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Shah R, Gandhi A, Mistry Y. Experience of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) with Tc99 & gamma probe in early breast cancer – its cost, accuracy, complications in Kailash Cancer Hospital & Research Centre in rural India. Breast 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9776(19)30382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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2
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Majumder S, Shah R, Elias J, Mistry Y, Coral K, Shah P, Maurya AK, Mittal B, D’Silva JK, Murugan S, Mahadevan L, Sathian R, Ramprasad VL, Chakraborty P, Gupta R, Chaudhuri A, Khanna-Gupta A. A neoepitope derived from a novel human germline APC gene mutation in familial adenomatous polyposis shows selective immunogenicity. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203845. [PMID: 30256815 PMCID: PMC6157866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an inherited condition arising from genetic defects in the Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. Carriers with mutations in the APC gene develop polyps in the colon and rectum which if not managed, transition into colon cancer. In this study, we identified a novel germline mutation in the APC gene in members of an FAP-affected (Familial adenomatous polyposis) family. This unique heterozygous variant (c.735_736insT; p.Ser246PhefsTer6) was identified in ten out of twenty six family members, ranging in age from 6 to 60 years. Polyps were detected in six of the ten individuals (35–60 years) carrying this mutation. The remaining four members (6–23 years) remain polyp free. A significant fraction of FAP affected individuals eventually develop colon cancer and therapeutic interventions to prevent cancer progression remain elusive. To address this issue, we sought to determine if peptides derived from the novel APC mutation could induce a cytotoxic T cell response, thereby qualifying them as vaccine candidates. Peptides harboring the variant amino acids were first interrogated in silico for their immunogenicity using a proprietary neoepitope prioritization pipeline, OncoPeptVAC. A single 9-mer peptide was predicted to be immunogenic. Remarkably, CD8+ T cells isolated from either an FAP+/ APCmut individual, or from a FAP-/ APCmut individual, failed to respond to the peptide, whereas those from either an unaffected family member (FAP-/ APCwt) or from healthy unrelated donors, showed a robust response, suggesting that CD8+ T cells from individuals carrying this germline APC mutation have been tolerized to the mutation. Furthermore, experimental testing of six additional reported APC gene mutation-derived peptides revealed one of the six to be immunogenic. While not all APC mutant peptides are inmmunogenic, a few qualify as vaccine candidates offering novel treatment opportunities to patients with somatic APC gene mutations to delay/treat colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jisha Elias
- MedGenome Labs Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India
- KCHRC, Muni Seva Ashram, Goraj, Gujarat, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ravi Gupta
- MedGenome Labs Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India
| | - Amitabha Chaudhuri
- MedGenome Labs Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India
- MedGenome Inc., Foster City, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AKG); (AC)
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3
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Majumder S, Shah R, Elias J, Manoharan M, Shah P, Kumari A, Chakraborty P, Kode V, Mistry Y, Coral K, Mittal B, Sm SM, Mahadevan L, Gupta R, Chaudhuri A, Khanna-Gupta A. A cancer vaccine approach for personalized treatment of Lynch Syndrome. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12122. [PMID: 30108227 PMCID: PMC6092430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30466-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lynch syndrome (LS) is a cancer predisposition disorder wherein patients have a 70–80% lifetime risk of developing colorectal cancers (CRC). Finding germline mutations in predisposing genes allows for risk assessment of CRC development. Here we report a germline heterozygous frame-shift mutation in the mismatch repair MLH1 gene which was identified in members of two unrelated LS families. Since defects in DNA mismatch repair genes generate frame-shift mutations giving rise to highly immunogenic neoepitopes, we postulated that vaccination with these mutant peptide antigens could offer promising treatment options to LS patients. To this end we performed whole-exome and RNA seq analysis on the blood and tumour samples from an LS-CRC patient, and used our proprietary neoepitope prioritization pipeline OncoPeptVAC to select peptides, and confirm their immunogenicity in an ex vivo CD8+ T cell activation assay. Three neoepitopes derived from the tumour of this patient elicited a potent CD8+ T cell response. Furthermore, analysis of the tumour-associated immune infiltrate revealed CD8+ T cells expressing low levels of activation markers, suggesting mechanisms of immune suppression at play in this relapsed tumour. Taken together, our study paves the way towards development of a cancer vaccine to treat or delay the onset/relapse of LS-CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jisha Elias
- MedGenome Labs Ltd., Bangalore, India.,KCHRC, Muni Seva Ashram, Goraj, Gujarat, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amitabha Chaudhuri
- MedGenome Labs Ltd., Bangalore, India. .,MedGenome Inc, Foster City, CA, USA.
