1
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Cheng X, Ma J, Su J. An Overview of Analytical Methodologies for Determination of Vancomycin in Human Plasma. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217319. [PMID: 36364147 PMCID: PMC9658014 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin is regarded as the last resort of defense for a wide range of infections due to drug resistance and toxicity. The detection of vancomycin in plasma has always aroused particular concern because the performance of the assay affects the clinical treatment outcome. This article reviews various methods for vancomycin detection in human plasma and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. Immunoassay has been the first choice for vancomycin concentration monitoring due to its simplicity and practicality, occasionally interfered with by other substances. Chromatographic methods have mainly been used for scientific research due to operational complexity and the particular requirement of the instrument. However, the advantages of a small amount of sample needed, high sensitivity, and specificity makes chromatography irreplaceable. Other methods are less commonly used in clinical applications because of the operational feasibility, clinical application, contamination, etc. Simplicity, good performance, economy, and environmental friendliness have been points of laboratory methodological concern. Unfortunately, no one method has met all of the elements so far.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianrong Su
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-188-1169-5991
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2
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Review on Characterization, Properties, and Analytical Methods of Cefepime. Int J Anal Chem 2022; 2022:6909528. [PMID: 35814263 PMCID: PMC9259364 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6909528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection is one of the most important reasons for the increase in the number of deaths worldwide; it can be a bacterial or viral infection. As a result, there are many effective drugs against this infection, especially bacterial ones. Cefepime (CP) is one of the fourth generations of cephalosporins and is distinguished from others in that it can kill both positive and negative bacteria. Therefore, this study focused on the chemical properties of the drug, its uses, and its stability against bacteria. All analysis methods for this drug in pharmaceutical preparations, blood, or plasma were also presented. One of the important problems in these methods is using toxic solvents, which poses a danger to society and the environment. The presentation of these solvents will allow companies to manufacture and use more effective and less toxic solvents.
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3
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Fan MC, Sun JL, Sun J, Ma JW, Wang N, Fang W. The CSF Vancomycin Concentration in Patients With Post-operative Intracranial Infection Can Be Predicted by the WBCs to Total Cells Ratio and the Serum Trough Concentration. Front Neurol 2022; 13:893089. [PMID: 35645947 PMCID: PMC9136157 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.893089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an important basis for evaluating the bactericidal effect. The accuracy of using serum vancomycin concentrations only to estimate the CSF concentrations remains controversial, may lead to underdosing. Objectives The aims of this study were to evaluate the vancomycin exposure in CSF, investigate the factors affecting the vancomycin blood–brain barrier (BBB) penetration, and to establish the prediction model of vancomycin concentration in CSF. Methods Eligible patients were included and given a standard dose of vancomycin. At the fifth dose, the blood and CSF samples were collected 0.5 h before the start of infusion of vancomycin, and 1, 2, 3, and 8 h from the start of infusion, and were measured by the enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique using the Siemens Viva-E Drug Testing System. Results The AUCCSF/serum of patients with intracranial infection was higher than that of patients without (p = 0.001). The CSF concentration was relatively stable between dosing periods (p = 0.095). The area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) ratio of CSF to serum (AUCCSF/serum) in patients with intracranial infection ranged from 15.1 to 80.1% (33.23 ± 19.31%; median, 26.25%). The CSF vancomycin AUC levels were affected by the serum trough concentration (B: 5.23 ± 2.36, t = 2.22, p = 0.039), and were mainly affected by the CSF white blood cells (WBCs)/total cells (B: 113.96 ± 35.10, t = 3.25, p = 0.004) (Y = −17.86 + 5.23 × serum trough concentration + 113.96 × CSF [WBCs/total cells]; R2 = 0.473, F = 8.542, p = 0.002). Conclusions After intravenous administration of vancomycin, the CSF concentration curve was fluctuated gently. The CSF vancomycin concentration in patients with postoperative intracranial infection can be predicted by the WBCs to total cells ratio and the serum trough concentration, and help to adjust the administration of vancomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chao Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jia-Lin Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun-Wei Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Nian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Fang
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4
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Duan XY, Zhang Y, Yan JQ, Zhou Y, Li GH, Feng XS. Progress in Pretreatment and Analysis of Cephalosporins: An Update Since 2005. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 51:55-86. [PMID: 31646873 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1676194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yi Duan
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Qing Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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5
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Marzouq MA, Salman BI, Hussein SA, Ali MF. Hantzsch reaction approach for determination of teicoplanin and vancomycin in real human plasma: Application to pharmaceutical preparations and to synthetic mixture with rifampicin for drug-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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Kubáň P, Dvořák M, Kubáň P. Capillary electrophoresis of small ions and molecules in less conventional human body fluid samples: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1075:1-26. [PMID: 31196414 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, advances in sensitive analytical techniques have encouraged the analysis of various compounds in biological fluids. While blood serum, blood plasma and urine still remain the golden standards in clinical, toxicological and forensic science, analyses of other body fluids, such as breast milk, exhaled breath condensate, sweat, saliva, amniotic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, or capillary blood in form of dried blood spots are becoming more popular. This review article focuses on capillary electrophoresis and microchip electrophoresis of small ions and molecules (e.g. inorganic cations/anions, basic/acidic drugs, small acids/bases, amino acids, peptides and other low molecular weight analytes) in various less conventional human body fluids and hopes to stimulate further interest in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Dvořák
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic.
