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Lewis V, Rurak G, Salmaso N, Aguilar-Valles A. An integrative view on the cell-type-specific mechanisms of ketamine's antidepressant actions. Trends Neurosci 2024; 47:195-208. [PMID: 38220554 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Over the past six decades, the use of ketamine has evolved from an anesthetic and recreational drug to the first non-monoaminergic antidepressant approved for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (MDD). Subanesthetic doses of ketamine and its enantiomer (S)-ketamine (esketamine) directly bind to several neurotransmitter receptors [including N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR), κ and μ opioid receptor (KOR and MOR)] widely distributed in the brain and across different cell types, implicating several potential molecular mechanisms underlying the action of ketamine as an antidepressant. This review examines preclinical studies investigating cell-type-specific mechanisms underlying the effects of ketamine on behavior and synapses. Cell-type-specific approaches are crucial for disentangling the critical mechanisms involved in the therapeutic effect of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vern Lewis
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Health Sciences Building, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Gareth Rurak
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Health Sciences Building, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Natalina Salmaso
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Health Sciences Building, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Argel Aguilar-Valles
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Health Sciences Building, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada.
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2
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Cameron LP, Benetatos J, Lewis V, Bonniwell EM, Jaster AM, Moliner R, Castrén E, McCorvy JD, Palner M, Aguilar-Valles A. Beyond the 5-HT 2A Receptor: Classic and Nonclassic Targets in Psychedelic Drug Action. J Neurosci 2023; 43:7472-7482. [PMID: 37940583 PMCID: PMC10634557 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1384-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin and LSD, have garnered significant attention in recent years for their potential therapeutic effects and unique mechanisms of action. These compounds exert their primary effects through activating serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, found predominantly in cortical regions. By interacting with these receptors, serotonergic psychedelics induce alterations in perception, cognition, and emotions, leading to the characteristic psychedelic experience. One of the most crucial aspects of serotonergic psychedelics is their ability to promote neuroplasticity, the formation of new neural connections, and rewire neuronal networks. This neuroplasticity is believed to underlie their therapeutic potential for various mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. In this mini-review, we will discuss how the 5-HT2A receptor activation is just one facet of the complex mechanisms of action of serotonergic psychedelics. They also interact with other serotonin receptor subtypes, such as 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors, and with neurotrophin receptors (e.g., tropomyosin receptor kinase B). These interactions contribute to the complexity of their effects on perception, mood, and cognition. Moreover, as psychedelic research advances, there is an increasing interest in developing nonhallucinogenic derivatives of these drugs to create safer and more targeted medications for psychiatric disorders by removing the hallucinogenic properties while retaining the potential therapeutic benefits. These nonhallucinogenic derivatives would offer patients therapeutic advantages without the intense psychedelic experience, potentially reducing the risks of adverse reactions. Finally, we discuss the potential of psychedelics as substrates for post-translational modification of proteins as part of their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay P Cameron
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, Palo Alto 94305, California
| | - Joseph Benetatos
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla 92093, California
| | - Vern Lewis
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa K1S 5B6, Ontario Canada
| | - Emma M Bonniwell
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, Wisconsin
| | - Alaina M Jaster
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298, Virginia
| | - Rafael Moliner
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Eero Castrén
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - John D McCorvy
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, Wisconsin
| | - Mikael Palner
- Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Department Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-2100, Denmark
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3
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Rurak GM, Gahelrasoul A, Aguilar-Valles A, Salmaso N. Neonatal estrogen induces male-like expression of astroglial markers of maturation and plasticity in the neocortex of female mice. Brain Res 2023; 1818:148499. [PMID: 37499732 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Astroglia play a crucial role in various aspects of neurodevelopment including building, maintaining, and modulating neuronal circuits that underly complex behaviours in the neocortex. Telencephalic regions exhibit sex differences in neuronal networks that arise early in development. Astroglia express receptors for gonadal hormones responsible for the organization of sex differences, such as estrogen, placing them in a key position to modulate sex differences in the development of neuronal networks. Astroglial cells express specific proteins related to their morphology, function, and maturation. We have previously shown that P7-P14 is a key transition period for neocortical astroglial maturation and that males reach a mature phenotype earlier than females, at P7. In this study, we investigated whether administration of perinatal estradiol to female mice is sufficient to masculinize astroglial protein and gene expression related to maturation that we previously observed at P7. We found that canonical astroglial markers like glial fibrillary acidic protein and glutamine synthetase are not affected by perinatal estrogen, but markers of astroglial maturation, Vimentin, Aldh1a1, Dio2, and the number of actively dividing astroglia are masculinized by perinatal estradiol administration. These findings suggest that sex differences in neocortical astroglial maturation are at least in-part due to the role of perinatal estrogen. Given the higher prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders in males compared to females and the involvement of astroglia in virtually all neurodevelopmental disorders, further research is needed to determine other contributions to sex differences in neocortical astroglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Rurak
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - A Gahelrasoul
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - A Aguilar-Valles
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - N Salmaso
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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4
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Lewis V, Bonniwell EM, Lanham JK, Ghaffari A, Sheshbaradaran H, Cao AB, Calkins MM, Bautista-Carro MA, Arsenault E, Telfer A, Taghavi-Abkuh FF, Malcolm NJ, El Sayegh F, Abizaid A, Schmid Y, Morton K, Halberstadt AL, Aguilar-Valles A, McCorvy JD. A non-hallucinogenic LSD analog with therapeutic potential for mood disorders. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112203. [PMID: 36884348 PMCID: PMC10112881 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hallucinations limit widespread therapeutic use of psychedelics as rapidly acting antidepressants. Here we profiled the non-hallucinogenic lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) analog 2-bromo-LSD (2-Br-LSD) at more than 33 aminergic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). 2-Br-LSD shows partial agonism at several aminergic GPCRs, including 5-HT2A, and does not induce the head-twitch response (HTR) in mice, supporting its classification as a non-hallucinogenic 5-HT2A partial agonist. Unlike LSD, 2-Br-LSD lacks 5-HT2B agonism, an effect linked to cardiac valvulopathy. Additionally, 2-Br-LSD produces weak 5-HT2A β-arrestin recruitment and internalization in vitro and does not induce tolerance in vivo after repeated administration. 2-Br-LSD induces dendritogenesis and spinogenesis in cultured rat cortical neurons and increases active coping behavior in mice, an effect blocked by the 5-HT2A-selective antagonist volinanserin (M100907). 2-Br-LSD also reverses the behavioral effects of chronic stress. Overall, 2-Br-LSD has an improved pharmacological profile compared with LSD and may have profound therapeutic value for mood disorders and other indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vern Lewis
