-serine, and cholesterol in various molar ratios, was designed by a response surface methodology-central composite design approach. Subsequently, after conducting the liposome capillary electrokinetic chromatography experiments and determining the retention factors from the electrophoretic mobilities of the compounds, and further calculating the distribution coefficients, an analysis of variance was performed. After extracting the statistical models, optimal operational conditions were obtained based on the developed models. To further investigate the interactions between the β-blockers and the liposomes, nanoplasmonic sensing experiments were carried out on two different liposome systems. The overall results demonstrate the strong influence of cholesterol and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-l-serine on the distribution coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Ravald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Amin Hedayati Moghaddam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Marine Lavainne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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3
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Jiang H, Zhang H, Yin SJ, Lu M, Wang X, Yang FQ. Determination of lipid-water partition coefficient of neutral and ionic drugs by liposome electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1436-1449. [PMID: 33908064 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Profiling of lipid-water partition coefficients (KL/W ) of drugs is an essential issue during the early stage of drug development. In this study, two liposomes, including 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) + cholesterol (Chol) (DSPC/Chol liposomes) and soybean lecithin (SPC) + Chol (SPC/Chol liposomes), were prepared for the liposome electrokinetic chromatography (LEKC) analysis, and the logarithm of lipid-water partition coefficients (log KL/W ) of neutral and ionic drugs were determined based on an iterative method. The log KL/W values determined by the SPC/Chol or DSPC/Chol liposomes LEKC were linearly fitted, which showed a good fitting coefficient (R2 = 0.89). Furthermore, the linear relationship between the data obtained from LEKC system and octanol-water system, immobilized artificial membrane, Caco-2 cell model, and software prediction was analyzed, respectively. Results illustrated that DSPC/Chol liposomes or SPC/Chol liposomes had a good linear relationship with Caco-2 cell model, and R2 was 0.81 and 0.72, respectively. Moreover, the linear free energy relationship analysis suggested that the solute volume, hydrogen bond basicity, and J- were the main descriptors that drove the partition process of solutes in the SPC/Chol or DSPC/Chol LEKC system. In addition, the normalized properties of the SPC/Chol and DSPC/Chol LEKC systems through linear free energy relationship analysis were very close. In short, DSPC/Chol liposomes are more suitable for simulating cell membranes than SPC/Chol liposomes, and the developed LEKC is an effective partitioning model for measuring the log KL/W of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Jun Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Min Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Qing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
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Godyń J, Gucwa D, Kobrlova T, Novak M, Soukup O, Malawska B, Bajda M. Novel application of capillary electrophoresis with a liposome coated capillary for prediction of blood-brain barrier permeability. Talanta 2020; 217:121023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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5
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Liu G, Hou S, Tong P, Li J. Liposomes: Preparation, Characteristics, and Application Strategies in Analytical Chemistry. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:392-412. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1805293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Shili Hou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Peihong Tong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Jianping Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
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Jiang L, Cao Y, Ni X, Zhang M, Cao G. Influences of the concentration and the molar ratio of mixed surfactants on the performance of vesicle pseudostationary phase. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1794-1801. [PMID: 29663471 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
In our previous work, it was found that the vesicles were formed spontaneously by mixing octyltriethylammonium bromide (C8 NE3 Br) with sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), and the vesicles have been developed as a pseudostationary phase (PSP) in EKC. In the present work, the effects of the concentration and the molar ratio of cationic to anionic surfactant on the vesicle properties and the performances of vesicle PSP in EKC have been investigated. The aggregates at all mixing ratio were negatively charged regardless of which surfactant surplus. As C8 NE3 Br proportion increased, the microviscosity of the vesicle became larger. With the increase in the total surfactant concentration, the migration time window broadened at the molar ratio of C8 NE3 Br to SDBS of 3:7. Unexpectedly, the window became narrowed at molar ratio of 5:5 and 6:4. However, the methylene selectivity of vesicle PSP at all above-mentioned molar ratios enhanced as the total surfactant concentration increased, no matter whether the migration time window enlarged or narrowed. It implied that the vesicle PSP at molar ratio of 5:5 and 6:4 made it possible to obtain a better separation in a shorter time. When the total surfactant concentration was fixed at 20 mM, the methylene selectivity of the vesicle PSP of molar ratio of 5:5 was comparable to that of 3:7, but the migration time shortened by a half.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Yuhua Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Xinjiong Ni
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Guangqun Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
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7
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A novel enantioseparation approach based on liposome electrokinetic capillary chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 145:186-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Darwish KA, Mrestani Y, Rüttinger HH, Neubert RHH. Drug Release from ß-Cyclodextrin Complexes and Drug Transfer into Model Membranes Studied by Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis. Pharm Res 2016; 33:1175-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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9
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Moravcová D, Planeta J, Wiedmer SK. Silica-based monolithic capillary columns modified by liposomes for characterization of analyte–liposome interactions by capillary liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1317:159-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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11
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Hosta-Rigau L, Zhang Y, Teo BM, Postma A, Städler B. Cholesterol--a biological compound as a building block in bionanotechnology. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:89-109. [PMID: 23172231 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr32923a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a molecule with many tasks in nature but also a long history in science. This feature article highlights the contribution of this small compound to bionanotechnology. We discuss relevant chemical aspects in this context followed by an overview of its self-assembly capabilities both as a free molecule and when conjugated to a polymer. Further, cholesterol in the context of liposomes is reviewed and its impact ranging from biosensing to drug delivery is outlined. Cholesterol is and will be an indispensable player in bionanotechnology, contributing to the progress of this potent field of research.
