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Huang J, Wang X, Huang T, Yang Y, Tu J, Zou J, Yang H, Yang R. Application of sodium sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin based on encapsulation. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 333:121985. [PMID: 38494236 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Sodium Sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) is a derivative of β-cyclodextrin, characterized by its stereo structure, which closely resembles a truncated cone with a hydrophobic internal cavity. The solubility of insoluble substances within the hydrophobic cavity is significantly enhanced, reducing contact between the guest and the environment. Consequently, SBE-β-CD is frequently employed as a co-solvent and stabilizer. As the research progresses, it has been observed that the inclusion of SBE-β-CD is reversible and competitive. Besides, some inclusion complexes undergo distinct physicochemical property alterations compared to the guests. Additionally, certain guests exhibit varying inclusions with SBE-β-CD at different concentrations. These features have contributed to the expanding applications. SBE-β-CD finds widespread application in pharmaceutics as a protective agent and pKa regulator, in pharmaceutical analysis as a chiral substance separator, and in biomedical engineering for encapsulating dyes and modifying sensors. The article will elaborate in detail on the physicochemical properties of SBE-β-CD, encapsulation principles, and factors influencing the formation of inclusion complexes. Furthermore, the review focuses on the application of SBE-β-CD through encapsulation in pharmaceutics, pharmaceutical analysis, and biomedical engineering. Finally, the prospects and potential applications of SBE-β-CD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Huang
- Center for Research Development and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients and Generic Drugs, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ting Huang
- Center for Research Development and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients and Generic Drugs, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Center for Research Development and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients and Generic Drugs, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jiasheng Tu
- Center for Research Development and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients and Generic Drugs, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jian Zou
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Huiying Yang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Rui Yang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Beijing 100050, China.
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2
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Yuan X, Kang S, Zhang P, Xu W, Tang K. Experiment and simulation on kinetic resolution of (
R,S
)‐2‐chloromandelic acid by enzymatic transesterification. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2815. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan Institute of Science and Technology Yueyang Hunan China
| | - Shuangjian Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan Institute of Science and Technology Yueyang Hunan China
| | - Panliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan Institute of Science and Technology Yueyang Hunan China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan Institute of Science and Technology Yueyang Hunan China
| | - Kewen Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan Institute of Science and Technology Yueyang Hunan China
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3
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Ali I, Suhail M, Al-Othman ZA, Alwarthan A, Aboul-Enein HY. Enantiomeric resolution of multiple chiral centres racemates by capillary electrophoresis. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:683-94. [PMID: 26840015 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomeric resolution of multichiral centre racemates is an important area as some multichiral centre racemates are of great medicinal importance. However, enantioseparation of such types of racemates is a challenging task. Amongst many analytical techniques, capillary electrophoresis is a powerful technique and may be used to resolve such racemates. Only few papers are available describing enantiomeric resolution of such racemates. Therefore, efforts have been made to describe the enantiomeric resolution of multichiral centre racemates by capillary electrophoresis. This article discusses the importance of multichiral racemates, the need for capillary electrophoresis in enantiomeric resolution and chiral resolution of multichiral centre racemates using various chiral selectors. Further, attempts have been made to discuss the future challenges and prospects of enantiomeric resolution of multichiral racemates. The various chiral selectors used for the purpose are chiral crown ether, cyclodextrins, polysaccharides, macrocyclic glycopeptide antibiotics and ligand exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Mohd Suhail
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Zeid A Al-Othman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alwarthan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Y Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, 12311, Egypt
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4
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Ali I, Al-Othman ZA, Al-Warthan A, Asnin L, Chudinov A. Advances in chiral separations of small peptides by capillary electrophoresis and chromatography. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2447-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University); New Delhi India
| | - Zeid A. Al-Othman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Al-Warthan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Leonid Asnin
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University; Perm Russia
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5
