1
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Kalhor K, Chen CJ, Lee HS, Cai M, Nafisi M, Que R, Palmer CR, Yuan Y, Zhang Y, Li X, Song J, Knoten A, Lake BB, Gaut JP, Keene CD, Lein E, Kharchenko PV, Chun J, Jain S, Fan JB, Zhang K. Mapping human tissues with highly multiplexed RNA in situ hybridization. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2511. [PMID: 38509069 PMCID: PMC10954689 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46437-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In situ transcriptomic techniques promise a holistic view of tissue organization and cell-cell interactions. There has been a surge of multiplexed RNA in situ mapping techniques but their application to human tissues has been limited due to their large size, general lower tissue quality and high autofluorescence. Here we report DART-FISH, a padlock probe-based technology capable of profiling hundreds to thousands of genes in centimeter-sized human tissue sections. We introduce an omni-cell type cytoplasmic stain that substantially improves the segmentation of cell bodies. Our enzyme-free isothermal decoding procedure allows us to image 121 genes in large sections from the human neocortex in <10 h. We successfully recapitulated the cytoarchitecture of 20 neuronal and non-neuronal subclasses. We further performed in situ mapping of 300 genes on a diseased human kidney, profiled >20 healthy and pathological cell states, and identified diseased niches enriched in transcriptionally altered epithelial cells and myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian Kalhor
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chien-Ju Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Program in Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ho Suk Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Cai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mahsa Nafisi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Richard Que
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carter R Palmer
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yixu Yuan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yida Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jinghui Song
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Knoten
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Blue B Lake
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Altos Labs, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Joseph P Gaut
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St.Louis, MO, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ed Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98103, USA
| | - Peter V Kharchenko
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Altos Labs, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jerold Chun
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St.Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Altos Labs, San Diego, CA, USA.
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2
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Moreno-Rodriguez M, Perez SE, Martinez-Gardeazabal J, Manuel I, Malek-Ahmadi M, Rodriguez-Puertas R, Mufson EJ. Frontal Cortex Lipid Alterations During the Onset of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:1515-1532. [PMID: 38578893 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Background Although sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder of unknown etiology, familial AD is associated with specific gene mutations. A commonality between these forms of AD is that both display multiple pathogenic events including cholinergic and lipid dysregulation. Objective We aimed to identify the relevant lipids and the activity of their related receptors in the frontal cortex and correlating them with cognition during the progression of AD. Methods MALDI-mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) and functional autoradiography was used to evaluate the distribution of phospholipids/sphingolipids and the activity of cannabinoid 1 (CB1), sphingosine 1-phosphate 1 (S1P1), and muscarinic M2/M4 receptors in the frontal cortex (FC) of people that come to autopsy with premortem clinical diagnosis of AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and no cognitive impairment (NCI). Results MALDI-MSI revealed an increase in myelin-related lipids, such as diacylglycerol (DG) 36:1, DG 38:5, and phosphatidic acid (PA) 40:6 in the white matter (WM) in MCI compared to NCI, and a downregulation of WM phosphatidylinositol (PI) 38:4 and PI 38:5 levels in AD compared to NCI. Elevated levels of phosphatidylcholine (PC) 32:1, PC 34:0, and sphingomyelin 38:1 were observed in discrete lipid accumulations in the FC supragranular layers during disease progression. Muscarinic M2/M4 receptor activation in layers V-VI decreased in AD compared to MCI. CB1 receptor activity was upregulated in layers V-VI, while S1P1 was downregulated within WM in AD relative to NCI. Conclusions FC WM lipidomic alterations are associated with myelin dyshomeostasis in prodromal AD, suggesting WM lipid maintenance as a potential therapeutic target for dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Moreno-Rodriguez
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Sylvia E Perez
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Ivan Manuel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
- Neurodegenerative Diseases, BioBizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | | | - Rafael Rodriguez-Puertas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
- Neurodegenerative Diseases, BioBizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Elliott J Mufson
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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3