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7
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Kummer M, Šestáková N, Theurillat R, Huynh-Do U, Endimiani A, Sendi P, Thormann W. Monitoring of cefepime in urine by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with ultraviolet detection and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:4067-4074. [PMID: 30198147 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cefepime monitoring in urine by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with UV detection and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry via electrospray ionization is described. For micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography, sample preparation comprised urine dilution and dodecyl-sulfate protein precipitation at pH 4.5, whereas diluted urines were analyzed in the other assay. Both approaches provided suitable conditions for cefepime analysis in urines of healthy volunteers that were spiked with cefepime. Cefepime monitoring by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography in samples from patients taking multiple drugs were prone to interferences, whereas liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry provided clean chromatograms and thus selective detection of cefepime in all samples. The latter assay was used to measure urinary cefepime in a prospective pilot study and to assess cefepime stability in urines at 25, 4, -20 and -70°C. The data suggest that urinary cefepime is stable for at least 72 h at all tested temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Kummer
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nela Šestáková
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Regula Theurillat
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Uyen Huynh-Do
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Endimiani
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Parham Sendi
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Thormann
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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8
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Determination of Vancomycin in Human Serum by Cyclodextrin-Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography (CD-MEKC) and Application for PDAP Patients. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040538. [PMID: 28350363 PMCID: PMC6154692 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple and sensitive cyclodextrin-micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (CD-MEKC) method with UV detection was developed and validated for the determination of vancomycin (VCM) in serum. The separation was achieved in 14 min at 25 °C with a fused-silica capillary column of 40.2 cm × 50 mm i.d. (effective length 30.2 cm) and a run buffer containing 25 mM borate buffer with 50 mM sodium dodecylsulfonate (SDS) (pH 9.5) and 2% sulfobutyl-β-cyclodextrin (sulfobutyl-β-CD). Under optimal conditions for biological samples, good separations with high efficiency and short analysis time were achieved. Several parameters affecting the drug separation from biological matrices were studied, including buffer types, concentrations, and pHs. The methods were validated over the range of 0.9998-99.98 µg/mL. Calibration curves of VCM also showed good linearity (r² > 0.999). Intra- and interday precisions (relative standard deviation, RSD) were less than 5.80% and 7.38%, and lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) were lower than 1.0 μg/mL. The mean recoveries ranged between 84.03% and 91.69%. The method was successfully applied for monitoring VCM concentrations in serum of patients with peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis (PDAP). The assay should be applicable to pharmacokinetic studies and routine therapeutic drug monitoring of this drug in serum.
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9
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Šestáková N, Theurillat R, Sendi P, Thormann W. Monitoring of cefepime in human serum and plasma by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography: Improvement of sample preparation and validation by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1805-1814. [PMID: 28217952 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cefepime monitoring in deproteinized human serum and plasma by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in presence of other drugs is reported. For micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography, sample preparation comprised dodecylsulfate protein precipitation at pH 4.5 using an increased buffer concentration compared to that of a previous assay and removal of hydrophobic compounds with dichloromethane. This provided robust conditions for cefepime analysis in the presence of sulfamethoxazole and thus enabled its determination in samples of patients that receive cotrimoxazole. The liquid chromatography assay is based upon use of a column with a pentafluorophenyl-propyl modified and multiendcapped stationary phase and the coupling to electrospray ionization with a single quadrupole detector. The performances of both assays with multilevel internal calibration were assessed with calibration and control samples and both assays were determined to be robust. Cefepime levels monitored by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography in samples from patients that were treated with cefepime only and with cefepime and cotrimoxazole were found to compare well with those obtained by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Cefepime drug levels determined by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography could thereby be validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nela Šestáková
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Regula Theurillat
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Parham Sendi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Thormann
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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10
