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Mao X, Staiger JF. Multimodal cortical neuronal cell type classification. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:721-733. [PMID: 38376567 PMCID: PMC11033238 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02923-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Since more than a century, neuroscientists have distinguished excitatory (glutamatergic) neurons with long-distance projections from inhibitory (GABAergic) neurons with local projections and established layer-dependent schemes for the ~ 80% excitatory (principal) cells as well as the ~ 20% inhibitory neurons. Whereas, in the early days, mainly morphological criteria were used to define cell types, later supplemented by electrophysiological and neurochemical properties, nowadays. single-cell transcriptomics is the method of choice for cell type classification. Bringing recent insight together, we conclude that despite all established layer- and area-dependent differences, there is a set of reliably identifiable cortical cell types that were named (among others) intratelencephalic (IT), extratelencephalic (ET), and corticothalamic (CT) for the excitatory cells, which altogether comprise ~ 56 transcriptomic cell types (t-types). By the same means, inhibitory neurons were subdivided into parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SST), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and "other (i.e. Lamp5/Sncg)" subpopulations, which altogether comprise ~ 60 t-types. The coming years will show which t-types actually translate into "real" cell types that show a common set of multimodal features, including not only transcriptome but also physiology and morphology as well as connectivity and ultimately function. Only with the better knowledge of clear-cut cell types and experimental access to them, we will be able to reveal their specific functions, a task which turned out to be difficult in a part of the brain being so much specialized for cognition as the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Mao
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Kreuzbergring 36, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Kreuzbergring 36, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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2
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Palicz R, Pater B, Truschow P, Witte M, Staiger JF. Intersectional strategy to study cortical inhibitory parvalbumin-expressing interneurons. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2829. [PMID: 38310185 PMCID: PMC10838283 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52901-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin-expressing (PV) interneurons are key neuronal elements to a global excitatory-inhibitory balance in normal cortical functioning. To better understand the circuit functions of PV interneurons, reliable animal models are needed. This study investigated the sensitivity and specificity of the most frequently used PV-Cre/tdTomato mouse line in this regard. The colocalization of the transgene (tdTomato) with the parvalbumin protein, with GAD1 (a conclusive inhibitory cell marker) and Vglut1 (a conclusive excitatory cell marker) as well as with a marker for perineuronal nets (WFA) was assessed and a substantial proportion of layer 5 PV neurons was found to be excitatory and not inhibitory in the PV-Cre/tdTomato mouse. The intersectional transgenic mouse line Vgat-Cre/PV-Flp/tdTomato provided a solution, since no colocalization of tdTomato with the Vglut1 probe was found there. In conclusion, the Vgat-Cre/PV-Flp/tdTomato mouse line seems to be a more reliable animal model for functional studies of GABAergic PV interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka Palicz
- Center Anatomy, Institute for Neuroanatomy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Bettina Pater
- Center Anatomy, Institute for Neuroanatomy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pavel Truschow
- Center Anatomy, Institute for Neuroanatomy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mirko Witte
- Center Anatomy, Institute for Neuroanatomy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Center Anatomy, Institute for Neuroanatomy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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3
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Mingo-Moreno N, Truschow P, Staiger JF, Wagener RJ. Caudally pronounced deficiencies in preplate splitting and migration underly a rostro-caudal progression of cortical lamination defects in the reeler brain. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae023. [PMID: 38383722 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In mammalian neocortex development, every cohort of newborn neurons is guided toward the marginal zone, leading to an "inside-out" organization of the 6 neocortical layers. This migratory pattern is regulated by the extracellular glycoprotein Reelin. The reeler mouse shows a homozygous mutation of the reelin gene. Using RNA in situ hybridization we could demonstrate that the Reelin-deficient mouse cortex (male and female) displays an increasing lamination defect along the rostro-caudal axis that is characterized by strong cellular intermingling, but roughly reproduces the "inside-out" pattern in rostral cortex, while caudal cortex shows a relative inversion of neuronal positioning ("outside-in"). We found that in development of the reeler cortex, preplate-splitting is also defective with an increasing severity along the rostro-caudal axis. This leads to a misplacement of subplate neurons that are crucial for a switch in migration mode within the cortical plate. Using Flash Tag labeling and nucleoside analog pulse-chasing, we found an according migration defect within the cortical plate, again with a progressive severity along the rostro-caudal axis. Thus, loss of one key player in neocortical development leads to highly area-specific (caudally pronounced) developmental deficiencies that result in multiple roughly opposite rostral versus caudal adult neocortical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Mingo-Moreno
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Pavel Truschow
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Robin J Wagener
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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4
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Sokpor G, Kerimoglu C, Ulmke PA, Pham L, Nguyen HD, Brand-Saberi B, Staiger JF, Fischer A, Nguyen HP, Tuoc T. H3 Acetylation-Induced Basal Progenitor Generation and Neocortex Expansion Depends on the Transcription Factor Pax6. Biology (Basel) 2024; 13:68. [PMID: 38392287 PMCID: PMC10886678 DOI: 10.3390/biology13020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Enrichment of basal progenitors (BPs) in the developing neocortex is a central driver of cortical enlargement. The transcription factor Pax6 is known as an essential regulator in generation of BPs. H3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) has emerged as a crucial epigenetic mechanism that activates the gene expression program required for BP pool amplification. In this current work, we applied immunohistochemistry, RNA sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing, and the yeast two-hybrid assay to reveal that the BP-genic effect of H3 acetylation is dependent on Pax6 functionality in the developing mouse cortex. In the presence of Pax6, increased H3 acetylation caused BP pool expansion, leading to enhanced neurogenesis, which evoked expansion and quasi-convolution of the mouse neocortex. Interestingly, H3 acetylation activation exacerbates the BP depletion and corticogenesis reduction effect of Pax6 ablation in cortex-specific Pax6 mutants. Furthermore, we found that H3K9 acetyltransferase KAT2A/GCN5 interacts with Pax6 and potentiates Pax6-dependent transcriptional activity. This explains a genome-wide lack of H3K9ac, especially in the promoter regions of BP-genic genes, in the Pax6 mutant cortex. Together, these findings reveal a mechanistic coupling of H3 acetylation and Pax6 in orchestrating BP production and cortical expansion through the promotion of a BP gene expression program during cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Sokpor
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
- Lincoln Medical School, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Cemil Kerimoglu
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Linh Pham
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Hoang Duy Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Beate Brand-Saberi
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Andre Fischer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
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5
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Manubens-Gil L, Zhou Z, Chen H, Ramanathan A, Liu X, Liu Y, Bria A, Gillette T, Ruan Z, Yang J, Radojević M, Zhao T, Cheng L, Qu L, Liu S, Bouchard KE, Gu L, Cai W, Ji S, Roysam B, Wang CW, Yu H, Sironi A, Iascone DM, Zhou J, Bas E, Conde-Sousa E, Aguiar P, Li X, Li Y, Nanda S, Wang Y, Muresan L, Fua P, Ye B, He HY, Staiger JF, Peter M, Cox DN, Simonneau M, Oberlaender M, Jefferis G, Ito K, Gonzalez-Bellido P, Kim J, Rubel E, Cline HT, Zeng H, Nern A, Chiang AS, Yao J, Roskams J, Livesey R, Stevens J, Liu T, Dang C, Guo Y, Zhong N, Tourassi G, Hill S, Hawrylycz M, Koch C, Meijering E, Ascoli GA, Peng H. BigNeuron: a resource to benchmark and predict performance of algorithms for automated tracing of neurons in light microscopy datasets. Nat Methods 2023; 20:824-835. [PMID: 37069271 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-01848-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
BigNeuron is an open community bench-testing platform with the goal of setting open standards for accurate and fast automatic neuron tracing. We gathered a diverse set of image volumes across several species that is representative of the data obtained in many neuroscience laboratories interested in neuron tracing. Here, we report generated gold standard manual annotations for a subset of the available imaging datasets and quantified tracing quality for 35 automatic tracing algorithms. The goal of generating such a hand-curated diverse dataset is to advance the development of tracing algorithms and enable generalizable benchmarking. Together with image quality features, we pooled the data in an interactive web application that enables users and developers to perform principal component analysis, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding, correlation and clustering, visualization of imaging and tracing data, and benchmarking of automatic tracing algorithms in user-defined data subsets. The image quality metrics explain most of the variance in the data, followed by neuromorphological features related to neuron size. We observed that diverse algorithms can provide complementary information to obtain accurate results and developed a method to iteratively combine methods and generate consensus reconstructions. The consensus trees obtained provide estimates of the neuron structure ground truth that typically outperform single algorithms in noisy datasets. However, specific algorithms may outperform the consensus tree strategy in specific imaging conditions. Finally, to aid users in predicting the most accurate automatic tracing results without manual annotations for comparison, we used support vector machine regression to predict reconstruction quality given an image volume and a set of automatic tracings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Manubens-Gil
- Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA
| | | | - Arvind Ramanathan
- Computing, Environment and Life Sciences Directorate, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | | | - Yufeng Liu
- Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Todd Gillette
- Center for Neural Informatics, Structures and Plasticity, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Zongcai Ruan
- Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing International Collaboration Base on Brain Informatics and Wisdom Services, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ting Zhao
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Li Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lei Qu
- Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computation and Signal Processing, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | | | - Kristofer E Bouchard
- Scientific Data Division and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lin Gu
- RIKEN AIP, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Weidong Cai
- School of Computer Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shuiwang Ji
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Badrinath Roysam
- Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ching-Wei Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hongchuan Yu
- National Centre for Computer Animation, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
| | | | - Daniel Maxim Iascone
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Computer Science, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | | | - Eduardo Conde-Sousa
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação E Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB, Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Aguiar
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação E Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Xiang Li
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yujie Li
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sumit Nanda
- Center for Neural Informatics, Structures and Plasticity, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Yuan Wang
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Leila Muresan
- Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pascal Fua
- Computer Vision Laboratory, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bing Ye
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hai-Yan He
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August- University Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Peter
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel N Cox
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michel Simonneau
- 42 ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CentraleSupélec, LuMIn, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marcel Oberlaender
- Max Planck Group: In Silico Brain Sciences, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior - caesar, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gregory Jefferis
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kei Ito
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Jinhyun Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Edwin Rubel
- Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aljoscha Nern
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Ann-Shyn Chiang
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | | | - Jane Roskams
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Zoology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rick Livesey
- Zayed Centre for Rare Disease Research, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Janine Stevens
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Tianming Liu
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Chinh Dang
- Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yike Guo
- Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ning Zhong
- Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing International Collaboration Base on Brain Informatics and Wisdom Services, Beijing, China
- Department of Life Science and Informatics, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi, Japan
| | | | - Sean Hill
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Erik Meijering
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Giorgio A Ascoli
- Center for Neural Informatics, Structures and Plasticity, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
| | - Hanchuan Peng
- Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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Meeuwissen AJM, Möck M, Staiger JF, Guy J. Normal connectivity of thalamorecipient networks in barrel equivalents of the reeler cortex. Cereb Cortex 2023:7097868. [PMID: 37005058 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The reeler mouse mutant has long served as a primary model to study the development of cortical layers, which is governed by the extracellular glycoprotein reelin secreted by Cajal-Retzius cells. Because layers organize local and long-range circuits for sensory processing, we investigated whether intracortical connectivity is compromised by reelin deficiency in this model. We generated a transgenic reeler mutant (we used both sexes), in which layer 4-fated spiny stellate neurons are labeled with tdTomato and applied slice electrophysiology and immunohistochemistry with synaptotagmin-2 to study the circuitry between the major thalamorecipient cell types, namely excitatory spiny stellate and inhibitory fast-spiking (putative basket) cells. In the reeler mouse, spiny stellate cells are clustered into barrel equivalents. In these clusters, we found that intrinsic physiology, connectivity, and morphology of spiny stellate and fast-spiking, putative basket cells does not significantly differ between reeler and controls. Properties of unitary connections, including connection probability, were very comparable in excitatory cell pairs and spiny stellate/fast-spiking cell pairs, suggesting an intact excitation-inhibition balance at the first stage of cortical sensory information processing. Together with previous findings, this suggests that thalamorecipient circuitry in the barrel cortex develops and functions independently of proper cortical lamination and postnatal reelin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk J M Meeuwissen
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Martin Möck
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Julien Guy
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
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Guy J, Möck M, Staiger JF. Direction selectivity of inhibitory interneurons in mouse barrel cortex differs between interneuron subtypes. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111936. [PMID: 36640357 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons represent ∼15% to 20% of all cortical neurons, but their diversity grants them unique roles in cortical circuits. In the barrel cortex, responses of excitatory neurons to stimulation of facial whiskers are direction selective, whereby excitation is maximized over a narrow range of angular deflections. Whether GABAergic interneurons are also direction selective is unclear. Here, we use two-photon-guided whole-cell recordings in the barrel cortex of anesthetized mice and control whisker stimulation to measure direction selectivity in defined interneuron subtypes. Selectivity is ubiquitous in interneurons, but tuning sharpness varies across populations. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) interneurons are as selective as pyramidal neurons, but parvalbumin (PV) interneurons are more broadly tuned. Furthermore, a majority (2/3) of somatostatin (SST) interneurons receive direction-selective inhibition, with the rest receiving direction-selective excitation. Sensory evoked activity in the barrel cortex is thus cell-type specific, suggesting that interneuron subtypes make distinct contributions to cortical representations of stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Guy
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Martin Möck
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany.