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Das Gupta A, Asan L, John J, Beretta C, Kuner T, Knabbe J. Accurate classification of major brain cell types using in vivo imaging and neural network processing. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002357. [PMID: 37943858 PMCID: PMC10689024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive analysis of tissue cell type composition using microscopic techniques has primarily been confined to ex vivo approaches. Here, we introduce NuCLear (Nucleus-instructed tissue composition using deep learning), an approach combining in vivo two-photon imaging of histone 2B-eGFP-labeled cell nuclei with subsequent deep learning-based identification of cell types from structural features of the respective cell nuclei. Using NuCLear, we were able to classify almost all cells per imaging volume in the secondary motor cortex of the mouse brain (0.25 mm3 containing approximately 25,000 cells) and to identify their position in 3D space in a noninvasive manner using only a single label throughout multiple imaging sessions. Twelve weeks after baseline, cell numbers did not change yet astrocytic nuclei significantly decreased in size. NuCLear opens a window to study changes in relative density and location of different cell types in the brains of individual mice over extended time periods, enabling comprehensive studies of changes in cell type composition in physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Das Gupta
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Livia Asan
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer John
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carlo Beretta
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuner
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Knabbe
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of General Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Kalhor K, Chen CJ, Lee HS, Cai M, Nafisi M, Que R, Palmer C, Yuan Y, Zhang Y, Song J, Knoten A, Lake BB, Gaut JP, Keene D, Lein E, Kharchenko PV, Chun J, Jain S, Fan JB, Zhang K. Mapping Human Tissues with Highly Multiplexed RNA in situ Hybridization. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.16.553610. [PMID: 37645998 PMCID: PMC10462101 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.16.553610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
In situ transcriptomic techniques promise a holistic view of tissue organization and cell-cell interactions. Recently there has been a surge of multiplexed RNA in situ techniques but their application to human tissues and clinical biopsies has been limited due to their large size, general lower tissue quality and high background autofluorescence. Here we report DART-FISH, a versatile padlock probe-based technology capable of profiling hundreds to thousands of genes in centimeter-sized human tissue sections at cellular resolution. We introduced an omni-cell type cytoplasmic stain, dubbed RiboSoma that substantially improves the segmentation of cell bodies. We developed a computational decoding-by-deconvolution workflow to extract gene spots even in the presence of optical crowding. Our enzyme-free isothermal decoding procedure allowed us to image 121 genes in a large section from the human neocortex in less than 10 hours, where we successfully recapitulated the cytoarchitecture of 20 neuronal and non-neuronal subclasses. Additionally, we demonstrated the detection of transcripts as short as 461 nucleotides, including neuropeptides and discovered new cortical layer markers. We further performed in situ mapping of 300 genes on a diseased human kidney, profiled >20 healthy and pathological cell states, and identified diseased niches enriched in transcriptionally altered epithelial cells and myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian Kalhor
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Chien-Ju Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Program in Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Ho Suk Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Cai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mahsa Nafisi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Richard Que
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carter Palmer
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yixu Yuan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yida Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinghui Song
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Knoten
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Blue B. Lake
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joseph P. Gaut
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St
| | - Dirk Keene
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ed Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA Louis, MO, USA
| | - Peter V. Kharchenko
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jerold Chun
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St
| | | | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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5
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SPICEMIX enables integrative single-cell spatial modeling of cell identity. Nat Genet 2023; 55:78-88. [PMID: 36624346 PMCID: PMC9840703 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Spatial transcriptomics can reveal spatially resolved gene expression of diverse cells in complex tissues. However, the development of computational methods that can use the unique properties of spatial transcriptome data to unveil cell identities remains a challenge. Here we introduce SPICEMIX, an interpretable method based on probabilistic, latent variable modeling for joint analysis of spatial information and gene expression from spatial transcriptome data. Both simulation and real data evaluations demonstrate that SPICEMIX markedly improves on the inference of cell types and their spatial patterns compared with existing approaches. By applying to spatial transcriptome data of brain regions in human and mouse acquired by seqFISH+, STARmap and Visium, we show that SPICEMIX can enhance the inference of complex cell identities, reveal interpretable spatial metagenes and uncover differentiation trajectories. SPICEMIX is a generalizable analysis framework for spatial transcriptome data to investigate cell-type composition and spatial organization of cells in complex tissues.
