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Lu YS, Qiu J, Mu XY, Qian YZ, Chen L. Levels, Toxic Effects, and Risk Assessment of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Foods: A Review. Foods 2024; 13:536. [PMID: 38397512 PMCID: PMC10888194 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are naturally occurring secondary metabolites of plants. To date, more than 660 types of PAs have been identified from an estimated 6000 plants, and approximately 120 of these PAs are hepatotoxic. As a result of PAs being found in spices, herbal teas, honey, and milk, PAs are considered contaminants in foods, posing a potential risk to human health. Here, we summarize the chemical structure, toxic effects, levels, and regulation of PAs in different countries to provide a better understanding of their toxicity and risk assessment. With recent research on the risk assessment of PAs, this review also discusses the challenges facing this field, aiming to provide a scientific basis for PA toxicity research and safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-S.L.); (Y.-Z.Q.)
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-S.L.); (Y.-Z.Q.)
| | - Xi-Yan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-S.L.); (Y.-Z.Q.)
| | - Yong-Zhong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-S.L.); (Y.-Z.Q.)
| | - Lu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-S.L.); (Y.-Z.Q.)
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Wang C, Qin LY, Li DM, Hu LG, Xue JJ, Zhai XP, Wang Q, Guo L, Tang L, Xie JW. Doped nanomaterial facilitates 3D printing target plate for rapid detection of alkaloids in laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:6825-6838. [PMID: 37848578 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04961-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to rapidly detect toxic alkaloids in traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) using laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS). We systematically investigated twelve nanomaterials (NMs) as matrices and found that MoS2 and defect-rich-WO3 (D-WO3) were the best NMs for alkaloid detection. MoS2 and D-WO3 can be used directly as matrices dipped onto conventional ground steel target plates. Additionally, they can be conveniently fabricated as three-dimensional (3D) NM plates, where the MoS2 or D-WO3 NM is doped into resin and formed using a 3D printing process. We obtained good quantification of alkaloids using a chemothermal compound as an internal standard and detected related alkaloids in TCM extracts, Fuzi (Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata), Caowu (Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix), Chuanwu (Aconiti Radix), and Houpo (Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex). The work enabled the advantageous "dip and measure" method, demonstrating a simple and fast LDI-MS approach that achieves clean backgrounds for alkaloid detection. The 3D NM plates also facilitated mass spectrometry imaging of alkaloids in TCMs. This method has potential practical applications in medicine and food safety. Doped nanomaterial facilitates 3D printing target plate for rapid detection of alkaloids in laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Lu-Yuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Dong-Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
- National Anti-Drug Laboratory Beijing Regional Center, Beijing, 100164, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Li-Gang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jin-Juan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xin-Ping Zhai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Lei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Li Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jian-Wei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
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Luo Z, Chen X, Ma Y, Yang F, He N, Yu L, Zeng A. Multi-template imprinted solid-phase microextraction coupled with UPLC-Q-TOF-MS for simultaneous monitoring of ten hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in scented tea. Front Chem 2022; 10:1048467. [DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1048467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a series of ubiquitous natural toxins in flowering plants, which are associated with serious hepatic disease in humans. However, the simultaneously fast and sensitive monitoring of different PAs are still challenge because of the diversity of PAs and huge amount of interference in complex samples, such as scented tea samples. In this study, molecularly imprinted solid phase microextraction (MIP-SPME) fibers were fabricated by using multi-template imprinting technique for selective recognition and efficient enrichment of different PAs from scented teas. MIP-SPME could be used for selective adsorption of ten types of PAs through specific recognition cavity and strong ionic interaction, including senecionine, lycopsamine, retrorsine, heliotrine, lasiocarpine, monocrotaline, echimidine, erucifoline, europine and seneciphylline. The extraction parameters were also optimized including extraction time, elution solvent and elution time. Then, ultra performance liquid chromatography- quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) coupled with MIP-SPME method was developed for fast, simple, sensitive and accurate determination of ten PAs in scented teas. The established method was validated and presented satisfactory accuracy and high precision. It was also successfully applied for simultaneous determination of ten PAs in different scented tea samples. PAs were found in most of these scented tea samples, which suggest the cautious use of scented tea for consumers.