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Mei S, Wang J, Zhu L, Chen R, Li X, Chen K, Chen G, Zhou J, Wang Q, Zhao Z. A UPLC-MS/MS method for analysis of vancomycin in human cerebrospinal fluid and comparison with the chemiluminescence immunoassay. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [PMID: 28139829 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vancomycin (VCM) is clinically used in treating patients with postoperative intracranial infections. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentration of VCM varies greatly among patients. To guide the dosage regimens, monitoring of VCM in CSF is needed. However a method for analysis of VCM in human CSF is lacking. An ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for analysis of VCM in human CSF, and the agreement of UPLC-MS/MS and chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) in the analysis of CSF VCM was evaluated. The ion transitions were m/z 725.5 > 144.1 for VCM and m/z 455.2 > 308.2 for methotrexate (internal standard). The agreement between UPLC-MS/MS and CLIA was evaluated by Bland-Altman plot in 179 samples. The calibration range of the UPLC-MS/MS method was 1-400 mg/L. The inaccuracy and imprecision were -0.69-10.80% and <4.95%. The internal standard normalized recovery and matrix factor were 86.14-99.31 and 85.84-92.07%, respectively. The measurements of CLIA and UPLC-MS/MS were strongly correlated (r > 0.98). The 95% limit of agreement of the ratio of CLIA to UPLC-MS/MS was 61.66-107.40%. Further studies are warranted to confirm the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghui Mei
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Leting Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiling Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Chen
- Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangqiang Chen
- Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Zhou
- Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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11
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Theurillat R, Joneli J, Wanzenried U, Schiess J, Hurni M, Weber T, Sendi P, Thormann W. Therapeutic drug monitoring of cefepime with micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography: Assay improvement, quality assurance, and impact on patient drug levels. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:2626-32. [PMID: 27130081 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The improvement and performance of a micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography assay for cefepime in human serum and plasma with a 50 μm id fused-silica capillary elongated from 40 to 60 cm is reported. Sample preparation with dodecylsulfate protein precipitation at pH 4.5, the pH 9.1 separation medium, and the applied voltage were as reported previously [16]. The change resulted in a significant lower current, higher resolution, and increased detection time intervals. The performance of the assay with multilevel internal calibration was assessed with calibration and control samples. Quality assurance data of a 2-year period assessed under the new conditions demonstrated the robustness of the assay. In serum samples of patients who received both cefepime and sulfamethoxazole, cefepime could not be detected due to the inseparability of the two compounds. The presence of an interference can be recognized by an increased peak width (width > 0.2 min), the appearance of a shoulder or an unresolved double peak. The patient data gathered during a 3-year period reveal that introduction of therapeutic drug monitoring led to a 50% reduction of the median drug level. The data suggest that therapeutic drug monitoring can help to minimize the risk of major adverse reactions and to increase drug safety on an individual basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regula Theurillat
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jeannine Joneli
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Wanzenried
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jeannette Schiess
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monika Hurni
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Weber
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Parham Sendi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Bern and Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Thormann
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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12
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Carlier M, Stove V, Wallis SC, De Waele JJ, Verstraete AG, Lipman J, Roberts JA. Assays for therapeutic drug monitoring of β-lactam antibiotics: A structured review. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2015; 46:367-75. [PMID: 26271599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In some patient groups, including critically ill patients, the pharmacokinetics of β-lactam antibiotics may be profoundly disturbed due to pathophysiological changes in distribution and elimination. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a strategy that may help to optimise dosing. The aim of this review was to identify and analyse the published literature on the methods used for β-lactam quantification in TDM programmes. Sixteen reports described methods for the simultaneous determination of three or more β-lactam antibiotics in plasma/serum. Measurement of these antibiotics, due to low frequency of usage relative to some other tests, is generally limited to in-house chromatographic methods coupled to ultraviolet or mass spectrometric detection. Although many published methods state they are fit for TDM, they are inconvenient because of intensive sample preparation and/or long run times. Ideally, methods used for routine TDM should have a short turnaround time (fast run-time and fast sample preparation), a low limit of quantification and a sufficiently high upper limit of quantification. The published assays included a median of 6 analytes [interquartile range (IQR) 4-10], with meropenem and piperacillin being the most frequently measured β-lactam antibiotics. The median run time was 8 min (IQR 5.9-21.3 min). There is also a growing number of methods measuring free concentrations. An assay that measures antibiotics without any sample preparation would be the next step towards real-time monitoring; no such method is currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Carlier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Veronique Stove
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven C Wallis
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jan J De Waele
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain G Verstraete
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jeffrey Lipman
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason A Roberts
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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13
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Theurillat R, Sendi P, Thormann W. An MEKC assay for the therapeutic drug monitoring of cefepime. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2915-21. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Regula Theurillat
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Parham Sendi
- Department of Infectious Diseases; University Hospital of Bern and Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Thormann
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
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14