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Emma M Bonniwell
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Janelle K Lanham
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Abdi Ghaffari
- BetterLife Pharma Inc., Vancouver, BC V6H 1A6, Canada
| | | | - Andrew B Cao
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Maggie M Calkins
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | | | - Emily Arsenault
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Andre Telfer
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | | | - Nicholas J Malcolm
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Fatema El Sayegh
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Alfonso Abizaid
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Yasmin Schmid
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kathleen Morton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Adam L Halberstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | | | - John D McCorvy
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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5
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Wiebe S, Huang Z, Ladak RJ, Skalecka A, Cagnetta R, Lacaille JC, Aguilar-Valles A, Sonenberg N. Cell-type-specific translational control of spatial working memory by the cap-binding protein 4EHP. Mol Brain 2023; 16:9. [PMID: 36650535 PMCID: PMC9847188 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-00995-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The consolidation of learned information into long-lasting memories requires the strengthening of synaptic connections through de novo protein synthesis. Translation initiation factors play a cardinal role in gating the production of new proteins thereby regulating memory formation. Both positive and negative regulators of translation play a critical role in learning and memory consolidation. The eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) homologous protein (4EHP, encoded by the gene Eif4e2) is a pivotal negative regulator of translation but its role in learning and memory is unknown. To address this gap in knowledge, we generated excitatory (glutamatergic: CaMKIIα-positive) and inhibitory (GABAergic: GAD65-positive) conditional knockout mice for 4EHP, which were analyzed in various behavioral memory tasks. Knockout of 4EHP in Camk2a-expressing neurons (4EHP-cKOexc) did not impact long-term memory in either contextual fear conditioning or Morris water maze tasks. Similarly, long-term contextual fear memory was not altered in Gad2-directed 4EHP knockout mice (4EHP-cKOinh). However, when subjected to a short-term T-maze working memory task, both mouse models exhibited impaired cognition. We therefore tested the hypothesis that de novo protein synthesis plays a direct role in working memory. We discovered that phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6, a measure of mTORC1 activity, is dramatically reduced in the CA1 hippocampus of 4EHP-cKOexc mice. Consistently, genetic reduction of mTORC1 activity in either excitatory or inhibitory neurons was sufficient to impair working memory. Taken together, these findings indicate that translational control by 4EHP and mTORC1 in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons are necessary for working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Wiebe
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6 Canada ,Goodman Cancer Institute, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 614, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3 Canada
| | - Ziying Huang
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6 Canada ,Goodman Cancer Institute, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 614, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3 Canada
| | - Reese Jalal Ladak
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6 Canada ,Goodman Cancer Institute, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 614, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3 Canada
| | - Agnieszka Skalecka
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6 Canada ,Goodman Cancer Institute, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 614, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3 Canada
| | - Roberta Cagnetta
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6 Canada ,Goodman Cancer Institute, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 614, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3 Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Lacaille
- grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357Department of Neuroscience and CIRCA, University of Montreal, Succ. Downtown, P. O. Box 6128, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Argel Aguilar-Valles
- grid.34428.390000 0004 1936 893XDepartment of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Health Sciences Building, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6 Canada ,Goodman Cancer Institute, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 614, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3 Canada
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6
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Lewis V, Rodrigue B, Arsenault E, Zhang M, Taghavi-Abkuh FF, Silva WCC, Myers M, Matta-Camacho E, Aguilar-Valles A. Translational control by ketamine and its implications for comorbid cognitive deficits in depressive disorders. J Neurochem 2022. [PMID: 35680556 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine has shown antidepressant effects in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) resistant to first-line treatments and approved for use in this patient population. Ketamine induces several forms of synaptic plasticity, which are proposed to underlie its antidepressant effects. However, the molecular mechanism of action directly responsible for ketamine's antidepressant effects remains under active investigation. It was recently demonstrated that the effectors of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signalling pathway, namely, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binding proteins 1 and 2 (4E-BP1 and 4E-BP2), are central in mediating ketamine-induced synaptic plasticity and behavioural antidepressant-like effect. 4E-BPs are a family of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) translation repressors inactivated by mTORC1. We observed that their expression in inhibitory interneurons mediates ketamine's effects in the forced swim and novelty suppressed feeding tests and the long-lasting inhibition of GABAergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus. In addition, another effector pathway that regulates translation elongation downstream of mTORC1, the eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF2K), has been implicated in ketamine's behavioural effects. We will discuss how ketamine's rapid antidepressant effect depends on the activation of neuronal mRNA translation through 4E-BP1/2 and eEF2K. Furthermore, given that these pathways also regulate cognitive functions, we will discuss the evidence of ketamine's effect on cognitive function in MDD. Overall, the data accrued from pre-clinical research have implicated the mRNA translation pathways in treating mood symptoms of MDD. However, it is yet unclear whether the pro-cognitive potential of subanesthetic ketamine in rodents also engages these pathways and whether such an effect is consistently observed in the treatment-resistant MDD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vern Lewis
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brandon Rodrigue
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily Arsenault
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Molly Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Mysa Myers
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edna Matta-Camacho