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Brosolo M, Lecointre M, Laquerrière A, Janin F, Genty D, Lebon A, Lesueur C, Vivien D, Marret S, Marguet F, Gonzalez BJ. In utero alcohol exposure impairs vessel-associated positioning and differentiation of oligodendrocytes in the developing neocortex. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 171:105791. [PMID: 35760273 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is a major cause of nongenetic mental retardation and can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), the most severe manifestation of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). FASD infants present behavioral disabilities resulting from neurodevelopmental defects. Both grey and white matter lesions have been characterized and are associated with apoptotic death and/or ectopic migration profiles. In the last decade, it was shown that PAE impairs brain angiogenesis, and the radial organization of cortical microvessels is lost. Concurrently, several studies have reported that tangential migration of oligodendrocyte precursors (OPCs) originating from ganglionic eminences is vascular associated. Because numerous migrating oligodendrocytes enter the developing neocortex, the present study aimed to determine whether migrating OPCs interacted with radial cortical microvessels and whether alcohol-induced vascular impairments were associated with altered positioning and differentiation of cortical oligodendrocytes. Using a 3D morphometric analysis, the results revealed that in both human and mouse cortices, 15 to 40% of Olig2-positive cells were in close association with radial cortical microvessels, respectively. Despite perinatal vascular disorganization, PAE did not modify the vessel association of Olig2-positive cells but impaired their positioning between deep and superficial cortical layers. At the molecular level, PAE markedly but transiently reduced the expression of CNPase and MBP, two differentiation markers of immature and mature oligodendrocytes. In particular, PAE inverted their distribution profiles in cortical layers V and VI and reduced the thickness of the myelin sheath of efferent axons. These perinatal oligo-vascular defects were associated with motor disabilities that persisted in adults. Altogether, the present study provides the first evidence that Olig2-positive cells entering the neocortex are associated with radial microvessels. PAE disorganized the cortical microvasculature and delayed the positioning and differentiation of oligodendrocytes. Although most of these oligovascular defects occurred in perinatal life, the offspring developed long-term motor troubles. Altogether, these data suggest that alcohol-induced oligo-vascular impairments contribute to the neurodevelopmental issues described in FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brosolo
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, F 76000 Rouen, France
| | - M Lecointre
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, F 76000 Rouen, France
| | - A Laquerrière
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, F 76000 Rouen, France; Department of Pathology, Rouen University Hospital, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - F Janin
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, F 76000 Rouen, France
| | - D Genty
- Department of Pathology, Rouen University Hospital, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - A Lebon
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM US 51, CNRS UAR 2026, HeRacLeS-PRIMACEN, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - C Lesueur
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, F 76000 Rouen, France
| | - D Vivien
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), 14000 Caen, France; Department of Clinical Research, Caen-Normandie University Hospital, CHU, Avenue de la côte de Nacre, Caen, France
| | - S Marret
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, F 76000 Rouen, France; Department of Neonatal Pediatrics and Intensive Care, Rouen University Hospital, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - F Marguet
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, F 76000 Rouen, France; Department of Pathology, Rouen University Hospital, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - B J Gonzalez
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, F 76000 Rouen, France.
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7
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Belmonte-Mateos C, Pujades C. From Cell States to Cell Fates: How Cell Proliferation and Neuronal Differentiation Are Coordinated During Embryonic Development. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:781160. [PMID: 35046768 PMCID: PMC8761814 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.781160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) exhibits an extraordinary diversity of neurons, with the right cell types and proportions at the appropriate sites. Thus, to produce brains with specific size and cell composition, the rates of proliferation and differentiation must be tightly coordinated and balanced during development. Early on, proliferation dominates; later on, the growth rate almost ceases as more cells differentiate and exit the cell cycle. Generation of cell diversity and morphogenesis takes place concomitantly. In the vertebrate brain, this results in dramatic changes in the position of progenitor cells and their neuronal derivatives, whereas in the spinal cord morphogenetic changes are not so important because the structure mainly grows by increasing its volume. Morphogenesis is under control of specific genetic programs that coordinately unfold over time; however, little is known about how they operate and impact in the pools of progenitor cells in the CNS. Thus, the spatiotemporal coordination of these processes is fundamental for generating functional neuronal networks. Some key aims in developmental neurobiology are to determine how cell diversity arises from pluripotent progenitor cells, and how the progenitor potential changes upon time. In this review, we will share our view on how the advance of new technologies provides novel data that challenge some of the current hypothesis. We will cover some of the latest studies on cell lineage tracing and clonal analyses addressing the role of distinct progenitor cell division modes in balancing the rate of proliferation and differentiation during brain morphogenesis. We will discuss different hypothesis proposed to explain how progenitor cell diversity is generated and how they challenged prevailing concepts and raised new questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Belmonte-Mateos
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Pujades
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Fletcher JL, Makowiecki K, Cullen CL, Young KM. Oligodendrogenesis and myelination regulate cortical development, plasticity and circuit function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 118:14-23. [PMID: 33863642 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During cortical development and throughout adulthood, oligodendrocytes add myelin internodes to glutamatergic projection neurons and GABAergic inhibitory neurons. In addition to directing node of Ranvier formation, to enable saltatory conduction and influence action potential transit time, oligodendrocytes support axon health by communicating with axons via the periaxonal space and providing metabolic support that is particularly critical for healthy ageing. In this review we outline the timing of oligodendrogenesis in the developing mouse and human cortex and describe the important role that oligodendrocytes play in sustaining and modulating neuronal function. We also provide insight into the known and speculative impact that myelination has on cortical axons and their associated circuits during the developmental critical periods and throughout life, particularly highlighting their life-long role in learning and remembering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Fletcher
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Kalina Makowiecki
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Carlie L Cullen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Kaylene M Young
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.
