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Sachetto ATA, Mackman N. Monocyte Tissue Factor Expression: Lipopolysaccharide Induction and Roles in Pathological Activation of Coagulation. Thromb Haemost 2023; 123:1017-1033. [PMID: 37168007 PMCID: PMC10615589 DOI: 10.1055/a-2091-7006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The coagulation system is a part of the mammalian host defense system. Pathogens and pathogen components, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induce tissue factor (TF) expression in circulating monocytes that then activates the coagulation protease cascade. Formation of a clot limits dissemination of pathogens, enhances the recruitment of immune cells, and facilitates killing of pathogens. However, excessive activation of coagulation can lead to thrombosis. Here, we review studies on the mechanism of LPS induction of TF expression in monocytes and its contribution to thrombosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Binding of LPS to Toll-like receptor 4 on monocytes induces a transient expression of TF that involves activation of intracellular signaling pathways and binding of various transcription factors, such as c-rel/p65 and c-Fos/c-Jun, to the TF promoter. Inhibition of TF in endotoxemia and sepsis models reduces activation of coagulation and improves survival. Studies with endotoxemic mice showed that hematopoietic cells and myeloid cells play major roles in the activation of coagulation. Monocyte TF expression is also increased after surgery. Activated monocytes release TF-positive extracellular vesicles (EVs) and levels of circulating TF-positive EVs are increased in endotoxemic mice and in patients with sepsis. More recently, it was shown that inflammasomes contribute to the induction of TF expression and activation of coagulation in endotoxemic mice. Taken together, these studies indicate that monocyte TF plays a major role in activation of coagulation. Selective inhibition of monocyte TF expression may reduce pathologic activation of coagulation in sepsis and other diseases without affecting hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana T. A. Sachetto
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
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Langendries L, Jacobs S, Abdelnabi R, Verwimp S, Kaptein S, Baatsen P, Van Mellaert L, Delang L. Perturbation of alphavirus and flavivirus infectivity by components of the bacterial cell wall. J Virol 2022;:jvi0006022. [PMID: 35107376 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00060-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of the host microbiota on arbovirus infections is currently not well understood. Arboviruses are viruses transmitted through the bites of infected arthropods, predominantly mosquitoes or ticks. The first site of arbovirus inoculation is the biting site in the host skin, which is colonized by a complex microbial community that could possibly influence arbovirus infection. We demonstrated that pre-incubation of arboviruses with certain components of the bacterial cell wall, including lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of some Gram-negative bacteria and lipoteichoic acids or peptidoglycan of certain Gram-positive bacteria, significantly reduced arbovirus infectivity in vitro. This inhibitory effect was observed for arboviruses of different virus families, including chikungunya virus of the Alphavirus genus and Zika virus of the Flavivirus genus, showing that this is a broad phenomenon. A modest inhibitory effect was observed following incubation with a panel of heat-inactivated bacteria, including bacteria residing on the skin. No viral inhibition was observed after pre-incubation of cells with LPS. Furthermore, a virucidal effect of LPS on viral particles was noticed by electron microscopy. Therefore, the main inhibitory mechanism seems to be due to a direct effect on the virus particles. Together, these results suggest that bacteria are able to decrease the infectivity of alphaviruses and flaviviruses. Importance During the past decades the world has experienced a vast increase in epidemics of alphavirus and flavivirus infections. These viruses can cause severe diseases such as hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis and arthritis. Several alpha- and flaviviruses, such as chikungunya virus, Zika virus and dengue virus, are significant global health threats because of their high disease burden, their widespread (re-)emergence and the lack of (good) anti-arboviral strategies. Despite the clear health burden, alphavirus and flavivirus infection and disease are not fully understood. A knowledge gap in the interplay between the host and the arbovirus is the potential interaction with host skin bacteria. Therefore, we studied the effect of (skin) bacteria and bacterial cell wall components on alphavirus and flavivirus infectivity in cell culture. Our results show that certain bacterial cell wall components markedly reduced viral infectivity by directly interacting with the virus particle.
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Abstract
Enteric viruses infect the mammalian gastrointestinal tract and lead to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Data indicate that enteric viruses can utilize intestinal bacteria to promote viral replication and pathogenesis. However, the precise interactions between enteric viruses and bacteria are unknown. Here, we examined the interaction between bacteria and coxsackievirus B3, an enteric virus from the picornavirus family. We found that bacteria enhance the infectivity of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) in vitro. Notably, specific bacteria are required, as Gram-negative Salmonella enterica, but not Escherichia coli, enhanced CVB3 infectivity and stability. Investigating the cell wall components of both S. enterica and E. coli revealed that structures in the O-antigen or core of lipopolysaccharide, a major component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall, were required for S. enterica to enhance CVB3. To determine if these requirements were necessary for similar enteric viruses, we investigated if S. enterica and E. coli enhanced infectivity of poliovirus, another enteric virus in the picornavirus family. We found that while E. coli did not enhance the infectivity of CVB3, E. coli enhanced poliovirus infectivity. Overall, these data indicate that distinct bacteria enhance CVB3 infectivity and stability, and specific enteric viruses may have differing requirements for their interactions with specific bacterial species. IMPORTANCE Previous data indicate that several enteric viruses utilize bacteria to promote intestinal infection and viral stability. Here, we show that specific bacteria and bacterial cell wall components are required to enhance infectivity and stability of coxsackievirus B3 in vitro. These requirements are likely enteric virus specific, as the bacteria for CVB3 differ from poliovirus, a closely related virus. Therefore, these data indicate that specific bacteria and their cell wall components dictate the interaction with various enteric viruses in distinct mechanisms.