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8
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Staiger JF, Sachkova A, Möck M, Guy J, Witte M. Repetitively burst-spiking neurons in reeler mice show conserved but also highly variable morphological features of layer Vb-fated “thick-tufted” pyramidal cells. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:1000107. [DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.1000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a large extracellular glycoprotein that is secreted by Cajal-Retzius cells during embryonic development to regulate neuronal migration and cell proliferation but it also seems to regulate ion channel distribution and synaptic vesicle release properties of excitatory neurons well into adulthood. Mouse mutants with a compromised reelin signaling cascade show a highly disorganized neocortex but the basic connectional features of the displaced excitatory principal cells seem to be relatively intact. Very little is known, however, about the intrinsic electrophysiological and morphological properties of individual cells in the reeler cortex. Repetitive burst-spiking (RB) is a unique property of large, thick-tufted pyramidal cells of wild-type layer Vb exclusively, which project to several subcortical targets. In addition, they are known to possess sparse but far-reaching intracortical recurrent collaterals. Here, we compared the electrophysiological properties and morphological features of neurons in the reeler primary somatosensory cortex with those of wild-type controls. Whereas in wild-type mice, RB pyramidal cells were only detected in layer Vb, and the vast majority of reeler RB pyramidal cells were found in the superficial third of the cortical depth. There were no obvious differences in the intrinsic electrophysiological properties and basic morphological features (such as soma size or the number of dendrites) were also well preserved. However, the spatial orientation of the entire dendritic tree was highly variable in the reeler neocortex, whereas it was completely stereotyped in wild-type mice. It seems that basic quantitative features of layer Vb-fated RB pyramidal cells are well conserved in the highly disorganized mutant neocortex, whereas qualitative morphological features vary, possibly to properly orient toward the appropriate input pathways, which are known to show an atypical oblique path through the reeler cortex. The oblique dendritic orientation thus presumably reflects a re-orientation of dendritic input domains toward spatially highly disorganized afferent projections.
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9
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Nguyen H, Sokpor G, Parichha A, Pham L, Saikhedkar N, Xie Y, Ulmke PA, Rosenbusch J, Pirouz M, Behr R, Stoykova A, Brand-Saberi B, Nguyen HP, Staiger JF, Tole S, Tuoc T. BAF (mSWI/SNF) complex regulates mediolateral cortical patterning in the developing forebrain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1011109. [PMID: 36263009 PMCID: PMC9573979 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1011109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Early forebrain patterning entails the correct regional designation of the neuroepithelium, and appropriate specification, generation, and distribution of neural cells during brain development. Specific signaling and transcription factors are known to tightly regulate patterning of the dorsal telencephalon to afford proper structural/functional cortical arealization and morphogenesis. Nevertheless, whether and how changes of the chromatin structure link to the transcriptional program(s) that control cortical patterning remains elusive. Here, we report that the BAF chromatin remodeling complex regulates the spatiotemporal patterning of the mouse dorsal telencephalon. To determine whether and how the BAF complex regulates cortical patterning, we conditionally deleted the BAF complex scaffolding subunits BAF155 and BAF170 in the mouse dorsal telencephalic neuroepithelium. Morphological and cellular changes in the BAF mutant forebrain were examined using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. RNA sequencing, Co-immunoprecipitation, and mass spectrometry were used to investigate the molecular basis of BAF complex involvement in forebrain patterning. We found that conditional ablation of BAF complex in the dorsal telencephalon neuroepithelium caused expansion of the cortical hem and medial cortex beyond their developmental boundaries. Consequently, the hippocampal primordium is not specified, the mediolateral cortical patterning is compromised, and the cortical identity is disturbed in the absence of BAF complex. The BAF complex was found to interact with the cortical hem suppressor LHX2. The BAF complex suppresses cortical hem fate to permit proper forebrain patterning. We provide evidence that BAF complex modulates mediolateral cortical patterning possibly by interacting with the transcription factor LHX2 to drive the LHX2-dependent transcriptional program essential for dorsal telencephalon patterning. Our data suggest a putative mechanistic synergy between BAF chromatin remodeling complex and LHX2 in regulating forebrain patterning and ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Nguyen
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Thai Nguyen University of Sciences, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
| | - Godwin Sokpor
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Linh Pham
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Yuanbin Xie
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Pauline Antonie Ulmke
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Joachim Rosenbusch
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mehdi Pirouz
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Goettingen, Germany
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Beate Brand-Saberi
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jochen F. Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Shubha Tole
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
- *Correspondence: Shubha Tole, ; Tran Tuoc,
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Shubha Tole, ; Tran Tuoc,
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10
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Karagiannis A, Gallopin T, Lacroix A, Plaisier F, Piquet J, Geoffroy H, Hepp R, Naudé J, Le Gac B, Egger R, Lambolez B, Li D, Rossier J, Staiger JF, Imamura H, Seino S, Roeper J, Cauli B. Lactate is an energy substrate for rodent cortical neurons and enhances their firing activity. eLife 2021; 10:e71424. [PMID: 34766906 PMCID: PMC8651295 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is the mandatory fuel for the brain, yet the relative contribution of glucose and lactate for neuronal energy metabolism is unclear. We found that increased lactate, but not glucose concentration, enhances the spiking activity of neurons of the cerebral cortex. Enhanced spiking was dependent on ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels formed with KCNJ11 and ABCC8 subunits, which we show are functionally expressed in most neocortical neuronal types. We also demonstrate the ability of cortical neurons to take-up and metabolize lactate. We further reveal that ATP is produced by cortical neurons largely via oxidative phosphorylation and only modestly by glycolysis. Our data demonstrate that in active neurons, lactate is preferred to glucose as an energy substrate, and that lactate metabolism shapes neuronal activity in the neocortex through KATP channels. Our results highlight the importance of metabolic crosstalk between neurons and astrocytes for brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassios Karagiannis
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS)ParisFrance
| | - Thierry Gallopin
- Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS UMR 8249, CNRS, ESPCI ParisParisFrance
| | - Alexandre Lacroix
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS)ParisFrance
| | - Fabrice Plaisier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS)ParisFrance
| | - Juliette Piquet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS)ParisFrance
| | - Hélène Geoffroy
- Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS UMR 8249, CNRS, ESPCI ParisParisFrance
| | - Régine Hepp
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS)ParisFrance
| | - Jérémie Naudé
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS)ParisFrance
| | - Benjamin Le Gac
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS)ParisFrance
| | - Richard Egger
- Institute for Neurophysiology, Goethe University FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany
| | - Bertrand Lambolez
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS)ParisFrance
| | - Dongdong Li
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS)ParisFrance
| | - Jean Rossier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS)ParisFrance
- Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS UMR 8249, CNRS, ESPCI ParisParisFrance
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August- University GöttingenGoettingenGermany
| | - Hiromi Imamura
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Susumu Seino
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of MedicineHyogoJapan
| | - Jochen Roeper
- Institute for Neurophysiology, Goethe University FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany
| | - Bruno Cauli
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS)ParisFrance
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11
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Kerimoglu C, Pham L, Tonchev AB, Sakib MS, Xie Y, Sokpor G, Ulmke PA, Kaurani L, Abbas E, Nguyen H, Rosenbusch J, Michurina A, Capece V, Angelova M, Maricic N, Brand-Saberi B, Esgleas M, Albert M, Minkov R, Kovachev E, Teichmann U, Seong RH, Huttner WB, Nguyen HP, Stoykova A, Staiger JF, Fischer A, Tuoc T. H3 acetylation selectively promotes basal progenitor proliferation and neocortex expansion. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabc6792. [PMID: 34524839 PMCID: PMC8443185 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc6792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increase in the size of human neocortex―acquired in evolution―accounts for the unique cognitive capacity of humans. This expansion reflects the evolutionarily enhanced proliferative ability of basal progenitors (BPs), including the basal radial glia and basal intermediate progenitors (bIPs) in mammalian cortex, which may have been acquired through epigenetic alterations in BPs. However, how the epigenome in BPs differs across species is not known. Here, we report that histone H3 acetylation is a key epigenetic regulation in bIP amplification and cortical expansion. Through epigenetic profiling of sorted bIPs, we show that histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) is low in murine bIPs and high in human bIPs. Elevated H3K9ac preferentially increases bIP proliferation, increasing the size and folding of the normally smooth mouse neocortex. H3K9ac drives bIP amplification by increasing expression of the evolutionarily regulated gene, Trnp1, in developing cortex. Our findings demonstrate a previously unknown mechanism that controls cortical architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemil Kerimoglu
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Linh Pham
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Anton B. Tonchev
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Medical University of Varna, Varna 9002, Bulgaria
| | - M. Sadman Sakib
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Yuanbin Xie
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Godwin Sokpor
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Pauline Antonie Ulmke
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Lalit Kaurani
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Eman Abbas
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Huong Nguyen
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Thai Nguyen University of Sciences, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
| | - Joachim Rosenbusch
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Vincenzo Capece
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Meglena Angelova
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Medical University of Varna, Varna 9002, Bulgaria
| | - Nenad Maricic
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University of Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Beate Brand-Saberi
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University of Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Miriam Esgleas
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Mareike Albert
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Radoslav Minkov
- Specialized Hospital for Obstetrics and Gynecology “Prof. Dimitar Stamatov” –Varna, Medical University of Varna, Varna 9002, Bulgaria
| | - Emil Kovachev
- Specialized Hospital for Obstetrics and Gynecology “Prof. Dimitar Stamatov” –Varna, Medical University of Varna, Varna 9002, Bulgaria
| | - Ulrike Teichmann
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Rho H. Seong
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wieland B. Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Anastassia Stoykova
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F. Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
- DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Andre Fischer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
- DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075 Goettingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
- DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075 Goettingen, Germany
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12
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Abbas E, Hassan MA, Sokpor G, Kiszka K, Pham L, Kerimoglu C, Fischer A, Nguyen HP, Staiger JF, Tuoc T. Conditional Loss of BAF (mSWI/SNF) Scaffolding Subunits Affects Specification and Proliferation of Oligodendrocyte Precursors in Developing Mouse Forebrain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:619538. [PMID: 34336815 PMCID: PMC8320002 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.619538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are responsible for axon myelination in the brain and spinal cord. Generation of oligodendrocytes entails highly regulated multistage neurodevelopmental events, including proliferation, differentiation and maturation. The chromatin remodeling BAF (mSWI/SNF) complex is a notable regulator of neural development. In our previous studies, we determined the indispensability of the BAF complex scaffolding subunits BAF155 and BAF170 for neurogenesis, whereas their role in gliogenesis is unknown. Here, we show that the expression of BAF155 and BAF170 is essential for the genesis of oligodendrocytes during brain development. We report that the ablation of BAF155 and BAF170 in the dorsal telencephalic (dTel) neural progenitors or in oligodendrocyte-producing progenitors in the ventral telencephalon (vTel) in double-conditional knockout (dcKO) mouse mutants, perturbed the process of oligodendrogenesis. Molecular marker and cell cycle analyses revealed impairment of oligodendrocyte precursor specification and proliferation, as well as overt depletion of oligodendrocytes pool in dcKO mutants. Our findings unveil a central role of BAF155 and BAF170 in oligodendrogenesis, and thus substantiate the involvement of the BAF complex in the production of oligodendrocytes in the forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Abbas
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mohamed A Hassan
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, Egypt
| | - Godwin Sokpor
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kamila Kiszka
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Linh Pham
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Cemil Kerimoglu
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andre Fischer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, Egypt
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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13