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Yuste R, Hawrylycz M, Aalling N, Aguilar-Valles A, Arendt D, Armañanzas R, Ascoli GA, Bielza C, Bokharaie V, Bergmann TB, Bystron I, Capogna M, Chang Y, Clemens A, de Kock CPJ, DeFelipe J, Dos Santos SE, Dunville K, Feldmeyer D, Fiáth R, Fishell GJ, Foggetti A, Gao X, Ghaderi P, Goriounova NA, Güntürkün O, Hagihara K, Hall VJ, Helmstaedter M, Herculano-Houzel S, Hilscher MM, Hirase H, Hjerling-Leffler J, Hodge R, Huang J, Huda R, Khodosevich K, Kiehn O, Koch H, Kuebler ES, Kühnemund M, Larrañaga P, Lelieveldt B, Louth EL, Lui JH, Mansvelder HD, Marin O, Martinez-Trujillo J, Chameh HM, Mohapatra AN, Munguba H, Nedergaard M, Němec P, Ofer N, Pfisterer UG, Pontes S, Redmond W, Rossier J, Sanes JR, Scheuermann RH, Serrano-Saiz E, Staiger JF, Somogyi P, Tamás G, Tolias AS, Tosches MA, García MT, Wozny C, Wuttke TV, Liu Y, Yuan J, Zeng H, Lein E. A community-based transcriptomics classification and nomenclature of neocortical cell types. Nat Neurosci 2021; 23:1456-1468. [PMID: 32839617 PMCID: PMC7683348 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-0685-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To understand the function of cortical circuits, it is necessary to catalog their cellular diversity. Past attempts to do so using anatomical, physiological or molecular features of cortical cells have not resulted in a unified taxonomy of neuronal or glial cell types, partly due to limited data. Single-cell transcriptomics is enabling, for the first time, systematic high-throughput measurements of cortical cells and generation of datasets that hold the promise of being complete, accurate and permanent. Statistical analyses of these data reveal clusters that often correspond to cell types previously defined by morphological or physiological criteria and that appear conserved across cortical areas and species. To capitalize on these new methods, we propose the adoption of a transcriptome-based taxonomy of cell types for mammalian neocortex. This classification should be hierarchical and use a standardized nomenclature. It should be based on a probabilistic definition of a cell type and incorporate data from different approaches, developmental stages and species. A community-based classification and data aggregation model, such as a knowledge graph, could provide a common foundation for the study of cortical circuits. This community-based classification, nomenclature and data aggregation could serve as an example for cell type atlases in other parts of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Detlev Arendt
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ruben Armañanzas
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.,BrainScope Company Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Vahid Bokharaie
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Marco Capogna
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - YoonJeung Chang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richárd Fiáth
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Xuefan Gao
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Parviz Ghaderi
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Kenta Hagihara
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biological Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Markus M Hilscher
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Josh Huang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Laurel Hollow, NY, USA
| | - Rafiq Huda
- WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Ole Kiehn
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Eric S Kuebler
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Jan H Lui
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Julio Martinez-Trujillo
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Departments of Physiology, Pharmacology and Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard H Scheuermann
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Christian Wozny
- University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.,MSH Medical School, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas V Wuttke
- Departments of Neurosurgery and of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yong Liu
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juan Yuan
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Ed Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
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8
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De Gregorio D, Aguilar-Valles A, Preller KH, Heifets BD, Hibicke M, Mitchell J, Gobbi G. Hallucinogens in Mental Health: Preclinical and Clinical Studies on LSD, Psilocybin, MDMA, and Ketamine. J Neurosci 2021; 41:891-900. [PMID: 33257322 PMCID: PMC7880300 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1659-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A revamped interest in the study of hallucinogens has recently emerged, especially with regard to their potential application in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In the last decade, a plethora of preclinical and clinical studies have confirmed the efficacy of ketamine in the treatment of depression. More recently, emerging evidence has pointed out the potential therapeutic properties of psilocybin and LSD, as well as their ability to modulate functional brain connectivity. Moreover, MDMA, a compound belonging to the family of entactogens, has been demonstrated to be useful to treat post-traumatic stress disorders. In this review, the pharmacology of hallucinogenic compounds is summarized by underscoring the differences between psychedelic and nonpsychedelic hallucinogens as well as entactogens, and their behavioral effects in both animals and humans are described. Together, these data substantiate the potentials of these compounds in treating mental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo De Gregorio
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Argel Aguilar-Valles
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Katrin H Preller
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Boris Dov Heifets
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Meghan Hibicke
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Jennifer Mitchell
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Gabriella Gobbi
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
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9
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De Gregorio D, Popic J, Enns JP, Inserra A, Skalecka A, Markopoulos A, Posa L, Lopez-Canul M, Qianzi H, Lafferty CK, Britt JP, Comai S, Aguilar-Valles A, Sonenberg N, Gobbi G. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) promotes social behavior through mTORC1 in the excitatory neurotransmission. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2020705118. [PMID: 33495318 PMCID: PMC7865169 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020705118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies have reported that the psychedelic lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) enhances empathy and social behavior (SB) in humans, but its mechanism of action remains elusive. Using a multidisciplinary approach including in vivo electrophysiology, optogenetics, behavioral paradigms, and molecular biology, the effects of LSD on SB and glutamatergic neurotransmission in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) were studied in male mice. Acute LSD (30 μg/kg) injection failed to increase SB. However, repeated LSD (30 μg/kg, once a day, for 7 days) administration promotes SB, without eliciting antidepressant/anxiolytic-like effects. Optogenetic inhibition of mPFC excitatory neurons dramatically inhibits social interaction and nullifies the prosocial effect of LSD. LSD potentiates the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) and 5-HT2A, but not N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and 5-HT1A, synaptic responses in the mPFC and increases the phosphorylation of the serine-threonine protein kinases Akt and mTOR. In conditional knockout mice lacking Raptor (one of the structural components of the mTORC1 complex) in excitatory glutamatergic neurons (Raptorf/f:Camk2alpha-Cre), the prosocial effects of LSD and the potentiation of 5-HT2A/AMPA synaptic responses were nullified, demonstrating that LSD requires the integrity of mTORC1 in excitatory neurons to promote SB. Conversely, in knockout mice lacking Raptor in GABAergic neurons of the mPFC (Raptorf/f:Gad2-Cre), LSD promotes SB. These results indicate that LSD selectively enhances SB by potentiating mPFC excitatory transmission through 5-HT2A/AMPA receptors and mTOR signaling. The activation of 5-HT2A/AMPA/mTORC1 in the mPFC by psychedelic drugs should be explored for the treatment of mental diseases with SB impairments such as autism spectrum disorder and social anxiety disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo De Gregorio
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 1A1;