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Hopper AT, Juhl M, Hornberg J, Badolo L, Kilburn JP, Thougaard A, Smagin G, Song D, Calice L, Menon V, Dale E, Zhang H, Cajina M, Nattini ME, Gandhi A, Grenon M, Jones K, Khayrullina T, Chandrasena G, Thomsen C, Zorn SH, Brodbeck R, Poda SB, Staal R, Möller T. Synthesis and Characterization of the Novel Rodent-Active and CNS-Penetrant P2X7 Receptor Antagonist Lu AF27139. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4891-4902. [PMID: 33822617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There remains an insufficient number of P2X7 receptor antagonists with adequate rodent potency, CNS permeability, and pharmacokinetic properties from which to evaluate CNS disease hypotheses preclinically. Herein, we describe the molecular pharmacology, safety, pharmacokinetics, and functional CNS target engagement of Lu AF27139, a novel rodent-active and CNS-penetrant P2X7 receptor antagonist. Lu AF27139 is highly selective and potent against rat, mouse, and human forms of the receptors. The rat pharmacokinetic profile is favorable with high oral bioavailability, modest clearance (0.79 L/(h kg)), and good CNS permeability. In vivo mouse CNS microdialysis studies of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed and 2'(3')-O-(benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine-5'-triphosphate (BzATP)-induced IL-1β release demonstrate functional CNS target engagement. Importantly, Lu AF27139 was without effect in standard in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies. Based on these properties, we believe Lu AF27139 will be a valuable tool for probing the role of the P2X7 receptor in rodent models of CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen T Hopper
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Martin Juhl
- Process Research Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Jorrit Hornberg
- Toxicology Research Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Lassina Badolo
- Chemistry and DMPK Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Gennady Smagin
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Dekun Song
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Londye Calice
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Veena Menon
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Elena Dale
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Hong Zhang
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Manuel Cajina
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Megan E Nattini
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Adarsh Gandhi
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Michel Grenon
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Ken Jones
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Tanzilya Khayrullina
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Gamini Chandrasena
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Christian Thomsen
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Stevin H Zorn
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Robb Brodbeck
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Suresh Babu Poda
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Roland Staal
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Thomas Möller
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
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Abstract
Whether periodontitis is a risk factor for developing bipolar disorders (BD) has not been investigated. We aimed to determine whether periodontitis is associated with the subsequent development of BD and examine the risk factors for BD among patients with periodontitis.Using ambulatory and inpatient claims data from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD), we identified 12,337 patients who were aged at least 20 years and newly diagnosed with periodontitis between 2000 and 2004. The date of the first claim with a periodontitis diagnosis was set as the index date. For each patient with periodontitis, 4 subjects without a history of periodontitis were randomly selected from the NHIRD and frequency-matched with the patients with periodontitis according to sex, age (in 5-year bands), and index year.The periodontitis group had a mean age of 44.0 ± 13.7 years and slight predominance of men (51.3%). Compared with the subjects without periodontitis, the patients with periodontitis had higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, stroke, head injury, major depressive disorder, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and asthma (P < .001). The incidence rate of BD was higher in the periodontitis group than in the non-periodontitis group (2.74 vs 1.46 per 1000 person-year), with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.82 (95% confidence interval = 1.59-2.08) after adjustment for sex, age, and comorbidities.The patients with periodontitis exhibited a significantly higher risk of developing BD. Keep the better oral hygiene to reduce periodontitis might be a preventive strategy for BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Hsi Chang
- Department of Medical Research
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University
- General Education Center
| | | | - Ing-Ming Chiu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes
| | - Lih-Chyang Chen
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City
| | - Chih-Chao Hsu
- Division of Psychiatry, Taitung Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taitung
| | - Chang-Yin Lee
- College of Medicine, The School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, I-Shou University (Yancho Campus)
- Department of Chinese Medicine, E-DA Hospital
- Department of Chinese Medicine, E-DA Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung
| | - Hueng-Chuen Fan
- Department of Medical Research
- Department of Pediatrics, Tungs’ Taichung Metroharbor Hospital
- Department of Rehabilitation, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli
| | | | - Ruey-Hwang Chou
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Mueller FS, Richetto J, Hayes LN, Zambon A, Pollak DD, Sawa A, Meyer U, Weber-Stadlbauer U. Influence of poly(I:C) variability on thermoregulation, immune responses and pregnancy outcomes in mouse models of maternal immune activation. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:406-418. [PMID: 30980948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal immune activation (MIA) models that are based on administration of the viral mimetic, poly(I:C), are widely used as experimental tools to study neuronal and behavioral dysfunctions in relation to immune-mediated neurodevelopmental disorders and mental illnesses. Evidence from investigations in non-pregnant rodents suggests that different poly(I:C) products can vary in terms of their immunogenicity, even if they are obtained from the same vendor. The present study aimed at extending these findings to pregnant mice, while also controlling various poly(I:C) products for potential contamination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We found significant variability between different batches of poly(I:C) potassium salt obtained from the same vendor (Sigma-Aldrich) in terms of the relative amount of dsRNA fragments in the high molecular weight range (1000-6000 nucleotides long) and with regards to their effects on maternal thermoregulation and immune responses in maternal plasma, placenta and fetal brain. Batches of poly(I:C) potassium salt containing