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Bai L, Sheeley S, Sweedler JV. Analysis of Endogenous D-Amino Acid-Containing Peptides in Metazoa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 1:7-24. [PMID: 20490347 DOI: 10.1007/s12566-009-0001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Peptides are chiral molecules with their structure determined by the composition and configuration of their amino acid building blocks. The naturally occurring amino acids, except glycine, possess two chiral forms. This allows the formation of multiple peptide diastereomers that have the same sequence. Although living organisms use L-amino acids to make proteins, a group of D-amino acid-containing peptides (DAACPs) has been discovered in animals that have at least one of their residues isomerized to the D-form via an enzyme-catalyzed process. In many cases, the biological functions of these peptides are enhanced due to this structural conversion. These DAACPs are different from those known to occur in bacterial cell wall and antibiotic peptides, the latter of which are synthesized in a ribosome-independent manner. DAACPs have now also been identified in a number of distinct groups throughout the Metazoa. Their serendipitous discovery has often resulted from discrepancies observed in bioassays or in chromatographic behavior between natural peptide fractions and peptides synthesized according to a presumed all-L sequence. Because this L-to-D post-translational modification is subtle and not detectable by most sequence determination approaches, it is reasonable to suspect that many studies have overlooked this change; accordingly, DAACPs may be more prevalent than currently thought. Although diastereomer separation techniques developed with synthetic peptides in recent years have greatly aided in the discovery of natural DAACPs, there is a need for new, more robust methods for naturally complex samples. In this review, a brief history of DAACPs in animals is presented, followed by discussion of a variety of analytical methods that have been used for diastereomeric separation and detection of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Bai
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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6
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Czerwenka C, Lindner W. Stereoselective peptide analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 382:599-638. [PMID: 15856198 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2004] [Revised: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The stereochemistry of a peptide determines its spatial features and can profoundly influence its chemical properties and biological activity. Thus, the analysis of the stereochemical properties of a peptide is an important aspect of its characterisation. For such investigations a "selector" that engages in stereoselective interactions with the peptide analytes is often used. A substantiated knowledge of the underlying molecular recognition mechanism will therefore be helpful in understanding existing and developing new stereoselective analysis systems. After a short introduction concerning the fundamentals of peptide stereoisomers and their biological implications, the stereoselective peptide analysis methods described in the literature are comprehensively reviewed. The characteristics and applications of the employed methods based on various techniques including chromatography (pressure- and electrokinetically driven), capillary electrophoresis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are discussed. The various selectors that have been utilised to discriminate peptide enantiomers and/or diastereomers are described concurrently. The review concludes with an overview of combinations and comparisons of techniques that have been applied to the analysis of peptide stereoisomers and constitute a trend for further developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Czerwenka
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 38, 1090 Wien, Austria
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7
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Culha M, Schell FM, Fox S, Green T, Betts T, Sepaniak MJ. Evaluation of newly synthesized and commercially available charged cyclomaltooligosaccharides (cyclodextrins) for capillary electrokinetic chromatography. Carbohydr Res 2004; 339:241-9. [PMID: 14698882 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2003.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A highly new charged cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives, (6-O-carboxymethyl-2,3-di-O-methyl)cyclomaltoheptaoses (CDM-beta-CDs), was synthesized and characterized as anionic reagents for capillary electrophoresis (CE) in an electrokinetic chromatography mode of separation. Substitution with dimethyl groups at the secondary hydroxyl sites of the CD is aimed at influencing the magnitude and selectivity of analyte-CD interactions, while substitution by carboxymethyl groups at the primary hydroxyl sites provides for high charge and electrophoretic mobility. Full regioselective methylation at the secondary hydroxyl sites was achieved in this work, while substitution at the primary hydroxyl sites generated a mixture of multiply charged products. The separation performance of CDM-beta-CD was evaluated using a variety of analyte mixtures. The results obtained from commercially available negatively charged cyclodextrins, heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-sulfo)cyclomaltoheptaose (HDMS-beta-CD) and O-(carboxymethyl)cyclomaltoheptaose (CM-beta-CD) with an average degree of substitution one (DS 1), were compared to CDM-beta-CD using a sample composed of eight positional isomers of dihydroxynaphthalene. Four hydroxylated polychlorobiphenyl derivatives, a group of chiral and isomeric catchecins, and chiral binaphthyl compounds were also separated with CDM-beta-CD. The effect of adding neutral beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) into the running buffer containing charged cyclodextrins was investigated and provided evidence of significant inter-CD interactions. Under certain running buffer conditions, the charged cyclodextrins also appear to adsorb to the capillary walls to various degrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Culha
- Department of Chemistry, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey.