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Wiedmer SK, Lokajová J. Capillary electromigration techniques for studying interactions between analytes and lipid dispersions. J Sep Sci 2012; 36:37-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Franzen U, Østergaard J. Physico-chemical characterization of liposomes and drug substance–liposome interactions in pharmaceutics using capillary electrophoresis and electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:32-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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14
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Hamer M, Yone A, Rezzano I. Gold nanoparticle‐coated capillaries for protein and peptide analysis on open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:334-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Hamer
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires – IQUIFIB, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angel Yone
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires – IQUIFIB, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Irene Rezzano
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires – IQUIFIB, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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16
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Liu X, Testa B, Fahr A. Lipophilicity and its relationship with passive drug permeation. Pharm Res 2010; 28:962-77. [PMID: 21052797 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we first summarize the structure and properties of biological membranes and the routes of passive drug transfer through physiological barriers. Lipophilicity is then introduced in terms of the intermolecular interactions it encodes. Finally, lipophilicity indices from isotropic solvent systems and from anisotropic membrane-like systems are discussed for their capacity to predict passive drug permeation across biological membranes such as the intestinal epithelium, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or the skin. The broad evidence presented here shows that beyond the predictive power of lipophilicity parameters, the various intermolecular forces they encode allow a mechanistic interpretation of passive drug permeation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangli Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Lessingstrasse 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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17
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Luo R, Archer-Hartmann SA, Holland LA. Transformable Capillary Electrophoresis for Oligosaccharide Separations Using Phospholipid Additives. Anal Chem 2010; 82:1228-33. [PMID: 20078030 DOI: 10.1021/ac902052m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Luo
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | | | - Lisa A. Holland
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
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18
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Østergaard J, Moeller EH. Ghrelin-liposome interactions: Characterization of liposomal formulations of an acylated 28-amino acid peptide using CE. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:339-45. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Wiedmer SK, Lokajová J, Riekkola ML. Marker compounds for the determination of retention factors in EKC. J Sep Sci 2009; 33:394-409. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Xia Z, Li L, Yang J, Xiong C. Investigation of interaction between the drug and cell membrane by capillary electrophoresis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-009-0156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Terabe S. Capillary separation: micellar electrokinetic chromatography. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2009; 2:99-120. [PMID: 20636055 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.1.031207.113005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), a separation mode of capillary electrophoresis (CE), has enabled the separation of electrically neutral analytes. MEKC can be performed by adding an ionic micelle to the running solution of CE without modifying the instrument. Its separation principle is based on the differential migration of the ionic micelles and the bulk running buffer under electrophoresis conditions and on the interaction between the analyte and the micelle. Hence, MEKC's separation principle is similar to that of chromatography. MEKC is a useful technique particularly for the separation of small molecules, both neutral and charged, and yields high-efficiency separation in a short time with minimum amounts of sample and reagents. To improve the concentration sensitivity of detection, several on-line sample preconcentration techniques such as sweeping have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Terabe
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