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Cameron J, Smith I, Mistry Y, Rivers J. Performance of the Revised Cardiac Risk Index as a Preoperative Screening Tool in High-Risk Non-Cardiac Surgical Admissions. Heart Lung Circ 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2018.06.650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Elias J, Karunakaran C, Majumder S, Manoharan M, Shah R, Mistry Y, Ramanuj R, Bhatt N, Gupta AK. Common mutations identified in the MLH1 gene in familial Lynch syndrome. Can J Biotech 2017. [DOI: 10.24870/cjb.2017-a238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Majumder S, Shah R, Elias J, Mistry Y, Karunakaran C, Shah P, Maurya AK, Mittal B, D'Silva JK, Mahadevan L, Sathian R, Gupta R, Chaudhuri A, Gupta AK. A neoepitope derived from a novel germline Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene mutation in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) shows selective immunogenicity. Can J Biotech 2017. [DOI: 10.24870/cjb.2017-a236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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7
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Karunakaran C, Elias J, Mandoli N, Maurya AK, Kantharia R, Mistry Y, Jain K, Gupta R, Chaudhuri A, Gupta AK. Integrated analysis of whole exome and RNA sequencing for Neo-epitope peptide prediction in buccal cancer. Can J Biotech 2017. [DOI: 10.24870/cjb.2017-a230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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8
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Shah R, Mistry Y. Reliability of Sentinel node biopsy in early breast cancer using anatomical landmark only – experience of an Indian rural tertiary care centre Kailash Cancer Hospital and Research Centre. Breast 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9776(17)30384-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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9
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Lane T, Wassef N, Poole S, Mistry Y, Lachmann HJ, Gillmore JD, Hawkins PN, Pepys MB. Infusion of pharmaceutical-grade natural human C-reactive protein is not proinflammatory in healthy adult human volunteers. Circ Res 2013; 114:672-6. [PMID: 24337102 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.302770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Baseline circulating concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) are significantly associated with cardiovascular disease risk in general populations. This modest association has been inappropriately conflated with causality, and it has been claimed that CRP is proatherogenic. Most of the known causative factors for atherosclerosis stimulate increased CRP production, but comprehensive genetic epidemiology studies provide no support for a pathogenic role of CRP. The reported proinflammatory effects of human CRP preparations on healthy cells in vitro and in healthy animals in vivo have all been produced by poorly characterized CRP preparations, demonstrably caused by impurities, or elicited by CRP made in recombinant Escherichia coli not by humans. None of the in vitro or animal findings have been reproduced with pure natural human CRP. Nevertheless, the strong proinflammatory effects of infusing recombinant bacterial CRP into humans have still been inappropriately ascribed to CRP. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of infusion into healthy adult human volunteers of pure natural human CRP. METHODS AND RESULTS Comprehensively characterized, pharmaceutical-grade, endotoxin-free, purified CRP, prepared to GMP standard from pooled normal human donor plasma was infused as an intravenous bolus in 7 healthy adult human volunteers at ≤2 mg/kg to provide circulating CRP concentrations ≤44 mg/L. No recipient showed any significant clinical, hematologic, coagulation, or biochemical changes, or any increase in proinflammatory cytokines or acute phase proteins. CONCLUSIONS The human CRP molecule itself is not proinflammatory in healthy human adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirusha Lane
- From the Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, and the National Amyloidosis Centre, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom (M.B.P., T.L., H.J.L., J.D.G., P.N.H.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom (N.W.); and the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (S.P., Y.M.)