larger amounts of high molecular weight fragments induced more extensive effects on thermoregulation and immune responses compared to batches with minimal amounts of high molecular weight fragments. Consistent with these findings, poly(I:C) enriched for high molecular weight dsRNA (HMW) caused larger maternal and placental immune responses compared to low molecular weight (LMW) poly(I:C). These variable effects were unrelated to possible LPS contamination. Finally, we found marked variability between different batches of the poly(I:C) potassium salt in terms of their effects on spontaneous abortion rates. This batch-to-batch variability was confirmed by three independent research groups using distinct poly(I:C) administration protocols in mice. Taken together, the present data confirm that different poly(I:C) products can induce varying immune responses and can differentially affect maternal physiology and pregnancy outcomes. It is therefore pivotal that researchers working with poly(I:C)-based MIA models ascertain and consider the precise molecular composition and immunogenicity of the product in use. We recommend the establishment of reference databases that combine phenotype data with empirically acquired quality information, which can aid the design, implementation and interpretation of poly(I:C)-based MIA models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia S Mueller
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich - Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juliet Richetto
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich - Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lindsay N Hayes
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Alice Zambon
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela D Pollak
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Akira Sawa
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA; Bloomberg School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Medical Institutions, Baltimore, USA
| | - Urs Meyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich - Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Ulrike Weber-Stadlbauer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich - Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland
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Zhang M, Zhang YH, Fu HQ, Zhang QM, Wang TL. Ulinastatin May Significantly Improve Postoperative Cognitive Function of Elderly Patients Undergoing Spinal Surgery by Reducing the Translocation of Lipopolysaccharide and Systemic Inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1007. [PMID: 30356711 PMCID: PMC6189321 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies have shown that perioperative inflammatory response is one of the important factors that caused postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Ulinastatin is a broad-spectrum protease inhibitor that inhibits inflammatory. We investigated the effects of ulinastatin on inflammatory response and early postoperative cognitive function in elderly patients undergoing spinal surgery. Methods: This clinical trial was approved by the Xuanwu Hospital Ethical Committee (Registration number: ChiCTR-IPR-16008931). Sixty elderly patients undergoing elective spinal surgery with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status of I–II were randomized into ulinastatin and control groups; total intravenous anesthesia was performed. The elderly patients in ulinastatin group underwent intravenous infusion of ulinastatin 10,000 units/kg following anesthesia induction and before surgical incision, and 5000 units/kg on post-operative days 1 and 2. Cognitive function was determined with Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) test preoperatively and on post-operative day 7 by a neurologist. Serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) concentration levels were measured at baseline, the end of surgery, and on post-operative days 1 and 3. Results: All elderly patients completed the study. Ulinastatin infusion significantly reduced the incidence of POCD in elderly patients undergoing spine surgery (ulinastatin group 16% vs. control group 43%, χ2 = 5.079, P = 0.024, P < 0.05). The elderly patients in ulinastatin group exhibited lower serum LPS, IL-6, CRP, and MMP-9 concentrations, as well as a shortened peak value duration, compared with those in the control group following surgery (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Systemic inflammation and translocation of LPS were inhibited by the infusion of ulinastatin in elderly patients undergoing spinal surgery. The anti-inflammation intervention with ulinastatin can significantly improve the elderly patients’ postoperative cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Hua Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Qun Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Ming Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Long Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Depending on the specific viral pathogen, commensal bacteria can promote or reduce the severity of viral infection and disease progression in their hosts. Influenza A virus (IAV) has a broad host range, comprises many subtypes, and utilizes different routes of transmission, including the fecal-oral route in wild birds. It has been previously demonstrated that commensal bacteria can interact with the host's immune system to protect against IAV pathogenesis. However, it is unclear whether bacteria and their products may be interacting directly with IAV to impact virion stability. Herein we show that gastrointestinal (GI) tract bacterial isolates in an in vitro system significantly reduce the stability of IAV. Moreover, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), found on the exterior surfaces of bacteria, was sufficient to significantly decrease the stability of both human and avian viral strains in a temperature-dependent manner, including at the relevant temperatures of their respective hosts and the external aquatic habitat. The subtype and host origin of the viruses were shown to affect the extent to which IAV was susceptible to LPS. Furthermore, using a receptor binding assay and transmission electron microscopy, we observed that LPS binds to and alters the morphology of influenza virions, suggesting that direct interaction with the viral surface contributes to the observed antiviral effect of LPS on influenza. IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus (IAV), transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route in wild birds, encounters high concentrations of bacteria and their products. Understanding the extent to which bacteria affect the infectivity of IAV will lead to a broader understanding of viral ecology in reservoir hosts and may lead to insights for the development of therapeutics in respiratory infection. Herein we show that bacteria and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) interact with and destabilize influenza virions. Moreover, we show that LPS reduces the long-term persistence and freeze-thaw stability of IAV, which is important information for modeling the movement and emergence of novel strains from animal hosts. Our results, demonstrating that the subtype and host origin of a virus also influence its susceptibility to LPS, raise key questions about the fitness of viruses in reservoir hosts, their potential to transmit to humans, and the importance of bacterial-viral interactions in viral ecology.