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Gras A, Yegles M, Karasi JC, Schmit JC, Seguin-Devaux C, Schneider S. Simultaneous quantification of zidovudine, stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine by Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/ata/2012024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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15
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Kühne S, Untucht C, Steinert M, Wätzig H. Fast investigations from biological matrices using CE – Test of a blood–brain barrier model. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:395-401. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Kühne
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christopher Untucht
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Mikrobiologie, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Steinert
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Mikrobiologie, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Braunschweig, Germany
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16
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El Deeb S, Iriban MA, Gust R. MEKC as a powerful growing analytical technique. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:166-83. [PMID: 21171121 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the principle and the developments in MEKC in terms of separation power, sensitivity, and detection approaches more than 25 years after its appearance. Newly used surfactants are mentioned. Classical and new sample concentration techniques in MEKC are described. The different detection approaches in MEKC with advantages, limitations, and future prospects are also discussed. This review highlights the wider application of MEKC in different analytical fields. Various recent selected applications of this technique in different analytical fields are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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El-Rabbat NA, Abdel-Wadood HM, Sayed M, Mousa HS. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination and pharmacokinetic study of cefepime in goat plasma and milk after pre-column derivatization with Hg(I). J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2599-609. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lin PC, Hsieh YH, Liao FF, Chen SH. Determination of free and total levels of phenytoin in human plasma from patients with epilepsy by MEKC: An adequate alternative to HPLC. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1572-82. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Oh E, Hasan MN, Jamshed M, Park SH, Hong HM, Song EJ, Yoo YS. Growing trend of CE at the omics level: The frontier of systems biology. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:74-92. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Impact of sarA on antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in a catheter-associated in vitro model of biofilm formation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:2475-82. [PMID: 19289527 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01432-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation of the staphylococcal accessory regulator (sarA) in Staphylococcus aureus limits but does not abolish the capacity of the organism to form a biofilm. As a first step toward determining whether this limitation is therapeutically relevant, we carried out in vitro studies comparing the relative susceptibility of an S. aureus clinical isolate (UAMS-1) and its isogenic sarA mutant (UAMS-929) in the specific context of a catheter-associated biofilm. The antibiotics tested were daptomycin, linezolid, and vancomycin, all of which were evaluated by using concentrations based on the MIC defined as the breakpoint for a susceptible strain of S. aureus (< or = 1.0, < or = 2.0, and < or = 4.0 microg/ml for daptomycin, vancomycin, and linezolid, respectively). Mutation of sarA had no significant impact on the MIC of UAMS-1 for any of the targeted antibiotics, as defined by Etest antimicrobial susceptibility testing. However, mutation of sarA did result in a significant increase in antimicrobial susceptibility to all targeted antibiotics when they were tested in the specific context of a biofilm. Additionally, whether susceptibility was assessed by using UAMS-1 or its sarA mutant, daptomycin was found to be more effective against established S. aureus biofilms than either linezolid or vancomycin.
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Injac R, Karljikovic-Rajic K, Strukelj B. SPE and large-volume sample stacking in MEKC for determination of doxycycline in biological fluids: comparison of direct injection to SPE-MEKC. Electrophoresis 2009; 29:4431-8. [PMID: 18956436 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A novel and simple method has been developed for the determination of doxycycline (DOX) in biological fluids. The method is based on SPE, large-volume sample stacking (LVSS) and MEKC with UV-DAD detection. Six SPE cartridges have been used in investigation for sample clean up and pre-concentration (Supelco LC-8, LC-18, LC-SCX, and LC-WCX, as well as Strata-X and X-C). DOX was determined on a 56 cm (effective length 50 cm) x 50 microm id fused-silica capillary. The BGE was 20 mM borate buffer, pH 9.3, containing 80 mM SDS and 7.5% v/v of methanol (30 sx50 mbar), and the temperature and voltage were 25 degrees C and 30 kV, respectively. The analytical wavelength was set at 210 nm. Under optimized conditions it is possible to determine DOX in human serum, urine, semen, tears and saliva with recovery of 97.5% (RSD 2.5%). The method was shown to be sensitive (LOD is 1 microg/L) and precise (intra-day RSD 0.2 and 2.4%; inter-days 0.4 and 3.5% for migration time and peak area, respectively). Results for developed SPE-LVSS-MEKC were compared with LVSS-MEKC method with direct sample injection. The new LVSS-MEKC method is presented as a useful technique for rapid determination without extraction procedure of DOX in human urine and serum, using 80 mM of SDS, 10% v/v of methanol and 40 mM borate buffer (pH 9.3; 30 s x 50 mbar; 25 degrees C; 30 kV; 350 nm), but not for the other biological fluids, according to lower sensitivity of the method and because of the sample composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rade Injac
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Chair of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Ye G, Cai X, Wang B, Zhou Z, Yu X, Wang W, Zhang J, Wang Y, Dong J, Jiang Y. Simultaneous determination of vancomycin and ceftazidime in cerebrospinal fluid in craniotomy patients by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:860-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2008] [Revised: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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