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Show S, Akhter R, Paul I, Das P, Bal M, Bhattacharya R, Bose D, Mondal A, Saha S, Halder G. Efficacy of exopolysaccharide in dye-laden wastewater treatment: A comprehensive review. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141753. [PMID: 38531498 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The discharge of dye-laden wastewater into the water streams causes severe water and soil pollution, which poses a global threat to aquatic ecosystems and humans. A diverse array of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae produce exopolysaccharides (EPS) of different compositions and exhibit great bioflocculation potency to sustainably eradicate dyes from water bodies. Nanomodified chemical composites of EPS enable their recyclability during dye-laden wastewater treatment. Nevertheless, the selection of potent EPS-producing strains and physiological parameters of microbial growth and the remediation process could influence the removal efficiency of EPS. This review will intrinsically discuss the fundamental importance of EPS from diverse microbial origins and their nanomodified chemical composites, the mechanisms in EPS-mediated bioremediation of dyes, and the parametric influences on EPS-mediated dye removal through sorption/bioflocculation. This review will pave the way for designing and adopting futuristic green and sustainable EPS-based bioremediation strategies for dye-laden wastewater in situ and ex situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumona Show
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Ramisa Akhter
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Indrani Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Brainware University, Barasat, Kolkata, 700125, West Bengal, India
| | - Payal Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Manisha Bal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Riya Bhattacharya
- School of Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Debajyoti Bose
- School of Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Amita Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Vedanta College, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Shouvik Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, Brainware University, Barasat, Kolkata, 700125, West Bengal, India.
| | - Gopinath Halder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, 713209, West Bengal, India.
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Hansen AMB, Brill JL, Connors KA, Belanger SE, Baun A, Sanderson H. Understanding ecotoxicological drivers and responses of freshwater green algae, Raphidocelis subcapitata, to cationic polyquaternium polymers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116282. [PMID: 37257746 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cationic polymer (CP) ecotoxicity is important to understand and investigate as they are widely used in industrial and consumer applications and have shown toxic effects in some aquatic organisms. CPs are identified as "polymers of concern" and are to be prioritized in upcoming regulatory reviews, (e.g., REACH). Algae have generally been found to be the most sensitive trophic level to CP. This study aimed at elucidating the magnitude of cationic polyquaternium toxicity towards algae and to understand key toxicological drivers. A suite of polyquaterniums with varying charge density (charged nitrogen moieties) and molecular weight were selected. Highly charged polyquaternium-6 and -16 were toxic towards the freshwater green microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata with ErC50-values ranging between 0.12 and 0.41 mg/L. Lower charge density polyquaternium-10 materials had much lower toxicity with ErC50 > 200 mg/L, suggesting that charge density is an important driver of algal toxicity. These levels of toxicity were in line with historic CP data in literature. Algal agglomeration was observed in all tests but was not linked with impacts on algal growth rate. However, agglomeration can pose challenges in the technical conduct of tests and can impair interpretation of results. The toxicity mitigation potential of humic acid was also explored. The addition of 2-20 mg/L humic acid completely mitigated PQ6 and PQ16 toxicity at concentrations higher than clean water ErC50-values. CP toxicity mitigation has also been observed in fish and invertebrate tests, suggesting that CP mitigation should be accounted for in all trophic levels within an environmental safety framework.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica L Brill
- Environmental Stewardship and Sustainability, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, USA
| | - Kristin A Connors
- Environmental Stewardship and Sustainability, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, USA.