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8
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Koval D, Kašička V, Jiráček J, Collinsová M. Separation of diastereomers of phosphinic pseudopeptides by capillary zone electrophoresis and reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Liu Y, Li L, Li XY, Zhang HY, Wada T, Inoue Y. Synthesis of phosphoryl-tethered beta-cyclodextrins and their molecular and chiral recognition thermodynamics. J Org Chem 2003; 68:3646-57. [PMID: 12713374 DOI: 10.1021/jo026852u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two novel phosphoryl-bridged bis- and tris(beta-cyclodextrin)s of different tether lengths, i.e., bis[m-(N-(6-cyclodextryl)-2-aminoethylaminosulfonyl)phenyl]-m-(chlorosulfonyl)phenylphosphine oxide (5) and tris[m-(N-(6-cyclodextryl)-8-amino-3,6-diazaoctylaminosulfonyl)phenyl]phosphine oxide (6), have been synthesized by reactions of 6-oligo(ethylenediamino)-6-deoxy-beta-cyclodextrins with tris[m-(chlorosulfonyl)phenyl]phosphine oxide. The complex stability constants (K(S)), standard molar enthalpy (Delta H degrees ), and entropy changes (Delta S degrees ) were determined at 25 degrees C for the inclusion complexation of phosphoryl-modified bis- and tris-cyclodextrins (5 and 6, respectively), mono[6-O-(ethoxyhydroxyphosphoryl)]-beta-cyclodextrin (2), mono[6-O-(diethylamino-ethoxyphosphoryl)]-beta-cyclodextrin (3), and mono[6-O-(diphenoxyphosphoryl)]-beta-cyclodextrin (4) with representative alicyclic and N-Cbz-D/L-alanine guests in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.2 by means of titration microcalorimetry. The thermodynamic parameters obtained indicate that the charge-dipole interaction between the phosphoryl moiety and the negatively charged guests, as well as the conformational difference of modified beta-cyclodextrins in aqueous solution, significantly contribute to the inclusion complexation and the enhanced chiral discrimination. The interactions and binding modes between the hosts and chiral guests were further studied by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy to elucidate the influence of the structural features of hosts on their increased chiral recognition ability and to establish the correlation between the conformation of the resulting complexes and the thermodynamic parameters obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China.
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10
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Süß F, Poppitz W, Scriba GKE. Separation of dipeptide and tripeptide enantiomers in capillary electrophoresis by the cationic cyclodextrin derivative 2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl-ammonium-β-cyclodextrin and by neutral β-cyclodextrin derivatives at alkaline pH. J Sep Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20021101)25:15/17<1147::aid-jssc1147>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Pumera M, Flegel M, Lepsa L, Jelínek I. Chiral analysis of biogenic DL-amino acids derivatized by urethane - protected alpha-amino acid N-carboxyanhydride using capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2002; 23:2449-56. [PMID: 12210202 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200208)23:15<2449::aid-elps2449>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A new analytical method for enantioselective separation of DL-amino acids derivatized by N-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-L-alanyl N-carboxyanhydride (FMOC-L-Ala-NCA) using capillary electrophoresis was developed. Separation parameters, such as composition and pH of the background electrolyte, and concentration of gamma-cyclodextrin (in capillary zone electrophoresis) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (in micellar electrokinetic chromatography) were optimized. The separation method was validated and it suits well for purity analysis. Detection limit of the method was 0.2% of the minor enantiomer in the major one. The level of racemization in coupling during solid-phase peptide synthesis was studied using capillary electrophoresis with gamma-cyclodextrin as a chiral selector. The anchorage of the first (C-terminal) amino acid derivative to the solid supports bearing the hydroxylic groups is the key step of the synthesis affecting the extent of its racemization. FMOC-L-phenylalanine was chosen as the suitable model amino acid derivative making it possible to study the degree of racemization of N-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-L-alanine-L-phenylalanine synthesized on different polymer resins, using the different condensation agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pumera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
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12
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Sidamonidze N, Süß F, Poppitz W, Scriba GKE. Influence of the amino acid sequence and nature of the cyclodextrin on the separation of small peptide enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis using α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrin and the corresponding hydroxypropyl derivatives. J Sep Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20010901)24:9<777::aid-jssc777>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Süss F, Poppitz W, Sänger-van de Griend CE, Scriba GK. Influence of the amino acid sequence and nature of the cyclodextrin on the separation of small peptide enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis using randomly substituted and single isomer sulfated and sulfonated cyclodextrins. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:2416-23. [PMID: 11519945 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200107)22:12<2416::aid-elps2416>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The separation of dipeptide and tripeptide enantiomers using negatively charged single isomers as well as randomly sulfated and sulfonated cyclodextrins (CDs) was investigated with respect to the amino acid sequence of the peptides and the nature of the CDs. Standardized conditions concerning buffer pH and molarity, CD concentration, and separation voltage were applied. Compared to suffobutylether-beta-CD and heptakis-(2,3-dimethyl-6-sulfato)-beta-CD, randomly sulfated beta-CD as well as the single isomer derivatives heptakis-6-sulfato-beta-CD and heptakis-(2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfato)-beta-CD were the more universal CDs for enantioseparations. The enantiomer migration order depended to a greater extent on the CD than on the amino acid sequence of the peptide although small structural differences such as formation of a peptide amide or ester affected the chiral recognition by the randomly substituted CD derivatives. Using sulfobutylether-beta-CD or heptakis-(2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfato)-beta-CD the DD enantiomers migrated before the LL enantiomers for most peptides while the opposite migration order, i.e. LL before DD, was observed when heptakis-6-sulfato-beta-CD was applied as chiral selector.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Süss
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Jena, School of Pharmacy, Germany
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14
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Sabbah S, Scriba GK. Separation of dipeptide and tripeptide enantiomers in capillary electrophoresis using carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin and succinyl-beta-cyclodextrin: influence of the amino acid sequence, nature of the cyclodextrin and pH. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:1385-93. [PMID: 11379961 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200105)22:7<1385::aid-elps1385>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The separation of the LL and DD enantiomers of dipeptides and tripeptides using cyclodextrins (CDs) containing carboxyl groups was investigated with respect to the amino acid sequence of the peptides, the nature of the cyclodextrin and the buffer pH. Compared to succinyl-beta-cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin was the more universal CD for enantioseparations. Reversal of the enantiomer migration order upon increasing the buffer pH from 2.5 to 3.5 was observed in some cases. As shown for Phe-Phe reversal of the migration order also occurred between pH 3.5 and 5.3. Complexation constants and complex mobilities change with pH as both, the charge of the peptide and the charge of the CD vary depending on the pH. The complexation constants and complex mobilities of the dipeptides Ala-Phe and Phe-Phe were determined in order to explain the enantiomer migration behavior in the pH range 2.5-5.3. While the complexation constants determined the migration order at pH 2.5 and 5.3, complex mobility had a strong influence around pH 3.5-3.8.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sabbah
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Jena, Germany
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15
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16
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Grard S, Elfakir C, Dreux M. Characterization of sulfobutyl ether-beta-cyclodextrins mixtures by anion-exchange chromatography using evaporative light scattering detection. J Chromatogr A 2000; 897:185-93. [PMID: 11128202 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00816-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method based on anion-exchange chromatography (AEC) using volatile eluent ion and evaporative light scattering detection was developed for the analysis of mixtures of sulfobutyl-ether-beta-cyclodextrins (SBE-beta-CDs). A systematic investigation of the retention mechanism of pure SBE-beta-CD standards has been studied on a silica quaternary ammonium exchanger (Vydac 302 IC column). The influence of the nature and concentration of volatile anions (acetate, formate, trifluoroacetate), the addition of the organic modifier in the mobile phase as well the nature of the stationary phase have been evaluated under isocratic elution conditions. Satisfactory analysis of two commercial and two home-made SBE-beta-CD samples was achieved on the Vydac 302 IC column by using ammonium acetate as ion eluent in water-acetonitrile (70:30) under a salt concentration gradient mode. This method provides for SBE-beta-CD samples, an efficient and characteristic liquid chromatography fingerprint which depicts the mixture complexity and determines an average degree of substitution (DS) for each sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Grard
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, ICOA, CNRS-UPRES-A 6005, Université d'Orleans, France
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vespalec
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Veverí 97, CZ-611 42 Brno, Czech Republic
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18