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Østergaard J, Jorgensen L, Engelbrecht Thomsen A, Weng Larsen S, Larsen C, Jensen H. Drug-liposome distribution phenomena studied by capillary electrophoresis-frontal analysis. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3320-4. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Boija E, Lundquist A, Nilsson M, Edwards K, Isaksson R, Johansson G. Bilayer disk capillary electrophoresis: A novel method to study drug partitioning into membranes. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3377-83. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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XIAN DL, HUANG KL, LIU SQ, XIAO JY. Quantitative Retention-Activity Relationship Studies by Liposome Electrokinetic Chromatography to Predict Skin Permeability. CHINESE J CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200890127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Foley JP, Hong M, Polinko MA, Pascoe RJ, Ahuja ES. Compositional effects on electrophoretic and chromatographic figures of merit in electrokinetic chromatography with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide/sodium octyl sulfate vesicles as the pseudostationary phase. Part 1: Effect of the phase ratio. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1180-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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Xian D, Huang K, Liu S, Xiao J. Liposome Electrokinetic Chromatography: An in vitro Approach for Predicting Ecotoxicity. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0538-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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28
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Evaluation of Ferulic Acid-Biomembrane Interaction by Liposome Electrokinetic Chromatography. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(07)60090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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29
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Nilsson C, Birnbaum S, Nilsson S. Use of nanoparticles in capillary and microchip electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1168:212-24; discussion 211. [PMID: 17719051 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 05/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Applications of nanoparticles are of rising interest in separation science, due to their favorable surface-to-volume ratio as well as their applicability in miniaturization. A stationary phase with large surface area in combination with an electroosmotic flow-driven system has great potential in a highly efficient separation system. This review covers the use of various nanoparticles as stationary or pseudostationary phase in capillary and microchip electrochromatography. The use of nanoparticles in pseudostationary phase capillary electrochromatography and open-tubular capillary electrochromatography are thoroughly discussed. The stationary and pseudostationary phases that are described include polymer nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, silica nanoparticles, fullerenes and carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Nilsson
- Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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30
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Nanosized bilayer disks: Attractive model membranes for drug partition studies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1768:1518-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Bilek G, Kremser L, Blaas D, Kenndler E. Capillary electrophoresis of liposomes functionalized for protein binding. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:3999-4007. [PMID: 16983637 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
CE enabled assessing the attachment of hexa-histidine-tagged proteins to functionalized phospholipid liposomes. The liposomes were made of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, cholesterol and distearoyl-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-methoxy(polyethylene glycol) in a molar ratio of 29:26:40:5. The unilamellar vesicles, which had an average diameter of 170 nm, were labelled by inclusion of FITC-dextran for fluorescence detection. CE was carried out in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-coated capillaries at 25 degrees C with a BGE consisting of Tris-HCl (50 mM, pH 8.0). For conjugation of the liposomes with the proteins (soluble synthetic receptor fragments with molecular mass of 60 and 70 kDa, respectively), Ni(2+) was implanted into the vesicle surface by an anchor lipid containing a nitrilotriacetate acid (NTA) group as complexation agent for the metal ions. The difference in surface charge enabled the separation of the different species of interest by CE: plain vesicles, vesicles functionalised with Ni-NTA, vesicle-protein complexes and the species formed upon removal of the Ni-ions by complexation with EDTA. Loss of the Ni-ions resulted in the release of the proteins and the reappearance of the plain Ni-free NTA-liposome species in the electropherograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Bilek
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Bilek G, Kremser L, Blaas D, Kenndler E. Analysis of liposomes by capillary electrophoresis and their use as carrier in electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 841:38-51. [PMID: 16682264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Revised: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This contribution reviews work about liposomes in the context of electrically driven separation methods in the capillary format. The discussion covers four topics. The one broaches the application of liposomes as pseudo-stationary phases or carriers in vesicle or liposome electrokinetic chromatography (EKC) in the way as microemulsions and micelles are used; it includes the chromatographic use of liposomal bilayers as stationary phases attached to the wall for capillary electrochromatography (CEC). The second topic is the characterization and separation of liposomes as analytes by capillary electrophoresis (CE). Then the determination of distribution coefficients and binding constants between liposomes and ligands is discussed, and finally work dealing with peptides and proteins are reviewed with lipid bilayers as constituents of the electrically driven separation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Bilek