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 1A3
| | - Jelena Popic
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 1A3
| | - Justine P Enns
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 1A1
| | - Antonio Inserra
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 1A1
| | - Agnieszka Skalecka
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 1A3
| | - Athanasios Markopoulos
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 1A1
| | - Luca Posa
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 1A1
| | - Martha Lopez-Canul
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 1A1
| | - He Qianzi
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 1A1
| | | | - Jonathan P Britt
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 1B1
| | - Stefano Comai
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 1A1
- Division of Neuroscience, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 1A3;
| | - Gabriella Gobbi
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 1A1;
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1S 5B6
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10
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Rurak GM, Woodside B, Aguilar-Valles A, Salmaso N. Astroglial cells as neuroendocrine targets in forebrain development: Implications for sex differences in psychiatric disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 60:100897. [PMID: 33359797 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Astroglial cells are the most abundant cell type in the mammalian brain. They are implicated in almost every aspect of brain physiology, including maintaining homeostasis, building and maintaining the blood brain barrier, and the development and maturation of neuronal networks. Critically, astroglia also express receptors for gonadal sex hormones, respond rapidly to gonadal hormones, and are able to synthesize hormones. Thus, they are positioned to guide and mediate sexual differentiation of the brain, particularly neuronal networks in typical and pathological conditions. In this review, we describe astroglial involvement in the organization and development of the brain, and consider known sex differences in astroglial responses to understand how astroglial cell-mediated organization may play a role in forebrain sexual dimorphisms in human populations. Finally, we consider how sexually dimorphic astroglial responses and functions in development may lead to sex differences in vulnerability for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth M Rurak
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barbara Woodside
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Natalina Salmaso
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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11
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Aguilar-Valles A, De Gregorio D, Matta-Camacho E, Eslamizade MJ, Khlaifia A, Skaleka A, Lopez-Canul M, Torres-Berrio A, Bermudez S, Rurak GM, Simard S, Salmaso N, Gobbi G, Lacaille JC, Sonenberg N. Antidepressant actions of ketamine engage cell-specific translation via eIF4E. Nature 2020; 590:315-319. [PMID: 33328636 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-03047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Effective pharmacotherapy for major depressive disorder remains a major challenge, as more than 30% of patients are resistant to the first line of treatment (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)1. Sub-anaesthetic doses of ketamine, a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist2,3, provide rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects in these patients4-6, but the molecular mechanism of these effects remains unclear7,8. Ketamine has been proposed to exert its antidepressant effects through its metabolite (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine ((2R,6R)-HNK)9. The antidepressant effects of ketamine and (2R,6R)-HNK in rodents require activation of the mTORC1 kinase10,11. mTORC1 controls various neuronal functions12, particularly through cap-dependent initiation of mRNA translation via the phosphorylation and inactivation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding proteins (4E-BPs)13. Here we show that 4E-BP1 and 4E-BP2 are key effectors of the antidepressant activity of ketamine and (2R,6R)-HNK, and that ketamine-induced hippocampal synaptic plasticity depends on 4E-BP2 and, to a lesser extent, 4E-BP1. It has been hypothesized that ketamine activates mTORC1-4E-BP signalling in pyramidal excitatory cells of the cortex8,14. To test this hypothesis, we studied the behavioural response to ketamine and (2R,6R)-HNK in mice lacking 4E-BPs in either excitatory or inhibitory neurons. The antidepressant activity of the drugs is mediated by 4E-BP2 in excitatory neurons, and 4E-BP1 and 4E-BP2 in inhibitory neurons. Notably, genetic deletion of 4E-BP2 in inhibitory neurons induced a reduction in baseline immobility in the forced swim test, mimicking an antidepressant effect. Deletion of 4E-BP2 specifically in inhibitory neurons also prevented the ketamine-induced increase in hippocampal excitatory neurotransmission, and this effect concurred with the inability of ketamine to induce a long-lasting decrease in inhibitory neurotransmission. Overall, our data show that 4E-BPs are central to the antidepressant activity of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argel Aguilar-Valles
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Neurosciences and Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Brain and Learning, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Danilo De Gregorio
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edna Matta-Camacho
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohammad J Eslamizade
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurosciences and Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Brain and Learning, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Abdessattar Khlaifia
- Department of Neurosciences and Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Brain and Learning, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Agnieszka Skaleka
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Angelica Torres-Berrio
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sara Bermudez
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gareth M Rurak
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie Simard
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natalina Salmaso
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gabriella Gobbi
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Lacaille
- Department of Neurosciences and Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Brain and Learning, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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12
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Haji N, Riebe I, Aguilar-Valles A, Artinian J, Laplante I, Lacaille JC. Tsc1 haploinsufficiency in Nkx2.1 cells upregulates hippocampal interneuron mTORC1 activity, impairs pyramidal cell synaptic inhibition, and alters contextual fear discrimination and spatial working memory in mice. Mol Autism 2020; 11:29. [PMID: 32375878 PMCID: PMC7201610 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-020-00340-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 genes cause tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a disorder associated with epilepsy, autism, and intellectual disability. TSC1 and TSC2 are repressors of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a key regulator of protein synthesis. Dysregulation of mTORC1 in TSC mouse models leads to impairments in excitation-inhibition balance, synaptic plasticity, and hippocampus-dependent learning and memory deficits. However, synaptic inhibition arises from multiple types of inhibitory interneurons and how changes in specific interneurons contribute to TSC remains largely unknown. In the present work, we determined the effect of conditional Tsc1 haploinsufficiency in a specific subgroup of inhibitory cells on hippocampal function in mice. Methods We investigated the consequences of conditional heterozygous knockout of Tsc1 in MGE-derived inhibitory cells by crossing Nkx2.1Cre/wt;Tsc1f/f mice. We examined the changes in mTORC1 activity and synaptic transmission in hippocampal cells, as well as hippocampus-related cognitive tasks. Results We detected selective increases in phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 in interneurons, indicating cell-specific-upregulated mTORC1 signaling. At the behavioral level, Nkx2.1Cre/wt;Tsc1f/wt mice exhibited intact contextual fear memory, but impaired contextual fear discrimination. They displayed intact spatial learning and reference memory but impairment in spatial working memory. Whole-cell recordings in hippocampal slices of Nkx2.1Cre/wt;Tsc1f/wt mice showed intact basic membrane properties, as well as miniature excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission, in pyramidal and Nkx2.1-expressing inhibitory cells. Using optogenetic activation of Nkx2.1 interneurons in slices of Nkx2.1Cre/wt;Tsc1f/wt mice, we found a decrease in synaptic inhibition of pyramidal cells. Chronic, but not acute treatment, with the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin reversed the impairment in synaptic inhibition. Conclusions Our results indicate that Tsc1 haploinsufficiency in MGE-derived inhibitory cells upregulates mTORC1 activity in these interneurons, reduces their synaptic inhibition of pyramidal cells, and alters contextual fear discrimination and spatial working memory. Thus, selective dysregulation of mTORC1 function in Nkx2.1-expressing inhibitory cells appears sufficient to impair synaptic inhibition and contributes to cognitive deficits in the Tsc1 mouse model of TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Haji