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Sokpor G, Kerimoglu C, Nguyen H, Pham L, Rosenbusch J, Wagener R, Nguyen HP, Fischer A, Staiger JF, Tuoc T. Loss of BAF Complex in Developing Cortex Perturbs Radial Neuronal Migration in a WNT Signaling-Dependent Manner. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:687581. [PMID: 34220450 PMCID: PMC8243374 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.687581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Radial neuronal migration is a key neurodevelopmental event indispensable for proper cortical laminar organization. Cortical neurons mainly use glial fiber guides, cell adhesion dynamics, and cytoskeletal remodeling, among other discrete processes, to radially trek from their birthplace to final layer positions. Dysregulated radial migration can engender cortical mis-lamination, leading to neurodevelopmental disorders. Epigenetic factors, including chromatin remodelers have emerged as formidable regulators of corticogenesis. Notably, the chromatin remodeler BAF complex has been shown to regulate several aspects of cortical histogenesis. Nonetheless, our understanding of how BAF complex regulates neuronal migration is limited. Here, we report that BAF complex is required for neuron migration during cortical development. Ablation of BAF complex in the developing mouse cortex caused alteration in the cortical gene expression program, leading to loss of radial migration-related factors critical for proper cortical layer formation. Of note, BAF complex inactivation in cortex caused defective neuronal polarization resulting in diminished multipolar-to-bipolar transition and eventual disruption of radial migration of cortical neurons. The abnormal radial migration and cortical mis-lamination can be partly rescued by downregulating WNT signaling hyperactivity in the BAF complex mutant cortex. By implication, the BAF complex modulates WNT signaling to establish the gene expression program required for glial fiber-dependent neuronal migration, and cortical lamination. Overall, BAF complex has been identified to be crucial for cortical morphogenesis through instructing multiple aspects of radial neuronal migration in a WNT signaling-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Sokpor
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Cemil Kerimoglu
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Huong Nguyen
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Faculty of Biotechnology, Thai Nguyen University of Sciences, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
| | - Linh Pham
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Joachim Rosenbusch
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robin Wagener
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Neurooncology Clinical Cooperation Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andre Fischer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Göttingen, Germany.,Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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14
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Prönneke A, Witte M, Möck M, Staiger JF. Neuromodulation Leads to a Burst-Tonic Switch in a Subset of VIP Neurons in Mouse Primary Somatosensory (Barrel) Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:488-504. [PMID: 31210267 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neocortical GABAergic interneurons expressing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) contribute to sensory processing, sensorimotor integration, and behavioral control. In contrast to other major subpopulations of GABAergic interneurons, VIP neurons show a remarkable diversity. Studying morphological and electrophysiological properties of VIP cells, we found a peculiar group of neurons in layer II/III of mouse primary somatosensory (barrel) cortex, which showed a highly dynamic burst firing behavior at resting membrane potential that switched to tonic mode at depolarized membrane potentials. Furthermore, we demonstrate that burst firing depends on T-type calcium channels. The burst-tonic switch could be induced by acetylcholine (ACh) and serotonin. ACh mediated a depolarization via nicotinic receptors whereas serotonin evoked a biphasic depolarization via ionotropic and metabotropic receptors in 48% of the population and a purely monophasic depolarization via metabotropic receptors in the remaining cells. These data disclose an electrophysiologically defined subpopulation of VIP neurons that via neuromodulator-induced changes in firing behavior is likely to regulate the state of cortical circuits in a profound manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvar Prönneke
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mirko Witte
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Möck
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
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15
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Pahle J, Muhia M, Wagener RJ, Tippmann A, Bock HH, Graw J, Herz J, Staiger JF, Drakew A, Kneussel M, Rune GM, Frotscher M, Brunne B. Selective Inactivation of Reelin in Inhibitory Interneurons Leads to Subtle Changes in the Dentate Gyrus But Leaves Cortical Layering and Behavior Unaffected. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:1688-1707. [PMID: 31667489 PMCID: PMC7132935 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Reelin is an extracellular matrix protein, known for its dual role in neuronal migration during brain development and in synaptic plasticity at adult stages. During the perinatal phase, Reelin expression switches from Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells, its main source before birth, to inhibitory interneurons (IN), the main source of Reelin in the adult forebrain. IN-derived Reelin has been associated with schizophrenia and temporal lobe epilepsy; however, the functional role of Reelin from INs is presently unclear. In this study, we used conditional knockout mice, which lack Reelin expression specifically in inhibitory INs, leading to a substantial reduction in total Reelin expression in the neocortex and dentate gyrus. Our results show that IN-specific Reelin knockout mice exhibit normal neuronal layering and normal behavior, including spatial reference memory. Although INs are the major source of Reelin within the adult stem cell niche, Reelin from INs does not contribute substantially to normal adult neurogenesis. While a closer look at the dentate gyrus revealed some unexpected alterations at the cellular level, including an increase in the number of Reelin expressing CR cells, overall our data suggest that Reelin derived from INs is less critical for cortex development and function than Reelin expressed by CR cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Pahle
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mary Muhia
- Institute of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robin J Wagener
- Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Tippmann
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Systems Neuroscience, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans H Bock
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Janice Graw
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Drakew
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias Kneussel
- Institute of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele M Rune
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Frotscher
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bianka Brunne
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
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16
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Ulmke PA, Sakib MS, Ditte P, Sokpor G, Kerimoglu C, Pham L, Xie Y, Mao X, Rosenbusch J, Teichmann U, Nguyen HP, Fischer A, Eichele G, Staiger JF, Tuoc T. Molecular Profiling Reveals Involvement of ESCO2 in Intermediate Progenitor Cell Maintenance in the Developing Mouse Cortex. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:968-984. [PMID: 33798452 PMCID: PMC8072132 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs) are neocortical neuronal precursors. Although IPCs play crucial roles in corticogenesis, their molecular features remain largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to characterize the molecular profile of IPCs. We isolated TBR2-positive (+) IPCs and TBR2-negative (-) cell populations in the developing mouse cortex. Comparative genome-wide gene expression analysis of TBR2+ IPCs versus TBR2- cells revealed differences in key factors involved in chromatid segregation, cell-cycle regulation, transcriptional regulation, and cell signaling. Notably, mutation of many IPC genes in human has led to intellectual disability and caused a wide range of cortical malformations, including microcephaly and agenesis of corpus callosum. Loss-of-function experiments in cortex-specific mutants of Esco2, one of the novel IPC genes, demonstrate its critical role in IPC maintenance, and substantiate the identification of a central genetic determinant of IPC biogenesis. Our data provide novel molecular characteristics of IPCs in the developing mouse cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Antonie Ulmke
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - M Sadman Sakib
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Peter Ditte
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Godwin Sokpor
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Cemil Kerimoglu
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Linh Pham
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Yuanbin Xie
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Xiaoyi Mao
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Joachim Rosenbusch
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Teichmann
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andre Fischer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Goettingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), Goettingen, Germany
| | - Gregor Eichele
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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17
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Sokpor G, Rosenbusch J, Kunwar AJ, Rickmann M, Tuoc T, Rizzoli SO, Tarabykin V, von Mollard GF, Krieglstein K, Staiger JF. Ablation of Vti1a/1b Triggers Neural Progenitor Pool Depletion and Cortical Layer 5 Malformation in Late-embryonic Mouse Cortex. Neuroscience 2021; 463:303-316. [PMID: 33774122 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cortical morphogenesis entails several neurobiological events, including proliferation and differentiation of progenitors, migration of neuroblasts, and neuronal maturation leading to functional neural circuitry. These neurodevelopmental processes are delicately regulated by many factors. Endosomal SNAREs have emerged as formidable modulators of neuronal growth, aside their well-known function in membrane/vesicular trafficking. However, our understanding of their influence on cortex formation is limited. Here, we report that the SNAREs Vti1a and Vti1b (Vti1a/1b) are critical for proper cortical development. Following null mutation of Vti1a/1b in mouse, the late-embryonic mutant cortex appeared dysgenic, and the cortical progenitors therein were depleted beyond normal. Notably, cortical layer 5 (L5) is distinctively disorganized in the absence of Vti1a/1b. The latter defect, coupled with an overt apoptosis of Ctip2-expressing L5 neurons, likely contributed to the substantial loss of corticospinal and callosal projections in the Vti1a/1b-deficient mouse brain. These findings suggest that Vti1a/1b serve key neurodevelopmental functions during cortical histogenesis, which when mechanistically elucidated, can lend clarity to how endosomal SNAREs regulate brain development, or how their dysfunction may have implications for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Sokpor
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Institute for Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Joachim Rosenbusch
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ajaya J Kunwar
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy, Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal; Kathmandu Center for Genomics and Research Laboratory, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Michael Rickmann
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Institute for Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Silvio O Rizzoli
- Institute of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University of Göttingen Medical Centre, Germany
| | - Victor Tarabykin
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novogorod, 23 Prospekt Gagarina, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | | | - Kerstin Krieglstein
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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18
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Yusifov R, Tippmann A, Staiger JF, Schlüter OM, Löwel S. Spine dynamics of PSD-95-deficient neurons in the visual cortex link silent synapses to structural cortical plasticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2022701118. [PMID: 33649238 PMCID: PMC7958355 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022701118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Critical periods (CPs) are time windows of heightened brain plasticity during which experience refines synaptic connections to achieve mature functionality. At glutamatergic synapses on dendritic spines of principal cortical neurons, the maturation is largely governed by postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95)-dependent synaptic incorporation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors into nascent AMPA-receptor silent synapses. Consequently, in mouse primary visual cortex (V1), impaired silent synapse maturation in PSD-95-deficient neurons prevents the closure of the CP for juvenile ocular dominance plasticity (jODP). A structural hallmark of jODP is increased spine elimination, induced by brief monocular deprivation (MD). However, it is unknown whether impaired silent synapse maturation facilitates spine elimination and also preserves juvenile structural plasticity. Using two-photon microscopy, we assessed spine dynamics in apical dendrites of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons (PNs) in binocular V1 during ODP in awake adult mice. Under basal conditions, spine formation and elimination ratios were similar between PSD-95 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. However, a brief MD affected spine dynamics only in KO mice, where MD doubled spine elimination, primarily affecting newly formed spines, and caused a net reduction in spine density similar to what has been observed during jODP in WT mice. A similar increase in spine elimination after MD occurred if PSD-95 was knocked down in single PNs of layer 2/3. Thus, structural plasticity is dictated cell autonomously by PSD-95 in vivo in awake mice. Loss of PSD-95 preserves hallmark features of spine dynamics in jODP into adulthood, revealing a functional link of PSD-95 for experience-dependent synapse maturation and stabilization during CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashad Yusifov
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Universität Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Collaborative Research Center 889, Universität Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, Universität Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anja Tippmann
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Universität Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, Universität Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Collaborative Research Center 889, Universität Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Universität Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver M Schlüter
- Collaborative Research Center 889, Universität Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Universität Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Siegrid Löwel
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Universität Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany;
- Collaborative Research Center 889, Universität Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, Universität Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
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19
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Ulmke PA, Xie Y, Sokpor G, Pham L, Shomroni O, Berulava T, Rosenbusch J, Basu U, Fischer A, Nguyen HP, Staiger JF, Tuoc T. Post-transcriptional regulation by the exosome complex is required for cell survival and forebrain development via repression of P53 signaling. Development 2021; 148:dev.188276. [PMID: 33462115 DOI: 10.1242/dev.188276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fine-tuned gene expression is crucial for neurodevelopment. The gene expression program is tightly controlled at different levels, including RNA decay. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation-mediated degradation of RNA is essential for brain development. However, m6A methylation impacts not only RNA stability, but also other RNA metabolism processes. How RNA decay contributes to brain development is largely unknown. Here, we show that Exosc10, a RNA exonuclease subunit of the RNA exosome complex, is indispensable for forebrain development. We report that cortical cells undergo overt apoptosis, culminating in cortical agenesis upon conditional deletion of Exosc10 in mouse cortex. Mechanistically, Exosc10 directly binds and degrades transcripts of the P53 signaling-related genes, such as Aen and Bbc3. Overall, our findings suggest a crucial role for Exosc10 in suppressing the P53 pathway, in which the rapid turnover of the apoptosis effectors Aen and Bbc3 mRNAs is essential for cell survival and normal cortical histogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Antonie Ulmke
- University Medical Center, Georg-August- University Goettingen, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Yuanbin Xie
- University Medical Center, Georg-August- University Goettingen, Goettingen 37075, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Gannan Medical University, 341000 Ganzhou, The People's Republic of China