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Lundquist A, Engvall C, Boija E, Kurtovic S, Chattopadhyaya J, Hägglund CL, Lundahl P. Interactions of drugs and an oligonucleotide with charged membranes analyzed by immobilized liposome chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 2006; 20:83-7. [PMID: 15954167 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of charged lipids or detergent on the retention of drugs and an oligonucleotide by immobilized liposome chromatography to characterize solute-membrane interactions. This is a novel approach in analysis of oligonucleotide-liposome interactions. The charged lipids (phosphatidylserine or distearoyltrimethylammoniumpropane) or detergent (sodium dodecylsulfate) interacted electrostatically in a concentration-dependent matter with the solutes. The oligonucleotide ions presumably bound to the liposomes by multipoint interactions, which was saturable. Sodium dodecylsulfate seemed to affect the drug-membrane interactions more strongly than phosphatidylserine did, probably due to different positioning in the bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lundquist
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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34
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Nilsson C, Nilsson S. Nanoparticle-based pseudostationary phases in capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:76-83. [PMID: 16315166 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
During the past decades, research has been performed to enhance selectivity in CE by introducing different types of additives into the electrolyte. Research concerning this has taken many directions, especially during the last 5 years. A promising technique, which benefits from no packing or frits, is to use nanoparticles as the pseudostationary phase (PSP) in CEC. PSPs have the advantage of introducing a novel interaction phase for every analysis, which greatly simplify column exchange and circumvent contamination inherited from complex mixtures, e.g., biological samples. The field of nanoparticle-based PSPs used in CEC is covered in this review. The term CEC will be used consequently throughout this review, although some authors used the term EKC to categorize their work. Important requirements for the nanoparticles used and possible reasons for band broadening will be discussed. Applications with silica nanoparticles, polymer nanoparticles, molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, dendrimers, and polymeric surfactants as PSP will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Nilsson
- Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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35
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Pascoe RJ, Masucci JA, Foley JP. Investigation of vesicle electrokinetic chromatography as anin vitro assay for the estimation of intestinal permeability of pharmaceutical drug candidates. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:793-804. [PMID: 16411277 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As the pharmaceutical industry continues the daunting search for novel drug candidates, there remains a need for rapid screening methods not only for biological activity, but for physiochemical properties as well. It is invaluable that adequate model systems for absorption and/or bioavailability be developed early in the drug evaluation process to avoid the loss of promising compounds late in development. The focus of this paper is the use of vesicle EKC (VEKC) as a high-throughput, easy, cost-effective, and predictive model for the passive transcellular diffusion of drug candidates in the intestinal epithelium. Vesicles are large aggregates of molecules containing a spherical bilayer structure encapsulating an internal cavity of solvent. It is this bilayer structure that makes vesicles attractive as model membranes. In this study, vesicles were synthesized from both phospholipids and surfactant aggregates, and then employed as pseudostationary phases in EKC (VEKC). The interaction of drug molecules with vesicles in EKC was then used as the basis for an in vitro assay to evaluate passive diffusion. The VEKC technique showed a statistical correlation between the retention of drug candidates using surfactant and phospholipid vesicles and passive diffusion data (log Pow and colon adenocarcinoma). VEKC analysis offers high-throughput capabilities due to the short run times, low sample, and solvent volumes necessary, as well as instrument automation. However, due to the complexity of drug absorption in the intestine, difficulty arises when a single in vitro model is used to predict in vivo absorption characteristics. Therefore, the retention of drug candidates using VEKC in conjunction with other permeability prediction methods can provide a primary screen for a large number of drug candidates early in the drug discovery process with minimal resources.