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Karimi E, Faraji H, Hamidi Alamdari D, Souktanloo M, Mojarrad M, Ashman LK, Mashkani B. Overexpression of functional human FLT3 ligand in Pichia pastoris. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s000368381704007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wu L, Wang HM, Li JL, Feng HX, Zhao WM, Zhang HY. Dual anti-ischemic effects of rosmarinic acid n-butyl ester via alleviation of DAPK-p53-mediated neuronal damage and microglial inflammation. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:459-468. [PMID: 28216621 PMCID: PMC5533207 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of efficacious anti-ischemic drugs remains a challenge. Recently we have found that rosmarinic acid n-butyl ester (RABE), a derivative of rosmarinic acid, significantly protects SH-SY5Y cells against oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced cell death. In the present study we simultaneously investigated the effects of RABE on the two key players in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia, ischemic neuronal damage and microglial inflammation. Pretreatment with RABE (1, 10 μmol/L) dose-dependently attenuated OGD- or H2O2-induced reduction of the viability of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. RABE pretreatment concurrently reduced the apoptotic cell rate, down-regulated the expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and p53, and up-regulated the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein phosphorylated death-associated protein kinase (DAPK). Furthermore, pretreatment with RABE (3 μmol/L) markedly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced increases in the release of TNF-α, IL-1β, NO and PGE2, and the expression levels of iNOS, and COX-2 in cultured rat microglial cells. In conclusion, these results reveal for the first time the potential anti-ischemic effects of RABE on neuronal and glial cells and elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in its dual beneficial profiles in vitro. RABE may be a promising drug lead/candidate for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-min Wang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin-long Li
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-xuan Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei-min Zhao
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hai-yan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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Savchenko E, Malm T, Konttinen H, Hämäläinen RH, Guerrero-Toro C, Wojciechowski S, Giniatullin R, Koistinaho J, Magga J. Aβ and Inflammatory Stimulus Activate Diverse Signaling Pathways in Monocytic Cells: Implications in Retaining Phagocytosis in Aβ-Laden Environment. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:279. [PMID: 27994540 PMCID: PMC5136556 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) is one of the main hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The enhancement of Aβ clearance may provide therapeutic means to restrict AD pathology. The cellular responses to different forms of Aβ in monocytic cells are poorly known. We aimed to study whether different forms of Aβ induce inflammatory responses in monocytic phagocytes and how Aβ may affect monocytic cell survival and function to retain phagocytosis in Aβ-laden environment. Methods: Monocytic cells were differentiated from bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in the presence of macrophage-colony stimulating factor. Monocytic cells were stimulated with synthetic Aβ42 and intracellular calcium responses were recorded with calcium imaging. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), secretion of cytokines and cell viability were also assessed. Finally, monocytic cells were introduced to native Aβ deposits ex vivo and the cellular responses in terms of cell viability, pro-inflammatory activation and phagocytosis were determined. The ability of monocytic cells to phagocytose Aβ plaques was determined after intrahippocampal transplantation in vivo. Results: Freshly solubilized Aβ induced calcium oscillations, which persisted after removal of the stimulus. After few hours of aggregation, Aβ was not able to induce oscillations in monocytic cells. Instead, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced calcium responses divergent from Aβ-induced response. Furthermore, while LPS induced massive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, neither synthetic Aβ species nor native Aβ deposits were able to induce pro-inflammatory activation of monocytic cells, contrary to primary microglia. Finally, monocytic cells retained their viability in the presence of Aβ and exhibited phagocytic activity towards native fibrillar Aβ deposits and congophilic Aβ plaques. Conclusion: Monocytic cells carry diverse cellular responses to Aβ and inflammatory stimulus LPS. Even though Aβ species cause specific responses in calcium signaling, they completely lack the ability to induce pro-inflammatory phenotype of monocytic cells. Monocytes retain their viability and function in Aβ-laden brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Savchenko
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Malm
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henna Konttinen
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riikka H Hämäläinen
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland
| | - Cindy Guerrero-Toro
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sara Wojciechowski
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rashid Giniatullin
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Magga
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern FinlandKuopio, Finland; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of OuluOulu, Finland
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Kim KH, Moon E, Cha JM, Lee S, Yu JS, Kim CS, Kim SY, Choi SU, Lee KR. Antineuroinflammatory and Antiproliferative Activities of Constituents from Tilia amurensis. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 63:837-42. [PMID: 26423042 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c15-00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As part of our ongoing search for bioactive constituents of natural Korean medicinal resources, we found in a preliminary study that the methanol (MeOH) extract from the trunks of Tilia amurensis RUPR. showed an inhibitory effect on nitric oxide (NO) production in an activated murine microglial cell line. A bioassay-guided fractionation and chemical investigation of the MeOH extract resulted in the isolation and identification of a new isoflavonoid glycoside, orobol 4'-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and 16 known compounds (2-17). The structure of the new compound was determined by spectroscopic methods, i.e., one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D)-NMR techniques and high resolution (HR)-MS, and chemical methods. The antineuroinflammatory activities of the isolated compounds were determined by measuring NO levels in the medium using murine microglial BV-2 cells. Among them, 12 compounds, including compound 1 (most active with an IC50 value of 23.42 µM), inhibited NO production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 cells. Moreover, compounds 1-4 showed moderate antiproliferative activities against the SK-MEL-2 cell line, with IC50 values ranging from 12.31 to 19.67 µM.
