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Rivera-Mateos M, Ramos-Lopez O. Prevalence of food addiction and its association with lifestyle factors in undergraduate students from Northwest Mexico. J Addict Dis 2023; 41:308-316. [PMID: 36005830 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2022.2116252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of food addiction (FA) in undergraduate students from Northwest Mexico and to examine its association with lifestyle factors, eating behaviors and food consumption.Methods: This cross-sectional study included a total of 326 undergraduate students, both sexes, between 18 and 25 years of age, who were enrolled in a bachelor's degree program at a public or private university in the city of Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. FA was assessed using the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale Version 2.0 (mYFAS 2.0). Lifestyle (sleep patterns, physical exercise, alcohol intake, and smoking) and nutritional information (eating behaviors and food frequency consumption) was obtained through a clinical history. A multivariate logistic regression model was fitted to assess the factors associated with FA.Results: The whole prevalence of FA was 12.9%. In general, mild FA was the most frequent (5.2%), followed by severe (4.3%) and moderate (3.4%) categories. In the multivariate model, insomnia conferred a higher risk for FA (OR = 2.08, 95% CI, 1.04-4.17, p = 0.040), while the habitual consumption of fruits showed a protective effect (OR = 0.50, 95% CI, 0.25-0.98, p = 0.046). Overall, the model predicted FA in 12% (R2=0.12, p = 0.011).Conclusion: The prevalence of FA is 12.9% among undergraduate students from Northwest Mexico. Although caution should be exercised, insomnia seems to increase the risk of FA, while the habitual consumption of fruits appears to have a protective role. Additional studies are needed to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Rivera-Mateos
- Medicine and Psychology School, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana, Mexico
| | - Omar Ramos-Lopez
- Medicine and Psychology School, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana, Mexico
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2
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Schankweiler P, Raddatz D, Ellrott T, Hauck Cirkel C. Correlates of Food Addiction and Eating Behaviours in Patients with Morbid Obesity. Obes Facts 2023; 16:465-474. [PMID: 37544305 PMCID: PMC10601678 DOI: 10.1159/000531528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Food addiction (FA) is a promising construct regarding the multifactorial aetiology of obesity and the search for therapeutic approaches. However, there is an ongoing debate regarding the overlap/differentiation with eating disorders and the classification as a substance- or behaviour-related addiction. Energy-dense foods, especially those combining carbohydrates and fat, are associated with addictive eating and suspected of playing a role in the genesis of FA. This study aims to further understand the clinical significance of FA and to identify possible therapeutic targets. A special focus is set on potentially addictive foods (combination of carbohydrates and fat). METHODS Based on the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0, a cohort of 112 German adults with morbid obesity was divided into two sub-samples (patients with and without FA), which were examined for differences in the variables listed below. RESULTS The prevalence of FA was 25%. Patients meeting criteria for FA showed higher degrees of hunger, emotional, binge, and night eating than patients without FA. In addition, hunger and disinhibition were found to be significant predictors of FA. FA was not associated with sex, age, body mass index (BMI), cognitive restraint, rigid and flexible control, prevalence of substance use, age of onset of obesity, stress level, level of social support, reduction of BMI during a weight loss programme, or programme withdrawal rate. There was no significant difference in the consumption of foods rich in both carbohydrates and fat, nor of fat or carbohydrates alone. CONCLUSION FA can be considered as a sub-phenotype of obesity, occurring in approximately 25% of obesity cases. Dysfunctional emotional coping mechanisms associated with low distress tolerance showed to be significantly related to FA and should be targeted therapeutically. Behavioural interventions should include a bio-psycho-social model. Binge eating episodes were found to be characteristic for FA and the already stated overlap between FA and binge eating behaviour can be confirmed. The results do not support a decisive difference due to a substance-related component of FA. Despite this, the existence of FA as a distinct entity cannot be excluded, as not all patients with FA exhibit binges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Schankweiler
- Institute for Nutrition and Psychology at the Georg-August-University Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Raddatz
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Ellrott
- Institute for Nutrition and Psychology at the Georg-August-University Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carolin Hauck Cirkel
- Institute for Nutrition and Psychology at the Georg-August-University Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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3
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Bourdy R, Befort K. The Role of the Endocannabinoid System in Binge Eating Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119574. [PMID: 37298525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders are multifactorial disorders that involve maladaptive feeding behaviors. Binge eating disorder (BED), the most prevalent of these in both men and women, is characterized by recurrent episodes of eating large amounts of food in a short period of time, with a subjective loss of control over eating behavior. BED modulates the brain reward circuit in humans and animal models, which involves the dynamic regulation of the dopamine circuitry. The endocannabinoid system plays a major role in the regulation of food intake, both centrally and in the periphery. Pharmacological approaches together with research using genetically modified animals have strongly highlighted a predominant role of the endocannabinoid system in feeding behaviors, with the specific modulation of addictive-like eating behaviors. The purpose of the present review is to summarize our current knowledge on the neurobiology of BED in humans and animal models and to highlight the specific role of the endocannabinoid system in the development and maintenance of BED. A proposed model for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms involving the endocannabinoid system is discussed. Future research will be necessary to develop more specific treatment strategies to reduce BED symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Bourdy
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Université de Strasbourg, UMR7364, CNRS, 12 Rue Goethe, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Katia Befort
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Université de Strasbourg, UMR7364, CNRS, 12 Rue Goethe, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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4
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García-Blanco A, Ramírez-López Á, Navarrete F, García-Gutiérrez MS, Manzanares J, Martín-García E, Maldonado R. Role of CB2 cannabinoid receptor in the development of food addiction in male mice. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 179:106034. [PMID: 36775043 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in multiple behavioral responses due to its wide distribution in the central nervous system. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor was associated to the loss of behavioral control over food intake occurring during food addiction. The cannabinoid CB2 receptor (CB2R) is expressed in brain areas canonically associated with addictive-like behavior and was linked to drug-addictive properties. In this study, we evaluated for the first time the specific role of the CB2R in food addiction by using a well-validated operant mouse model of long-term training to obtain highly palatable food. We have compared in this model the behavioral responses of wild-type mice, mutant mice constitutively lacking CB2R, and transgenic mice overexpressing CB2R. The lack of CB2R constitutes a protective factor for the development of food addiction and the impulsive and depressive-like behavior associated. In contrast, the overexpression of CB2R induces a vulnerable phenotype toward food addiction after long-term exposure to highly palatable chocolate pellets. Relevant transcriptomic changes were associated to resilience and vulnerability to food addiction depending on the genotype, which provides a mechanistic explanation for these behavioral changes. Therefore, CB2R may constitute a potential therapeutic target for the loss of eating control and the comorbid emotional effects associated to food addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A García-Blanco
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Á Ramírez-López
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Navarrete
- Neurosciences Institute, University Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante 03550, Spain; Research Network in Primary Care of Addictions, Health Institute Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid 28029, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - M S García-Gutiérrez
- Neurosciences Institute, University Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante 03550, Spain; Research Network in Primary Care of Addictions, Health Institute Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid 28029, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - J Manzanares
- Neurosciences Institute, University Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante 03550, Spain; Research Network in Primary Care of Addictions, Health Institute Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid 28029, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - E Martín-García
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - R Maldonado
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.