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36
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Carrozzino JM, Khaledi MG. pH effects on drug interactions with lipid bilayers by liposome electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1079:307-16. [PMID: 16038317 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Liposome electrokinetic chromatography (LEKC) provides convenient and rapid methods for studying drug interactions with lipid bilayers using liposomes as a pseudostationary phase. LEKC was used to determine the effects of pH on the partitioning of basic drugs into liposomes composed of zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine (PC), anionic phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and cholesterol, which mimic the composition of natural cell membranes. An increase in pH results in a smaller degree of ionization of the basic drugs and consequently leads to a lower degree of interaction with the negatively charged membranes. From the LEKC retention data, the fractions of drugs distributed in the bulk aqueous and the liposome phase were determined at various pH values. Finally, lipid mediated shifts in the ionization constants of drugs were examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Carrozzino
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
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37
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Gayton-Ely M, Pappas TJ, Holland LA. Probing affinity via capillary electrophoresis: advances in 2003–2004. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 382:570-80. [PMID: 15703915 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-004-3033-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 12/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses recent advances in capillary electrophoresis of biological-based molecular interaction from a broader perspective, based on applications reported during the period 2003-2004. These capillary electrophoresis-based studies of molecular interactions include affinity capillary electrophoresis, electrokinetic chromatography, and free zone electrophoresis. The review is written as a general synopsis of applications and does not cover the theory or protocol involved in the implementation of the analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Gayton-Ely
- Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 217 Clark Hall, P.O.Box 6045, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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38
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Johansson E, Engvall C, Arfvidsson M, Lundahl P, Edwards K. Development and initial evaluation of PEG-stabilized bilayer disks as novel model membranes. Biophys Chem 2005; 113:183-92. [PMID: 15617826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2004.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Revised: 09/13/2004] [Accepted: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We show in this study that stable dispersions dominated by flat bilayer disks may be prepared from a carefully optimized mixture of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), cholesterol, and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethyleneglycol)-5000] [PEG-DSPE(5000)]. By varying the content of the latter component, the average diameter of the disks can be changed in the interval from about 15 to 60 nm. The disks show excellent long-term stability, and their size and structure remain unaltered in the temperature range between 25 and 37 degrees C. The utility of the disks as artificial model membranes was confirmed and compared to uni- and multilamellar liposomes in a series of drug partition studies. Data obtained by isothermal titration calorimetry and drug partition chromatography (also referred to as immobilized liposome chromatography) indicate that the bilayer disks may serve as an attractive and sometimes superior alternative to liposomes in studies aiming at the investigation of drug-membrane interactions. The disks may, in addition, hold great potential for structure/function studies of membrane-bound proteins. Furthermore, we suggest that the sterically stabilized bilayer disks may prove interesting as carriers for in vivo delivery of protein/peptide, as well as conventional amphiphilic and/or hydrophobic, drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Johansson
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 579, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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39
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Owen RL, Strasters JK, Breyer ED. Lipid vesicles in capillary electrophoretic techniques: characterization of structural properties and associated membrane-molecule interactions. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:735-751. [PMID: 15714573 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the use of lipid vesicles as model membranes in capillary electrophoresis (CE). The history and utility of CE in the characterization of microparticles is summarized, focusing on the application of colloidal electromigration theories to lipid vesicles. For instance, CE experiments have been used to characterize the size, surface properties, enclosed volumes, and electrophoretic mobilities of lipid vesicles and of lipoprotein particles. Several techniques involving small molecules or macromolecules separated in the presence of lipid vesicles are discussed. Interactions between the analytes and the lipid vesicles - acting as a pseudostationary phase or coated stationary phase in electrokinetic chromatography (EKC) - can be used to obtain additional information on the characteristics of the vesicles and analytes, and to study the biophysical properties of membrane-molecule interactions in lipid vesicles and lipoproteins. Different methods of determining binding constants by EKC are reviewed, along with the relevant binding constant calculations and a discussion of the application and limitations of these techniques as they apply to lipid vesicle systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Owen
- Georgia State University, Department of Chemistry, Atlanta, GA 30302-4098, USA
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40
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Wiedmer SK, Riekkola ML, Jussila MS. Phospholipids and liposomes in liquid chromatographic and capillary electromigration techniques. Trends Analyt Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2004.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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41