- Department of Neurosciences and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central (GRSNC), Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Quebec, H3C 3 J7, Canada
| | - Ilse Riebe
- Department of Neurosciences and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central (GRSNC), Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Quebec, H3C 3 J7, Canada
| | - Argel Aguilar-Valles
- Department of Neurosciences and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central (GRSNC), Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Quebec, H3C 3 J7, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Julien Artinian
- Department of Neurosciences and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central (GRSNC), Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Quebec, H3C 3 J7, Canada
| | - Isabel Laplante
- Department of Neurosciences and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central (GRSNC), Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Quebec, H3C 3 J7, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Lacaille
- Department of Neurosciences and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central (GRSNC), Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Quebec, H3C 3 J7, Canada.
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13
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Aguilar-Valles A, Rodrigue B, Matta-Camacho E. Maternal Immune Activation and the Development of Dopaminergic Neurotransmission of the Offspring: Relevance for Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:852. [PMID: 33061910 PMCID: PMC7475700 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal infections have been linked to the development of schizophrenia (SCZ) and other neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring, and work in animal models indicates that this is to occur through the maternal inflammatory response triggered by infection. Several studies in animal models demonstrated that acute inflammatory episodes are sufficient to trigger brain alterations in the adult offspring, especially in the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system, involved in the pathophysiology of SCZ and other disorders involving psychosis. In the current review, we synthesize the literature on the clinical studies implicating prenatal infectious events in the development of SCZ. Then, we summarize evidence from animal models of maternal immune activation (MIA) and the behavioral and molecular alterations relevant for the function of the DAergic system. Furthermore, we discuss the evidence supporting the involvement of maternal cytokines, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and leptin (a hormone with effects on inflammation) in mediating the effects of MIA on the fetal brain, leading to the long-lasting effects on the offspring. In particular, IL-6 has been involved in mediating the effects of MIA animal models in the offspring through actions on the placenta, induction of IL-17a, or triggering the decrease in non-heme iron (hypoferremia). Maternal infection is very likely interacting with additional genetic and environmental risk factors in the development of SCZ; systematically investigating how these interactions produce specific phenotypes is the next step in understanding the etiology of complex psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brandon Rodrigue
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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14
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Gantois I, Khoutorsky A, Popic J, Aguilar-Valles A, Freemantle E, Cao R, Sharma V, Pooters T, Nagpal A, Skalecka A, Truong VT, Wiebe S, Groves IA, Jafarnejad SM, Chapat C, McCullagh EA, Gamache K, Nader K, Lacaille JC, Gkogkas CG, Sonenberg N. Metformin ameliorates core deficits in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome. Nat Med 2017; 23:674-677. [PMID: 28504725 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the leading monogenic cause of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Trinucleotide repeat expansions in FMR1 abolish FMRP expression, leading to hyperactivation of ERK and mTOR signaling upstream of mRNA translation. Here we show that metformin, the most widely used drug for type 2 diabetes, rescues core phenotypes in Fmr1-/y mice and selectively normalizes ERK signaling, eIF4E phosphorylation and the expression of MMP-9. Thus, metformin is a potential FXS therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Gantois
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Arkady Khoutorsky
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jelena Popic
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Argel Aguilar-Valles
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Erika Freemantle
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ruifeng Cao
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Vijendra Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tine Pooters
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anmol Nagpal
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Agnieszka Skalecka
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vinh T Truong
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Shane Wiebe
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle A Groves
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Seyed Mehdi Jafarnejad
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Clément Chapat
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A McCullagh
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Karine Gamache
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Karim Nader
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Lacaille
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Christos G Gkogkas
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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15
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Aguilar-Valles A, Inoue W, Rummel C, Luheshi GN. Obesity, adipokines and neuroinflammation. Neuropharmacology 2015; 96:124-34. [PMID: 25582291 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Global levels of obesity are reaching epidemic proportions, leading to a dramatic increase in incidence of secondary diseases and the significant economic burden associated with their treatment. These comorbidities include diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and some psychopathologies, which have been linked to a low-grade inflammatory state. Obese individuals exhibit an increase in circulating inflammatory mediators implicated as the underlying cause of these comorbidities. A number of these molecules are also manufactured and released by white adipose tissue (WAT), in direct proportion to tissue mass and are collectively known as adipokines. In the current review we focused on the role of two of the better-studied members of this family namely, leptin and adiponectin, with particular emphasis on their role in neuro-immune interactions, neuroinflammation and subsequent brain diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Neuroimmunology and Synaptic Function'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argel Aguilar-Valles
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal and Goodman Cancer Centre, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Wataru Inoue
- Robarts Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Christoph Rummel
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Giamal N Luheshi
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada.