| | - Godwin Sokpor
- University Medical Center, Georg-August- University Goettingen, Goettingen 37075, Germany.,Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Linh Pham
- University Medical Center, Georg-August- University Goettingen, Goettingen 37075, Germany.,Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Orr Shomroni
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, Georg-August- University Goettingen, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Tea Berulava
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Joachim Rosenbusch
- University Medical Center, Georg-August- University Goettingen, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Uttiya Basu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Andre Fischer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Goettingen 37075, Germany.,Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen 37075, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence 'Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells' (MBExC), University of Goettingen, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- University Medical Center, Georg-August- University Goettingen, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- University Medical Center, Georg-August- University Goettingen, Goettingen 37075, Germany .,Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
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20
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Yuste R, Hawrylycz M, Aalling N, Aguilar-Valles A, Arendt D, Armañanzas R, Ascoli GA, Bielza C, Bokharaie V, Bergmann TB, Bystron I, Capogna M, Chang Y, Clemens A, de Kock CPJ, DeFelipe J, Dos Santos SE, Dunville K, Feldmeyer D, Fiáth R, Fishell GJ, Foggetti A, Gao X, Ghaderi P, Goriounova NA, Güntürkün O, Hagihara K, Hall VJ, Helmstaedter M, Herculano-Houzel S, Hilscher MM, Hirase H, Hjerling-Leffler J, Hodge R, Huang J, Huda R, Khodosevich K, Kiehn O, Koch H, Kuebler ES, Kühnemund M, Larrañaga P, Lelieveldt B, Louth EL, Lui JH, Mansvelder HD, Marin O, Martinez-Trujillo J, Chameh HM, Mohapatra AN, Munguba H, Nedergaard M, Němec P, Ofer N, Pfisterer UG, Pontes S, Redmond W, Rossier J, Sanes JR, Scheuermann RH, Serrano-Saiz E, Staiger JF, Somogyi P, Tamás G, Tolias AS, Tosches MA, García MT, Wozny C, Wuttke TV, Liu Y, Yuan J, Zeng H, Lein E. A community-based transcriptomics classification and nomenclature of neocortical cell types. Nat Neurosci 2021; 23:1456-1468. [PMID: 32839617 PMCID: PMC7683348 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-0685-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To understand the function of cortical circuits, it is necessary to catalog their cellular diversity. Past attempts to do so using anatomical, physiological or molecular features of cortical cells have not resulted in a unified taxonomy of neuronal or glial cell types, partly due to limited data. Single-cell transcriptomics is enabling, for the first time, systematic high-throughput measurements of cortical cells and generation of datasets that hold the promise of being complete, accurate and permanent. Statistical analyses of these data reveal clusters that often correspond to cell types previously defined by morphological or physiological criteria and that appear conserved across cortical areas and species. To capitalize on these new methods, we propose the adoption of a transcriptome-based taxonomy of cell types for mammalian neocortex. This classification should be hierarchical and use a standardized nomenclature. It should be based on a probabilistic definition of a cell type and incorporate data from different approaches, developmental stages and species. A community-based classification and data aggregation model, such as a knowledge graph, could provide a common foundation for the study of cortical circuits. This community-based classification, nomenclature and data aggregation could serve as an example for cell type atlases in other parts of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Detlev Arendt
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ruben Armañanzas
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.,BrainScope Company Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Vahid Bokharaie
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Marco Capogna
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - YoonJeung Chang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richárd Fiáth
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Xuefan Gao
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Parviz Ghaderi
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Kenta Hagihara
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biological Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Markus M Hilscher
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Josh Huang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Laurel Hollow, NY, USA
| | - Rafiq Huda
- WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Ole Kiehn
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Eric S Kuebler
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Jan H Lui
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Julio Martinez-Trujillo
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Departments of Physiology, Pharmacology and Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard H Scheuermann
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Christian Wozny
- University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.,MSH Medical School, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas V Wuttke
- Departments of Neurosurgery and of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yong Liu
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juan Yuan
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Ed Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
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21
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Hafner G, Guy J, Witte M, Truschow P, Rüppel A, Sirmpilatze N, Dadarwal R, Boretius S, Staiger JF. Increased Callosal Connectivity in Reeler Mice Revealed by Brain-Wide Input Mapping of VIP Neurons in Barrel Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:1427-1443. [PMID: 33135045 PMCID: PMC7869096 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The neocortex is composed of layers. Whether layers constitute an essential framework for the formation of functional circuits is not well understood. We investigated the brain-wide input connectivity of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) expressing neurons in the reeler mouse. This mutant is characterized by a migration deficit of cortical neurons so that no layers are formed. Still, neurons retain their properties and reeler mice show little cognitive impairment. We focused on VIP neurons because they are known to receive strong long-range inputs and have a typical laminar bias toward upper layers. In reeler, these neurons are more dispersed across the cortex. We mapped the brain-wide inputs of VIP neurons in barrel cortex of wild-type and reeler mice with rabies virus tracing. Innervation by subcortical inputs was not altered in reeler, in contrast to the cortical circuitry. Numbers of long-range ipsilateral cortical inputs were reduced in reeler, while contralateral inputs were strongly increased. Reeler mice had more callosal projection neurons. Hence, the corpus callosum was larger in reeler as shown by structural imaging. We argue that, in the absence of cortical layers, circuits with subcortical structures are maintained but cortical neurons establish a different network that largely preserves cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Hafner
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julien Guy
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mirko Witte
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pavel Truschow
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alina Rüppel
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nikoloz Sirmpilatze
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rakshit Dadarwal
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susann Boretius
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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22
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Kolbaev SN, Mohapatra N, Chen R, Lombardi A, Staiger JF, Luhmann HJ, Jedlicka P, Kilb W. NKCC-1 mediated Cl - uptake in immature CA3 pyramidal neurons is sufficient to compensate phasic GABAergic inputs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18399. [PMID: 33110147 PMCID: PMC7591924 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75382-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of GABAA receptors causes in immature neurons a functionally relevant decrease in the intracellular Cl- concentration ([Cl-]i), a process termed ionic plasticity. Amount and duration of ionic plasticity depends on kinetic properties of [Cl-]i homeostasis. In order to characterize the capacity of Cl- accumulation and to quantify the effect of persistent GABAergic activity on [Cl-]i, we performed gramicidin-perforated patch-clamp recordings from CA3 pyramidal neurons of immature (postnatal day 4-7) rat hippocampal slices. These experiments revealed that inhibition of NKCC1 decreased [Cl-]i toward passive distribution with a time constant of 381 s. In contrast, active Cl- accumulation occurred with a time constant of 155 s, corresponding to a rate of 15.4 µM/s. Inhibition of phasic GABAergic activity had no significant effect on steady state [Cl-]i. Inhibition of tonic GABAergic currents induced a significant [Cl-]i increase by 1.6 mM, while activation of tonic extrasynaptic GABAA receptors with THIP significantly reduced [Cl-]i.. Simulations of neuronal [Cl-]i homeostasis supported the observation, that basal levels of synaptic GABAergic activation do not affect [Cl-]i. In summary, these results indicate that active Cl--uptake in immature hippocampal neurons is sufficient to maintain stable [Cl-]i at basal levels of phasic and to some extent also to compensate tonic GABAergic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey N Kolbaev
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoyeshosse, 80, Moscow, Russia, 125367
| | - Namrata Mohapatra
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rongqing Chen
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Aniello Lombardi
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 36, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Jedlicka
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany.,ICAR3R-Interdisciplinary Centre for 3Rs in Animal Research, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Rudolf-Buchheim-Str. 6, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Kilb
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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23
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Abstract
The array of whiskers on the snout provides rodents with tactile sensory information relating to the size, shape and texture of objects in their immediate environment. Rodents can use their whiskers to detect stimuli, distinguish textures, locate objects and navigate. Important aspects of whisker sensation are thought to result from neuronal computations in the whisker somatosensory cortex (wS1). Each whisker is individually represented in the somatotopic map of wS1 by an anatomical unit named a 'barrel' (hence also called barrel cortex). This allows precise investigation of sensory processing in the context of a well-defined map. Here, we first review the signaling pathways from the whiskers to wS1, and then discuss current understanding of the various types of excitatory and inhibitory neurons present within wS1. Different classes of cells can be defined according to anatomical, electrophysiological and molecular features. The synaptic connectivity of neurons within local wS1 microcircuits, as well as their long-range interactions and the impact of neuromodulators, are beginning to be understood. Recent technological progress has allowed cell-type-specific connectivity to be related to cell-type-specific activity during whisker-related behaviors. An important goal for future research is to obtain a causal and mechanistic understanding of how selected aspects of tactile sensory information are processed by specific types of neurons in the synaptically connected neuronal networks of wS1 and signaled to downstream brain areas, thus contributing to sensory-guided decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen F Staiger
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuroanatomy, Göttingen, Germany; and Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Faculty of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carl C H Petersen
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuroanatomy, Göttingen, Germany; and Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Faculty of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Simanaviciute U, Ahmed J, Brown RE, Connor-Robson N, Farr TD, Fertan E, Gambles N, Garland H, Morton AJ, Staiger JF, Skillings EA, Trueman RC, Wade-Martins R, Wood NI, Wong AA, Grant RA. Recommendations for measuring whisker movements and locomotion in mice with sensory, motor and cognitive deficits. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 331:108532. [PMID: 31785300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have measured whisker movements and locomotion to characterise mouse models of neurodegenerative disease. However, these studies have always been completed in isolation, and do not involve standardized procedures for comparisons across multiple mouse models and background strains. NEW METHOD We present a standard method for conducting whisker movement and locomotion studies, by carrying out qualitative scoring and quantitative measurement of whisker movements from high-speed video footage of mouse models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Cerebellar Ataxia, Somatosensory Cortex Development and Ischemic stroke. RESULTS Sex, background strain, source breeder and genotype all affected whisker movements. All mouse models, apart from Parkinson's disease, revealed differences in whisker movements during locomotion. R6/2 CAG250 Huntington's disease mice had the strongest behavioural phenotype. Robo3R3-5-CKO and RIM-DKOSert mouse models have abnormal somatosensory cortex development and revealed significant changes in whisker movements during object exploration. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) Our results have good agreement with past studies, which indicates the robustness and reliability of measuring whisking. We recommend that differences in whisker movements of mice with motor deficits can be captured in open field arenas, but that mice with impairments to sensory or cognitive functioning should also be filmed investigating objects. Scoring clips qualitatively before tracking will help to structure later analyses. CONCLUSIONS Studying whisker movements provides a quantitative measure of sensing, motor control and exploration. However, the effect of background strain, sex and age on whisker movements needs to be better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugne Simanaviciute
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK; School of Biological Sciences, Manchester University, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jewel Ahmed
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Richard E Brown
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Natalie Connor-Robson
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Tracy D Farr
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Emre Fertan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Nikki Gambles
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK; Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L2 2QP, UK
| | - Huw Garland
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - A Jennifer Morton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
| | - Elizabeth A Skillings
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Rebecca C Trueman
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Nigel I Wood
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Aimee A Wong
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Robyn A Grant
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
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25
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Sermet BS, Truschow P, Feyerabend M, Mayrhofer JM, Oram TB, Yizhar O, Staiger JF, Petersen CC. Pathway-, layer- and cell-type-specific thalamic input to mouse barrel cortex. eLife 2019; 8:52665. [PMID: 31860443 PMCID: PMC6924959 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse primary somatosensory barrel cortex (wS1) processes whisker sensory information, receiving input from two distinct thalamic nuclei. The first-order ventral posterior medial (VPM) somatosensory thalamic nucleus most densely innervates layer 4 (L4) barrels, whereas the higher-order posterior thalamic nucleus (medial part, POm) most densely innervates L1 and L5A. We optogenetically stimulated VPM or POm axons, and recorded evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in different cell-types across cortical layers in wS1. We found that excitatory neurons and parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory neurons received the largest EPSPs, dominated by VPM input to L4 and POm input to L5A. In contrast, somatostatin-expressing inhibitory neurons received very little input from either pathway in any layer. Vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing inhibitory neurons received an intermediate level of excitatory input with less apparent layer-specificity. Our data help understand how wS1 neocortical microcircuits might process and integrate sensory and higher-order inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Semihcan Sermet