| | - Scott E Belanger
- Environmental Stewardship and Sustainability, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, USA
| | - Anders Baun
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hans Sanderson
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
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Connors KA, Arndt D, Rawlings JM, Brun Hansen AM, Lam MW, Sanderson H, Belanger SE. Environmental hazard of cationic polymers relevant in personal and consumer care products: A critical review. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2023; 19:312-325. [PMID: 35649733 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Historically, polymers have been excluded from registration and evaluation under the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) program, the European chemical management program. Recently, interest has increased to include polymers. A tiered registration system has been envisioned and would begin with classes of polymers of greater interest based on certain properties. Cationic polymers are one such class. There is a pressing need to understand the quality and limitations of historical cationic polymer studies and to identify key sources of uncertainty in environmental hazard assessments so we can move toward scientifically robust analyses. To that end, we performed a critical review of the existing cationic polymer environmental effects literature to evaluate polymer characterization and test methodologies to understand how these parameters may affect test interpretation. The relationship between physicochemical parameters, acute and chronic toxicity, and relative trophic level sensitivity were explored. To advance our understanding of the environmental hazard and subsequent risk characterization of cationic polymers, there is a clear need for a consistent testing approach as many polymers are characterized as difficult-to-test substances. Experimental parameters such as dissolved organic carbon and solution renewal approaches can alter cationic polymer bioavailability and toxicity. It is recommended that OECD TG 23 "Aqueous-Phase Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Difficult Test Substances" testing considerations be applied when conducting environmental toxicity assays with cationic polymers. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:312-325. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Devrah Arndt
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Monica W Lam
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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4
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A Critical Review on the Feasibility of Synthetic Polymers Inclusion in Enhancing the Geotechnical Behavior of Soils. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225004. [PMID: 36433132 PMCID: PMC9694698 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers have attracted widespread interest as soil stabilizers and are proposed as an ecologically acceptable means for enhancing the geotechnical properties of soils. They have found profound applications in diverse fields such as the food industry, textile, medicine, agriculture, construction, and many more. Various polymers are proven to increase soil shear strength, improve volume stability, promote water retention, and prevent erosion, at extremely low concentrations within soils through the formation of a polymer membrane around the soil particles upon hydration. The purpose of this work is to provide an overview of existing research on synthetic polymers for soil improvement. A fundamental evaluation of many synthetic polymers used in soil stabilization is provided, Furthermore, the impact of different polymer types on the geotechnical parameters of treated soil was assessed and compared. Limiting factors like polymer durability and the effect of changing climatic conditions on the engineering behavior of the polymer-treated soils have been critically reviewed. The dominant mechanisms responsible for the alteration in the behavior of polymer-soil admixture are reviewed and discussed. This review article will allow practicing engineers to better understand the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of targeted polymers before employing them in real-field scenarios for better long-term performance.
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Tunstill K, Grogan LF, Morrison C, McCallum H, Lanctôt C. Effects of two firefighting chemical formulations, Phos-Chek LC95W and BlazeTamer380, on striped marsh frog (Limodynastes peronii) tadpole survival, growth, development and behaviour. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 252:106326. [PMID: 36270184 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Global wildfire events are projected to become more frequent and severe due to the continual threat of climate change, resulting in increasing demand for effective fire mitigation methods. Firefighting chemicals (FFCs), including retardants, foams and water enhancers, are often used to prevent the spread of wildfires. However, the impact of FFCs on wildlife and ecosystems is poorly understood. We investigated the effects of two common FFC formulations, Phos-Chek LC95W and BlazeTamer380, on tadpole survival, growth, development and swimming behaviour. Tadpoles of the striped marsh frog (Limnodynastes peronii) were exposed to two concentrations of either Phos-Chek (0.25 and 1 g/L) or BlazeTamer (0.05 and 0.2 g/L) for 16 days. The highest concentration of Phos-Chek was lethal to tadpoles, with mortalities gradually increasing over time and only 8% of animals surviving to day 16. Both FFCs influenced the growth and development of tadpoles, though effects were more severe in tadpoles exposed to the Phos-Chek formulation. Phos-Chek was found to completely stop tadpole growth and development over the 16-day exposure, whereas BlazeTamer significantly delayed growth and development in comparison to controls. Nevertheless, treatments had no apparent effect on tadpole movement patterns and swimming activity. Greater toxicity caused by the Phos-Chek treatment likely relates to the increased ammonia and altered water quality parameters. Runoff or accidental application of commonly used FFCs into small waterways may therefore have important ramifications for aquatic biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Tunstill
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Laura F Grogan
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Clare Morrison
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Hamish McCallum
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Chantal Lanctôt
- Australian Rivers Institute and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia.
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6
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Clifford AM, Jasinska EJ, Meints J, Hanna J, Goss GG. Hypoxemia as the mechanism of acute cationic polymer toxicity in rainbow trout and prevention of toxicity using an anionic neutralizing polymer. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 248:106198. [PMID: 35605491 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Industrial operations such as surface mining, road building, and aggregate washing result in high concentrations of suspended particles (Total Suspended Solids; TSS) in surface waters which must be treated prior to discharge into fish-bearing waters. A common industrial practice is to add flocculants to improve the efficacy and speed of TSS sedimentation. A significant environmental issue even small amounts of uncomplexed cationic polymer coagulant/flocculant remaining in treated water is highly toxic to fish at very low concentrations (LC50 ∼ 0.3 mg L-1). Fingerling trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to (1) a cationic flocculant (Water Lynx 800 (WL800), (2) a Clearflow neutralizing polymer (CN369), and (3) a combination of WL800 and CN369 at various ratios with measured LC50 as an index of toxicity. Acute toxicity was entirely reversed by addition of the neutralizing polymer at WL800:CN369 ratios >1:1.5 mg/L. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the proximal mechanism of acute cationic polymer toxicity is hypoxemia due to accumulation of polymer on the gill epithelia rather than gill damage. Exposure of 0.5 mg/L WL800 reduced oxygen consumption by >50% reduction by 12 h and this was accompanied by significantly increased blood, brain, and liver [lactate] and [glucose]. The development of an inexpensive amelioration technique preventing cationic polymer toxicity is a significant advancement in surface and industrial water treatment to prevent cationic polymer mediated fish kills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Clifford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 116 St. and 85 Ave., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, Canada; Clearflow Group, 134 Pembina Rd Unit 140, Sherwood Park, Alberta, Canada T8H 0M2
| | - Edyta J Jasinska
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 116 St. and 85 Ave., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, Canada; Clearflow Group, 134 Pembina Rd Unit 140, Sherwood Park, Alberta, Canada T8H 0M2
| | - Jesse Meints
- Clearflow Group, 134 Pembina Rd Unit 140, Sherwood Park, Alberta, Canada T8H 0M2
| | - Jerry Hanna
- Clearflow Group, 134 Pembina Rd Unit 140, Sherwood Park, Alberta, Canada T8H 0M2
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 116 St. and 85 Ave., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, Canada.