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16
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Aguilar-Valles A, Vaissière T, Griggs EM, Mikaelsson MA, Takács IF, Young EJ, Rumbaugh G, Miller CA. Methamphetamine-associated memory is regulated by a writer and an eraser of permissive histone methylation. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:57-65. [PMID: 24183790 PMCID: PMC4024089 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Memories associated with drugs of abuse, such as methamphetamine (METH), increase relapse vulnerability to substance use disorder by triggering craving. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is essential to these drug-associated memories, but underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Posttranslational chromatin modifications, such as histone methylation, modulate gene transcription; thus, we investigated the role of the associated epigenetic modifiers in METH-associated memory. METHODS Conditioned place preference was used to assess the epigenetic landscape in the NAc supporting METH-associated memory (n = 79). The impact of histone methylation (H3K4me2/3) on the formation and expression of METH-associated memory was determined by focal, intra-NAc knockdown (KD) of a writer, the methyltransferase mixed-lineage leukemia 1 (Mll1) (n = 26), and an eraser, the histone lysine (K)-specific demethylase 5C (Kdm5c) (n = 38), of H3K4me2/3. RESULTS A survey of chromatin modifications in the NAc of animals forming a METH-associated memory revealed the global induction of several modifications associated with active transcription. This correlated with a pattern of gene activation, as revealed by microarray analysis, including upregulation of oxytocin receptor (Oxtr) and FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene (Fos), the promoters of which also had increased H3K4me3. KD of Mll1 reduced H3K4me3, Fos and Oxtr levels and disrupted METH-associated memory. KD of Kdm5c resulted in hypermethylation of H3K4 and prevented the expression of METH-associated memory. CONCLUSIONS The development and expression of METH-associated memory are supported by regulation of H3K4me2/3 levels by MLL1 and KDM5C, respectively, in the NAc. These data indicate that permissive histone methylation, and the associated epigenetic writers and erasers, represent potential targets for the treatment of substance abuse relapse, a psychiatric condition perpetuated by unwanted associative memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argel Aguilar-Valles
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida
| | - Thomas Vaissière
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida
| | - Erica M. Griggs
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida
| | - Mikael A. Mikaelsson
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida
| | - Irma F. Takács
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida
| | - Erica J. Young
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida
| | - Gavin Rumbaugh
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida
| | - Courtney A. Miller
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida, Corresponding author: Dr. Courtney A. Miller 130 Scripps Way Jupiter, Florida 33458 Telephone: 561-228-2958 Fax: 561-228-3059
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Aguilar-Valles A, Kim J, Jung S, Woodside B, Luheshi GN. Role of brain transmigrating neutrophils in depression-like behavior during systemic infection. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:599-606. [PMID: 24126927 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral inflammation induces transmigration of interleukin (IL)-1β-expressing neutrophils to the brain. We investigated the possibility that this presents a new route of immune-to-brain communication by assessing their role in sickness behaviors relevant for mood disorders. Mice treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) developed despair-like behavior, and administration of an anti-polymorphonuclear antibody abolished LPS-induced despair-like and asocial behaviors, which correlated with the levels of IL-1β expression in the brain. These behavioral changes were directly mediated by the energy-regulating hormone, leptin. Increasing the concentration of endogenous leptin during obesity exacerbated, whereas its neutralization using a specific antiserum attenuated sickness behaviors and importantly the neutrophil transmigrating process. Our results indicate a role for peripheral neutrophils in conveying inflammatory signals to the brain, which appears to be dependent on the energy status of the organism. This constitutes a novel mechanism of immune-to-brain communication relevant to mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - S Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - B Woodside
- Groupe de recherche en neurobiologie comportementale/Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - G N Luheshi
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Westfall S, Aguilar-Valles A, Mongrain V, Luheshi GN, Cermakian N. Time-dependent effects of localized inflammation on peripheral clock gene expression in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59808. [PMID: 23527270 PMCID: PMC3603876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many aspects of the immune system, including circulating cytokine levels as well as counts and function of various immune cell types, present circadian rhythms. Notably, the mortality rate of animals subjected to high doses of lipopolysaccharide is dependent on the time of treatment. In addition, the severity of symptoms of various inflammatory conditions follows a daily rhythmic pattern. The mechanisms behind the crosstalk between the circadian and immune systems remain elusive. Here we demonstrate that localized inflammation induced by turpentine oil (TURP) causes a time-dependent induction of interleukin (IL)-6 and has time-, gene- and tissue-specific effects on clock gene expression. More precisely, TURP blunts the peak of Per1 and Per2 expression in the liver while in other tissues, the expression nadir is elevated. In contrast, Rev-erbα expression remains relatively unaffected by TURP treatment. Co-treatment with the anti-inflammatory agent IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) did not alter the response of Per2 to TURP treatment in liver, despite the reduced induction of fever and IL-6 serum levels. This indicates that the TURP-mediated changes of Per2 in the liver might be due to factors other than systemic IL-6 and fever. Accordingly, IL-6 treatment had no effect on clock gene expression in HepG2 liver carcinoma cells. Altogether, we show that localized inflammation causes significant time-dependent changes in peripheral circadian clock gene expression, via a mechanism likely involving mediators independent from IL-6 and fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Westfall
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Argel Aguilar-Valles