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Identification and Simultaneous Determination of the Main Toxical Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in a Compound Prescription of Traditional Chinese Medicine: Qianbai Biyan Tablet. Int J Anal Chem 2021; 2021:5209618. [PMID: 34539789 PMCID: PMC8445730 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5209618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Qianbai biyan tablet (QT) is a compound prescription of traditional Chinese medicine which is used to treat nasal congestion, rhinitis, and nasosinusitis, with Senecio scandens as its main plant material. Several pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) were reported in Senecio scandens and others of Senecio species. Although Senecio scandens is assigned as the legal plant material of QT, whether replaced use of it by other Senecio plants can bring toxicity is unknown because of the lack of quantitative data about toxic PAs between different Senecio species. In the present study, adonifoline, senkirkine, and another PA presumed as emiline have been identified in QT; however, there was no senecionine detected in all tablets. PA contents in QTs varied in different companies and different batches. Adonifoline existed only in Senecio scandens, and senecionine was detected in all eight Senecio plants investigated in the present study. Data showed that replaced use of Senecio scandens with a low level of senecionine by other Senecio plants such as Senecio vulgaris containing a high level of senecionine is advertised to be forbidden. Data of the present study may be used as a reference to make new drug quality regularity and recommendation guideline for the safety of QT.
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Liu C, Wu H, Wang L, Luo H, Lu Y, Zhang Q, Tang L, Wang Z. Farfarae Flos: A review of botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 260:113038. [PMID: 32526340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Farfarae Flos (FF; dried flower buds of Tussilago farfara L.), a widely used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is also known as "Kuandonghua" (Chinese: ). It has a wide range of pharmacological effects and has long been used to treat various respiratory conditions including cough, asthma, and acute or chronic bronchitis. AIMS This study reviews the current advances in the research on the botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of Farfarae Flos. Prospects for future investigation and application of this herb are also discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information on FF was collected from both published materials (such as ancient and modern books, Ph.D. and M. Sc. dissertations, monographs on medicinal plants, and pharmacopoeia) and electronic databases (such as CNKI, SciFinder, WanFang data, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Taylor&Francis, ACS Publications, Wiley, Springer, Europe PMC, EBSCOhost, J-STAGE, and Google Scholar). RESULTS Approximately 175 chemical compounds, including terpenoids, organic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, chromones, volatile oils, and other compounds, have been isolated from FF. This TCM has been reported to produce pharmacological effects on the respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive systems, and exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities. FF is safe in the traditional dose range, but the potential toxicity due to the emergence of pyrrolidine alkaloids needs to be paid more attention. CONCLUSIONS FF is a commonly used TCM with pharmacological activities mainly on the respiratory system. This study suggests that the further expansion of the pharmacological effect of FF and in-depth study of its prescription need to be concerned about. The investigations of the role of more active substances and the pharmacokinetics of the hepatotoxic components of FF will help to maximize the therapeutic potential and promote its popularization and application. Meanwhile, it is important to pay attention to pursue research on the similarities and differences between the leaves and the flower buds to find their respective advantages and make rational use of T. farfara L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China; College of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Hongwei Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Lixia Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Hanyan Luo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yaqi Lu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Liying Tang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Zhuju Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Luo Z, Chen G, Li X, Wang L, Shu H, Cui X, Chang C, Zeng A, Fu Q. Molecularly imprinted polymer solid‐phase microextraction coupled with ultra high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry for rapid analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in herbal medicine. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:3352-3362. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Luo
- School of PharmacyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine ResearchNorthwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Xining P. R. China
| | - Guoning Chen
- School of PharmacyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Xuan Li
- School of PharmacyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- School of PharmacyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Hua Shu
- School of PharmacyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Xia Cui
- School of PharmacyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Chun Chang
- School of PharmacyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Aiguo Zeng
- School of PharmacyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of PharmacyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
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Moreira R, Pereira DM, Valentão P, Andrade PB. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Food Safety. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1668. [PMID: 29874826 PMCID: PMC6032134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) are widely distributed in plants throughout the world, frequently in species relevant for human consumption. Apart from the toxicity that these molecules can cause in humans and livestock, PA are also known for their wide range of pharmacological properties, which can be exploited in drug discovery programs. In this work we review the current body of knowledge regarding the chemistry, toxicology, pharmacology and food safety of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Moreira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - David M Pereira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Valentão