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Zhu W, Vigh G. Enantiomer separations by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis using octakis(2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfato)-gamma-cyclodextrin. J Chromatogr A 2000; 892:499-507. [PMID: 11045507 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The newest member of the single-isomer isomer sulfated cyclodextrin family, octakis(2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfato)-gamma-cyclodextrin (ODAS-gamma-CD) was used for the first time as a resolving agent for the nonaqueous capillary electrophoretic separation of the enantiomers of 26 weak base pharmaceuticals in an acidic methanol background electrolyte. The solubility limit of ODAS-gamma-CD at room temperature proved to be 55 mM in this background electrolyte, which afforded good, fast enantiomer separations for most of the basic drugs tested. For all the bases studied, the effective mobilities and separation selectivities were found to follow the predictions of the charged resolving agent migration model of electrophoretic enantiomer separations. The effective mobilities of the weakly binding weak bases remained cationic throughout the entire 0 to 45 mM ODAS-gamma-CD concentration range; separation selectivities increased as the ODAS-gamma-CD concentration was increased. The effective mobilities of the moderately binding weak bases became anionic in the 2.5 to 45 mM ODAS-gamma-CD concentration range; separation selectivities first increased as the effective mobilities approached zero, then decreased again as the ODAS-gamma-CD concentration was increased further. The effective mobilities of the strongly binding weak bases became anionic in the 0 to 2.5 mM ODAS-gamma-CD concentration range; separation selectivities decreased as the ODAS-gamma-CD concentration was increased above 2.5 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhu
- Texas A&M University, Department of Chemistry, College Station 77842-3012, USA
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19
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Dan N, Ganesan R, Flood KG, Tsai D, Reif VD. Determination of enantiomers in a synthetic argininal peptide using capillary zone electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2000; 891:115-27. [PMID: 10999631 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00621-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
SCH 201781 is a synthetic argininal peptide containing two chiral centers and an aromatic sulfonamide group. It can exist as four reversible forms, the aldehyde, the hydrate, and two diastereomeric aminals. Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods were developed to separate and quantitate the enantiomers in SCH 201781. Comparable results were obtained using both methods. The CZE method uses direct injection, while the HPLC method requires a precolumn derivatization and is more time consuming. The CZE method provides superior sensitivity to the HPLC method. Both methods were shown to be precise and reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dan
- Department of Analytical Development, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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20
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Schücker SC, Scriba GK. Analysis of isomeric glutamyl peptides by capillary electrophoresis. Application to stability studies. J Chromatogr A 2000; 888:275-9. [PMID: 10949493 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00566-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis has been used for the separation of the glutamyl tripeptides Gly-alpha-Glu-Phe-NH2 and Phe-alpha-Glu-Gly-NH2 including their potential degradation and isomerization products Gly-gamma-Glu-Phe-NH2, alpha-Glu-Phe-NH2, gamma-Glu-Phe-NH2 and Phe-NH2 as well as Phe-gamma-Glu-Gly-NH2, Phe-Glu and Phe, respectively. Between pH 2.2 and pH 10.0 the effective mobilities of the glutamyl peptides have been investigated. Using histidine hydrochloride as internal standard at pH 2.2 linear calibration curves for both assays were obtained for a concentration range from 10 microg ml(-1) to 3.5 mg ml(-1). The assay was applied to analyze the degradation of the tripeptides in solution at pH 7 and pH 3 at 70 degrees C. Hydrolysis and isomerization of the glutamyl peptides were found in the incubation mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Schücker
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Münster, Germany
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21
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Gilar M, Belenky A, Cohen AS. Polymer solutions as a pseudostationary phase for capillary electrochromatographic separation of DNA diastereomers. Electrophoresis 2000; 21:2999-3009. [PMID: 11001316 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(20000801)21:14<2999::aid-elps2999>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The solutions of linear polymers traditionally used for DNA separation have been employed for the capillary electrophoresis (CE) of diastereomers of chemically modified DNA. The selectivity of diastereomeric separation of the phosphorothioate (PS) and 2'-O-methylated (2-OMe) PS oligonucleotides depends on the nature of the polymer additive in the CE background electrolyte. The selectivity of separation for different polymers increases in the line: linear polyacrylamide < polyethylene glycol < polyvinyl pyrrolidone. The separation of oligomer diastereomers was shown to be primarily based on the hydrophobic interaction with the polymer network that acts as a pseudostationary phase. While lowering the temperature resulted in improved separation, the addition of organic modifiers such as formamide, methanol or acetonitrile counteracts the solute adsorption on the polymer network, and decreases the selectivity of DNA diastereoseparation. The effect of molecular mass and concentration of the polymer on the separation selectivity was investigated.