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Valérie Mongrain
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Giamal N. Luheshi
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Aguilar-Valles A, Jung S, Poole S, Flores C, Luheshi GN. Leptin and interleukin-6 alter the function of mesolimbic dopamine neurons in a rodent model of prenatal inflammation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:956-69. [PMID: 22133515 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Maternal inflammation during critical stages of gestation is thought to underlie the link between prenatal infection and several neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders in the offspring, including schizophrenia. Increased activity of mesolimbic dopamine (DA) neurons, a hallmark of psychosis, is found in offspring of rodents exposed to a prenatal inflammatory challenge but it is unclear how this effect is elicited. Using an experimental model of localized aseptic inflammation with turpentine oil (TURP) we sought to establish whether circulating interleukin-6 (IL-6) and leptin play a role in the effects of prenatal inflammation on DA neurons. Both mediators are involved in the systemic inflammatory response to immunogens, with IL-6 mediating the early phase, followed by leptin in the late phase of the response. Maternal treatment with TURP at gestational day (GD) 15 enhanced the locomotor response to the DA indirect agonist, amphetamine (AMPH), increased the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), an enzyme involved in DA synthesis, DA levels and the expression of the post-synaptic protein spinophilin in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) in the adult offspring. All of these alterations were totally abolished by co-treating the pregnant dams with a neutralizing IL-6 antiserum. Neutralization of maternal leptin prevented the enhanced behavioral sensitization and elevation of DA and spinophilin in the NAcc but spared other changes regulated by IL-6, such as increased NAcc TH levels and acute locomotor response to AMPH. Our results provide novel evidence to suggest that prenatal surges in both maternal circulating IL-6 and leptin contribute to the appearance of sensitized DA function in the adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argel Aguilar-Valles
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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20
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Aguilar-Valles A, Poole S, Mistry Y, Williams S, Luheshi GN. Attenuated fever in rats during late pregnancy is linked to suppressed interleukin-6 production after localized inflammation with turpentine. J Physiol 2007; 583:391-403. [PMID: 17556393 PMCID: PMC2277244 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.132829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An attenuated fever response to pathogens during late pregnancy is a phenomenon that has been described in several mammalian species, and although mechanisms are not completely understood, decreased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis has been implicated. Upstream of PGE2, there is evidence to suggest that anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) could play a significant role. In the present study we addressed the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines during late pregnancy, specifically interleukin-6 (IL-6), an important circulating mediator in fever. Turpentine oil (TURP), a very potent pyrogen and activator of IL-6, was injected into the hind-limb muscle of rats at the 18th day of pregnancy (GD 18) or in non-pregnant (NP) age-matched female controls. As expected, TURP injection induced a highly significant fever in the NP animals, which peaked 11 h post-injection and lasted for over 24 h. This was accompanied by a significant rise in circulating IL-6 levels, which correlated with changes in PGE2 synthesizing enzymes expression in the hypothalamus. In complete contrast, TURP-induced fever was totally absent in GD 18 animals whose body temperature did not deviate from basal values. The lack of response was additionally reflected by the absence of change in IL-6 concentration and by the significant attenuation of PGE2 synthesizing enzymes expression, which correlated with the suppressed expression of SOCS3, a hypothalamic marker of IL-6 activity. Contrary to the changes in circulating IL-6 levels at GD 18, IL-1ra was induced to levels comparable to those of NP females, suggesting that the influence of this anti-inflammatory cytokine on the fever response to TURP is at best minimal. These data further confirm the importance of IL-6 in fever generation and provide evidence that it may be a key component of the attenuated fever response in late pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argel Aguilar-Valles
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Verdun, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3
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Aguilar-Valles A, Sánchez E, de Gortari P, García-Vazquez AI, Ramírez-Amaya V, Bermúdez-Rattoni F, Joseph-Bravo P. The expression of TRH, its receptors and degrading enzyme is differentially modulated in the rat limbic system during training in the Morris water maze. Neurochem Int 2007; 50:404-17. [PMID: 17101195 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Revised: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
TRH administration induces arousal, improves cognition, and modulates glutamatergic and cholinergic transmission in hippocampal neurons. To study the possible involvement of TRH neurons in learning and memory processes, gene expression of TRH, its receptors, and pyroglutamyl peptidase (PPII), were measured in limbic regions of water-maze trained rats. Hypothalamus and amygdala showed changes related to the task but not specific to spatial learning while in hippocampus, pro-TRH and TRH-R1 mRNA levels were specifically increased in those animals trained to find a hidden platform. Variation of TRH content and mRNA levels of pro-TRH, TRH-R1, TRH-R2 and PPII are observed in conditions known to activate TRH hypophysiotropic neurons. Changes in some of these parameters could indicate the activation of TRHergic neurons and their possible involvement in some memory related process. Male Wistar rats were immersed (10 times) for 1, 3 or 5 days in a Morris water-maze containing, or not (yoked control) a platform and sacrificed 5, 30 and 60 min after last trial. TRH content and TSH serum levels were determined by radioimmunoassay; mRNA levels of pro-TRH, TRH-R1, TRH-R2, and PPII, by RT-PCR. Exclusive changes due to spatial training were observed in posterior hippocampus of rats trained for 5 days sacrificed after 60min: decreased TRH content and increased mRNA levels of pro-TRH and TRH-R1, particularly in CA3 region (measured by in situ hybridization). The hypothalamus-pituitary axis responded in both yoked and trained animals (increasing serum TSH levels and pro-TRH expression, due to swim-stress); in the amygdala of both groups, pro-TRH expression increased while diminished that of both receptors and PPII. Differential expression of these parameters suggests involvement of TRH hippocampal neurons in memory formation processes while changes in amygdala could relate to TRH anxiolytic role. The differential modulation in anterior and posterior portions of the hippocampus is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argel Aguilar-Valles