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paula B Andrade
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Yen FL, Wang SW, Cheng HL, Chen KL, Chen YL. Determination of Saikosaponins in Bupleuri Radix by Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography with Experimental Design. ANAL LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1392548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Lin Yen
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Cheng
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Optimization Technology Division, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ling Chen
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ling Chen
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, College of Marine Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Medical, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Cao K, Xu Y, Mu X, Zhang Q, Wang R, Lv J. Sensitive determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids inTussilago farfaraL. by field-amplified, sample-stacking, sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:4243-4250. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Yi Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing P. R. China
- Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-nano Devices and System Technology; Chongqing P. R. China
- International R&D center of Micro-nano Systems and New Materials Technology; Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Xiuni Mu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Renjie Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Junjiang Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing P. R. China
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Determining ultraviolet absorbents in sunscreen products by combining direct injection with micelle collapse on-line preconcentration capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1383:175-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Lu M, Cai Z. Advances of MALDI-TOF MS in the Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicines. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2012; 331:143-64. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2012_383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Gotti R. Capillary electrophoresis of phytochemical substances in herbal drugs and medicinal plants. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:775-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Crews C, Berthiller F, Krska R. Update on analytical methods for toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:327-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Qi X, Wang S, Wu B, Qu H. Determination of Hepatotoxic Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Gynura segetum by MEKC. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Cao Y, Colegate SM, Edgar JA. Safety assessment of food and herbal products containing hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids: interlaboratory consistency and the importance of N-oxide determination. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2008; 19:526-533. [PMID: 18618436 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Two recent mass spectrometry-based reports concerning Senecio scandens yielded remarkably dissimilar pyrrolizidine alkaloid constituents. In both studies, and in a related analysis of Senecio scandens and Tussilago farfara using micellar electrokinetic chromatography, the presence of hazardous N-oxides of the alkaloids was either not considered or was inadequately considered. This raises concerns about the effectiveness of the methodologies used in these, and similar, studies in assessing the pyrrolizidine alkaloid content and the safety of food, food supplements and medicines for human use. OBJECTIVE To highlight essential analytical requirements for confident assessment of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-related safety of food and herbal products for human use. METHODOLOGY Direct infusion-ESI MS and HPLC-ESI MS were used to analyse samples derived from liquid-liquid partitioning experiments and from strong cation exchange, solid-phase extraction of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides. RESULTS A simple solvent partitioning experiment using pure senecionine and senecionine-N-oxide, two constituents reported in one of the mass spectrometry-based studies of S. scandens, clearly demonstrated the inadequacy of the reported method to detect and quantitate hazardous pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxide components. A preliminary LCMS analysis of commercially-prepared extracts of comfrey roots (Symphytum officinale and S. uplandicum s. l.) was used as a model to highlight the analytical importance of N-oxides in the safety assessment of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing medicinal herbs. CONCLUSIONS This study highlighted significant differences in the reported identification of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from the same plant species, and clearly demonstrated the inadequacy of some procedures to include N-oxides in the assessment of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-related safety of food and herbal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cao
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Plant Toxins Research Group, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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Ganzera M. Quality control of herbal medicines by capillary electrophoresis: Potential, requirements and applications. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3489-503. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Liang XM, Jin Y, Wang YP, Jin GW, Fu Q, Xiao YS. Qualitative and quantitative analysis in quality control of traditional Chinese medicines. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1216:2033-44. [PMID: 18656880 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 05/31/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Separation techniques with high efficiency and sensitive detection have been widely used for quality control of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). High-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis are commonly used to separate various components in TCMs. Ultraviolet detection, fluorescence detection, evaporative light-scattering detection, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance can be applied to separation techniques for qualitative and quantitative analysis of TCMs. The development of quality control for TCMs based on quantitative and qualitative analysis from 2000 to 2007 are reviewed; the fingerprint technique is also discussed due to its broad application in the quality control of TCMs. Prospects for further research based on our primary results are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-miao Liang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