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pavel Truschow
- Institute for Neuroanatomy,University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael Feyerabend
- Institute for Neuroanatomy,University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Johannes M Mayrhofer
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tess B Oram
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ofer Yizhar
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy,University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Carl Ch Petersen
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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26
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Zhou X, Mansori I, Fischer T, Witte M, Staiger JF. Characterizing the morphology of somatostatin-expressing interneurons and their synaptic innervation pattern in the barrel cortex of the GFP-expressing inhibitory neurons mouse. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:244-260. [PMID: 31407339 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin-expressing (SST+) cells form the second largest subpopulation of neocortical GABAergic neurons that contain diverse subtypes, which participate in layer-specific cortical circuits. Martinotti cells, as the most abundant subtype of SST+ interneurons, are mainly located in layers II/III and V/VI, and are characterized by dense axonal arborizations in layer I. GFP-expressing inhibitory neurons (GIN), representing a fraction of mainly upper layer SST+ interneurons in various cortical areas, were recently claimed to include both Martinotti cells and non-Martinotti cells. This makes it necessary to examine in detail the morphology and synaptic innervation pattern of the GIN cells, in order to better predict their functional implications. In our study, we characterized the neurochemical specificity, somatodendritic morphology, synaptic ultrastructure as well as synaptic innervation pattern of GIN cells in the barrel cortex in a layer-specific manner. We showed that GIN cells account for 44% of the SST+ interneurons in layer II/III and around 35% in layers IV and Va. There are 29% of GIN cells coexpressing calretinin with 54% in layer II/III, 8% in layer IV, and 13% in layer V. They have diverse somatodendritic configurations and form relatively small synapses across all examined layers. They almost exclusively innervate dendrites of excitatory cells, preferentially targeting distal apical dendrites and apical dendritic tufts of pyramidal neurons in layer I, and rarely target other inhibitory neurons. In summary, our study reveals unique features in terms of the morphology and output of GIN cells, which can help to better understand their diversity and structure-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Zhou
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ima Mansori
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tatjana Fischer
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mirko Witte
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
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27
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Almási Z, Dávid C, Witte M, Staiger JF. Distribution Patterns of Three Molecularly Defined Classes of GABAergic Neurons Across Columnar Compartments in Mouse Barrel Cortex. Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:45. [PMID: 31114486 PMCID: PMC6503091 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse somatosensory cortex is an excellent model to study the structural basis of cortical information processing, since it possesses anatomically recognizable domains that receive different thalamic inputs, which indicates spatial segregation of different processing tasks. In this work we examined three genetically labeled, non-overlapping subpopulations of GABAergic neurons: parvalbumin- (PV+), somatostatin- (SST+), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-expressing (VIP+) cells. Each of these subpopulations displayed a unique cellular distribution pattern across layers. In terms of columnar localization, the distribution of these three populations was not quantitatively different between barrel-related versus septal compartments in most layers. However, in layer IV (LIV), SST+, and VIP+, but not PV+ neurons preferred the septal compartment over barrels. The examined cell types showed a tendency toward differential distribution in supragranular and infragranular barrel-related versus septal compartments, too. Our data suggests that the location of GABAergic neuron cell bodies correlates with the spatial pattern of cortical domains receiving different kinds of thalamic input. Thus, at least in LIV, lemniscal inputs present a close spatial relation preferentially to PV+ cells whereas paralemniscal inputs target compartments in which more SST+ and VIP+ cells are localized. Our findings suggest pathway-specific roles for neocortical GABAergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Almási
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Dávid
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mirko Witte
- Center Anatomy, Institute for Neuroanatomy, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F. Staiger
- Center Anatomy, Institute for Neuroanatomy, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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28
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Xie Y, Castro-Hernández R, Sokpor G, Pham L, Narayanan R, Rosenbusch J, Staiger JF, Tuoc T. RBM15 Modulates the Function of Chromatin Remodeling Factor BAF155 Through RNA Methylation in Developing Cortex. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7305-7320. [PMID: 31020615 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1595-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin remodeling factor BAF155 is an important regulator of many biological processes. As a core and scaffold subunit of the BAF (SWI/SNF-like) complex, BAF155 is capable of regulating the stability and function of the BAF complex. The spatiotemporal expression of BAF155 during embryogenesis is essential for various aspects of organogenesis, particularly in the brain development. However, our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate the expression and function of BAF155 is limited. Here, we report that RBM15, a subunit of the m6A methyltransferase complex, interacts with BAF155 mRNA and mediates BAF155 mRNA degradation through the mRNA methylation machinery. Ablation of endogenous RBM15 expression in cultured neuronal cells and in the developing cortex augmented the expression of BAF155. Conversely, RBM15 overexpression decreased BAF155 mRNA and protein levels, and perturbed BAF155 functions in vivo, including repression of BAF155-dependent transcriptional activity and delamination of apical radial glial progenitors as a hallmark of basal radial glial progenitor genesis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the regulation of BAF155 by RBM15 depends on the activity of the mRNA methylation complex core catalytic subunit METTL3. Altogether, our findings reveal a new regulatory avenue that elucidates how BAF complex subunit stoichiometry and functional modulation are achieved in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbin Xie
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany. .,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Ricardo Castro-Hernández
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Godwin Sokpor
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Linh Pham
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ramanathan Narayanan
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.,Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Health Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Rosenbusch
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany. .,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
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29
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Zhou X, Rickmann M, Hafner G, Staiger JF. Subcellular Targeting of VIP Boutons in Mouse Barrel Cortex is Layer-Dependent and not Restricted to Interneurons. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:5353-5368. [PMID: 28968722 PMCID: PMC6084601 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neocortical vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) expressing cells are a diverse subpopulation of GABAergic interneurons issuing distinct axonal projections. They are known to inhibit other types of interneurons as well as excitatory principal neurons and possess a disinhibitory net effect in cortical circuits. In order to elucidate their targeting specificity, the output connectivity of VIP interneurons was studied at the subcellular level in barrel cortex of interneuron-specific Cre-driver mice, using pre- and postembedding electron microscopy. Systematically sampling VIP boutons across all layers, we found a substantial proportion of the innervated subcellular structures were dendrites (80%), with somata (13%), and spines (7%) being much less targeted. In layer VI, a high proportion of axosomatic synapses was found (39%). GABA-immunopositive ratio was quantified among the targets using statistically validated thresholds: only 37% of the dendrites, 7% of the spines, and 26% of the somata showed above-threshold immunogold labeling. For the main target structure "dendrite", a higher proportion of GABAergic subcellular profiles existed in deep than in superficial layers. In conclusion, VIP interneurons innervate non-GABAergic excitatory neurons and interneurons at their subcellular domains with layer-dependent specificity. This suggests a diverse output of VIP interneurons, which predicts multiple functionality in cortical circuitry beyond disinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Zhou
- Institute for Neuroanatomy,University Medicine Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Kreuzbergring 36, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Rickmann
- Institute for Neuroanatomy,University Medicine Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Kreuzbergring 36, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Georg Hafner
- Institute for Neuroanatomy,University Medicine Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Kreuzbergring 36, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy,University Medicine Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Kreuzbergring 36, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
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30
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Guy J, Sachkova A, Möck M, Witte M, Wagener RJ, Staiger JF. Intracortical Network Effects Preserve Thalamocortical Input Efficacy in a Cortex Without Layers. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:4851-4866. [PMID: 27620977 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Layer IV (LIV) of the rodent somatosensory cortex contains the somatotopic barrel field. Barrels receive much of the sensory input to the cortex through innervation by thalamocortical axons from the ventral posteromedial nucleus. In the reeler mouse, the absence of cortical layers results in the formation of mispositioned barrel-equivalent clusters of LIV fated neurons. Although functional imaging suggests that sensory input activates the cortex, little is known about the cellular and synaptic properties of identified excitatory neurons of the reeler cortex. We examined the properties of thalamic input to spiny stellate (SpS) neurons in the reeler cortex with in vitro electrophysiology, optogenetics, and subcellular channelrhodopsin-2-assisted circuit mapping (sCRACM). Our results indicate that reeler SpS neurons receive direct but weakened input from the thalamus, with a dispersed spatial distribution along the somatodendritic arbor. These results further document subtle alterations in functional connectivity concomitant of absent layering in the reeler mutant. We suggest that intracortical amplification mechanisms compensate for this weakening in order to allow reliable sensory transmission to the mutant neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Guy
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Sachkova
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Möck
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mirko Witte
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robin J Wagener
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany.,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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31
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Nguyen H, Kerimoglu C, Pirouz M, Pham L, Kiszka KA, Sokpor G, Sakib MS, Rosenbusch J, Teichmann U, Seong RH, Stoykova A, Fischer A, Staiger JF, Tuoc T. Epigenetic Regulation by BAF Complexes Limits Neural Stem Cell Proliferation by Suppressing Wnt Signaling in Late Embryonic Development. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 10:1734-1750. [PMID: 29779894 PMCID: PMC5993560 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During early cortical development, neural stem cells (NSCs) divide symmetrically to expand the progenitor pool, whereas, in later stages, NSCs divide asymmetrically to self-renew and produce other cell types. The timely switch from such proliferative to differentiative division critically determines progenitor and neuron numbers. However, the mechanisms that limit proliferative division in late cortical development are not fully understood. Here, we show that the BAF (mSWI/SNF) complexes restrict proliferative competence and promote neuronal differentiation in late corticogenesis. Inactivation of BAF complexes leads to H3K27me3-linked silencing of neuronal differentiation-related genes, with concurrent H3K4me2-mediated activation of proliferation-associated genes via de-repression of Wnt signaling. Notably, the deletion of BAF complexes increased proliferation of neuroepithelial cell-like NSCs, impaired neuronal differentiation, and exerted a Wnt-dependent effect on neocortical and hippocampal development. Thus, these results demonstrate that BAF complexes act as both activators and repressors to control global epigenetic and gene expression programs in late corticogenesis. Loss of BAF complexes increases H3K27me3 and H3K4me2 marks in late corticogenesis BAF complexes epigenetically regulate neural proliferation and differentiation BAF complexes suppress neuroepithelial cell fate and Wnt signaling BAF complexes control cortical development in a Wnt signaling-dependent manner
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Nguyen
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August- University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Cemil Kerimoglu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg- August-University Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; Department for Systems Medicine and Epigenetics, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mehdi Pirouz
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Linh Pham
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August- University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kamila A Kiszka
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August- University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Godwin Sokpor
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August- University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - M Sadman Sakib
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg- August-University Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; Department for Systems Medicine and Epigenetics, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Joachim Rosenbusch
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August- University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Teichmann
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Rho H Seong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Research Center for Functional Cellulomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151- 742, Korea
| | - Anastassia Stoykova
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Andre Fischer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg- August-University Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; Department for Systems Medicine and Epigenetics, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August- University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August- University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075 Goettingen, Germany.