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Pepys MB, Gallimore JR, Lloyd J, Li Z, Graham D, Taylor GW, Ellmerich S, Mangione PP, Tennent GA, Hutchinson WL, Millar DJ, Bennett G, More J, Evans D, Mistry Y, Poole S, Hawkins PN. Isolation and characterization of pharmaceutical grade human pentraxins, serum amyloid P component and C-reactive protein, for clinical use. J Immunol Methods 2012; 384:92-102. [PMID: 22867744 PMCID: PMC4068106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human pentraxin proteins, serum amyloid P component
(SAP) and C‐reactive protein (CRP) are important in routine clinical diagnosis, SAP
for systemic amyloidosis and CRP for monitoring the non‐specific acute phase
response. They are also targets for novel therapies currently in development but
their roles in health and disease are controversial. Thus, both for clinical use and
to rigorously elucidate their functions, structurally and functionally intact,
pharmaceutical grade preparations of the natural, authentic proteins are required. We
report here the production from normal human donor plasma and the characterization of
the first such preparations. Importantly, we demonstrate that, contrary to reports
using recombinant proteins and less well characterized preparations, neither CRP nor
SAP stimulate the release by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in
vitro of any TNFα, IL‐6 or IL‐8, nor does SAP cause release of IL‐1β
or IL‐10. Furthermore neither of our preparations was pro‐inflammatory in mice
in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Pepys
- Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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11
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Herbert KE, Mistry Y. 34 A critical role for mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in induction of angiotensin II-induced hVSMC senescence. Heart 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2011-301156.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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12
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Thomas AJ, Mistry Y, Gopalakrishnan G. Giant cystadenoma of prostate. Urol J 2009; 6:57-59. [PMID: 19241345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajit J Thomas
- Department of Urology, Christian Medical College, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Sudhakar S, Mistry Y, Dastidar A, Sen S, Gibikote S. Calcifying fibrous tumour: an unusual omental lesion. Pediatr Radiol 2008; 38:1246-8. [PMID: 18696059 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-008-0955-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 06/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Calcifying fibrous tumour (CFT) is a recently described distinct clinicopathological entity characterized by calcifying lesions usually occurring in soft tissue of the extremities, trunk, axilla, pleura, mediastinum and peritoneum of children and adults. Most reported cases involving the peritoneum have been in adults. We present the imaging, surgical and pathology findings of CFT in a 7-year-old child who presented with an incidental finding of a large omental mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sniya Sudhakar
- Department of Radiology, Christian Medical College Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India.
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Wilson WRW, Herbert KE, Mistry Y, Stevens SE, Patel HR, Hastings RA, Thompson MM, Williams B. Blood leucocyte telomere DNA content predicts vascular telomere DNA content in humans with and without vascular disease. Eur Heart J 2008; 29:2689-94. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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15
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Stebbings R, Findlay L, Edwards C, Eastwood D, Bird C, North D, Mistry Y, Dilger P, Liefooghe E, Cludts I, Fox B, Tarrant G, Robinson J, Meager T, Dolman C, Thorpe SJ, Bristow A, Wadhwa M, Thorpe R, Poole S. “Cytokine Storm” in the Phase I Trial of Monoclonal Antibody TGN1412: Better Understanding the Causes to Improve PreClinical Testing of Immunotherapeutics. J Immunol 2007; 179:3325-31. [PMID: 17709549 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.5.3325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The CD28-specific mAb TGN1412 rapidly caused a life-threatening "cytokine storm" in all six healthy volunteers in the Phase I clinical trial of this superagonist, signaling a failure of preclinical safety testing. We report novel in vitro procedures in which TGN1412, immobilized in various ways, is presented to human white blood cells in a manner that stimulates the striking release of cytokines and profound lymphocyte proliferation that occurred in vivo in humans. The novel procedures would have predicted the toxicity of this superagonist and are now being applied to emerging immunotherapeutics and to other therapeutics that have the potential to act upon the immune system. Data from these novel procedures, along with data from in vitro and in vivo studies in nonhuman primates, suggest that the dose of TGN1412 given to human volunteers was close to the maximum immunostimulatory dose and that TGN1412 is not a superagonist in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Stebbings