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22
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Sänger-van de Griend CE. Enantiomeric separation of alanyl and leucyl dipeptides by capillary electrophoresis with cyclodextrins as chiral selectors. Electrophoresis 2000; 21:2397-404. [PMID: 10939451 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(20000701)21:12<2397::aid-elps2397>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Eight neutral cyclodextrins were tested for the enantiomeric separation of alanyl and leucyl dipeptides by capillary electrophoresis at pH 3, and seven out of the eight cyclodextrins proved suitable for the separation of one or more of the dipeptide enantiomer pairs. The best results were obtained with heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin. The dipeptides that were separated were mainly the aromatic and the more lipophilic aliphatic dipeptides. Mobility difference plots at pH 3.0 with malonic acid-triethanolamine as background electrolyte showed that the aromatic dipeptides had higher affinities for the cyclodextrin than the nonpolar, aliphatic dipeptides. The results suggested that, under the conditions applied, the C-terminal amino acid rather than the N-terminal one is involved in the chiral discrimination.
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23
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Zhu W, Vigh G. Experimental verification of a predicted, hitherto unseen separation selectivity pattern in the nonaqueous capillary electrophoretic separation of weak base enantiomers by octakis (2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfato)-gamma-cyclodextrin. Electrophoresis 2000; 21:2016-24. [PMID: 10879961 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(20000601)21:10<2016::aid-elps2016>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The capillary electrophoretic separation of cationic enantiomers with single-isomer multivalent anionic resolving agents was reexamined with the help of the charged resolving agent migration model. Three general model parameters were identified that influence the shape of the separation selectivity and enantiomer mobility difference curves: parameter b, the binding selectivity (K(RCD)/K(SCD)), parameter s, the size selectivity (mu0(RCD)/mu0(SCD)), and parameter a, the complexation-induced alteration of the analyte's mobility (mu0(RCD)/mu0). In addition to the previously observed discontinuity in separation selectivity that occurs as mu(eff) of the less mobile enantiomer changes from cationic to anionic, a new feature, a separation selectivity maximum was predicted to occur in the resolving agent concentration range where both enantiomers migrate cationically provided that (i) K(RCD)/K(SCD) <1 and mu0(RCD)/mu0(SCD) >1 and (K(RCD)mu0(RCD))/(K(SCD)mu0(SCD)) > 1, or (ii) K(RCD)/K(SCD) >1 and mu0(RCD)/mu0(SCD) <1 and (K(RCD)mu0(RCD))/(K(SCD)mu0(SCD)) <1. This hitherto unseen separation selectivity pattern was experimentally verified during the nonaqueous capillary electrophoretic separation of the enantiomers of four weak base analytes in acidic methanol background electrolytes with octakis(2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfato)-gamma-cyclodextrin (ODAS-gammaCD) as resolving agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhu
- Texas A&M University, Department of Chemistry, College Station 77842-3012, USA
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24
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Xu W, Nakagama T, Uchiyama K, Hobo T. Enantioseparation Of Aromatic Dipeptides Using Carboxymethyl-β-Cyclodextrin Polymer As Chiral Selector By Capillary Electrophoresis. ANAL LETT 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710008543115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Sänger-van de Griend CE. Enantiomeric separation of glycyl dipeptides by capillary electrophoresis with cyclodextrins as chiral selectors. Electrophoresis 1999; 20:3417-24. [PMID: 10608709 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19991101)20:17<3417::aid-elps3417>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Uncharged cyclodextrins were tested as chiral selectors for the enantiomeric separation of 13 glycyl dipeptides with capillary electrophoresis. Initial experiments were performed on 10 mmol/L of a cyclodextrin in 0.1 mol/L phosphoric acid -0.088 mol/L triethanolamine. Some of the resolved dipeptides were nonaromatic, which is noteworthy since, to our knowledge, no examples of the separation of small, nonaromatic molecules have been published. Mobility difference plots for Gly-DL-Leu and Gly-DL-Phe with heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin showed relatively flat profiles in a large concentration range, which is an advantage for the development of robust quantitative analytical methods. The use of a background electrolyte (BGE) solution with pH 3.0 gave irreproducible results for two of the dipeptides, the acidic Gly-DL-Asp and Gly-DL-Glu; this pH is not advisable for the development of robust methods for these two peptides. The need for purer chiral selectors was demonstrated by comparing different batches of heptakis(2,6-di-Omethyl)-beta-cyclodextrin from the same supplier. A BGE consisting of malonic acid and triethanolamine was introduced to give better buffer capacity than the original BGE at pH 3.0.