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9
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Tóth R, Farkas AE, Krizbai IA, Makra P, Bari F, Farkas E, Menyhárt Á. Astrocyte Ca 2+ Waves and Subsequent Non-Synchronized Ca 2+ Oscillations Coincide with Arteriole Diameter Changes in Response to Spreading Depolarization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073442. [PMID: 33810538 PMCID: PMC8037646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spreading depolarization (SD) is a wave of mass depolarization that causes profound perfusion changes in acute cerebrovascular diseases. Although the astrocyte response is secondary to the neuronal depolarization with SD, it remains to be explored how glial activity is altered after the passage of SD. Here, we describe post-SD high frequency astrocyte Ca2+ oscillations in the mouse somatosensory cortex. The intracellular Ca2+ changes of SR101 labeled astrocytes and the SD-related arteriole diameter variations were simultaneously visualized by multiphoton microscopy in anesthetized mice. Post-SD astrocyte Ca2+ oscillations were identified as Ca2+ events non-synchronized among astrocytes in the field of view. Ca2+ oscillations occurred minutes after the Ca2+ wave of SD. Furthermore, fewer astrocytes were involved in Ca2+ oscillations at a given time, compared to Ca2+ waves, engaging all astrocytes in the field of view simultaneously. Finally, our data confirm that astrocyte Ca2+ waves coincide with arteriolar constriction, while post-SD Ca2+ oscillations occur with the peak of the SD-related vasodilation. This is the first in vivo study to present the post-SD astrocyte Ca2+ oscillations. Our results provide novel insight into the spatio-temporal correlation between glial reactivity and cerebral arteriole diameter changes behind the SD wavefront.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Tóth
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 9, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (R.T.); (P.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Attila E. Farkas
- Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Molecular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Temesvári krt 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.E.F.); (I.A.K.)
| | - István A. Krizbai
- Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Molecular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Temesvári krt 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.E.F.); (I.A.K.)
- Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University, Revolutiei Blvd no. 94, 310025 Arad, Romania
| | - Péter Makra
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 9, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (R.T.); (P.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Ferenc Bari
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 9, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (R.T.); (P.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Eszter Farkas
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 9, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (R.T.); (P.M.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence: (E.F.); (Á.M.); Tel.: +36-62-545-971 (E.F.); +36-62-545-364 (Á.M.)
| | - Ákos Menyhárt
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 9, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (R.T.); (P.M.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence: (E.F.); (Á.M.); Tel.: +36-62-545-971 (E.F.); +36-62-545-364 (Á.M.)
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10
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The Secreted Glycoprotein Reelin Suppresses the Proliferation and Regulates the Distribution of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells in the Embryonic Neocortex. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7625-7636. [PMID: 32913108 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0125-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte (OL) progenitor cells (OPCs) are generated, proliferate, migrate, and differentiate in the developing brain. Although the development of OPCs is prerequisite for normal brain function, the molecular mechanisms regulating their development in the neocortex are not fully understood. Several molecules regulate the tangential distribution of OPCs in the developing neocortex, but the cue molecule(s) that regulate their radial distribution remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the secreted glycoprotein Reelin suppresses the proliferation of OPCs and acts as a repellent for their migration in vitro These functions rely on the binding of Reelin to its receptors and on the signal transduction involving the intracellular protein Dab1. In the late embryonic neocortex of mice with attenuated Reelin signaling [i.e., Reelin heterozygote-deficient, Dab1 heterozygote-deficient mutant, or very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR)-deficient mice], the number of OPCs increased and their distribution shifted toward the superficial layers. In contrast, the number of OPCs decreased and they tended to distribute in the deep layers in the neocortex of mice with abrogated inactivation of Reelin by proteolytic cleavage, namely a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motifs 3 (ADAMTS-3)-deficient mice and cleavage-resistant Reelin knock-in mice. Both male and female animals were used. These data indicate that Reelin-Dab1 signaling regulates the proliferation and radial distribution of OPCs in the late embryonic neocortex and that the regulation of Reelin function by its specific proteolysis is required for the normal development of OPCs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Here, we report that Reelin-Dab1 signaling regulates the proliferation and radial distribution of OPCs in the late embryonic mouse neocortex. Oligodendrocyte (OL) progenitor cells (OPCs) express Reelin signaling molecules and respond to Reelin stimulation. Reelin-Dab1 signaling suppresses the proliferation of OPCs both in vitro and in vivo Reelin repels OPCs in vitro, and the radial distribution of OPCs is altered in mice with either attenuated or augmented Reelin-Dab1 signaling. This is the first report identifying the secreted molecule that plays a role in the radial distribution of OPCs in the late embryonic neocortex. Our results also show that the regulation of Reelin function by its specific proteolysis is important for the normal development of OPCs.