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32
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Sokpor G, Castro-Hernandez R, Rosenbusch J, Staiger JF, Tuoc T. ATP-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling During Cortical Neurogenesis. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:226. [PMID: 29686607 PMCID: PMC5900035 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of individual neurons (neurogenesis) during cortical development occurs in discrete steps that are subtly regulated and orchestrated to ensure normal histogenesis and function of the cortex. Notably, various gene expression programs are known to critically drive many facets of neurogenesis with a high level of specificity during brain development. Typically, precise regulation of gene expression patterns ensures that key events like proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitors, specification of neuronal subtypes, as well as migration and maturation of neurons in the developing cortex occur properly. ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes regulate gene expression through utilization of energy from ATP hydrolysis to reorganize chromatin structure. These chromatin remodeling complexes are characteristically multimeric, with some capable of adopting functionally distinct conformations via subunit reconstitution to perform specific roles in major aspects of cortical neurogenesis. In this review, we highlight the functions of such chromatin remodelers during cortical development. We also bring together various proposed mechanisms by which ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers function individually or in concert, to specifically modulate vital steps in cortical neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Sokpor
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ricardo Castro-Hernandez
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Joachim Rosenbusch
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Goettingen, Germany
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33
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Abstract
The postnatal mammalian olfactory epithelium (OE) represents a major aspect of the peripheral olfactory system. It is a pseudostratified tissue that originates from the olfactory placode and is composed of diverse cells, some of which are specialized receptor neurons capable of transducing odorant stimuli to afford the perception of smell (olfaction). The OE is known to offer a tractable miniature model for studying the systematic generation of neurons and glia that typify neural tissue development. During OE development, stem/progenitor cells that will become olfactory sensory neurons and/or non-neuronal cell types display fine spatiotemporal expression of neuronal and non-neuronal genes that ensures their proper proliferation, differentiation, survival, and regeneration. Many factors, including transcription and epigenetic factors, have been identified as key regulators of the expression of such requisite genes to permit normal OE morphogenesis. Typically, specific interactive regulatory networks established between transcription and epigenetic factors/cofactors orchestrate histogenesis in the embryonic and adult OE. Hence, investigation of these regulatory networks critical for OE development promises to disclose strategies that may be employed in manipulating the stepwise transition of olfactory precursor cells to become fully differentiated and functional neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. Such strategies potentially offer formidable means of replacing injured or degenerated neural cells as therapeutics for nervous system perturbations. This review recapitulates the developmental cellular diversity of the olfactory neuroepithelium and discusses findings on how the precise and cooperative molecular control by transcriptional and epigenetic machinery is indispensable for OE ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Sokpor
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Eman Abbas
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Joachim Rosenbusch
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany. .,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
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Abstract
A major hallmark of cortical organization is the existence of a variable number of layers, i.e., sheets of neurons stacked on top of each other, in which neurons have certain commonalities. However, even for the neocortex, variable numbers of layers have been described and it is just a convention to distinguish six layers from each other. Whether cortical layers are a structural epiphenomenon caused by developmental dynamics or represent a functionally important modularization of cortical computation is still unknown. Here we present our insights from the reeler mutant mouse, a model for a developmental, “molecular lesion”-induced loss of cortical layering that could serve as ground truth of what an intact layering adds to the cortex in terms of functionality. We could demonstrate that the reeler neocortex shows no inversion of cortical layers but rather a severe disorganization that in the primary somatosensory cortex leads to the complete loss of layers. Nevertheless, the somatosensory system is well organized. When exploring an enriched environment with specific sets of whiskers, activity-dependent gene expression takes place in the corresponding modules. Precise whisker stimuli lead to the functional activation of somatotopically organized barrel columns as visualized by intrinsic signal optical imaging. Similar results were obtained in the reeler visual system. When analyzing pathways that could be responsible for preservation of tactile perception, lemniscal thalamic projections were found to be largely intact, despite the smearing of target neurons across the cortical mantle. However, with optogenetic experiments we found evidence for a mild dispersion of thalamic synapse targeting on layer IV-spiny stellate cells, together with a general weakening in thalamocortical input strength. This weakening of thalamic inputs was compensated by intracortical mechanisms involving increased recurrent excitation and/or reduced feedforward inhibition. In conclusion, a layer loss so far only led to the detection of subtle defects in sensory processing by reeler mice. This argues in favor of a view in which cortical layers are not an essential component for basic perception and cognition. A view also supported by recent studies in birds, which can have remarkable cognitive capacities despite the lack of a neocortex with multiple cortical layers. In conclusion, we suggest that future studies directed toward understanding cortical functions should rather focus on circuits specified by functional cell type composition than mere laminar location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Guy
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-UniversityGöttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-UniversityGöttingen, Germany.,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB)Göttingen, Germany
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35
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Feldmeyer D, Qi G, Emmenegger V, Staiger JF. Inhibitory interneurons and their circuit motifs in the many layers of the barrel cortex. Neuroscience 2017; 368:132-151. [PMID: 28528964 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen substantial progress in studying the structural and functional properties of GABAergic interneurons and their roles in the neuronal networks of barrel cortex. Although GABAergic interneurons represent only about 12% of the total number of neocortical neurons, they are extremely diverse with respect to their structural and functional properties. It has become clear that barrel cortex interneurons not only serve the maintenance of an appropriate excitation/inhibition balance but also are directly involved in sensory processing. In this review we present different interneuron types and their axonal projection pattern framework in the context of the laminar and columnar organization of the barrel cortex. The main focus is here on the most prominent interneuron types, i.e. basket cells, chandelier cells, Martinotti cells, bipolar/bitufted cells and neurogliaform cells, but interneurons with more unusual axonal domains will also be mentioned. We describe their developmental origin, their classification with respect to molecular, morphological and intrinsic membrane and synaptic properties. Most importantly, we will highlight the most prominent circuit motifs these interneurons are involved in and in which way they serve feed-forward inhibition, feedback inhibition and disinhibition. Finally, this will be put into context to their functional roles in sensory signal perception and processing in the whisker system and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Feldmeyer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-2, Research Center Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, Translational Brain Medicine (JARA Brain), D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Guanxiao Qi
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-2, Research Center Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Vishalini Emmenegger
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-2, Research Center Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen D-37075, Germany.
