Prion protein as a mediator of neurocardiosympathetic interactions

Tau phosphorylation induced by severe closed head traumatic brain injury is linked to the cellular prion protein

Studies in vivo and in vitro have suggested that the mechanism underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathogenesis is initiated by an interaction between the cellular prion protein (PrPC) and amyloid-β oligomers (Aβo). This PrPC-Aβo complex activates Fyn kinase which, in turn, hyperphosphorylates tau (P-Tau) resulting in synaptic dysfunction, neuronal loss and cognitive deficits. AD transgenic mice lacking PrPC accumulate Aβ, but show normal survival and no loss of spatial learning and memory suggesting that PrPC functions downstream of Aβo production but upstream of intracellular toxicity within neurons. Since AD and traumatic brain injury (TBI)-linked chronic traumatic encephalopathy are tauopathies, we examined whether similar mechanistic pathways are responsible for both AD and TBI pathophysiologies. Using transgenic mice expressing different levels of PrPC, our studies investigated the influence and necessity of PrPC on biomarker (total-tau [T-Tau], P-Tau, GFAP) levels in brain and blood as measured biochemically following severe TBI in the form of severe closed head injury (sCHI). We found that following sCHI, increasing levels of T-Tau and P-Tau in the brain were associated with the PrPC expression levels. A similar relationship between PrPC expression and P-Tau levels following sCHI were found in blood in the absence of significant T-Tau changes. This effect was not seen with GFAP which increased within 24 h following sCHI and progressively decreased by the 7 day time point regardless of the PrPC expression levels. Changes in the levels of all biomarkers were independent of gender. We further enhanced and expanded the quantitation of brain biomarkers with correlative studies using immunohisochemistry. We also demonstrate that a TBI-induced calpain hyperactivation is not required for the generation of P-Tau. A relationship was demonstrated between the presence/absence of PrPC, the levels of P-Tau and cognitive dysfunction. Our studies suggest that PrPC is important in mediating TBI related pathology.

PrPC expression and calpain activity independently mediate the effects of closed head injury in mice

The normal cellular prion protein (PrP^C) is a sialoglycoprotein with a glycophosphatidylinositol anchor and expressed in highest levels within the CNS particularly at neuronal synapses. This membrane-bound protein is involved with many cell functions including cell signaling and neuroprotection. Calpains are calcium-activated cysteine proteases that typically undergo controlled activation. PrP^C is a calpain substrate and is neurotoxic if it undergoes aberrant processing with cytosol accumulation. Following traumatic brain injury (TBI), there is an abnormal influx of Ca⁺² and overactivation of calpains resulting in neuronal dysfunction and cell death. We investigated whether PrP^C expression and calpain activity have an effect on, or are affected by, TBI. PrP^C expression in the hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum of WT and Tga20 (PrP^C overexpression) mice were unchanged after closed head injury (CHI). Further, PrP^C in WT and Tga20 mice was resistant to TBI-induced calpain proteolysis. CHI-induced calpain activation resulted in breakdown products (BDPs) of αII-spectrin (SBDPs) and GFAP (GBDP-44K) in all brain regions and mouse lines. CHI caused significant increases in SBDP145, GFAP and GBDP-44K when compared to sham. With few exceptions, the calpain inhibitor, SNJ-1945, reduced SBDP145 and GBDP-44K levels. Behavioral studies suggested that PrP^C and calpain independently affect learning and memory. Overall, we conclude that: (i) there is SNJ-1945-sensitive calpain activation in both neuron and glial cells following CHI, (ii) closed head trauma is not affected by, nor does it have an influence on, PrP^C expression, and (iii) PrP^C expression plays a minor role, if any, in CHI-induced calpain activation in vivo.