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Wang C, Liu XX, Huang KB, Yin SB, Wei JJ, Hu YF, Gu Y, Zheng GQ. Preconditioning with recombinant high-mobility group box 1 induces ischemic tolerance in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. J Neurochem 2016; 137:576-88. [PMID: 26991073 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
- Department of Neurology; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Xiao-Xi Liu
- Department of Neurology; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Kai-Bin Huang
- Department of Neurology; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Su-Bing Yin
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
| | - Jing-Jing Wei
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
| | - Ya-Fang Hu
- Department of Neurology; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Neurology; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Guo-Qing Zheng
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
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Chien CH, Lee MJ, Liou HC, Liou HH, Fu WM. Microglia-Derived Cytokines/Chemokines Are Involved in the Enhancement of LPS-Induced Loss of Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurons in DJ-1 Knockout Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151569. [PMID: 26982707 PMCID: PMC4794203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation of DJ-1 (PARK7) has been linked to the development of early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear. This study is aimed to compare the sensitivity of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge between DJ-1 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice, and explore the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Our results found that the basal levels of interferon (IFN)-γ (the hub cytokine) and interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC) (a downstream mediator) were elevated in the substantia nigra of DJ-1 KO mice and in microglia cells with DJ-1 deficiency, and the release of cytokine/chemokine was greatly enhanced following LPS administration in the DJ-1 deficient conditions. In addition, direct intranigral LPS challenge caused a greater loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and striatal dopamine content in DJ-1 KO mice than in WT mice. Furthermore, the sensitization of microglia cells to LPS challenge to release IFN-γ and I-TAC was via the enhancement of NF-κB signaling, which was antagonized by NF-κB inhibitors. LPS-induced increase in neuronal death in the neuron-glia co-culture was enhanced by DJ-1 deficiency in microglia, which was antagonized by the neutralizing antibodies against IFN-γ or I-TAC. These results indicate that DJ-1 deficiency sensitizes microglia cells to release IFN-γ and I-TAC and causes inflammatory damage to dopaminergic neurons. The interaction between the genetic defect (i.e. DJ-1) and inflammatory factors (e.g. LPS) may contribute to the development of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Chien
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Pharmacological Institute, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Drug Research Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jen Lee
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Houng-Chi Liou
- Pharmacological Institute, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Huei Liou
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Pharmacological Institute, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Mei Fu
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Pharmacological Institute, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Drug Research Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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15
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Peng M, Ye JS, Wang YL, Chen C, Wang CY. Posttreatment with propofol attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced up-regulation of inflammatory molecules in primary microglia. Inflamm Res 2014; 63:411-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0713-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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16
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Mashkani B, Odell AF, Byrnes EM, Griffith R, Ashman LK. Expression of biologically active human colony stimulating factor-1 in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 88:93-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Simmons S, Lee RV, Möller T, Weinstein JR. Thrombin induces release of proinflammatory chemokines interleukin-8 and interferon-γ-induced protein-10 from cultured human fetal astrocytes. Neuroreport 2013; 24:36-40. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e32835c1de4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Peng M, Wang YL, Wang CY, Chen C. Dexmedetomidine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory response in primary microglia. J Surg Res 2013; 179:e219-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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19
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Candiracci M, Piatti E, Dominguez-Barragán M, García-Antrás D, Morgado B, Ruano D, Gutiérrez JF, Parrado J, Castaño A. Anti-inflammatory activity of a honey flavonoid extract on lipopolysaccharide-activated N13 microglial cells. J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60:12304-12311. [PMID: 23176387 DOI: 10.1021/jf302468h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an important contributor to pathogenesis of age-related neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease. Accumulating evidence indicates that inhibition of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation may become a reliable protective strategy for neurodegenerative processes. Flavonoids, widely distributed in the vegetable kingdom and in foods such as honey, have been suggested as novel therapeutic agents for the reduction of the deleterious effects of neuroinflammation. The present study investigated the potential protective effect of a honey flavonoid extract (HFE) on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated N13 microglia. The results show that HFE significantly inhibited the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β. The expressions of iNOS and the production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROS) were also significantly inhibited. Accordingly, the present study demonstrates that HFE is a potent inhibitor of microglial activation and thus a potential preventive-therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases involving neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manila Candiracci
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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20
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Wei P, Ma P, Xu Q, Bai Q, Gu J, Xi H, Du Y, Yu C. Chitosan oligosaccharides suppress production of nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharide-induced N9 murine microglial cells in vitro. Glycoconj J 2012; 29:285-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9392-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Cintra DE, Ropelle ER, Moraes JC, Pauli JR, Morari J, de Souza CT, Grimaldi R, Stahl M, Carvalheira JB, Saad MJ, Velloso LA. Unsaturated fatty acids revert diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation in obesity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30571. [PMID: 22279596 PMCID: PMC3261210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In experimental models, hypothalamic inflammation is an early and determining factor in the installation and progression of obesity. Pharmacological and gene-based approaches have proven efficient in restraining inflammation and correcting the obese phenotypes. However, the role of nutrients in the modulation of hypothalamic inflammation is unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we show that, in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity, partial substitution of the fatty acid component of the diet by flax seed oil (rich in C18:3) or olive oil (rich in C18:1) corrects hypothalamic inflammation, hypothalamic and whole body insulin resistance, and body adiposity. In addition, upon icv injection in obese rats, both ω3 and ω9 pure fatty acids reduce spontaneous food intake and body mass gain. These effects are accompanied by the reversal of functional and molecular hypothalamic resistance to leptin/insulin and increased POMC and CART expressions. In addition, both, ω3 and ω9 fatty acids inhibit the AMPK/ACC pathway and increase CPT1 and SCD1 expression in the hypothalamus. Finally, acute hypothalamic injection of ω3 and ω9 fatty acids activate signal transduction through the recently identified GPR120 unsaturated fatty acid receptor. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Unsaturated fatty acids can act either as nutrients or directly in the hypothalamus, reverting diet-induced inflammation and reducing body adiposity. These data show that, in addition to pharmacological and genetic approaches, nutrients can also be attractive candidates for controlling hypothalamic inflammation in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennys E. Cintra
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R. Ropelle
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Juliana C. Moraes
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - José R. Pauli
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Joseane Morari
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Grimaldi
- Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marcela Stahl
- Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Mario J. Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Licio A. Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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23
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Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Sleep loss triggers changes in inflammatory signaling pathways in the brain and periphery. The mechanisms that underlie these changes are ill-defined. The Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activates inflammatory signaling cascades in response to endogenous and pathogen-associated ligands known to be elevated in association with sleep loss. TLR4 is therefore a possible mediator of some of the inflammation-related effects of sleep loss. Here we describe the baseline electroencephalographic sleep phenotype and the biochemical and electroencephalographic responses to sleep loss in TLR4-deficient mice. DESIGN, MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS TLR4-deficient mice and wild type controls were subjected to electroencephalographic and electromyographic recordings during spontaneous sleep/wake cycles and during and after sleep restriction sessions of 3, 6, and 24-h duration, during which sleep was disrupted by an automated sleep restriction system. Relative to wild type control mice, TLR4-deficient mice exhibited an increase in the duration of the primary daily waking bout occurring at dark onset in a light/dark cycle. The amount of time spent in non-rapid eye movement sleep by TLR4-deficient mice was reduced in proportion to increased wakefulness in the hours immediately after dark onset. Subsequent to sleep restriction, EEG measures of increased sleep drive were attenuated in TLR4-deficient mice relative to wild-type mice. TLR4 was enriched 10-fold in brain cells positive for the cell surface marker CD11b (cells of the monocyte lineage) relative to CD11b-negative cells in wild type mouse brains. To assess whether this population was affected selectively by TLR4 knockout, flow cytometry was used to count F4/80- and CD45-positive cells in the brains of sleep deprived and time of day control mice. While wild-type mice exhibited a significant reduction in the number of CD11b-positive cells in the brain after 24-h sleep restriction, TLR4-deficient mice did not. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that innate immune signaling pathways active in the monocyte lineage, including presumably microglia, detect and mediate in part the cerebral reaction to sleep loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Wisor
- Department of Veterinary Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology, Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210-1945, USA.