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36
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Staiger JF, Loucif AJC, Schubert D, Möck M. Morphological Characteristics of Electrophysiologically Characterized Layer Vb Pyramidal Cells in Rat Barrel Cortex. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164004. [PMID: 27706253 PMCID: PMC5051735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Layer Vb pyramidal cells are the major output neurons of the neocortex and transmit the outcome of cortical columnar signal processing to distant target areas. At the same time they contribute to local tactile information processing by emitting recurrent axonal collaterals into the columnar microcircuitry. It is, however, not known how exactly the two types of pyramidal cells, called slender-tufted and thick-tufted, contribute to the local circuitry. Here, we investigated in the rat barrel cortex the detailed quantitative morphology of biocytin-filled layer Vb pyramidal cells in vitro, which were characterized for their intrinsic electrophysiology with special emphasis on their action potential firing pattern. Since we stained the same slices for cytochrome oxidase, we could also perform layer- and column-related analyses. Our results suggest that in layer Vb the unambiguous action potential firing patterns "regular spiking (RS)" and "repetitive burst spiking (RB)" (previously called intrinsically burst spiking) correlate well with a distinct morphology. RS pyramidal cells are somatodendritically of the slender-tufted type and possess numerous local intralaminar and intracolumnar axonal collaterals, mostly reaching layer I. By contrast, their transcolumnar projections are less well developed. The RB pyramidal cells are somatodendritically of the thick-tufted type and show only relatively sparse local axonal collaterals, which are preferentially emitted as long horizontal or oblique infragranular collaterals. However, contrary to many previous slice studies, a substantial number of these neurons also showed axonal collaterals reaching layer I. Thus, electrophysiologically defined pyramidal cells of layer Vb show an input and output pattern which suggests RS cells to be more "locally segregating" signal processors whereas RB cells seem to act more on a "global integrative" scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen F. Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Dirk Schubert
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Möck
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
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37
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Barth A, Burkhalter A, Callaway EM, Connors BW, Cauli B, DeFelipe J, Feldmeyer D, Freund T, Kawaguchi Y, Kisvarday Z, Kubota Y, McBain C, Oberlaender M, Rossier J, Rudy B, Staiger JF, Somogyi P, Tamas G, Yuste R. Comment on "Principles of connectivity among morphologically defined cell types in adult neocortex". Science 2016; 353:1108. [PMID: 27609882 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf5663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Jiang et al (Research Article, 27 November 2015, aac9462) describe detailed experiments that substantially add to the knowledge of cortical microcircuitry and are unique in the number of connections reported and the quality of interneuron reconstruction. The work appeals to experts and laypersons because of the notion that it unveils new principles and provides a complete description of cortical circuits. We provide a counterbalance to the authors' claims to give those less familiar with the minutiae of cortical circuits a better sense of the contributions and the limitations of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Barth
- 159C Mellon Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Andreas Burkhalter
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Edward M Callaway
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Barry W Connors
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Bruno Cauli
- Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), Cortical Network and Neurovascular Coupling (CNNC), CNRS UMR 8246, Inserm U 1130, UPMC UM 119, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 9 Quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnologia Biomedica, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo S/N, Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain. Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dirk Feldmeyer
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Tamas Freund
- Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1450 Budapest, POB 67, Hungary
| | - Yasuo Kawaguchi
- Division of Cerebral Circuitry, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 5-1 Myodaiji-Higashiyama, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Zoltan Kisvarday
- University of Debrecen, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Laboratory for Cortical Systems Neuroscience, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Yoshiyuki Kubota
- Division of Cerebral Circuitry, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 5-1 Myodaiji-Higashiyama, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Chris McBain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Synaptic Neurophysiology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 35 Convent Drive MSC3715, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marcel Oberlaender
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Computational Neuroanatomy Group, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany
| | - Jean Rossier
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Univerisité Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris VI, 7-9 Quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bernardo Rudy
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Smilow Research Center, 522 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- University Medicine Goettingen, Center for Anatomy, Institute for Neuroanatomy, Kreuzbergring 36, D-37075 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Peter Somogyi
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TH, UK
| | - Gabor Tamas
- Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Szeged, H-6726 Hungary
| | - Rafael Yuste
- Kavli institute of Brain Science, Columbia University, Department of Biological Sciences, West 120 Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
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38
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Bachmann C, Nguyen H, Rosenbusch J, Pham L, Rabe T, Patwa M, Sokpor G, Seong RH, Ashery-Padan R, Mansouri A, Stoykova A, Staiger JF, Tuoc T. mSWI/SNF (BAF) Complexes Are Indispensable for the Neurogenesis and Development of Embryonic Olfactory Epithelium. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006274. [PMID: 27611684 PMCID: PMC5017785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis is a key developmental event through which neurons are generated from neural stem/progenitor cells. Chromatin remodeling BAF (mSWI/SNF) complexes have been reported to play essential roles in the neurogenesis of the central nervous system. However, whether BAF complexes are required for neuron generation in the olfactory system is unknown. Here, we identified onscBAF and ornBAF complexes, which are specifically present in olfactory neural stem cells (oNSCs) and olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), respectively. We demonstrated that BAF155 subunit is highly expressed in both oNSCs and ORNs, whereas high expression of BAF170 subunit is observed only in ORNs. We report that conditional deletion of BAF155, a core subunit in both onscBAF and ornBAF complexes, causes impaired proliferation of oNSCs as well as defective maturation and axonogenesis of ORNs in the developing olfactory epithelium (OE), while the high expression of BAF170 is important for maturation of ORNs. Interestingly, in the absence of BAF complexes in BAF155/BAF170 double-conditional knockout mice (dcKO), OE is not specified. Mechanistically, BAF complex is required for normal activation of Pax6-dependent transcriptional activity in stem cells/progenitors of the OE. Our findings unveil a novel mechanism mediated by the mSWI/SNF complex in OE neurogenesis and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huong Nguyen
- University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Linh Pham
- University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tamara Rabe
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Megha Patwa
- University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Godwin Sokpor
- University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Rho H. Seong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ruth Ashery-Padan
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ahmed Mansouri
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
- DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Goettingen, Germany
| | - Anastassia Stoykova
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
- DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F. Staiger
- University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
- DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
- DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Goettingen, Germany
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39
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Tuoc T, Dere E, Radyushkin K, Pham L, Nguyen H, Tonchev AB, Sun G, Ronnenberg A, Shi Y, Staiger JF, Ehrenreich H, Stoykova A. Ablation of BAF170 in Developing and Postnatal Dentate Gyrus Affects Neural Stem Cell Proliferation, Differentiation, and Learning. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4618-4635. [PMID: 27392482 PMCID: PMC5509785 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9948-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The BAF chromatin remodeling complex plays an essential role in brain development. However its function in postnatal neurogenesis in hippocampus is still unknown. Here, we show that in postnatal dentate gyrus (DG), the BAF170 subunit of the complex is expressed in radial glial-like (RGL) progenitors and in cell types involved in subsequent steps of adult neurogenesis including mature astrocytes. Conditional deletion of BAF170 during cortical late neurogenesis as well as during adult brain neurogenesis depletes the pool of RGL cells in DG, and promotes terminal astrocyte differentiation. These derangements are accompanied by distinct behavioral deficits, as reflected by an impaired accuracy of place responding in the Morris water maze test, during both hidden platform as well as reversal learning. Inducible deletion of BAF170 in DG during adult brain neurogenesis resulted in mild spatial learning deficits, having a more pronounced effect on spatial learning during the reversal test. These findings demonstrate involvement of BAF170-dependent chromatin remodeling in hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition and suggest a specific role of adult neurogenesis in DG in adaptive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Tuoc
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. .,Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany. .,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Ekrem Dere
- DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany. .,Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Konstantin Radyushkin
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Linh Pham
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Huong Nguyen
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anton B Tonchev
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Guoqiang Sun
- Division of Stem Cell Biology Research, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Anja Ronnenberg
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Division of Stem Cell Biology Research, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.,Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anastassia Stoykova
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany. .,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.
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40
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Nguyen H, Sokpor G, Pham L, Rosenbusch J, Stoykova A, Staiger JF, Tuoc T. Epigenetic regulation by BAF (mSWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complexes is indispensable for embryonic development. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:1317-24. [PMID: 26986003 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1160984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The multi-subunit chromatin-remodeling SWI/SNF (known as BAF for Brg/Brm-associated factor) complexes play essential roles in development. Studies have shown that the loss of individual BAF subunits often affects local chromatin structure and specific transcriptional programs. However, we do not fully understand how BAF complexes function in development because no animal mutant had been engineered to lack entire multi-subunit BAF complexes. Importantly, we recently reported that double conditional knock-out (dcKO) of the BAF155 and BAF170 core subunits in mice abolished the presence of the other BAF subunits in the developing cortex. The generated dcKO mutant provides a novel and powerful tool for investigating how entire BAF complexes affect cortical development. Using this model, we found that BAF complexes globally control the key heterochromatin marks, H3K27me2 and -3, by directly modulating the enzymatic activity of the H3K27 demethylases, Utx and Jmjd3. Here, we present further insights into how the scaffolding ability of the BAF155 and BAF170 core subunits maintains the stability of BAF complexes in the forebrain and throughout the embryo during development. Furthermore, we show that the loss of BAF complexes in the above-described model up-regulates H3K27me3 and impairs forebrain development and embryogenesis. These findings improve our understanding of epigenetic mechanisms and their modulation by the chromatin-remodeling SWI/SNF complexes that control embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Nguyen
- a University Medical Center , Georg-August-University Goettingen , Germany
| | - Godwin Sokpor
- a University Medical Center , Georg-August-University Goettingen , Germany
| | - Linh Pham
- a University Medical Center , Georg-August-University Goettingen , Germany
| | - Joachim Rosenbusch
- a University Medical Center , Georg-August-University Goettingen , Germany
| | - Anastassia Stoykova
- b Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Goettingen ; Germany.,c DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB) , Goettingen , Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- a University Medical Center , Georg-August-University Goettingen , Germany.,c DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB) , Goettingen , Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- a University Medical Center , Georg-August-University Goettingen , Germany.,c DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB) , Goettingen , Germany
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41
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Wagener RJ, Witte M, Guy J, Mingo-Moreno N, Kügler S, Staiger JF. Thalamocortical Connections Drive Intracortical Activation of Functional Columns in the Mislaminated Reeler Somatosensory Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:820-37. [PMID: 26564256 PMCID: PMC4712806 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal wiring is key to proper neural information processing. Tactile information from the rodent's whiskers reaches the cortex via distinct anatomical pathways. The lemniscal pathway relays whisking and touch information from the ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus to layer IV of the primary somatosensory “barrel” cortex. The disorganized neocortex of the reeler mouse is a model system that should severely compromise the ingrowth of thalamocortical axons (TCAs) into the cortex. Moreover, it could disrupt intracortical wiring. We found that neuronal intermingling within the reeler barrel cortex substantially exceeded previous descriptions, leading to the loss of layers. However, viral tracing revealed that TCAs still specifically targeted transgenically labeled spiny layer IV neurons. Slice electrophysiology and optogenetics proved that these connections represent functional synapses. In addition, we assessed intracortical activation via immediate-early-gene expression resulting from a behavioral exploration task. The cellular composition of activated neuronal ensembles suggests extensive similarities in intracolumnar information processing in the wild-type and reeler brains. We conclude that extensive ectopic positioning of neuronal partners can be compensated for by cell-autonomous mechanisms that allow for the establishment of proper connectivity. Thus, genetic neuronal fate seems to be of greater importance for correct cortical wiring than radial neuronal position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Wagener
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mirko Witte
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julien Guy
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nieves Mingo-Moreno
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kügler
- Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany Department of Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
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42
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Prönneke A, Scheuer B, Wagener RJ, Möck M, Witte M, Staiger JF. Characterizing VIP Neurons in the Barrel Cortex of VIPcre/tdTomato Mice Reveals Layer-Specific Differences. Cereb Cortex 2015; 25:4854-68. [PMID: 26420784 PMCID: PMC4635925 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neocortical GABAergic interneurons have a profound impact on cortical circuitry and its information processing capacity. Distinct subgroups of inhibitory interneurons can be distinguished by molecular markers, such as parvalbumin, somatostatin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Among these, VIP-expressing interneurons sparked a substantial interest since these neurons seem to operate disinhibitory circuit motifs found in all major neocortical areas. Several of these recent studies used transgenic Vip-ires-cre mice to specifically target the population of VIP-expressing interneurons. This makes it necessary to elucidate in detail the sensitivity and specificity of Cre expression for VIP neurons in these animals. Thus, we quantitatively compared endogenous tdTomato with Vip fluorescence in situ hybridization and αVIP immunohistochemistry in the barrel cortex of VIPcre/tdTomato mice in a layer-specific manner. We show that VIPcre/tdTomato mice are highly sensitive and specific for the entire population of VIP-expressing neurons. In the barrel cortex, approximately 13% of all GABAergic neurons are VIP expressing. Most VIP neurons are found in layer II/III (∼60%), whereas approximately 40% are found in the other layers of the barrel cortex. Layer II/III VIP neurons are significantly different from VIP neurons in layers IV–VI in several morphological and membrane properties, which suggest layer-dependent differences in functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvar Prönneke
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen D-37075, Germany
| | - Bianca Scheuer
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen D-37075, Germany
| | - Robin J Wagener
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen D-37075, Germany
| | - Martin Möck
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen D-37075, Germany
| | - Mirko Witte
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen D-37075, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen D-37075, Germany
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Pielecka-Fortuna J, Wagener RJ, Martens AK, Goetze B, Schmidt KF, Staiger JF, Löwel S. The disorganized visual cortex in reelin-deficient mice is functional and allows for enhanced plasticity. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:3449-67. [PMID: 25119525 PMCID: PMC4575689 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of neocortical circuits is the segregation of processing streams into six distinct layers. The importance of this layered organization for cortical processing and plasticity is little understood. We investigated the structure, function and plasticity of primary visual cortex (V1) of adult mice deficient for the glycoprotein reelin and their wild-type littermates. In V1 of rl-/- mice, cells with different laminar fates are present at all cortical depths. Surprisingly, the (vertically) disorganized cortex maintains a precise retinotopic (horizontal) organization. Rl-/- mice have normal basic visual capabilities, but are compromised in more challenging perceptual tasks, such as orientation discrimination. Additionally, rl-/- animals learn and memorize a visual task as well as their wild-type littermates. Interestingly, reelin deficiency enhances visual cortical plasticity: juvenile-like ocular dominance plasticity is preserved into late adulthood. The present data offer an important insight into the capabilities of a disorganized cortical system to maintain basic functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Pielecka-Fortuna
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Bernstein Fokus Neurotechnologie, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 6, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Robin Jan Wagener
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 36, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Martens
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Bernstein Fokus Neurotechnologie, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 6, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bianka Goetze
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Bernstein Fokus Neurotechnologie, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 6, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Karl-Friedrich Schmidt
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Bernstein Fokus Neurotechnologie, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 6, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 36, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
- Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.