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5
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Plaza-Briceño W, Velásquez VB, Silva-Olivares F, Ceballo K, Céspedes R, Jorquera G, Cruz G, Martínez-Pinto J, Bonansco C, Sotomayor-Zárate R. Chronic Exposure to High Fat Diet Affects the Synaptic Transmission That Regulates the Dopamine Release in the Nucleus Accumbens of Adolescent Male Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054703. [PMID: 36902133 PMCID: PMC10003643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a pandemic caused by many factors, including a chronic excess in hypercaloric and high-palatable food intake. In addition, the global prevalence of obesity has increased in all age categories, such as children, adolescents, and adults. However, at the neurobiological level, how neural circuits regulate the hedonic consumption of food intake and how the reward circuit is modified under hypercaloric diet consumption are still being unraveled. We aimed to determine the molecular and functional changes of dopaminergic and glutamatergic modulation of nucleus accumbens (NAcc) in male rats exposed to chronic consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a chow diet or HFD from postnatal day (PND) 21 to 62, increasing obesity markers. In addition, in HFD rats, the frequency but not amplitude of the spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current is increased in NAcc medium spiny neurons (MSNs). Moreover, only MSNs expressing dopamine (DA) receptor type 2 (D2) increase the amplitude and glutamate release in response to amphetamine, downregulating the indirect pathway. Furthermore, NAcc gene expression of inflammasome components is increased by chronic exposure to HFD. At the neurochemical level, DOPAC content and tonic dopamine (DA) release are reduced in NAcc, while phasic DA release is increased in HFD-fed rats. In conclusion, our model of childhood and adolescent obesity functionally affects the NAcc, a brain nucleus involved in the hedonic control of feeding, which might trigger addictive-like behaviors for obesogenic foods and, through positive feedback, maintain the obese phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wladimir Plaza-Briceño
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Mención Neurociencias, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Victoria B. Velásquez
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Mención Neurociencias, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Francisco Silva-Olivares
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Mención Neurociencias, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de las Américas, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
| | - Karina Ceballo
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Mención Neurociencias, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Ricardo Céspedes
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Mención Neurociencias, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Jorquera
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Cruz
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Jonathan Martínez-Pinto
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Christian Bonansco
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (R.S.-Z.)
| | - Ramón Sotomayor-Zárate
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (R.S.-Z.)
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6
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Praxedes DR, Silva-Júnior AE, Macena ML, Gearhardt AN, Bueno NB. Prevalence of food addiction among patients undergoing metabolic/bariatric surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13529. [PMID: 36415030 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Candidates for metabolic/bariatric surgery show a high prevalence of food addiction (FA). However, few studies have investigated FA prevalence after bariatric surgery, especially using longitudinal studies. This systematic review with a meta-analysis aimed to determine pre- and postoperative prevalence of FA among patients undergoing metabolic/bariatric surgery. It included both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that used the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS). The following databases were searched: MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, LILACS, PsycArticles, CENTRAL, greylit.org, and opengrey.eu. Studies that used the YFAS to evaluate FA in pre- or postoperative patients were included. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed with cross-sectional studies to calculate the weighted prevalence of FA at the pre- and postoperative moments. For longitudinal studies, which measured FA at both time points for the same individuals, absolute prevalence reduction (APR) was calculated. Of the 6626 records, 40 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The preoperative weighted prevalence of FA was 32% (95% CI: 27-37%; 33 groups), whereas the postoperative prevalence was 15% (95% CI: 12-18%; 14 groups). Seven longitudinal studies showed a weighted APR of 26 p.p. (95% CI: 10-41 p.p.). Observational data suggest a reduction in the prevalence of FA among patients that undergo bariatric surgery. Interventional studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafiny R Praxedes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição (PPGNUT), Faculdade de Nutrição (FANUT), Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL), Campus AC Simões, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, 57072-900, Brazil
| | - André E Silva-Júnior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Sena Madureira, n.° 1.500, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, 04021-001, Brazil
| | - Mateus L Macena
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição (PPGNUT), Faculdade de Nutrição (FANUT), Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL), Campus AC Simões, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, 57072-900, Brazil
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1043, USA
| | - Nassib B Bueno
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição (PPGNUT), Faculdade de Nutrição (FANUT), Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL), Campus AC Simões, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, 57072-900, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Sena Madureira, n.° 1.500, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, 04021-001, Brazil
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Clinical Considerations of Ultra-processed Food Addiction Across Weight Classes: an Eating Disorder Treatment and Care Perspective. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022; 9:255-267. [PMID: 35531579 PMCID: PMC9058754 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-022-00411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review To examine the prevalence rates of ultra-processed food addiction across different weight classes and offer guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. Clinicians are provided with practical considerations in the assessment of ultra-processed food addiction beyond the use of validated instruments. Recent Findings The weighted mean prevalence of ultra-processed food addiction is approximately 20% worldwide and varies widely based on the sample. At first glance, there appears a linear relationship between ultra-processed food addiction and BMI class. Further investigation indicates a J-shaped curve with heightened prevalence among the underweight. These findings highlight the need to assess for additional factors that may increase objective or subjective food addiction symptoms including eating disorders, dietary restraint, and other mental health diagnoses. Summary While clinical considerations across different weight classes vary, overemphasis on weight status may detract from the clinical utility of the ultra-processed food addiction construct. Considering weight status in conjunction with other psychiatric symptoms helps to better understand the various biopsychosocial mechanisms that influence eating behavior and can inform individualized treatment strategies.