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Kovac A, Zilka N, Kazmerova Z, Cente M, Zilkova M, Novak M. Misfolded truncated protein τ induces innate immune response via MAPK pathway. J Immunol 2011; 187:2732-9. [PMID: 21813771 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies. We have previously shown that expression of nonmutated human truncated τ (151-391, 4R), derived from sporadic Alzheimer's disease, induced neurofibrillary degeneration accompanied by microglial and astroglial activation in the brain of transgenic rats. The aim of the current study was to determine the molecular mechanism underlying innate immune response induced by misfolded truncated τ. We found that purified recombinant truncated τ induced morphological transformation of microglia from resting into the reactive phenotype. Simultaneously, truncated τ caused the release of NO, proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 from the mixed glial cultures. Notably, when the pure microglial culture was activated with truncated τ, it displayed significantly higher levels of the proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting a key role of microglia in the τ-mediated inflammatory response. Molecular analysis showed that truncated τ increased the mRNA levels of three MAPKs (JNK, ERK1, p38β) and transcription factors AP-1 and NF-κB that ultimately resulted in enhanced mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and NO. Our results showed for the first time, to our knowledge, that misfolded truncated protein τ is able to induce innate immune response via a MAPK pathway. Consequently, we suggest that misfolded truncated protein τ represents a viable target for immunotherapy of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Kovac
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Center of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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25
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Kendall GS, Hristova M, Hirstova M, Horn S, Dafou D, Acosta-Saltos A, Almolda B, Zbarsky V, Rumajogee P, Heuer H, Castellano B, Pfeffer K, Nedospasov SA, Peebles DM, Raivich G. TNF gene cluster deletion abolishes lipopolysaccharide-mediated sensitization of the neonatal brain to hypoxic ischemic insult. J Transl Med 2011; 91:328-41. [PMID: 21135813 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we explored the role of TNF cluster cytokines on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated, synergistic increase in brain injury after hypoxic ischemic insult in postnatal day 7 mice. Pretreatment with moderate doses of LPS (0.3 μg/g) resulted in particularly pronounced synergistic injury within 12 h. Systemic application of LPS alone resulted in a strong upregulation of inflammation-associated cytokines TNFα, LTβ, interleukin (IL) 1β, IL6, chemokines, such as CXCL1, and adhesion molecules E-Selectin, P-Selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1), as well as a trend toward increased LTα levels in day 7 mouse forebrain. In addition, it was also associated with strong activation of brain blood vessel endothelia and local microglial cells. Here, deletion of the entire TNF gene cluster, removing TNFα, LTβ and LTα completely abolished endotoxin-mediated increase in the volume of cerebral infarct. Interestingly, the same deletion also prevented endothelial and microglial activation following application of LPS alone, suggesting the involvement of these cell types in bringing about the LPS-mediated sensitization to neonatal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles S Kendall
- Perinatal Brain Repair Group, Centre for Perinatal Brain Protection and Repair, Institute of Women's Health, University College London, London, UK.