- Biotherapeutics Group, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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16
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Aguilar-Valles A, Poole S, Mistry Y, Williams S, Luheshi GN. Attenuated fever in rats during late pregnancy is linked to suppressed interleukin-6 production after localized inflammation with turpentine. J Physiol 2007; 583:391-403. [PMID: 17556393 PMCID: PMC2277244 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.132829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An attenuated fever response to pathogens during late pregnancy is a phenomenon that has been described in several mammalian species, and although mechanisms are not completely understood, decreased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis has been implicated. Upstream of PGE2, there is evidence to suggest that anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) could play a significant role. In the present study we addressed the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines during late pregnancy, specifically interleukin-6 (IL-6), an important circulating mediator in fever. Turpentine oil (TURP), a very potent pyrogen and activator of IL-6, was injected into the hind-limb muscle of rats at the 18th day of pregnancy (GD 18) or in non-pregnant (NP) age-matched female controls. As expected, TURP injection induced a highly significant fever in the NP animals, which peaked 11 h post-injection and lasted for over 24 h. This was accompanied by a significant rise in circulating IL-6 levels, which correlated with changes in PGE2 synthesizing enzymes expression in the hypothalamus. In complete contrast, TURP-induced fever was totally absent in GD 18 animals whose body temperature did not deviate from basal values. The lack of response was additionally reflected by the absence of change in IL-6 concentration and by the significant attenuation of PGE2 synthesizing enzymes expression, which correlated with the suppressed expression of SOCS3, a hypothalamic marker of IL-6 activity. Contrary to the changes in circulating IL-6 levels at GD 18, IL-1ra was induced to levels comparable to those of NP females, suggesting that the influence of this anti-inflammatory cytokine on the fever response to TURP is at best minimal. These data further confirm the importance of IL-6 in fever generation and provide evidence that it may be a key component of the attenuated fever response in late pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argel Aguilar-Valles
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Verdun, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3
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Mistry Y, James DW, Sinclair S. PR44P MONITORING BURIED FREE FLAPS ? NEW ZEALAND?S FIRST FOUR CLINICAL CASES OF FREE FLAP MONITORING WITH IMPLANTABLE 20 MHZ ULTRASONIC DOPPLER PROBE. ANZ J Surg 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2007.04127_42.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hoffmann S, Peterbauer A, Schindler S, Fennrich S, Poole S, Mistry Y, Montag-Lessing T, Spreitzer I, Löschner B, van Aalderen M, Bos R, Gommer M, Nibbeling R, Werner-Felmayer G, Loitzl P, Jungi T, Brcic M, Brügger P, Frey E, Bowe G, Casado J, Coecke S, de Lange J, Mogster B, Naess LM, Aaberge IS, Wendel A, Hartung T. International validation of novel pyrogen tests based on human monocytoid cells. J Immunol Methods 2005; 298:161-73. [PMID: 15847806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2004] [Revised: 01/04/2005] [Accepted: 01/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is a requirement that parenteral medicines be tested for pyrogens (fever causing agents) using one of two animal-based tests: the rabbit pyrogen test and the bacterial endotoxin test. Understanding the human fever reaction has led to novel non-animal alternative tests based on in vitro activation of human monocytoid cells in response to pyrogens. Using 13 prototypic drugs, clean or contaminated with pyrogens, we have validated blindly six novel pyrogen tests in ten laboratories. Compared with the rabbit test, the new tests have a lower limit of detection and are more accurate as well as cost and time efficient. In contrast to the bacterial endotoxin test, all tests are able to detect Gram-positive pyrogens. The validation process showed that at least four of the tests meet quality criteria for pyrogen detection. These validated in vitro pyrogen tests overcome several shortcomings of animal-based pyrogen tests. Our data suggest that animal testing could be completely replaced by these evidence-based pyrogen tests and highlight their potential to further improve drug safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hoffmann