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8
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Wiss DA, Brewerton TD, Tomiyama AJ. Limitations of the protective measure theory in explaining the role of childhood sexual abuse in eating disorders, addictions, and obesity: an updated model with emphasis on biological embedding. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:1249-1267. [PMID: 34476763 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its immediate negative consequences, childhood sexual abuse is associated with lifelong deleterious mental and physical health outcomes. This review employs a biopsychosocial perspective to better understand pathways from childhood sexual abuse to eating disorders, food and drug addictions, and obesity across the life course. Guided by an updated conceptual model, this review delineates how the biological embedding of childhood sexual abuse triggers a cascade of interrelated conditions that often result in failed attempts at weight suppression and eventually obesity. Such biological embedding involves pathways such as inflammation, allostatic load, reward sensitivity, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, epigenetics, and structural and functional changes in the brain. These pathways are in turn theorized to lead to food addiction, substance use disorder, and eating disorders-each with potential pathways toward obesity over time. Predisposing factors to childhood sexual abuse including gender, culture, and age are discussed. This model calls into question the longstanding "protective measure" theory that purports individuals exposed to sexual abuse will deliberately or subconsciously gain weight in attempt to prevent future victimization. A more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which childhood sexual abuse becomes biologically embedded may help clinicians and survivors normalize and/or address disordered eating and weight-related outcomes, as well as identify intervention strategies.Level of evidence: Level V: opinions of respected authorities, based on descriptive studies, narrative reviews, clinical experience, or reports of expert committees.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Wiss
- Community Health Sciences Department, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Timothy D Brewerton
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - A Janet Tomiyama
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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9
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Munguía L, Jiménez-Murcia S, Valenciano-Mendoza E, Granero R, Gaspar-Pérez A, Guzmán-Saldaña RME, Sánchez-Gutiérrez M, Fazia G, Gálvez L, Gearhardt AN, Fernández-Aranda F. Risk patterns in food addiction: a Mexican population approach. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:1077-1087. [PMID: 34143405 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food addiction (FA) is a construct that has gained interest in recent years but its relevance in Mexican population is still unexplored. AIMS The present study has the aims of explore FA in a community of Mexican population, as well as identifying the risk patterns associated with it, in relation to the different etiological factors that have been described such as impulsivity, emotional regulation and eating styles. Furthermore, to identify a predictive model of FA severity. METHODS The sample consisted of 160 female and male university students of Pachuca city in México, who volunteered to participate in the study. Assessment included multidimensional measures for FA, eating disorder severity, eating disorder styles, emotional regulation and impulsivity. RESULTS A screening of FA-probable was registered for 13.8% of the sample, while 8.1% met criteria for FA-present. The FA-present group differed from FA-absent in the impulsivity levels and in emotional eating style. Patients with FA-present differed from FA-probable in the impulsivity levels. Differences between FA-probable versus FA-absent were found in the restrained eating style. Path analysis evidenced that FA severity was directly associated with older age, worse eating style profile and higher impulsivity levels, and indirectly related with the ED symptom levels. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that it is possible to establish a specific predictive model of the development of FA and its severity in Mexican population to implement adequate prevention and treatment strategies. EVIDENCE LEVEL Level III: evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case-control analytic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucero Munguía
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Clinical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology, Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Valenciano-Mendoza
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anahí Gaspar-Pérez
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Gilda Fazia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Laura Gálvez
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,Clinical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBER Physiopathology, Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Sanchez I, Lucas I, Munguía L, Camacho‐Barcia L, Giménez M, Sánchez‐González J, Granero R, Solé‐Morata N, Gearhard A, Diéguez C, Jiménez‐Murcia S, Fernández‐Aranda F. Food addiction in anorexia nervosa: Implications for the understanding of crossover diagnosis. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2022; 30:278-288. [PMID: 35306714 PMCID: PMC9314799 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective Food addiction (FA) construct was introduced to reflect abnormal eating patterns that resemble behavioural ones found in substance use disorders. FA has been barely explored in anorexia nervosa (AN). This study evaluated FA occurrence and associated factors in a sample of patients with AN, distinguishing between restrictive and binge–purging subtypes and focussing on the influence of FA in the crossover diagnosis between them. Method A sample of 116 patients with AN admitted for treatment seeking at an Bellvitge Hospital Eating Disorders Unit were included (72 restrictive [AN‐R]; 44 binge‐purge AN [AN‐BP]), and eating‐related, personality and psychopathological variables were assessed. Most participants were women (92.2%), mean age 27.1 years old (SD = 10.5). Results FA was more prevalent in patients with AN‐BP compared to the AN‐R group (75.0% and 54.2%, respectively). The patients with AN‐R FA+, presented more similar ED symptomatology, general psychopathology and personality traits, with the AN‐BP patients, than with the AN‐R FA‐. Conclusions Patients with AN‐R FA+, exhibit more similarities with the AN‐BP subgroup than with the AN‐R FA‐. Thus, it is possible to hypothesise that the presence of FA might be an indicator of the possible crossover from AN‐R to AN‐BP. Patients with anorexia nervosa – restrictive subtype (AN‐R) and patients with anorexia nervosa – bulimic‐purgative subtype (AN‐BP) present a prevalence of food addiction (FA) of 54% and 75%, respectively. Patients with AN‐R FA+ have more clinical and personality similarities with AN‐BP than with AN‐R FA−. The presence of FA could be associated with the possible crossover from AN‐R to AN‐BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Sanchez
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group Neurosciences Programme Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) Barcelona Spain
| | - Ignacio Lucas
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group Neurosciences Programme Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) Barcelona Spain
| | - Lucero Munguía
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group Neurosciences Programme Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) Barcelona Spain
| | - Lucia Camacho‐Barcia
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group Neurosciences Programme Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) Barcelona Spain
| | - Mónica Giménez