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Kuldvee R, Lindén MV, Wiedmer SK, Riekkola ML. Influence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide on phosphatidylcholine-coated capillaries. Anal Bioanal Chem 2004; 380:293-302. [PMID: 15322787 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-004-2722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2004] [Revised: 06/11/2004] [Accepted: 06/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Large unilamellar vesicles of egg-phosphatidylcholine (eggPC), a naturally occurring phospholipid, were used in capillary electrophoresis (CE) for semi-permanent coating of fused silica capillaries. The stability of the phospholipid coating was tested at different cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) concentrations with and without CaCl(2) present in the coating solution. The effect of physical factors influencing the coating stability (e.g. duration of the coating time, storage temperature of the coating solution) were also studied. Standing overnight in background electrolyte (BGE) solution did not alter the eggPC phospholipid coating noticeably. The performance of the coating was tested with a mixture of basic proteins (lysozyme, ribonuclease A and alpha-chymotrypsinogen A). Highest efficiencies (over 200,000 plates m(-1)) were achieved when the capillary was filled for 15 h with a liposome solution containing both CTAB and CaCl(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Kuldvee
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 55, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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42
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Escuder-Gilabert L, Martínez-Pla JJ, Sagrado S, Villanueva-Camañas RM, Medina-Hernández MJ. Biopartitioning micellar separation methods: modelling drug absorption. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 797:21-35. [PMID: 14630141 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00606-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The search for new pharmacologically active compounds in drug discovery programmes often neglects biopharmaceutical properties as drug absorption. As a result, poor biopharmaceutical characteristics constitute a major reason for the low success rate for candidates in clinical development. Since the cost of drug development is many times larger than the cost of drug discovery, predictive methodologies aiding the selection of bioavailable drug candidates are of profound significance. This paper has been focussed on recent developments and applications of chromatographic systems, particularly those systems based on amphiphilic structures, in the frame of alternative approaches for estimating the transport properties of new drugs. The aim of this review is to take a critical look at the separations methods proposed for describing and predicting drug passive permeability across gastrointestinal tract and the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Escuder-Gilabert
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, C/Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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43
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Deyl Z, Miksík I, Charvátová J, Eckhardt A. Comparison of the electrophoretic separation of proteins in capillaries with different inner diameter. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1013:233-8. [PMID: 14604124 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)01360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two fused-silica capillaries of considerably different inner diameter (75 and 10 microm) were used for the separation of a set of five standard proteins. The separations were run in acid pH (50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 2.5). Generally better separations (with minor tailing only) were obtained using a standard capillary [27 cm (20 cm effective length)x 75 microm I.D.] in comparison with a narrow bore capillary [27 cm (20 cm effective length)x 10 microm I.D.]. The conditions of the electrophoretic separation were the same for both types of capillaries (25 degrees C; 10 kV; positive polarity at the inlet). The sequence of the proteins was cytochrome c, albumin, transferrin followed by a partly resolved peak of catalase and chymotrypsinogen A. In the narrow bore capillary severe tailing was observed--tailing factor ranged from 2.11 to 5.54 or 1.67 to 2.53 depending on the concentration of the analytes injected (2 or 0.2 mg/ml of each test compound injected). The relative [delta(deltaG(0))] values of the interaction with the capillary wall in the small bore capillary (with cytochrome c taken as initial standard) ranged from -0.74 to -1.04 kJ/mol. The problem of assaying the speed of the endoosmotic flow (EOF) in both capillary types was thoroughly investigated using thiourea and dithiothreitol as EOF markers. It was revealed that if thiourea is used as the EOF marker, the obtained value was dependent on the concentration of the marker injected. Optimum conditions for the EOF determination in acid buffer were specified. The higher speed of the EOF in the narrow bore capillary (10 microm) as compared to the 75 microm I.D. capillary is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenĕk Deyl
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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44
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Hautala JT, Lindén MV, Wiedmer SK, Ryhänen SJ, Säily MJ, Kinnunen PKJ, Riekkola ML. Simple coating of capillaries with anionic liposomes in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1004:81-90. [PMID: 12929964 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A new and relatively simple method was developed for coating of capillaries in electrophoresis with liposomes. The liposomes, with a diameter of about 100 nm, are large unilamellar vesicles prepared by extrusion. The liposomes contained 1-palmitoyl-2-oleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) or POPC with different proportions of bovine brain phosphatidylserine (PS) and cholesterol. They formed a bilayer structure on the silica surface enabling the separation of neutral compounds. The effectiveness of the coating in separation was evaluated with use of uncharged steroids as model compounds. The coating was also studied by measuring the electroosmotic flow. The best results, taking into consideration both separation and stability, were achieved with anionic 80:20 mol% POPC/PS liposomes. In addition, the effect of coating conditions on the results was investigated. Among the buffers studied [N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N'-(2-ethanesulfonic acid) (HEPES), phosphate, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) and N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine (Tricine)], HEPES seemed to have a significant effect on the success of the coating. Successful separation of steroids was achieved only when HEPES buffer was used in the coating procedure and in the background electrolyte solution for the separation. With all other buffers the peaks of the model compounds overlapped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari T Hautala