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Li S, Han Q, Qiao C, Song J, Lung Cheng C, Xu H. Chemical markers for the quality control of herbal medicines: an overview. Chin Med 2008; 3:7. [PMID: 18588699 PMCID: PMC2488332 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-3-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2008] [Accepted: 06/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection of chemical markers is crucial for the quality control of herbal medicines, including authentication of genuine species, harvesting the best quality raw materials, evaluation of post-harvesting handling, assessment of intermediates and finished products, and detection of harmful or toxic ingredients. Ideal chemical markers should be the therapeutic components of herbal medicines. However, for most herbal medicines, the therapeutic components have not been fully elucidated or easily monitored. Bioactive, characteristic, main, synergistic, correlative, toxic and general components may be selected. This article reviews the effective use of chemical markers in the quality control of herbal medicines including the selection criteria considering the roles and physicochemical factors which may affect the effective use of chemical markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Li
- Chinese Medicine Laboratory, Hong Kong Jockey Club Institute of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Quanbin Han
- Chinese Medicine Laboratory, Hong Kong Jockey Club Institute of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Chunfeng Qiao
- Chinese Medicine Laboratory, Hong Kong Jockey Club Institute of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Jingzheng Song
- Chinese Medicine Laboratory, Hong Kong Jockey Club Institute of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Chuen Lung Cheng
- Chinese Medicine Laboratory, Hong Kong Jockey Club Institute of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Hongxi Xu
- Chinese Medicine Laboratory, Hong Kong Jockey Club Institute of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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Sekar R, Azhaguvel S. MEKC Determination of Antiretroviral Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Lamivudine, Stavudine, and Nevirapine in Pharmaceutical Formulations. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0541-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Li P, Qi LW, Liu EH, Zhou JL, Wen XD. Analysis of Chinese herbal medicines with holistic approaches and integrated evaluation models. Trends Analyt Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Li SL, Lin G, Fu PP, Chan CL, Li M, Jiang ZH, Zhao ZZ. Identification of five hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in a commonly used traditional Chinese medicinal herb, Herba Senecionis scandentis (Qianliguang). RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:591-602. [PMID: 18220326 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham is a plant source for a commonly used traditional Chinese medicinal (TCM) herb Qianliguang. A TCM herbal proprietary product containing Qianliguang as the major herb for the treatment of sinusitis has been used in China for several decades, and has also been exported to other regions and countries worldwide. In the present study, the aqueous extract of S. scandens collected in the Shanxi Province of China was determined, for the first time, to contain hepatotoxic and tumorigenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) by using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric (HPLC/MS) analysis in various scanning modes. A total of nine toxic and two non-toxic PAs were detected in the aqueous extract of S. scandens, of which six PAs, namely neoplatyphylline, senecionine, senecionine N-oxide, seneciphylline, seneciphylline N-oxide and senkirkine, were unequivocally characterized, while other PAs were tentatively assigned as jacobine, jacozine N-oxide (or erucifoline N-oxide), 7-tigloylplatynecine, usaramine and an isomer of yamataimine. The estimated total content of toxic PAs in S. scandens was 10.82 microg/g herb, which was significantly higher than that (> or =1 microg/g herb) recommended by Belgium and Germany not to be used clinically. Among the PAs definitively identified, senecionine, seneciphylline, and senkirkine are known tumorigens capable of inducing liver tumors in experimental animals, while seneciphylline N-oxide and senecionine N-oxide are probably tumorigenic due to their potential conversion into seneciphylline and senecionine via metabolic reduction in the body. Thus, the current finding of the presence of toxic/tumorigenic PAs in S. scandens challenges the safety of using this TCM herb and its proprietary products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Lin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong SAR
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Opinion of the Panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to pyrrolizidine alkaloids as undesirable substances in animal feed. EFSA J 2007. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2007.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Wang H, Li Y, Ding C, Zhao X, You J, Suo Y. Determination of Five Pharmacologically Active Compounds Extracted from Rhodiola for Natural Product Drug Discovery with HPLC‐APCI‐MS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070500531318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Honglun Wang
- a Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xining , P.R. China
- b Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Yulin Li
- a Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xining , P.R. China
- b Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Chenxu Ding
- a Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xining , P.R. China
- b Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Xianen Zhao
- c Department of Chemistry , Qufu Normal University , Qufu , P.R. China
| | - Jinmao You
- c Department of Chemistry , Qufu Normal University , Qufu , P.R. China
| | - Yourui Suo
- a Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xining , P.R. China
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