- Institute of Biochemical Pharmacology and Steinbeis Center InPuT, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Gaines Das RE, Brügger P, Patel M, Mistry Y, Poole S. Monocyte activation test for pro-inflammatory and pyrogenic contaminants of parenteral drugs: test design and data analysis. J Immunol Methods 2004; 288:165-77. [PMID: 15183094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2003] [Revised: 02/25/2004] [Accepted: 03/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An optimised test designed for an in vitro monocyte activation test for pro-inflammatory and pyrogenic contaminants of parenteral drugs is described, together with ways to address the inherent variability of such assays in which cells are cultured using 96-well plates. The test preparation is cultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) and the contaminants in the test article stimulate the release from the cells of the endogenous pyrogenic cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6). The test system is in use within the pharmaceutical industry and at a national control authority for detecting pro-inflammatory and pyrogenic contaminants, including 'rabbit-negative' and 'LAL-negative' non-endotoxin pyrogens. Products tested include small molecules, biologicals and vaccines. The PBMNC/IL-6 monocyte activation test has been approved by the US FDA as an 'end-product release test' and also is being used for in-process testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose E Gaines Das
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 3QG, UK
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20
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Abstract
A rapid, 'one-plate' monocyte-activation test is described for detecting endotoxin and non-endotoxin pyrogens in parenteral medicinal products. The one-plate test offers useful gains over conventional 'two-plate' (cell culture plate+ELISA plate) tests in terms of its limit of detection, robustness, speed and cost. The 'one-plate' test is likely to be applicable to a wide range of products because it allows less time for product interference in the test. The 'one-plate' test utilises pyrogen-free anti-cytokine (interleukin (IL)-6 or tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)) antibodies (Ab), coated and stabilised onto (pyrogen-free) 96-well plates. Monocytes/monocytic cells, endotoxin (lipopolysaccharides, LPS) standard or sample and (pyrogen-free) second (labelled) Ab are cultured together (usually for 2-4 h) on the Ab-coated plate and then the plate is washed and the ELISA completed. There is no transfer from one plate to another and no (further) incubations of (released) cytokine with, first, coating Ab and, then, developing Ab since these steps have already taken place during the initial cell culture. The rapid, 'one-plate' test is readily automated. The preferred readout is IL-6, which gives a limit of detection of 0.015 endotoxin units (EU)/ml with peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMNC), 0.03 EU/ml with diluted whole blood and 0.05 EU/ml with a monocytic cell line (MONO MAC 6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Poole
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 3QG, England, UK.
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Mistry Y, Mistri R, Siddiqi O. Evidence of age-related changes in the antennal glomeruli of Drosophila melanogaster using monoclonal antibodies. Arthropod Struct Dev 2000; 29:101-110. [PMID: 18088918 DOI: 10.1016/s1467-8039(00)00017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/1999] [Accepted: 03/30/2000] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
As a tool to better understand the organization of the olfactory pathway three monoclonal antibodies have been isolated and characterized each having a unique staining pattern in the antenna and antennal lobe of Drosophila melanogaster. Monoclonal antibody F14-2D6 stains sensilla coeloconica and thick sensilla basiconica in the funiculus, Y1-3D10 stains only a few sensilla especially in and around the sacculus, while F15-12E8 stains all the sensilla. All three antibodies stain a subset of the glomeruli in the antennal lobe, of which 11 glomeruli are stained in common by all three antibodies. These antibodies could be used to study projection patterns of the sensilla into the antennal lobe. Glomerular staining was observed at different developmental times with the different antibodies. F15-12E8 stains all the glomeruli at eclosion, Y1-3D10 stains only a few glomeruli at eclosion but most glomeruli are stained by the first day after eclosion. F14-2D6 stains all glomeruli only after eclosion. F15-12E8 also stains the mushroom bodies. The antigen recognized by F14-2D6 in the glomeruli shows an increase with age of the flies, measured as increased intensity of staining. These observations suggest that age-related changes continue in the antennal lobe of the flies even after eclosion. These antibodies could therefore serve as unique markers for other studies on the development of the olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mistry