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
| | - Jessica Sánchez‐González
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group Neurosciences Programme Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) Barcelona Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group Neurosciences Programme Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) Barcelona Spain
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology Autonomous University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Neus Solé‐Morata
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
| | - Ashley Gearhard
- Department of Psychology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
- Department of Physiology CIMUS University of Santiago de Compostela‐Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez‐Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group Neurosciences Programme Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) Barcelona Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández‐Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group Neurosciences Programme Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) Barcelona Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
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11
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Sönmez Güngör E, Çelebi C, Akvardar Y. The Relationship of Food Addiction With Other Eating Pathologies and Impulsivity: A Case-Control Study. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:747474. [PMID: 34899418 PMCID: PMC8661135 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.747474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of food addiction (FA) has become central in recent years in understanding the psychological etiology of obesity. In this matched case-control study from Turkey, it was aimed to examine the prevalence of FA and related risk factors in four consecutive body mass index (BMI) categories. The case group consisted of pre-operative bariatric surgery patients with BMI over 35.0 kg/m2 (n = 40) and the control group was composed of age- and gender- matching individuals from the other categories, namely obese (n = 35), overweight (n = 40), and normal weight (n = 40). The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) and a standardized clinical interview using the DSM-5 substance use disorders criteria adopted for FA, the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDEQ) and the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11) were used as assessment instruments. It was found that FA was significantly associated with more serious eating pathologies, more frequent weight-cycling and earlier onset of dieting, higher impulsivity, and higher BMI. Motor and total impulsivity scores showed a positive albeit week correlation with the severity of FA but no significant correlation with BMI, indicating a relationship between impulsivity and weight gain in some but not all individuals. The severity of FA predicted the increase in BMI. Our findings suggest that FA is associated with weight gain in a group of individuals, plausibly through impulsive overeating. Emphasis on FA and its clinical implications such as addiction-based treatments may improve outcomes in obesity and facilitate health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekin Sönmez Güngör
- Department of Psychiatry, Erenköy Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Çelebi
- Department of Psychiatry, Büyükçekmece Mimar Sinan State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yildiz Akvardar
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Personality Dimensions Associated with Food Addiction in a Sample of Pre-operative Bariatric Surgery Patients from Turkey. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00663-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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13
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Agüera Z, Riesco N, Valenciano-Mendoza E, Granero R, Sánchez I, Andreu A, Jiménez-Murcia S, Fernández-Aranda F. Illness perception in patients with eating disorders: clinical, personality, and food addiction correlates. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:2287-2300. [PMID: 33387275 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-01083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the role of illness perception in the clinical course of many physical diseases and certain mental disorders has been well described, little is known about illness perception in eating disorders (ED) so far. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to extend our understanding of illness perception in different ED diagnostic types and to explore its association between clinical, psychopathological, motivational, personality, and food addiction (FA) features. METHODS The sample consisted of 104 patients with ED [(23 anorexia nervosa (AN), 39 bulimia nervosa (BN), 19 binge eating disorder (BED), and 23 other specified feeding and eating disorders (OSFED)]. Illness perception was assessed by means of the revised version of the Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R). RESULTS The results supported the association between illness perception and clinical, psychopathological, and personality factors. Patients with BN and BED showed greater illness perception than the other types. Improved illness perception was positively associated with a longer duration of the disorder and FA. Furthermore, a relevant finding suggests that at least half of the patients with ED did not achieve a good level of illness perception until after having the disorder for 20 years on average. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that higher levels of FA and longer duration of the ED are positively and directly associated with increased illness perception. This may explain the low levels of initial motivation in these patients and their high dropout rates in the early stages of treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III Case-control analytic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaida Agüera
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Perinatal Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Nadine Riesco
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Roser Granero
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Sánchez
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Andreu
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Obesity Unit, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Clinical Features of Gambling Disorder Patients with and Without Food Addiction: Gender-Related Considerations. J Gambl Stud 2021; 38:843-862. [PMID: 34585341 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-021-10071-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Although food addiction (FA) is a debated condition and it is not currently recognized as a formal diagnosis, it shares features with other addictions, such as gambling disorder (GD). However, the prevalence of FA in GD and the clinical correlates are incompletely understood, especially within women versus men. To investigate FA in patients presenting with GD. The sample included 867 patients diagnosed with GD (798 males and 69 females) attending a specialized behavioral addictions unit. FA was observed in 8.3% of GD patients (18.8% of women, 7.4% of men). More psychopathology and harm avoidance, greater body mass indices and less self-directedness and cooperativeness were associated with FA. In women, FA was associated with a longer GD duration. In men, FA was associated with earlier GD onset, greater GD and problematic alcohol use severities. Among patients with GD, FA was associated with more psychopathology and gambling patterns suggestive of more protracted or severe GD. Screening for and addressing FA condition in patients with GD may help optimize preventive and therapeutic approaches. Future studies should consider testing guidelines to improve healthy eating habits, increase physical exercise and better manage stress and other negative emotions in order to target FA in GD.