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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45
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Manetto G, Silvana Bellini M, Deyl Z. Affinity electrochromatography of acidic drugs using a liposome-modified capillary. J Chromatogr A 2003; 990:281-9. [PMID: 12685607 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes can be effectively deposited on the inner surface of a capillary wall by flushing the electrophoretic system with a liposome suspension followed by air-drying of the capillary and removal of the excess of loosely bound liposomes by a 0.1 M NaOH wash. It was demonstrated that capillaries prepared in this way could be used for studies of analyte (drug)-liposome binding. The results were expressed as free binding energy changes [delta(deltaG0)] relatively to an arbitrarily selected standard (acetylsalicylic acid). The results were compared to [delta(deltaG0)] changes obtained from binding studies effected by capillary electrophoresis using a stable liposome plug in a capillary with minimized endoosmotic flow. Good agreement of data reported in the literature (without correction for the residual endoosmotic flow), our previous data obtained in a similar way (however, after the correction for the residual endoosmotic flow) and data obtained by the immobilized liposome affinity electrochromatography reported in this communication was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Manetto
- GlaxoSmithKline, Department of Pharmacology and Analytical Chemistry, Verona, Italy
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46
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Manetto G, Silvana Bellini M, Deyl Z. Application of capillaries with minimized electroosmotic flow to the electrokinetic study of acidic drug-beta-oleoyl-gamma-palmitoyl-L-alpha-phosphatidyl choline liposome interactions. J Chromatogr A 2003; 990:205-14. [PMID: 12685599 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Interaction of a model set of common drugs varying widely in their polarity as well as in their chemical structure (salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, ketoprofen, phenytoin and propranolol) with beta-oleoyl-gamma-palmitoyl-L-alpha-phosphatidyl choline (POPC) liposomes was investigated by means of capillary electrophoresis. Two phosphate buffers differing in their pH (50 mM, pH 7.5 and 9.2) were used both for liposome reconstitution and as background electrolytes for capillary electrophoresis using capillaries with minimised electroosmotic flow (EOF). The liposomes showed practically no electrophoretic mobility and formed a stable plug in the capillary. At alkaline pH (9.2), the polyimide coated capillary exhibited residual endoosmotic flow (the EOF marker appeared before the detection window around 40 min as compared to 2.2 min in the untreated capillary; attempts to reveal endoosmotic flow at pH 7.5 were unsuccessful). The concentration of the mixture of the test compounds was 50 microg/ml (except for ketoprofen concentration of which was 5 microg/ml due to the lower solubility of the drug), i.e. large enough to exceed the binding capacity of the injected liposome plug at least at the neutral pH (7.5) which consequently resulted in two regions in the electropherogram, namely that which contained the unbound species and that corresponding to the liposome (lipid)-bound fraction. On the other hand in runs done at high pH of the background electrolyte (9.2) the whole amount injected interacted with the liposomes. Acidic drugs and phenytoin were run with negative polarity at the injection site. It was documented that both at pH 7.5 and 9.2 the investigated solutes interacted with POPC liposomes, though at pH 7.5 the equilibrium between the bound and unbound drugs was in favor of the unbound species. On the contrary, at pH 9.2 binding was considerably stronger and only the liposome bound fraction was seen upon electrophoresis. The well-known instability of phenytoin at room temperature resulted in the formation of an acidic hydrolytic product which was strongly bound to liposomes at the higher pH value. While no binding of phenytoin could be established at pH 7.5, at pH 9.2 this compound was degraded (hydrolyzed) and its degradation product was clearly bound to liposomes. It has to be emphasized that binding experiments must be done separately for acidic/neutral and basic drugs; binding of acidic/neutral drugs must be done at reversed polarity, while in order to reveal binding of basic drugs, positive polarity at the injection site must be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Manetto
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Center, Via Fleming 2, 1-37135 Verona, Italy
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47
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Shang X, Yuan Z. Determination of active components in rhubarb and study of their hydrophobicity by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:617-22. [PMID: 12639543 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)01043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A micellar electrokinetic chromatographic (MEKC) method has been developed for the determination of five anthraquinones and one distyrene derivative in rhubarb. The separation conditions were optimized and two kinds of rhubarb plants and rhubarb-containing medicines were analyzed. The negatively charged solutes migrated toward the anode and were retarded by their interaction with the micelle. Hydrophobicity of the solutes was studied by both MEKC with SDS and SDS-free capillary zone electrophoresis in the buffer of 15 mmol/L NaH(2)PO(4)+ 20 mmol/L borax and 15% ethanol (v/v). Linear correlation between log k' and log P(OW) was obtained for the five anthraquinones in SDS micelle system. The capacity factor, k', and free energy differences delta(deltaG) derived from this method provided fundamental information on the interaction between the solutes and the micelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Shang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of the University of Science and Technology of China, Academia Sinica, Beijing 100039, PR China