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7
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Initialization, enhancement and mechanisms of aerobic granulation in wastewater treatment. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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8
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Borchert KBL, Steinbach C, Schwarz S, Schwarz D. A Comparative Study on the Flocculation of Silica and China Clay with Chitosan and Synthetic Polyelectrolytes. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19020102. [PMID: 33578846 PMCID: PMC7916584 DOI: 10.3390/md19020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Flocculation is still one of the most important and efficient processes for water treatment. However, most industrial processes, such as in water treatment plants, still use huge amounts of synthetic polyelectrolytes for the flocculation process. Here we compare the flocculation of two different suspended particles, i.e., silica particles and china clay, with the biopolymer chitosan and two common strong synthetic polyelectrolytes. As a flocculant, chitosan featured a minimum uptake rate of 0.05 mg/g for silica and 1.8 mg/g for china clay. Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC) for comparison possessed a minimum uptake rate of 0.05 mg/g for silica and 2.2 mg/g for china clay. Chitosan as an environmentally friendly biopolymer competes with the synthetic polyelectrolytes and thus represents a beneficial economic alternative to synthetic flocculants.
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Hansen BH, Malzahn A, Hagemann A, Farkas J, Skancke J, Altin D, Nordtug T. Acute and sub-lethal effects of an anionic polyacrylamide on sensitive early life stages of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:1062-1070. [PMID: 30586793 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the possible increase in use of anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) in enhanced oil recovery operations, very little relevant information regarding ecotoxicity exists. The current study assessed acute and sub-lethal toxicity in sensitive early life stages (ELS) of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) exposed to 200 kDa APAM under controlled laboratory conditions. Two experiments (screening and long-term study) were conducted covering ecologically relevant endpoints (survival, hatching, growth, deformations, respiration and heart rate) in fish developing through embryogenesis, hatching, yolk-sac larvae stage and the first feeding period. The screening experiment was an 8-day exposure of embryos, whereas in the long-term experiments embryos and developing larvae were exposed continuously for 23 days. In the screening experiment, a significant reduction in embryonic heart rate was observed during exposure to 150 and 1500 mg APAM/L. However, we observed no effects on fitness-related endpoints (survival, hatching and growth) at concentrations up to 1500 mg L-1 APAM. Also, for the long-term exposure from late embryo to first feeding larvae stage, we observed reduced heart rate at 125 mg L-1. No consistent responses on survival, growth or respiration were observed except for the highest concentration tested (6000 mg L-1). Dispersion modelling based on expected and relevant discharged polymer concentrations and durations showed that predicted environmental concentrations were orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations tested in our experiments, indicating that 200 kDa APAM will have a limited probability of causing fitness-related effects on Atlantic cod ELS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arne Malzahn
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Andreas Hagemann
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Julia Farkas
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørgen Skancke
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
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10
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Microbial Flocculants as an Alternative to Synthetic Polymers for Wastewater Treatment: A Review. Symmetry (Basel) 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/sym10110556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and microalgae have been used to produce bioflocculants with various structures. These polymers are active substances that are biodegradable, environmentally harmless, and have flocculation characteristics. Most of the developed microbial bioflocculants displayed significant flocculating activity (FA > 70–90%) depending on the strain used and on the operating parameters. These biopolymers have been investigated and successfully used for wastewater depollution in the laboratory. In various cases, selected efficient microbial flocculants could reduce significantly suspended solids (SS), turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (Nt), dye, and heavy metals, with removal percentages exceeding 90% depending on the bioflocculating materials and on the wastewater characteristics. Moreover, bioflocculants showed acceptable results for sludge conditioning (accepted levels of dry solids, specific resistance to filtration, moisture, etc.) compared to chemicals. This paper explores various bioflocculants produced by numerous microbial strains. Their production procedures and flocculating performance will be included. Furthermore, their efficiency in the depollution of wastewater will be discussed.