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Liu W, Xu GZ, Jiang CH, Tian J. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor and its receptor signaling augment glycated albumin-induced retinal microglial inflammation in vitro. BMC Cell Biol 2011; 12:5. [PMID: 21266043 PMCID: PMC3038972 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-12-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microglial activation and the proinflammatory response are controlled by a complex regulatory network. Among the various candidates, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is considered an important cytokine. The up-regulation of M-CSF and its receptor CSF-1R has been reported in brain disease, as well as in diabetic complications; however, the mechanism is unclear. An elevated level of glycated albumin (GA) is a characteristic of diabetes; thus, it may be involved in monocyte/macrophage-associated diabetic complications. Results The basal level of expression of M-CSF/CSF-1R was examined in retinal microglial cells in vitro. Immunofluorescence, real-time PCR, immunoprecipitation, and Western blot analyses revealed the up-regulation of CSF-1R in GA-treated microglial cells. We also detected increased expression and release of M-CSF, suggesting that the cytokine is produced by activated microglia via autocrine signaling. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we found that GA affects microglial activation by stimulating the release of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. Furthermore, the neutralization of M-CSF or CSF-1R with antibodies suppressed the proinflammatory response. Conversely, this proinflammatory response was augmented by the administration of M-CSF. Conclusions We conclude that GA induces microglial activation via the release of proinflammatory cytokines, which may contribute to the inflammatory pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. The increased microglial expression of M-CSF/CSF-1R not only is a response to microglial activation in diabetic retinopathy but also augments the microglial inflammation responsible for the diabetic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Opthalmology, EENT Hospital, Eye Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
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Glim JE, Vereyken EJF, Heijnen DAM, García Vallejo JJ, Dijkstra CD. The release of cytokines by macrophages is not affected by myelin ingestion. Glia 2011; 58:1928-36. [PMID: 20830806 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play an important role in demyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS). Activated macrophages ingest myelin particles, thereby acquiring a foamy appearance. Foamy macrophages in MS lesions were described as being anti-inflammatory. Therefore, these cells might play a role in modulating the inflammatory state of an active lesion. Here, we investigated the mechanism by which myelin uptake leads to skewing of macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Macrophages were incubated with myelin, leading to the development of foamy macrophages. Afterwards, the cells were stimulated with the TLR-4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and cytokine production was determined. Interestingly, foamy macrophages appeared to have a reduced cytokine secretion and were LPS insensitive only when generated with one of the myelin preparations. The factor responsible for the different outcomes between different myelin batches turned out to be LPS. We demonstrated that LPS contamination induced insensitivity to LPS in foamy macrophages. On the contrary, foamy macrophages generated in the presence of LPS-free myelin were able to secrete cytokines upon activation. To conclude, myelin-laden macrophages were not LPS insensitive, indicating that they had not acquired an anti-inflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Glim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam
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28
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Abstract
Microglial cells are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. Progress in the recent decade has clearly established that microglial cells participate or even actively drive neurological disease. Much of our current knowledge has been generated by investigating microglial cells in cell culture. The aim of this chapter is to give the uninitiated a basic and adaptable protocol for the culturing of microglial cells. We discuss the challenges of microglial cell culture and provide a collection of tips which reflect our 25+ years of collective experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Witting
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Ha SK, Moon E, Kim SY. Chrysin suppresses LPS-stimulated proinflammatory responses by blocking NF-κB and JNK activations in microglia cells. Neurosci Lett 2010; 485:143-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Microglia are resident CNS immune cells that are active sensors in healthy brain and versatile effectors under pathological conditions. Cerebral ischemia induces a robust neuroinflammatory response that includes marked changes in the gene-expression profile and phenotype of a variety of endogenous CNS cell types (astrocytes, neurons and microglia), as well as an influx of leukocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages and T-cells) from the periphery. Many molecules and conditions can trigger a transformation of surveying microglia to microglia of an alerted or reactive state. Here we review recent developments in the literature that relate to microglial activation in the experimental setting of in vitro and in vivo ischemia. We also present new data from our own laboratory demonstrating the direct effects of in vitro ischemic conditions on the microglial phenotype and genomic profile. In particular, we focus on the role of specific molecular signaling systems, such as hypoxia inducible factor-1 and Toll-like receptor-4, in regulating the microglial response in this setting. We then review histological and novel radiological data that confirm a key role for microglial activation in the setting of ischemic stroke in humans. We also discuss recent progress in the pharmacologic and molecular targeting of microglia in acute ischemic stroke. Finally, we explore how recent studies on ischemic preconditioning have increased interest in pre-emptively targeting microglial activation in order to reduce stroke severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Weinstein
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-6465, USA Tel.: +1 206 221 5362
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Frank MG, Miguel ZD, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Prior exposure to glucocorticoids sensitizes the neuroinflammatory and peripheral inflammatory responses to E. coli lipopolysaccharide. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:19-30. [PMID: 19647070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic stress has been found to sensitize or prime the neuroinflammatory response to both peripheral and central immunologic challenges. Several studies suggest that stress-induced sensitization of neuroinflammatory processes may be mediated by the glucocorticoid (GC) response to stress. GCs, under some conditions, exhibit pro-inflammatory properties, however whether GCs are sufficient to prime neuroinflammatory responses has not been systematically investigated. In the present investigation, we tested whether acute administration of exogenous GCs would be sufficient to reproduce the stress-induced sensitization of neuroinflammatory responses under a number of different timing relationships between GC administration and immune challenge (lipopolysaccharide; LPS). We demonstrate here that GCs potentiate both the peripheral (liver) and central (hippocampus) pro-inflammatory response (e.g. TNFalpha, IL-1beta, IL-6) to a peripheral immune challenge (LPS) if GCs are administered prior (2 and 24h) to challenge. Prior exposure (24h) to GCs also potentiated the pro-inflammatory response of hippocampal microglia to LPS ex vivo. In contrast, when GCs are administered after (1h) a peripheral immune challenge, GCs suppress the pro-inflammatory response to LPS in both liver and hippocampus. GCs also up-regulated microglial activation markers including Toll-like Receptor 2. The present data suggest that the temporal relationship between GC treatment and immune challenge may be an important factor determining whether GCs exhibit pro- or anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Frank
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Campus Box 345, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0345, USA.