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26
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Abstract
This article gives a review of the recent developments in capillary electrophoresis (CE) of peptides. New approaches to the theoretical description of electromigration behavior of peptides are described, and methodological aspects of CE separations of peptides such as selection of separation conditions, sample treatment, suppression of peptide adsorption to the capillary wall and specificities of CE separation modes are discussed. Progress in application of high performance detection schemes, namely laser-induced fluorescence and mass spectrometry, in peptide separations by CE is presented. Applications of different CE techniques, zone electrophoresis, isotachophoresis, isoelectric focusing, affinity electrophoresis, electrokinetic chromatography and electrochromatography to peptide analysis, preparation and physicochemical characterization are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kasicka
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague.
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27
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Morin P, Dreux M, Usse S, Viaud MC, Guillaumet G. Comparison of sulfobutylether- and sulfated-beta-cyclodextrins as additives for the chiral separation of basic spirobenzopyrans by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 1999; 20:2630-7. [PMID: 10532328 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19990901)20:13<2630::aid-elps2630>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Three charged substituted beta-cyclodextrins (beta-CDs), sulfobutylether-beta-(SBE-beta-CD), degree of substitution (DS) 4 and 7), and sulfated-beta-(S-beta-CD) cyclodextrins, were compared as chiral additives in capillary electrophoresis for the enantiomeric separation of basic spirobenzopyran derivatives (pKa 9.9) which differ from each other by an N-alkyl group. The number of sulfobutylether groups attached to the cyclodextrin moiety significantly influences the enantioseparation of the basic drugs. SBE-beta-CD (DS 7) which is more strongly bound to cationic analyte than SBE-beta-CD (DS 4.6), requires smaller concentrations to achieve the same resolution. Besides, better enantioresolutions were obtained with S-beta-CD rather than with SBE-beta-CDs though higher concentrations are required, which led to high current values. However, both pairs of enantiomers cannot be resolved using S-beta-CD while SBE-beta-CDs make it possible to resolve simultaneous enantioseparation of such solutes slightly differing in hydrophobicity. This supports the hypothesis that hydrophobic interactions (outside of the CD cavity) between the butyl group attached to SBE-beta-CD and the N-alkyl group of spirobenzopyran play a role in the enantioseparation. On the other hand, the sulfate group of S-beta-CD was directly attached to the CD moiety which means that the S-beta-CD-drug complexation mechanism arises through the combination of electrostatic and hydrophobic (inside the CD cavity) interactions. Finally, enantiomers of spirobenzopyran drugs were satisfactorily resolved by CE using a 20 mg/mL S-beta-CD concentration (resolution 4.0), 7 mg/mL SBE-beta-CD DS 4 (resolution 1.3), or 5 mg/mL SBE-beta-CD DS 7 (resolution 3.3) added to the phosphate buffer (pH 2.6, 50 mM ionic strength).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Morin
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Orleans, France
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28
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Abstract
The marked increase in the number of communications on the utilization of electrophoresis for practical chiral separations within the last three years is the most evident, and the most important fact. It reveals that the basic period of intensive research in the field is finished. The search for chiral selectors discriminating racemates in a reasonably analytical manner and the study of both the mechanism and physicochemical aspects of the chiral discrimination process were the main features of that period. Here, we review the state of the art in the field and state the references of the related literature up to the end of 1998.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vespalec