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15
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Dickhut C, Hase C, Gruner-Labitzke K, Mall JW, Köhler H, de Zwaan M, Müller A. No addiction transfer from preoperative food addiction to other addictive behaviors during the first year after bariatric surgery. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2021; 29:924-936. [PMID: 34460134 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the remission of preoperative food addiction is associated with increases or new onset of other addictions within the first year following bariatric surgery. METHODS One hundred and twenty-five bariatric surgery patients were assessed before surgery (t1) and at 6 months (t2) and 1 year (t3) follow-ups. The assessments included the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS 2.0) and standardized questionnaires to measure symptoms of problematic alcohol use, gambling disorder, internet-use disorder, buying-shopping disorder, hypersexual disorder and exercise dependence. RESULTS Forty-nine (39.2%) patients were assigned to the food addiction (FA+ ) and 76 patients (60.8%) to the non-food addiction group (FA- ) based on their preoperative YFAS scores. Overall, BMI and symptoms of food addiction decreased significantly from baseline to follow-ups. Preoperative food addiction status was not associated with postoperative increases or new onset of other addictions. Elevated symptoms of buying-shopping disorder, internet-use and hypersexual behaviour at baseline in the FA+ -group decreased over time and were comparable to the FA- -group at follow-ups. CONCLUSION The 'addiction transfer' or 'cross addiction' hypothesis was not supportive for alcohol addiction, gambling addiction or other behaviours that may be addictive. Further studies are needed that investigate larger samples and longer observation periods, as well as other substance-use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Dickhut
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Clinical Psychology & Sexual Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carolin Hase
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Julian W Mall
- Department of General, Vascular and Bariatric Surgery, KRH Klinikum Nordstadt, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hinrich Köhler
- Department of Surgery, Herzogin Elisabeth Hospital, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martina de Zwaan
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Astrid Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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16
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Camacho-Barcia L, Munguía L, Lucas I, de la Torre R, Salas-Salvadó J, Pintó X, Corella D, Granero R, Jiménez-Murcia S, González-Monje I, Esteve-Luque V, Cuenca-Royo A, Gómez-Martínez C, Paz-Graniel I, Forcano L, Fernández-Aranda F. Metabolic, Affective and Neurocognitive Characterization of Metabolic Syndrome Patients with and without Food Addiction. Implications for Weight Progression. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082779. [PMID: 34444940 PMCID: PMC8398101 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the food addiction (FA) model, the consumption of certain types of food could be potentially addictive and can lead to changes in intake regulation. We aimed to describe metabolic parameters, dietary characteristics, and affective and neurocognitive vulnerabilities of individuals with and without FA, and to explore its influences on weight loss progression. The sample included 448 adults (55-75 years) with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome from the PREDIMED-Plus cognition sub-study. Cognitive and psychopathological assessments, as well as dietary, biochemical, and metabolic measurements, were assessed at baseline. Weight progression was evaluated after a 3-year follow up. The presence of FA was associated with higher depressive symptomatology, neurocognitive decline, low quality of life, high body mass index (BMI), and high waist circumference, but not with metabolic comorbidities. No differences were observed in the dietary characteristics except for the saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids consumption. After three years, the presence of FA at baseline resulted in a significantly higher weight regain. FA is associated with worse psychological and neurocognitive state and higher weight regain in adults with metabolic syndrome. This condition could be an indicator of bad prognosis in the search for a successful weight loss process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Camacho-Barcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain or (L.C.-B.); (L.M.); or (I.L.); (S.J.-M.)
| | - Lucero Munguía
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain or (L.C.-B.); (L.M.); or (I.L.); (S.J.-M.)
| | - Ignacio Lucas
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain or (L.C.-B.); (L.M.); or (I.L.); (S.J.-M.)
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Integrative Pharmacology and Neurosciences Systems, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (CEXS-UPF), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Human Nutrition Unit, Reus, 43201 Tarragona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, 43204 Tarragona, Spain
- The Sant Joan University Hospital, Human Nutrition Unit, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Xavier Pintó
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores Corella
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain or (L.C.-B.); (L.M.); or (I.L.); (S.J.-M.)
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada González-Monje
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Virginia Esteve-Luque
- Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Aida Cuenca-Royo
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Integrative Pharmacology and Neurosciences Systems, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Gómez-Martínez
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Human Nutrition Unit, Reus, 43201 Tarragona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, 43204 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Indira Paz-Graniel
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Human Nutrition Unit, Reus, 43201 Tarragona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, 43204 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Laura Forcano
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Integrative Pharmacology and Neurosciences Systems, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain or (L.C.-B.); (L.M.); or (I.L.); (S.J.-M.)