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Kole K, Celikel T. Neocortical Microdissection at Columnar and Laminar Resolution for Molecular Interrogation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 86:e55. [PMID: 30285322 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneous organization of the mammalian neocortex poses a challenge for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying its physiological processes. Although high-throughput molecular methods are increasingly deployed in neuroscience, their anatomical specificity is often lacking. In this unit, we introduce a targeted microdissection technique that enables extraction of high-quality RNA and proteins at high anatomical resolution from acutely prepared brain slices. We exemplify its utility by isolating single cortical columns and laminae from the mouse primary somatosensory (barrel) cortex. Tissues can be isolated from living slices in minutes, and the extracted RNA and protein are of sufficient quantity and quality to be used for RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry. This technique will help to increase the anatomical specificity of molecular studies of the neocortex, and the brain in general, as it is applicable to any brain structure that can be identified using optical landmarks in living slices. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Kole
- Department of Neurophysiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tansu Celikel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Szabó Z, Héja L, Szalay G, Kékesi O, Füredi A, Szebényi K, Dobolyi Á, Orbán TI, Kolacsek O, Tompa T, Miskolczy Z, Biczók L, Rózsa B, Sarkadi B, Kardos J. Extensive astrocyte synchronization advances neuronal coupling in slow wave activity in vivo. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6018. [PMID: 28729692 PMCID: PMC5519671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Slow wave activity (SWA) is a characteristic brain oscillation in sleep and quiet wakefulness. Although the cell types contributing to SWA genesis are not yet identified, the principal role of neurons in the emergence of this essential cognitive mechanism has not been questioned. To address the possibility of astrocytic involvement in SWA, we used a transgenic rat line expressing a calcium sensitive fluorescent protein in both astrocytes and interneurons and simultaneously imaged astrocytic and neuronal activity in vivo. Here we demonstrate, for the first time, that the astrocyte network display synchronized recurrent activity in vivo coupled to UP states measured by field recording and neuronal calcium imaging. Furthermore, we present evidence that extensive synchronization of the astrocytic network precedes the spatial build-up of neuronal synchronization. The earlier extensive recruitment of astrocytes in the synchronized activity is reinforced by the observation that neurons surrounded by active astrocytes are more likely to join SWA, suggesting causality. Further supporting this notion, we demonstrate that blockade of astrocytic gap junctional communication or inhibition of astrocytic Ca2+ transients reduces the ratio of both astrocytes and neurons involved in SWA. These in vivo findings conclusively suggest a causal role of the astrocytic syncytium in SWA generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Szabó
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Héja
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gergely Szalay
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony 43, 1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Kékesi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Füredi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Wien, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Kornélia Szebényi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Wien, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Árpád Dobolyi
- MTA-ELTE Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás I Orbán
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Kolacsek
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Tompa
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony 43, 1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsombor Miskolczy
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Biczók
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Rózsa
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony 43, 1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Sarkadi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Julianna Kardos
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
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Guy J, Staiger JF. The Functioning of a Cortex without Layers. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:54. [PMID: 28747874 PMCID: PMC5506093 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A major hallmark of cortical organization is the existence of a variable number of layers, i.e., sheets of neurons stacked on top of each other, in which neurons have certain commonalities. However, even for the neocortex, variable numbers of layers have been described and it is just a convention to distinguish six layers from each other. Whether cortical layers are a structural epiphenomenon caused by developmental dynamics or represent a functionally important modularization of cortical computation is still unknown. Here we present our insights from the reeler mutant mouse, a model for a developmental, “molecular lesion”-induced loss of cortical layering that could serve as ground truth of what an intact layering adds to the cortex in terms of functionality. We could demonstrate that the reeler neocortex shows no inversion of cortical layers but rather a severe disorganization that in the primary somatosensory cortex leads to the complete loss of layers. Nevertheless, the somatosensory system is well organized. When