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 510-3, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, México
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22
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de Gortari P, Uribe RM, García-Vázquez A, Aguilar-Valles A, Martínez A, Valdés A, Charli JL, Fernández-Guardiola A, Joseph-Bravo P. Amygdala kindling differentially regulates the expression of the elements involved in TRH transmission. Neurochem Int 2005; 48:31-42. [PMID: 16213061 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2005.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Subthreshold electrical stimulation of the amygdala (kindling) activates neuronal pathways increasing the expression of several neuropeptides including thyrotropin releasing-hormone (TRH). Partial kindling enhances TRH expression and the activity or its inactivating ectoenzyme; once kindling is established (stage V), TRH and its mRNA levels are further increased but TRH-binding and pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase II (PPII) activity decreased in epileptogenic areas. To determine whether variations in TRH receptor binding or PPII activity are due to regulation of their synthesis, mRNA levels of TRH receptors (R1, R2) and PPII were semi-quantified by RT-PCR in amygdala, frontal cortex and hippocampus of kindled rats sacrificed at stage II or V. Increased mRNA levels of PPII were found at stage II in amygdala and frontal cortex, and of pro-TRH and TRH-R2, in amygdala and hippocampus. At stage V, pro-TRH mRNA levels increased and those of PPII, decreased in the three regions; TRH-R2 mRNA levels diminished in amygdala and frontal cortex and of TRH-R1 only in amygdala. In situ hybridization analyses revealed, at stage II, enhanced TRH-R1 mRNA levels in dentate gyrus and amygdala while decreased in piriform cortex; those of TRH-R2 increased in amygdala, CA2, dentate gyrus, piriform cortex, thalamus and subiculum and of PPII, in CAs and piriform cortex. In contrast, at stage V decreased expression of TRH-R1 occurred in amygdala, CA2/3, dentate gyrus and piriform cortex; of TRH-R2 in CA2, thalamus and piriform cortex, and of PPII in CA2, and amygdala. The magnitude of changes differed between ipsi and contralateral side. These results support a trans-synaptic modulation of all elements involved in TRH transmission in conditions that stimulate the activity of TRHergic neurons. They show that reported changes in PPII activity or TRH-binding caused by kindling relate to regulation of the expression of TRH receptors and degrading enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- P de Gortari
- Dept. Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, Czda. México-Xochimilco 102, Sn. Lorenzo Huipulco, México D.F. 14370, Mexico
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Aguilar-Valles A, Sánchez E, de Gortari P, Balderas I, Ramírez-Amaya V, Bermúdez-Rattoni F, Joseph-Bravo P. Analysis of the stress response in rats trained in the water-maze: differential expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone, CRH-R1, glucocorticoid receptors and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in limbic regions. Neuroendocrinology 2005; 82:306-19. [PMID: 16721035 DOI: 10.1159/000093129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) are key regulators of stress responses. Different types of stress activate the CRH system; in hypothalamus, CRH expression and release are increased by physical or psychological stressors while in amygdala, preferentially by psychological stress. Learning and memory processes are modulated by glucocorticoids and stress at different levels. To characterize the kind of stress provoked by a hippocampal-dependent task such as spatial learning, we compared the expression profile of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), pro-CRH and CRH-R1 mRNAs (analyzed by RT-PCR), in amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus and quantified serum corticosterone levels by radioimmunoassay at different stages of training. mRNA levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were also quantified due to its prominent role in learning and memory processes. Male Wistar rats trained for 1, 3 or 5 days in the Morris water-maze (10 trials/day) were sacrificed 5-60 min the after last trial. A strong stress response occurred at day one in both yoked and trained animals (increased corticosterone and hypothalamic pro-CRH and CRH-R1 mRNA levels); changes gradually diminished as the test progressed. In amygdala, pro-CRH mRNA levels decreased while those of BDNF augmented when stress was highest, in yoked and trained animals. Hippocampi, of both yoked and trained groups, had decreased levels of GR mRNA on days 1 and 3, normalizing by day 5, while those of pro-CRH and CRH-R1 increased after the 3rd day. Increased gene expression, specifically due to spatial learning, occurred only for hippocampal BDNF since day 3. These results show that the Morris water-maze paradigm induces a strong stress response that is gradually attenuated. Inhibition of CRH expression in amygdala suggests that the stress inflicted is of physical but not of psychological nature and could lead to reduced fear or anxiety.
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MESH Headings
- Amygdala/chemistry
- Amygdala/physiology
- Animals
- Anxiety/physiopathology
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/analysis
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/physiology
- Corticosterone/blood
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/analysis
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/genetics
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Hippocampus/chemistry
- Hippocampus/physiology
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiology
- Hypothalamus/chemistry
- Hypothalamus/physiology
- In Situ Hybridization
- Limbic System/chemistry
- Limbic System/physiology
- Male
- Maze Learning/physiology
- Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/analysis
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/physiology
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/analysis
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spatial Behavior/physiology
- Stress, Physiological/etiology
- Stress, Physiological/physiopathology
- Time Factors
- Water
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Affiliation(s)
- Argel Aguilar-Valles
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México
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