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11
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Pereira JL, Vidal T, Gonçalves FJM, Gabriel RG, Costa R, Rasteiro MG. Is the aquatic toxicity of cationic polyelectrolytes predictable from selected physical properties? CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 202:145-153. [PMID: 29567612 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cationic acrylamide-based polyelectrolytes (cPAM) are widely used in industry. They can be designed for optimal performance in a specific application, but this opportunity means the environmental safety of all different alternatives needs to be addressed. Both the inclusion of environmental toxicity as a design variable and the establishment of relationships between structure and ecotoxicity are thus current challenges. The aim of this study was to assess whether structural variables such as molecular weight, charge density and the integrative intrinsic viscosity parameter can be used to predict the environmental safety of cPAMs, as well as if these relationships are stable when the biological models change. Five cPAMs comprising molecular weight and charge density gradients were tested against bacteria, microalgae, macrophytes and daphnids. While correlations were found between physical properties of cPAMs as expected, no clear ecotoxicity patterns could be identified. All cPAMs can be classified as harmful to aquatic life on the basis of the responses elicited in the most sensitive organisms, microalgae and daphnids. Unicellular bacteria were the least sensitive eco-receptors possibly due to cell wall structure or the protective effect of the ionic strength of the test medium. The macrophytes were also tolerant to cPAMs exposure, which may be related to exposure avoidance mechanisms. The order of toxicity of cPAMs depended on the test organism, preventing the establishment of stable structure-ecotoxicity relationships. Therefore, the study leads to the overall generalist recommendation of relying on the most sensitively responding test organisms when developing new (eco)safe-by-design cPAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Luísa Pereira
- Department of Biology, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Tânia Vidal
- Department of Biology, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fernando J M Gonçalves
- Department of Biology, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rita Garrido Gabriel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF - Research Centre for Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products, 3030-7909 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Costa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF - Research Centre for Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products, 3030-7909 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Graça Rasteiro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF - Research Centre for Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products, 3030-7909 Coimbra, Portugal
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12
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He Y, Flynn SL, Folkerts EJ, Zhang Y, Ruan D, Alessi DS, Martin JW, Goss GG. Chemical and toxicological characterizations of hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced water. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 114:78-87. [PMID: 28229951 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing (HF) has emerged as a major method of unconventional oil and gas recovery. The toxicity of hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced water (HF-FPW) has not been previously reported and is complicated by the combined complexity of organic and inorganic constituents in HF fluids and deep formation water. In this study, we characterized the solids, salts, and organic signatures in an HF-FPW sample from the Duvernay Formation, Alberta, Canada. Untargeted HPLC-Orbitrap revealed numerous unknown dissolved polar organics. Among the most prominent peaks, a substituted tri-phenyl phosphate was identified which is likely an oxidation product of a common polymer antioxidant. Acute toxicity of zebrafish embryo was attributable to high salinity and organic contaminants in HF-FPW with LC50 values ranging from 0.6% to 3.9%, depending on the HF-FPW fractions and embryo developmental stages. Induction of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity was detected, due in part to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and suspended solids might have a synergistic effect on EROD induction. This study demonstrates that toxicological profiling of real HF-FPW sample presents great challenges for assessing the potential risks and impacts posed by HF-FPW spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhe He
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9 Alberta, Canada
| | - Shannon L Flynn
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9 Alberta, Canada
| | - Erik J Folkerts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9 Alberta, Canada
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9 Alberta, Canada
| | - Dongliang Ruan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9 Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9 Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9 Alberta, Canada
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9 Alberta, Canada.
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13
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Feng L, Zheng H, Gao B, Zhang S, Zhao C, Zhou Y, Xu B. Fabricating an anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) with an anionic block structure for high turbidity water separation and purification. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05151d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV)-initiated template polymerization (UTP) was used as a feasible strategy to prepare a novel anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) with a microblock structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Feng
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment
- Ministry of Education
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400045
- China
| | - Huaili Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment
- Ministry of Education
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400045
- China
| | - Baoyu Gao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - Shixin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment
- Ministry of Education
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400045
- China
| | - Chuanliang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment
- Ministry of Education
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400045
- China
| | - Yuhao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment
- Ministry of Education
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400045
- China
| | - Bincheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment
- Ministry of Education
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400045
- China
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