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48
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Kuroda Y, Watanabe Y, Shibukawa A, Nakagawa T. Role of phospholipids in drug-LDL bindings as studied by high-performance frontal analysis/capillary electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 30:1869-77. [PMID: 12485729 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00530-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The binding study between basic drugs ((S)-verapamil (VER) and (S)-propranolol (PRO)) and phospholipid liposomes was performed by using high-performance frontal analysis/capillary electrophoresis (HPFA/CE) in order to investigate the effect of oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) upon drug-binding affinity from molecule-based viewpoint. 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (POPC, 16:0, 18:1), 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (PLPC, 16:0, 18:2), dilauloyl-phosphatidylcholine (DLaPC, 12:0, 12:0), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidyl-glycerol (POPG, 16:0, 18:1), and 1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (monoPPC, 16:0) were used to prepare the model liposomes. At physiological pH (pH 7.4), the model liposome prepared from POPG+POPC had negative net charges, while the total net charge of the other model liposomes (POPC liposome, PLPC liposome, DLaPC liposome, and monoPPC+POPC liposome) was zero. The drug and the model liposome mixed solutions were subjected to HPFA/CE, and the total binding affinities (nK) were calculated. The nK values of VER and PRO to POPG+POPC liposome were more than six and 10 times higher than those of other liposomes, respectively. On the other hand, the nK values of the model drugs to POPC liposome, PLPC liposome, DLaPC liposome and monoPPC+POPC liposome showed small differences less than twice. These results indicate that the electrostatic interaction plays an important effect on drug-liposome binding, and suggest that the increase in the negative charge of LDL phospholipids gives more significant effect on the drug-binding affinity of the basic drugs than the acyl-chain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Kuroda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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49
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Burns ST, Agbodjan AA, Khaledi MG. Characterization of solvation properties of lipid bilayer membranes in liposome electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2002; 973:167-76. [PMID: 12437175 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00955-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The nature of solute interactions with biomembrane-like liposomes, made of naturally occurring phospholipids and cholesterol, was characterized using electrokinetic chromatography (EKC). Liposomes were used as a pseudo-stationary phase in EKC that provided sites of interactions for uncharged solutes. The retention factors of uncharged solutes in liposome EKC are directly proportional to their liposome-water partition coefficients. Linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) models were developed to unravel the contributions from various types of interactions for solute partitioning into liposomes. Size and hydrogen bond acceptor strength of solutes are the main factors that determine partitioning into lipid bilayers. This falls within the general behavior of solute partitioning from an aqueous into organic phases such as octanol and micelles. However, there exist subtle differences in the solvation properties of liposomes as compared to those of octanol and various micellar pseudo-phases such as aggregates of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium cholate (SC), and tetradecylammonium bromide (TTAB). Among these phases, the SDS micelles are the least similar to the liposomes, while octanol, SC, and TTAB micelles exhibit closer solvation properties. Subsequently, higher correlations are observed between partitioning into liposomes and the latter three phases than that into SDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Burns
- North Carolina State University, Department of Chemistry, Raleigh 27695-8204, USA
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50
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Klotz WL, Schure MR, Foley JP. Rapid estimation of octanol-water partition coefficients using synthesized vesicles in electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2002; 962:207-19. [PMID: 12198964 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vesicle electrokinetic chromatography (VEKC) using vesicles synthesized from the oppositely charged surfactants cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium octyl sulfate (SOS) and from the double-chained anionic surfactant bis(2-ethylhexyl)sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT) was applied to the indirect measurement of octanol-water partition coefficients (log Po/w). A variety of small organic molecules with varying functional groups, pesticides, and organic acids were evaluated by correlating log Po/w and the logarithm of the retention factor (log k') and comparing the calibrations. A linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) analysis was conducted to describe the retention behavior of the vesicle systems and compared to that of octanol-water partitioning. The solute hydrogen bond donating behavior is slightly different with the vesicle interactions using CTAB-SOS vesicles as compared to the octanol-water partitioning model. The AOT vesicle and octanol-water partitioning systems showed similar partitioning characteristics. VEKC provides rapid separations for determinations of log Po/w in the range of 0.5 to 5 using CTAB-SOS vesicles and 0 to 5.5 using AOT vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Klotz
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA.
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