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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29
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Larive CK, Lunte SM, Zhong M, Perkins MD, Wilson GS, Gokulrangan G, Williams T, Afroz F, Schöneich C, Derrick TS, Middaugh CR, Bogdanowich-Knipp S. Separation and analysis of peptides and proteins. Anal Chem 1999; 71:389R-423R. [PMID: 10409086 DOI: 10.1021/a1990013o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C K Larive
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
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30
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Enantioseparation of aspartyl dipeptides by CE: Comparison between 18-crown-6-tetracarboxylic acid and carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin as chiral selector. Chromatographia 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02575289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Li J, Waldron KC. Estimation of the pH-independent binding constants of alanylphenylalanine and leucylphenylalanine stereoisomers with beta-cyclodextrin in the presence of urea. Electrophoresis 1999; 20:171-9. [PMID: 10065974 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19990101)20:1<171::aid-elps171>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The separation of stereoisomers, particularly enantiomers, is important when their physiological activity differs. We have resolved the four stereoisomers each of alanylphenylalanine (Ala-Phe) and of leucylphenylalanine (Leu-Phe) by capillary electrophoresis using beta-cyclodextrin as a buffer additive and urea to enhance its solubility. A study of the influence of pH and beta-cyclodextrin concentration on the separations showed that weak inclusion complexes were formed between the dipeptides and chiral selector. It was found that pH could alter the migration order of enantiomers L-Ala-L-Phe and D-Ala-D-Phe, as well as L-Leu-L-Phe and D-Leu-D-Phe; however, there was no change in order for the other pairs of optical isomers. Electrophoretic mobility data were used to estimate the acid dissociation constants of the dipeptide isomers at pH < 7 with no chiral selector present. By varying the concentration of beta-cyclodextrin, the chiral selector, the binding constants of Ala-Phe and Leu-Phe optical isomers in their fully protonated and zwitterionic forms were estimated. For the four Ala-Phe stereoisomers, K = 42-66 M(-1) and 4-41 M(-1) for the cationic and zwitterionic forms, respectively. For the four Leu-Phe stereoisomers, K = 43-94 M(-1) and 1-28 M(-1) for the cationic and zwitterionic forms, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Institute for Biological Sciences, NRC, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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32
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Abstract
This review presents the different chiral selectors used in capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the separation of enantiomers. The use of charged cyclodextrins, crown ethers, polysaccharides, proteins, natural and synthetic micelles, macrocyclic antibiotics and ergot alkaloids is discussed in detail. Neutral native and derivatized cyclodextrins are not treated because several review articles have already been published on this topic. Recent developments like the application of two chiral selectors in the same background electrolyte are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Verleysen
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Gent, Belgium
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33
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Verleysen K, Sabah S, Scriba G, Chen A, Sandra P. Evaluation of the enantioselective possibilities of sulfated cyclodextrins for the separation of aspartyl di- and tripeptides in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00667-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Sabah S, Scriba GK. Electrophoretic stereoisomer separation of aspartyl dipeptides and tripeptides in untreated fused-silica and polyacrylamide-coated capillaries using charged cyclodextrins. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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35
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36
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Vespalec R, Bocek P. Chiral separations by capillary zone electrophoresis: present state of the art. Electrophoresis 1997; 18:843-52. [PMID: 9221870 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150180603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Vespalec
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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