exploring an enriched environment with specific sets of whiskers, activity-dependent gene expression takes place in the corresponding modules. Precise whisker stimuli lead to the functional activation of somatotopically organized barrel columns as visualized by intrinsic signal optical imaging. Similar results were obtained in the reeler visual system. When analyzing pathways that could be responsible for preservation of tactile perception, lemniscal thalamic projections were found to be largely intact, despite the smearing of target neurons across the cortical mantle. However, with optogenetic experiments we found evidence for a mild dispersion of thalamic synapse targeting on layer IV-spiny stellate cells, together with a general weakening in thalamocortical input strength. This weakening of thalamic inputs was compensated by intracortical mechanisms involving increased recurrent excitation and/or reduced feedforward inhibition. In conclusion, a layer loss so far only led to the detection of subtle defects in sensory processing by reeler mice. This argues in favor of a view in which cortical layers are not an essential component for basic perception and cognition. A view also supported by recent studies in birds, which can have remarkable cognitive capacities despite the lack of a neocortex with multiple cortical layers. In conclusion, we suggest that future studies directed toward understanding cortical functions should rather focus on circuits specified by functional cell type composition than mere laminar location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Guy
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-UniversityGöttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-UniversityGöttingen, Germany.,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB)Göttingen, Germany
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Belgard TG, Marques AC, Oliver PL, Abaan HO, Sirey TM, Hoerder-Suabedissen A, García-Moreno F, Molnár Z, Margulies EH, Ponting CP. A transcriptomic atlas of mouse neocortical layers. Neuron 2011; 71:605-16. [PMID: 21867878 PMCID: PMC3163272 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the mammalian cortex, neurons and glia form a patterned structure across six layers whose complex cytoarchitectonic arrangement is likely to contribute to cognition. We sequenced transcriptomes from layers 1-6b of different areas (primary and secondary) of the adult (postnatal day 56) mouse somatosensory cortex to understand the transcriptional levels and functional repertoires of coding and noncoding loci for cells constituting these layers. A total of 5,835 protein-coding genes and 66 noncoding RNA loci are differentially expressed (“patterned”) across the layers, on the basis of a machine-learning model (naive Bayes) approach. Layers 2-6b are each associated with specific functional and disease annotations that provide insights into their biological roles. This new resource (http://genserv.anat.ox.ac.uk/layers) greatly extends currently available resources, such as the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas and microarray data sets, by providing quantitative expression levels, by being genome-wide, by including novel loci, and by identifying candidate alternatively spliced transcripts that are differentially expressed across layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Grant Belgard
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
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Goto T, Hatanaka R, Ogawa T, Sumiyoshi A, Riera J, Kawashima R. An evaluation of the conductivity profile in the somatosensory barrel cortex of Wistar rats. J Neurophysiol 2010; 104:3388-412. [PMID: 20810682 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00122.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microelectrode arrays used to record local field potentials from the brain are being built with increasingly more spatial resolution, ranging from the initially developed laminar arrays to those with planar and three-dimensional (3D) formats. In parallel with such development in recording techniques, current source density (CSD) analyses have recently been expanded up to the continuous-3D form. Unfortunately, the effect of the conductivity profile on the CSD analysis performed with contemporary microelectrode arrays has not yet been evaluated and most of the studies assumed it was homogeneous and isotropic. In this study, we measured the conductivity profile in the somatosensory barrel cortex of Wistar rats. To that end, we combined multisite electrophysiological data recorded with a homemade assembly of silicon-based probes and a nonlinear least-squares algorithm that implicitly assumed that the cerebral cortex of rodents could be locally approximated as a layered anisotropic spherical volume conductor. The eccentricity of the six cortical layers in the somatosensory barrel cortex was evaluated from postmortem histological images. We provided evidence for the local spherical character of the entire barrels field, with concentric cortical layers. We found significant laminar dependencies in the conductivity values with radial/tangential anisotropies. These results were in agreement with the layer-dependent orientations of myelinated axons, but hardly related to densities of cells. Finally, we demonstrated through simulations that ignoring the real conductivity profile in the somatosensory barrel cortex of rats caused considerable errors in the CSD reconstruction, with pronounced effects on the continuous-3D form and charge-unbalanced CSD. We concluded that the conductivity profile must be included in future developments of CSD analysis, especially for rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takakuni Goto
- Tohoku University, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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