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +349-3260-7227
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17
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Legendre M, Bégin C. French validation of the addiction-like eating behavior scale and its clinical implication. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:1893-1902. [PMID: 33048328 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-01039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The first conception of food addiction (FA) as substance addiction, measured by the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), is controversial. Some proposed that FA would be better conceptualized with a behavioral approach. In accordance with this conceptualization, Ruddock and colleagues published a new self-reported scale for food addiction, the Addiction-like Eating Behavior Scale (AEBS). Overall, preliminary validation of the scale demonstrated good psychometric properties with a community sample. The aim of the present study is twofold, to validate the French-Canadian version of the AEBS with a community sample and to examine how well the instrument fits into a clinical sample with overweight/obesity. METHODS A community sample (N = 466) and a clinical sample with overweight/obesity seeking help for their eating difficulties (N = 126) completed an online survey regarding FA, binge eating, dietary restraint, depression, and BMI. Factor analysis, internal consistency, and construct validity were assessed. RESULTS With the community sample, factorial structure, and psychometric properties of the AEBS were replicated. With the clinical sample, proper convergent validity was demonstrated with the YFAS 2.0 and binge eating, and proper divergent validity was demonstrated with dietary restraint. Among the clinical sample, AEBS explain similar variance of BMI and depression level when compared to YFAS 2.0. CONCLUSION This study provided evidence that the French-Canadian version of the AEBS is a valid measure of food addiction, but it did not permit to establish advantages over YFAS 2.0 with a clinical sample. Clinical implications of the AEBS and FA characteristic are discussed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional, descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Legendre
- School of Psychology, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, Laval University, 2325, rue des Bibliothèques, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Catherine Bégin
- School of Psychology, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, Laval University, 2325, rue des Bibliothèques, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Brunault P, Ballon N. Inter-Individual Differences in Food Addiction and Other Forms of Addictive-Like Eating Behavior. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020325. [PMID: 33498612 PMCID: PMC7912266 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Brunault
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, 37000 Tours, France;
- CHRU de Tours, Service d’Addictologie Universitaire, Équipe de Liaison et de Soins en Addictologie, 37000 Tours, France
- Qualipsy EE 1901, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-247-478043; Fax: +33-247-478402
| | - Nicolas Ballon
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, 37000 Tours, France;
- CHRU de Tours, Service d’Addictologie Universitaire, Équipe de Liaison et de Soins en Addictologie, 37000 Tours, France
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19
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Wiss DA, Avena N, Gold M. Food Addiction and Psychosocial Adversity: Biological Embedding, Contextual Factors, and Public Health Implications. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3521. [PMID: 33207612 PMCID: PMC7698089 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of stress, trauma, and adversity particularly early in life has been identified as a contributing factor in both drug and food addictions. While links between traumatic stress and substance use disorders are well documented, the pathways to food addiction and obesity are less established. This review focuses on psychosocial and neurobiological factors that may increase risk for addiction-like behaviors and ultimately increase BMI over the lifespan. Early childhood and adolescent adversity can induce long-lasting alterations in the glucocorticoid and dopamine systems that lead to increased addiction vulnerability later in life. Allostatic load, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and emerging data on epigenetics in the context of biological embedding are highlighted. A conceptual model for food addiction is proposed, which integrates data on the biological embedding of adversity as well as upstream psychological, social, and environmental factors. Dietary restraint as a feature of disordered eating is discussed as an important contextual factor related to food addiction. Discussion of various public health and policy considerations are based on the concept that improved knowledge of biopsychosocial mechanisms contributing to food addiction may decrease stigma associated with obesity and disordered eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Wiss
- Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Nicole Avena
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Mark Gold
- School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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20
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Lescher M, Wegmann E, Müller SM, Laskowski NM, Wunder R, Jiménez-Murcia S, Szycik GR, de Zwaan M, Müller A. A Randomized Study of Food Pictures-Influenced Decision-Making Under Ambiguity in Individuals With Morbid Obesity. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:822. [PMID: 33061909 PMCID: PMC7518028 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In addition to craving responses to salient food cues, the anticipation of short-term rewarding consumption of palatable food may overrun the anticipation of long-term negative consequences of obesity. The present investigation addressed the potential interplay of food cravings and decision-making abilities in individuals with obesity. METHOD Study 1 included 107 bariatric surgery candidates with class 2/3 obesity (OB-group) and study 2 included 54 individuals with normal weight/pre-obesity (nonOB-group). In both studies, standardized questionnaires concerning food cravings, food addiction, and psychopathology were administered. A cue-reactivity paradigm was used to measure craving responses toward semi-individualized images of highly palatable, processed food/fruit (appetitive food cues) compared to images of raw vegetables (non-appetitive food cues). Decision-making was measured with a modified computerized version of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) with food pictures. Both groups were divided into two subgroups that were randomized to different IGT conditions. In one IGT condition the advantageous IGT card decks were covered by pictures of palatable, processed food or fruit and the disadvantageous decks by images of raw vegetables (= congruent condition), and in the other IGT condition vice versa. RESULTS Participants in the OB-group admitted on average higher craving responses toward palatable, processed food or fruit cues compared to pictures of raw vegetables. This was not the case in the nonOB-group. Contrary to our hypothesis, decision-making performance in both groups was worse when pictures of palatable, processed food or fruit were associated with advantageous IGT card decks compared to performance when those pictures were linked to the disadvantageous decks. The interference effect of food pictures processing on advantageous decision-making has been observed particularly in those individuals of the OB-group who exhibited high craving responses toward palatable, processed food cues or high levels of food addiction. DISCUSSION The results indicate that food pictures processing interferes with decision-making, regardless of weight status. Opposed to the hypothesis, stronger tendencies to avoid than to approach pictures presenting processed, tasty food were observed. Further research should examine how cognitive avoidance tendencies toward processed, high energy food and approach tendencies toward healthy food can be transferred to real life situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Lescher
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elisa Wegmann
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Silke M Müller
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Nora M Laskowski
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ruth Wunder
- Surgical Department, Clementinenhaus, Hannover, Germany
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Bellvitge-IDIBELL and CIBEROBN, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gregor R Szycik