- Molecular Biology Unit, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400 005, India
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Rees GS, Ball C, Ward HL, Gee CK, Tarrant G, Mistry Y, Poole S, Bristow AF. Rat interleukin 6: expression in recombinant Escherichia coli, purification and development of a novel ELISA. Cytokine 1999; 11:95-103. [PMID: 10089129 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.1998.0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a cytokine involved in many aspects of the acute phase and immune responses. Cloning of rat IL-6 cDNA into the pET-21d expression plasmid under control of a bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase promoter system allowed isopropylthio-galactopyranoside (IPTG)-inducible production of recombinant rat IL-6 in Escherichia coli. The cloning, expression and purification of rat IL-6 is described. In this expression system, rat IL-6 was produced in insoluble inclusion bodies. The protein was solubilized in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride and refolded in a glutathione redox system. Refolded rat IL-6 was purified to homogeneity using anion-exchange chromatography on SP-Trisacryl. The purified recombinant rat IL-6 had a molecular mass of 21 756.38+/-0.25 Da, which is within 0.01% of the predicted value, taking into account cleavage of the N-terminal methionine residue and the formation of two disulfide bridges. Recombinant rat IL-6 was 2-3-fold more bioactive than the human standard preparation in the B9 hybridoma bioassay. Purified rat IL-6 was used to raise polyclonal antibodies in sheep and these reagents were used to develop a novel rat IL-6 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISA is sensitive to 10 pg/ml and has been shown to detect IL-6 in plasma from rats injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Rees
- Division of Endocrinology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG,
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Anforth HR, Bluthe RM, Bristow A, Hopkins S, Lenczowski MJ, Luheshi G, Lundkvist J, Michaud B, Mistry Y, Van Dam AM, Zhen C, Dantzer R, Poole S, Rothwell NJ, Tilders FJ, Wollman EE. Biological activity and brain actions of recombinant rat interleukin-1alpha and interleukin-1beta. Eur Cytokine Netw 1998; 9:279-88. [PMID: 9831177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
IL-1alpha and IL-1beta have potent effects on the central nervous system resulting in fever, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and behavioural depression. These effects have mainly been studied in rats, using recombinant human and mouse IL-1. Because IL-1alpha and IL-1beta show some species specificity in the potency of their biological activities, the objective of the present work was to directly compare the effects of recombinant rat IL-1alpha and IL-1beta in the rat system as a first step to dissect out the mechanisms that are involved in these effects. In vitro, recombinant rat IL-1alpha and IL-1beta bound with the same affinity as human IL-1 to the rat insulinoma Rin m5F cell line that mainly expresses type I IL-1 receptors. This binding activated IL-1 receptors, as shown by induction of the synthesis of TNF-alpha mRNA. In vivo, recombinant rat IL-1alpha and IL-1beta enhanced body temperature, increased plasma levels of corticosterone and ACTH, and depressed social behaviour. All these effects were obtained at doses 100-1,000 fold lower when IL-1 was injected centrally than when it was administered peripherally, indicating that they are centrally mediated. The relative potencies of recombinant rat IL-1alpha and IL-1beta were not the same depending on the endpoint and the route of injection, indicating that different mechanisms are likely to be involved in the various effects of IL-1 on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Anforth
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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Abstract
The effect of inhibitors of cytokine release and plasma coagulation on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tissue factor and interleukin-6 (IL-6) was investigated. Dexamethasone, an inhibitor of cytokine production, inhibited LPS-induced tissue factor and IL-6 release by mononuclear cells (MNC), but enhanced IL-1beta-evoked tissue factor activity. Clinical antithrombin (AT) concentrates inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, tissue factor and IL-6 production by MNC and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The three AT preparations tested, when compared using the same antithrombin unit, had different potencies. Activated protein C (APC) augmented LPS stimulation of HUVEC and further increased the production of tissue factor and IL-6. The same effect was not observed with MNC; LPS-induced tissue factor and IL-6 release were unaffected by APC. Truncated tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI1-161) inhibited LPS-induced MNC tissue factor and IL-6 production, but was unable to prevent LPS stimulatory activity on HUVEC. These data suggest a complex interaction between the coagulation pathway and the cytokine network.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gray