- Collaborative Research Center 889, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Siegrid Löwel
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Bernstein Fokus Neurotechnologie, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 6, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
- Collaborative Research Center 889, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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Cauli B, Zhou X, Tricoire L, Toussay X, Staiger JF. Revisiting enigmatic cortical calretinin-expressing interneurons. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:52. [PMID: 25009470 PMCID: PMC4067953 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical calretinin (CR)-expressing interneurons represent a heterogeneous subpopulation of about 10-30% of GABAergic interneurons, which altogether total ca. 12-20% of all cortical neurons. In the rodent neocortex, CR cells display different somatodendritic morphologies ranging from bipolar to multipolar but the bipolar cells and their variations dominate. They are also diverse at the molecular level as they were shown to express numerous neuropeptides in different combinations including vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), cholecystokinin (CCK), neurokinin B (NKB) corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF), enkephalin (Enk) but also neuropeptide Y (NPY) and somatostatin (SOM) to a lesser extent. CR-expressing interneurons exhibit different firing behaviors such as adapting, bursting or irregular. They mainly originate from the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE) but a subpopulation also derives from the dorsal part of the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE). Cortical GABAergic CR-expressing interneurons can be divided in two main populations: VIP-bipolar interneurons deriving from the CGE and SOM-Martinotti-like interneurons originating in the dorsal MGE. Although bipolar cells account for the majority of CR-expressing interneurons, the roles they play in cortical neuronal circuits and in the more general metabolic physiology of the brain remained elusive and enigmatic. The aim of this review is, firstly, to provide a comprehensive view of the morphological, molecular and electrophysiological features defining this cell type. We will, secondly, also summarize what is known about their place in the cortical circuit, their modulation by subcortical afferents and the functional roles they might play in neuronal processing and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cauli
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine Paris, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine Paris, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine Paris, France
| | - Xiaojuan Zhou
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, UMG, Georg-August-University Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ludovic Tricoire
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine Paris, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine Paris, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine Paris, France
| | - Xavier Toussay
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine Paris, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine Paris, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine Paris, France
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, UMG, Georg-August-University Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
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Abstract
In rodents, layer IV of the primary somatosensory cortex contains the barrel field, where individual, large facial whiskers are represented as a dense cluster of cells. In the reeler mouse, a model of disturbed cortical development characterized by a loss of cortical lamination, the barrel field exists in a distorted manner. Little is known about the consequences of such a highly disturbed lamination on cortical function in this model. We used in vivo intrinsic signal optical imaging together with piezo-controlled whisker stimulation to explore sensory map organization and stimulus representation in the barrel field. We found that the loss of cortical layers in reeler mice had surprisingly little incidence on these properties. The overall topological order of whisker representations is highly preserved and the functional activation of individual whisker representations is similar in size and strength to wild-type controls. Because intrinsic imaging measures hemodynamic signals, we furthermore investigated the cortical blood vessel pattern of both genotypes, where we also did not detect major differences. In summary, the loss of the reelin protein results in a widespread disturbance of cortical development which compromises neither the establishment nor the function of an ordered, somatotopic map of the facial whiskers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Guy
- Institut für Neuroanatomie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen D-37075, Germany
| | - Robin J Wagener
- Institut für Neuroanatomie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen D-37075, Germany
| | - Martin Möck
- Institut für Neuroanatomie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen D-37075, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institut für Neuroanatomie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen D-37075, Germany
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Staiger JF, Bojak I, Miceli S, Schubert D. A gradual depth-dependent change in connectivity features of supragranular pyramidal cells in rat barrel cortex. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:1317-37. [PMID: 24569853 PMCID: PMC4409644 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0726-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent experimental evidence suggests a finer genetic, structural and functional subdivision of the layers which form a cortical column. The classical layer II/III (LII/III) of rodent neocortex integrates ascending sensory information with contextual cortical information for behavioral read-out. We systematically investigated to which extent regular-spiking supragranular pyramidal neurons, located at different depths within the cortex, show different input-output connectivity patterns. Combining glutamate uncaging with whole-cell recordings and biocytin filling, we revealed a novel cellular organization of LII/III: (1) "Lower LII/III" pyramidal cells receive a very strong excitatory input from lemniscal LIV and much fewer inputs from paralemniscal LVa. They project to all layers of the home column, including a feedback projection to LIV, whereas transcolumnar projections are relatively sparse. (2) "Upper LII/III" pyramidal cells also receive their strongest input from LIV, but in addition, a very strong and dense excitatory input from LVa. They project extensively to LII/III as well as LVa and Vb of their home and neighboring columns. (3) "Middle LII/III" pyramidal cell shows an intermediate connectivity phenotype that stands in many ways in between the features described for lower versus upper LII/III. "Lower LII/III" intracolumnarly segregates and transcolumnarly integrates lemniscal information, whereas "upper LII/III" seems to integrate lemniscal with paralemniscal information. This suggests a fine-grained functional subdivision of the supragranular compartment containing multiple circuits without any obvious cytoarchitectonic, other structural or functional correlate of a laminar border in rodent barrel cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen F. Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medicine Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 36, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ingo Bojak
- School of Systems Engineering, University of Reading, PO Box 225, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AY UK
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, POB 9101//126, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stéphanie Miceli
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, POB 9101//126, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Schubert
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, POB 9101//126, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Pohlkamp T, Dávid C, Cauli B, Gallopin T, Bouché E, Karagiannis A, May P, Herz J, Frotscher M, Staiger JF, Bock HH. Characterization and distribution of Reelin-positive interneuron subtypes in the rat barrel cortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 24:3046-58. [PMID: 23803971 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
GABAergic inhibitory interneurons (IN) represent a heterogeneous population with different electrophysiological, morphological, and molecular properties. The correct balance between interneuronal subtypes is important for brain function and is impaired in several neurological and psychiatric disorders. Here we show the data of 123 molecularly and electrophysiologically characterized neurons of juvenile rat barrel cortex acute slices, 48 of which expressed Reelin (Reln). Reln mRNA was exclusively detected in Gad65/67-positive cells but was found in interneuronal subtypes in different proportions: all cells of the adapting-Somatostatin (SST) cluster expressed Reln, whereas 63% of the adapting-neuropeptide Y (NPY, 50% of the fast-spiking Parvalbumin (PVALB), and 27% of the adapting/bursting-Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) cluster were Reln-positive. Silhouette analysis revealed a high impact of the parameter Reln on cluster quality. By analyzing the co-localization of RELN immunoreactivity with those of different IN-markers, we found that RELN is produced layer-independently in SST-, NPY-, and NOS1-expressing INs, whereas co-localization of RELN and VIP was mostly absent. Of note, RELN co-localized with PVALB, predominantly in INs of layers IV/V (>30%). Our findings emphasize RELN's role as an important IN-marker protein and provide a basis for the functional characterization of Reln-expressing INs and its role in the regulation of inhibitory IN networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Pohlkamp
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroanatomy, Albert-Ludwigs-University, D79104 Freiburg, Germany Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Csaba Dávid
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroanatomy, Albert-Ludwigs-University, D79104 Freiburg, Germany Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, H1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bruno Cauli
- Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, CNRS UMR7102, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Thierry Gallopin
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, CNRS UMR7637, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de Paris, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Bouché
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroanatomy, Albert-Ludwigs-University, D79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anastassios Karagiannis
- Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, CNRS UMR7102, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Petra May
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroanatomy, Albert-Ludwigs-University, D79104 Freiburg, Germany Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, D40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joachim Herz
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroanatomy, Albert-Ludwigs-University, D79104 Freiburg, Germany Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Michael Frotscher
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroanatomy, Albert-Ludwigs-University, D79104 Freiburg, Germany Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, D20251 Hamburg, Germany and
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroanatomy, Albert-Ludwigs-University, D79104 Freiburg, Germany Institute for Neuroanatomy, UMG, Georg-August-University, D37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans H Bock
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroanatomy, Albert-Ludwigs-University, D79104 Freiburg, Germany Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, D40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Harsan LA, Dávid C, Reisert M, Schnell S, Hennig J, von Elverfeldt D, Staiger JF. Mapping remodeling of thalamocortical projections in the living reeler mouse brain by diffusion tractography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E1797-806. [PMID: 23610438 PMCID: PMC3651497 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1218330110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in neuroscience is to accurately decipher in vivo the entire brain circuitry (connectome) at a microscopic level. Currently, the only methodology providing a global noninvasive window into structural brain connectivity is diffusion tractography. The extent to which the reconstructed pathways reflect realistic neuronal networks depends, however, on data acquisition and postprocessing factors. Through a unique combination of approaches, we designed and evaluated herein a framework for reliable fiber tracking and mapping of the living mouse brain connectome. One important wiring scheme, connecting gray matter regions and passing fiber-crossing areas, was closely examined: the lemniscal thalamocortical (TC) pathway. We quantitatively validated the TC projections inferred from in vivo tractography with correlative histological axonal tracing in the same wild-type and reeler mutant mice. We demonstrated noninvasively that changes in patterning of the cortical sheet, such as highly disorganized cortical lamination in reeler, led to spectacular compensatory remodeling of the TC pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura-Adela Harsan
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, University Medical Center and the BrainLinks-BrainTools Excellence Cluster of the University of Freiburg, 79106 - Freiburg, Germany
| | - Csaba Dávid
- Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H-1094, Hungary
| | - Marco Reisert
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, University Medical Center and the BrainLinks-BrainTools Excellence Cluster of the University of Freiburg, 79106 - Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Schnell
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, University Medical Center and the BrainLinks-BrainTools Excellence Cluster of the University of Freiburg, 79106 - Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611-2927; and
| | - Jürgen Hennig
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, University Medical Center and the BrainLinks-BrainTools Excellence Cluster of the University of Freiburg, 79106 - Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominik von Elverfeldt
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, University Medical Center and the BrainLinks-BrainTools Excellence Cluster of the University of Freiburg, 79106 - Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jochen F. Staiger
- Department of Neuroanatomy and
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain/Excellence Cluster 171, Georg-August University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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DeFelipe J, López-Cruz PL, Benavides-Piccione R, Bielza C, Larrañaga P, Anderson S, Burkhalter A, Cauli B, Fairén A, Feldmeyer D, Fishell G, Fitzpatrick D, Freund TF, González-Burgos G, Hestrin S, Hill S, Hof PR, Huang J, Jones EG, Kawaguchi Y, Kisvárday Z, Kubota Y, Lewis DA, Marín O, Markram H, McBain CJ, Meyer HS, Monyer H, Nelson SB, Rockland K, Rossier J, Rubenstein JLR, Rudy B, Scanziani M, Shepherd GM, Sherwood CC, Staiger JF, Tamás G, Thomson A, Wang Y, Yuste R, Ascoli GA. New insights into the classification and nomenclature of cortical GABAergic interneurons. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013; 14:202-16. [PMID: 23385869 PMCID: PMC3619199 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A systematic classification and accepted nomenclature of neuron types is much needed but is currently lacking. This article describes a possible taxonomical solution for classifying GABAergic interneurons of the cerebral cortex based on a novel, web-based interactive system that allows experts to classify neurons with pre-determined criteria. Using Bayesian analysis and clustering algorithms on the resulting data, we investigated the suitability of several anatomical terms and neuron names for cortical GABAergic interneurons. Moreover, we show that supervised classification models could automatically categorize interneurons in agreement with experts' assignments. These results demonstrate a practical and objective approach to the naming, characterization and classification of neurons based on community consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier DeFelipe
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo S/N, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
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