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martina de Zwaan
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Astrid Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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21
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Ayton A, Ibrahim A. The Western diet: a blind spot of eating disorder research?-a narrative review and recommendations for treatment and research. Nutr Rev 2020; 78:579-596. [PMID: 31846028 PMCID: PMC7682725 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last 50 years, in parallel with the obesity epidemic, the prevalence of eating disorders has increased and presentations have changed. In this narrative review, we consider recent research exploring the implications of changing patterns of food consumption on metabolic and neurobiological pathways, a hitherto neglected area in eating disorder research. One of the major changes over this time has been the introduction of ultra-processed (NOVA-4) foods, which are gradually replacing unprocessed and minimally processed foods. This has resulted in the increased intake of various sugars and food additives worldwide, which has important metabolic consequences: triggering insulin and glucose response, stimulating appetite, and affecting multiple endocrine and neurobiological pathways, as well as the microbiome. A paradigm shift is needed in the conceptual framework by which the vulnerability to, and maintenance of, different eating disorders may be understood, by integrating recent knowledge of the individual metabolic responses to modern highly processed foods into existing psychological models. This could stimulate research and improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Ayton
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Ibrahim
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Snowsfields Adolescent Unit, Mapother House, Maudsley Hospital, London
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22
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Romero X, Agüera Z, Granero R, Sánchez I, Riesco N, Jiménez-Murcia S, Gisbert-Rodriguez M, Sánchez-González J, Casalé G, Baenas I, Valenciano-Mendoza E, Menchon JM, Gearhardt AN, Dieguez C, Fernández-Aranda F. Is food addiction a predictor of treatment outcome among patients with eating disorder? EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2020; 27:700-711. [PMID: 31637816 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to examine whether food addiction (FA) was associated with greater severity in both binge eating disorders (BED) and bulimia nervosa and, therefore, to determine if FA was predictive of treatment outcome. METHOD Seventy-one adult patients with bulimia nervosa and BED (42 and 29, respectively) participated in the study. FA was assessed by means of the Yale Food Addiction Scale. RESULTS The results confirmed a high prevalence of FA in patients with binge disorders (around 87%) and also its association with a greater severity of the disorder (i.e., related to an increased eating psychopathology and greater frequency of binge eating episodes). Although FA did not appear as a predictor of treatment outcome in general terms, when the diagnostic subtypes were considered separately, FA was associated with poor prognosis in the BED group. In this vein, FA appeared as a mediator in the relationship between ED severity and treatment outcome. DISCUSSIONS Our findings suggest that FA may act as an indicator of ED severity, and it would be a predictor of treatment outcome in BED but not in BN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xandra Romero
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zaida Agüera
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal-Child Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Sánchez
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nadine Riesco
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jéssica Sánchez-González
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Casalé
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Baenas
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jose M Menchon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Dieguez
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Aloi M, Verrastro V, Rania M, Sacco R, Fernández-Aranda F, Jiménez-Murcia S, De Fazio P, Segura-Garcia C. The Potential Role of the Early Maladaptive Schema in Behavioral Addictions Among Late Adolescents and Young Adults. Front Psychol 2020; 10:3022. [PMID: 32038394 PMCID: PMC6985770 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Behavioral addiction (BA) is a recent concept in psychiatry. Few studies have investigated the relationship between BA and early maladaptive schemas (EMSs). EMS is the core of Schema Therapy (ST). According to the ST model, psychiatric disorders result from the development of EMSs in response to unmet emotional needs in childhood. Bach et al. (2018) grouped the 18 EMSs into four domains: (1) disconnection and rejection; (2) impaired autonomy and performance; (3) excessive responsibility and standards; and (4) impaired limits. This study aims to assess the possible association of the most frequent BAs with EMSs in a large group of late adolescents and young adults and to evaluate their self-perceived quality of life (QoL). Methods A battery of psychological tests assessing food addiction (FA), gambling disorder (GD), internet addiction (IA), and QoL was administered to 1,075 late adolescents and young adults (N = 637; 59.3% women). A forward-stepwise logistic regression model was run to identify which variables were associated with BAs. Results Food addiction was more frequent among women and GD among men, while IA was equally distributed. Regarding the EMSs, participants with FA or IA showed significantly higher scores on all four-schema domains, whereas those with GD exhibited higher scores on impaired autonomy and performance and impaired limits. Besides, average scores of all domains increased with the association of two or more comorbid BAs. Self-perceived QoL was lower for participants with FA and IA, but not for those with GD; the presence of comorbid BAs was associated with lower Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) scores. Finally, specific EMS domains and demographic variables were associated with each BA. Conclusion Late adolescents and young adults with FA or IA have a lower perception of their mental and physical health. The most striking result is that FA appears to be associated with the disconnection and rejection schema domain, IA with all the schema domains (except for impaired autonomy and performance), and GD with impaired autonomy and performance schema domain. In conclusion, our findings suggest that EMS should be systematically assessed during psychotherapy of patients with BAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Aloi
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valeria Verrastro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marianna Rania
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Raffaella Sacco
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pasquale De Fazio
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Segura-Garcia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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24
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Brunault P, Berthoz S, Gearhardt AN, Gierski F, Kaladjian A, Bertin E, Tchernof A, Biertho L, de Luca A, Hankard R, Courtois R, Ballon N, Benzerouk F, Bégin C. The Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0: Validation Among Non-Clinical and Clinical French-Speaking Samples and Comparison With the Full Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:480671. [PMID: 33033480 PMCID: PMC7509420 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.480671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (mYFAS 2.0) was designed to assess food addiction using a shorter version than the YFAS 2.0. We lack data about the psychometric properties of the mYFAS 2.0 in patients with obesity, as well as studies comparing the psychometric properties of the mYFAS 2.0 versus the full YFAS 2.0. This study aimed to validate the French-language mYFAS 2.0 in a non-clinical population (study 1, n = 250), to determine the yet unknown psychometric properties of this scale in patients with obesity (study 2, n = 345), and to compare the full YFAS 2.0 and the mYFAS 2.0 in terms of food addiction (FA) prevalence and symptoms detection in both populations. METHOD Study 1 included 250 non-clinical individuals (non-underweight and non-obese persons screened negative for eating disorders). Study 2 included 345 bariatric surgery candidates recruited in three centers (Québec, Canada; Reims and Tours, France). The mYFAS 2.0 structure was investigated using confirmatory