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
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Abstract
Induction of heat shock protein synthesis was monitored in murine and monkey Schwann cells exposed to elevated temperatures. Synthesis of the stress-inducible 70-kDa heat shock protein (hsp70) was detected in both murine and primate Schwann cells by metabolic labelling and by immunoblotting with a specific monoclonal antibody. hsp70 synthesis was also induced in Schwann cells after infection with Mycobacterium leprae and was detected from 24 h to 1 week postinfection. These results are discussed with respect to the possible role of heat shock proteins in immunopathological events associated with the clinical manifestations of leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mistry
- Microbiology Division, National Institute of Immunology, Shahid Jeet Singh Marg, New Delhi, India
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Mistry Y, Antia NH, Mukherjee R. Radiolabeling of Mycobacterium leprae lipids within schwannoma cells, a potential drug screening system. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35:1444-7. [PMID: 1929306 PMCID: PMC245187 DOI: 10.1128/aac.35.7.1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes a novel method which could be developed into a test system of evaluating the efficacy of antileprosy drugs. The method estimates incorporation of [14C]acetate into lipids of Mycobacterium leprae maintained within the 33B Schwannoma cell line. Schwannoma cell-resident M. leprae cells incorporated significant levels of radiolabel within their lipids during 12 days of incubation in vitro. This incorporation was markedly reduced by 5 micrograms of rifampin per ml (decrease, 81.62%); this decrease was observed within 24 h of addition of the drug. Dapsone also reduced the radiolabel incorporation into the lipids, but to a lesser extent (decrease, 27.58%). This system was also able to differentiate between rifampin-sensitive and -resistant strains of mycobacteria. It is suggested that since the effect of bacteriostatic (dapsone) and bactericidal (rifampin) drugs could be detected by using this technique, it may prove useful in screening novel drugs acting against M. leprae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mistry
- Foundation for Medical Research, Worli, Bombay, India
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Mistry Y, Antia NH, Mukherjee R. Correlation of bacterial viability with uptake of [14C] acetate into phenolic glycolipid-1 ofMycobacterium leprae within Schwannoma cells. J Biosci 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02703520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Storring PL, Gaines-Das RE, Tiplady RJ, Stenning BE, Mistry Y. Stability of the Third International Standard for corticotrophin: accelerated degradation study using different bioassays and isoelectric focusing. J Endocrinol 1980; 85:533-9. [PMID: 6251152 DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.0850533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The corticotrophin activity of ampoules of the Third International Standard for Corticotrophin (IS) kept at 20 and 37 °C for 15 years was compared with that of ampoules of the IS stored under normal conditions (−20 °C in the dark), using adrenal ascorbate depletion assays after subcutaneous administration of the hormone, assays of an increase in plasma corticosterone after intravenous administration of the hormone and in-vitro adrenal cell corticosterone production assays. Estimates of activity by all three methods are homogeneous and give combined weighted geometric means (with 95% confidence limits), as per cent of the activity in the IS stored at −20 °C, of 92·1 (84·8–100) and 77·8 (71·6–84·5) for the 20 and 37 °C degradation samples respectively.
Isoelectric focusing studies of the ampoule contents of the three preparations showed that ampoules of the IS stored at 20 and 37 °C contained 90 and 79% respectively, of the component representing native corticotrophin found in the IS. These estimates of corticotrophin content are comparable to the estimates of biological activity of these preparations.
The stability of the IS was calculated from the combined bioassay data assuming that degradation follows first order kinetics. The predicted half-life for the activity of the IS is 2800 years with an approximate lower 95% confidence limit of 500 years; the predicted activity of the IS remaining now, after 20 years at −20 °C, is 99·5% of the original activity with an approximate lower 95% confidence limit of 97·3%
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