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Abstract
Microglial cells are the primary immune effector cells in the brain and play a pivotal role in the neuroinflammatory processes associated with a variety of neurological and pathological disorders. Alcohol consumption induces brain damage, although the neuropathological processes are poorly understood. We previously suggested that ethanol promotes inflammatory processes in the brain, up-regulating inflammatory mediators and signaling pathways associated with IL-1RI/TLR4 receptors. In the present study we investigate whether ethanol induces microglia activation by stimulating TLR4 response and whether this response causes neuronal death and contributes to ethanol-induced neuroinflammatory damage. We demonstrate that ethanol activates microglía and stimulates NF-kappaB, MAPKs, and MyD88-independent (IFN regulatory factor-3, IFN-beta) pathways to trigger the production of inflammatory mediators, causing neuronal death. The inflammatory response induced by ethanol is completely abrogated in microglia of TLR4-deficient mice (TLR4(-/-)), thus supporting the role of these receptors in microglia activation and neuronal death. In accord with the in vitro findings, acute ethanol administration induces microglia activation (CD11b(+) cells) in cerebral cortex of TLR4(+/+) mice, but not in TLR4(-/-) mice. Taken together, our results not only provide the first evidence of the critical role of the TLR4 response in the ethanol-induced microglia activation, but also new insight into the basic mechanisms participating in ethanol-induced neuroinflammatory damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fernandez-Lizarbe
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia 46012, Spain
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Hooper C, Pinteaux-Jones F, Fry VAH, Sevastou IG, Baker D, Heales SJ, Pocock JM. Differential effects of albumin on microglia and macrophages; implications for neurodegeneration following blood-brain barrier damage. J Neurochem 2009; 109:694-705. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.05953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jeon SJ, Kwon KJ, Shin SM, Lee SH, Rhee SY, Han SH, Lee JM, Kim HY, Cheong JH, Ryu JH, Min BS, Ko KH, Shin CY. Inhibitory Effects of Coptis japonica Alkaloids on the LPS-Induced Activation of BV2 Microglial Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2009. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2009.17.1.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Milanski M, Degasperi G, Coope A, Morari J, Denis R, Cintra DE, Tsukumo DML, Anhe G, Amaral ME, Takahashi HK, Curi R, Oliveira HC, Carvalheira JBC, Bordin S, Saad MJ, Velloso LA. Saturated fatty acids produce an inflammatory response predominantly through the activation of TLR4 signaling in hypothalamus: implications for the pathogenesis of obesity. J Neurosci 2009; 29:359-70. [PMID: 19144836 PMCID: PMC6664935 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2760-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 765] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In animal models of diet-induced obesity, the activation of an inflammatory response in the hypothalamus produces molecular and functional resistance to the anorexigenic hormones insulin and leptin. The primary events triggered by dietary fats that ultimately lead to hypothalamic cytokine expression and inflammatory signaling are unknown. Here, we test the hypothesis that dietary fats act through the activation of toll-like receptors 2/4 and endoplasmic reticulum stress to induce cytokine expression in the hypothalamus of rodents. According to our results, long-chain saturated fatty acids activate predominantly toll-like receptor 4 signaling, which determines not only the induction of local cytokine expression but also promotes endoplasmic reticulum stress. Rats fed on a monounsaturated fat-rich diet do not develop hypothalamic leptin resistance, whereas toll-like receptor 4 loss-of-function mutation and immunopharmacological inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 protects mice from diet-induced obesity. Thus, toll-like receptor 4 acts as a predominant molecular target for saturated fatty acids in the hypothalamus, triggering the intracellular signaling network that induces an inflammatory response, and determines the resistance to anorexigenic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gabriel Anhe
- 3Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Hilton K. Takahashi
- 3Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- 3Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena C. Oliveira
- 2Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, and
| | | | - Silvana Bordin
- 3Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
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36
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Weinstein JR, Zhang M, Kutlubaev M, Lee R, Bishop C, Andersen H, Hanisch UK, Möller T. Thrombin-induced regulation of CD95(Fas) expression in the N9 microglial cell line: evidence for involvement of proteinase-activated receptor(1) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Neurochem Res 2009; 34:445-52. [PMID: 18686031 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the immune cells of the CNS. Brain injury triggers phenotypic changes in microglia including regulation of surface antigens. The serine proteinase alpha-thrombin can induce profound changes in neural cell physiology via cleavage of proteinase-activated receptors (PARs). We recently demonstrated that pharmaceutical-grade recombinant human alpha-thrombin (rh-thr) induces a restricted set of proteolysis-dependent changes in microglia. CD95(Fas) is a cell-death receptor that is up-regulated in microglia by inflammatory stimuli. Here we characterized the effect of rh-thr on CD95(Fas) expression in the N9 microglial cell line. Dose-response and time course studies demonstrated maximal effects at 100 U/ml and 24 h, respectively. Regulation of expression was seen at both the surface protein and steady-state mRNA levels. The rh-thr-induced effects were mimicked by PAR(1) agonist peptides and blocked by pharmacologic inhibitors selective for extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2). Rh-thr also induced a rapid and sustained phosphorylation of ERK 1/2. Thrombin-induced regulation of CD95(Fas) could modulate the neuroinflammatory response in a variety of neurological disorders.
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Armbrust E, Röhl C. Time- and activation-dependency of the protective effect of microglia on astrocytes exposed to peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1399-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Pinteaux-Jones F, Sevastou IG, Fry VAH, Heales S, Baker D, Pocock JM. Myelin-induced microglial neurotoxicity can be controlled by microglial metabotropic glutamate receptors. J Neurochem 2008; 106:442-54. [PMID: 18419765 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are present in an activated state in multiple sclerosis lesions. Incubation of primary cultured rat microglia with rat-brain derived myelin (0.1-1 microg/mL) for 24 h induced microglial activation; cells displayed enhanced ED1 staining, expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, production and release of the cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha and glutamate release. Exposure of microglia to myelin induced the expression of neuronal caspases and ultimately neuronal death in cultured cerebellar granule cell neurons; neurotoxicity was directly because of microglial-derived soluble toxins. Co-incubation of microglia with agonists or antagonists of different metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) subtypes ameliorated microglial neurotoxicity by inhibiting soluble neurotoxin production. Activation of microglial mGluR2 exacerbated myelin-evoked neurotoxicity whilst activation of mGluR3 was protective as was activation of group III mGluRs. These data show that myelin-induced microglial neurotoxicity can be prevented by regulation of mGluRs and suggest these receptors on microglia may be promising targets for therapeutic intervention in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur Pinteaux-Jones
- Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Neuroinflammation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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