factorial analyses with tetrachoric correlations. Convergent validity was tested using the full YFAS 2.0, the Binge Eating Scale (both studies), the revised 18-item Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (study 1), the Beck Depression Inventory (study 2), and the body mass index (BMI; both studies). RESULTS The mYFAS 2.0 was unidimensional, and had adequate (study 1: KR-20 = .78) and acceptable (study 2: KR-20 = .73) internal consistency. In study 1, the mYFAS 2.0 had good convergent validity with the YFAS 2.0, BMI, binge eating, cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating and emotional eating; in study 2, the mYFAS 2.0 had good convergent validity with the YFAS 2.0, binge eating, depression, but not BMI. Participants endorsed fewer symptoms with the mYFAS 2.0 than with the YFAS 2.0; FA prevalences were similar between questionnaires in the non-clinical, but not in the clinical sample. A FA 'diagnosis' and risk of binge eating disorder were associated but did not completely overlap. CONCLUSIONS The mYFAS 2.0 has close psychometric properties to the YFAS 2.0 in non-clinical and clinical samples. However, the use of the mYFAS 2.0 in bariatric surgery candidates might lead to a significant underestimation of FA prevalence and number of FA symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Brunault
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France.,CHRU de Tours, Service d'Addictologie Universitaire, Équipe de Liaison et de Soins en Addictologie, Tours, France.,Qualipsy EE 1901, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Sylvie Berthoz
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, Paris, France.,Département de Psychiatrie de l'Adolescent et du Jeune Adulte, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Fabien Gierski
- CHU de Reims, Pôle de Psychiatrie adulte, Hôpital Robert Debré, Reims, France.,Université Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), laboratoire C2S (EA 6291), Reims, France
| | - Arthur Kaladjian
- CHU de Reims, Pôle de Psychiatrie adulte, Hôpital Robert Debré, Reims, France.,Université Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), laboratoire C2S (EA 6291), Reims, France
| | - Eric Bertin
- CHU de Reims, Service d'Endocrinologie-Diabète-Nutrition, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Reims, France
| | - André Tchernof
- Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Laurent Biertho
- Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Arnaud de Luca
- CHRU de Tours, Service de Médecine Interne-Nutrition, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Inserm, UMR 1069, Tours, France
| | - Régis Hankard
- CHRU de Tours, Service de Médecine Interne-Nutrition, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Inserm, UMR 1069, Tours, France
| | - Robert Courtois
- Qualipsy EE 1901, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,CHRU de Tours, Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire, CRIAVS, Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Ballon
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France.,CHRU de Tours, Service d'Addictologie Universitaire, Équipe de Liaison et de Soins en Addictologie, Tours, France
| | - Farid Benzerouk
- CHU de Reims, Pôle de Psychiatrie adulte, Hôpital Robert Debré, Reims, France.,Université Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), laboratoire C2S (EA 6291), Reims, France
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25
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Abstract
The concept of food addiction is currently a highly debated subject within both the general public and the scientific communities. The term food addiction suggests that individuals may experience addictive-like responses to food, similar to those seen with classic substances of abuse. An increasing number of studies have established the prevalence and correlates of food addiction. Moreover, food addiction may be associated with obesity and disordered eating. Thus, intervening on food addiction may be helpful in the prevention and therapy of obesity and eating disorders. However, controversy exists about if this phenomenon is best defined through paradigms reflective of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) substance-related disorders (e.g. food addiction) or non-substance-related disorders (e.g. eating addiction) criteria. This review paper will give a brief summarisation of the current state of research on food addiction, a more precise definition of its classification, its differentiation from eating addiction and an overview on potential overlaps with eating disorders. Based on this review, there is evidence that food addiction may represent a distinct phenomenon from established eating disorders such as bulimia nervosa or binge-eating disorder. Future studies are needed to further examine and establish orthogonal diagnostic criteria specific to food addiction. Such criteria must differentiate the patterns of eating and symptoms that may be similar to those of eating disorders to further characterise food addiction and develop therapy options. To date, it is too premature to draw conclusions about the clinical significance of the concept of food addiction.
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26
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Fat Addiction: Psychological and Physiological Trajectory. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112785. [PMID: 31731681 PMCID: PMC6893421 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become a major public health concern worldwide due to its high social and economic burden, caused by its related comorbidities, impacting physical and mental health. Dietary fat is an important source of energy along with its rewarding and reinforcing properties. The nutritional recommendations for dietary fat vary from one country to another; however, the dietary reference intake (DRI) recommends not consuming more than 35% of total calories as fat. Food rich in fat is hyperpalatable, and is liable to be consumed in excess amounts. Food addiction as a concept has gained traction in recent years, as some aspects of addiction have been demonstrated for certain varieties of food. Fat addiction can be a diagnosable condition, which has similarities with the construct of addictive disorders, and is distinct from eating disorders or normal eating behaviors. Psychological vulnerabilities like attentional biases have been identified in individuals described to be having such addiction. Animal models have provided an opportunity to explore this concept in an experimental setting. This discussion sheds light on fat addiction, and explores its physiological and psychological implications. The discussion attempts to collate the emerging literature on addiction to fat rich diets as a prominent subset of food addiction. It aims at addressing the clinical relevance at the community level, the psychological correlates of such fat addiction, and the current physiological research directions.
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27
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Food Addiction in Eating Disorders and Obesity: Analysis of Clusters and Implications for Treatment. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112633. [PMID: 31684127 PMCID: PMC6893652 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Food addiction (FA) has been associated with greater psychopathology in individuals with eating disorders (ED) and obesity (OBE). The current study aims to provide a better phenotypic characterization of the FA construct by conducting a clustering analysis of FA in both conditions (ED and OBE). The total sample was comprised of 234 participants that scored positive on the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0. (YFAS-2) (119 bulimia nervosa (BN), 50 binge eating disorder (BED), 49 other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED) and 16 OBE). All participants completed a comprehensive battery of questionnaires. Three clusters of FA participants were identified. Cluster 1 (dysfunctional) was characterized by the highest prevalence of OSFED and BN, the highest ED severity and psychopathology, and more dysfunctional personality traits. Cluster 2 (moderate) showed a high prevalence of BN and BED and moderate levels of ED psychopathology. Finally, cluster 3 (adaptive) was characterized by a high prevalence of OBE and BED, low levels of ED psychopathology, and more functional personality traits. In conclusion, this study identified three distinct clusters of ED-OBE patients with FA and provides some insight into a better phenotypic characterization of the FA construct when considering psychopathology, personality and ED pathology. Future studies should address whether these three food addiction categories are indicative of therapy outcome.
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