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Fernandes F, Oliveira S, Monteiro F, Gasik M, Silva FS, Sousa N, Carvalho Ó, Catarino SO. Devices used for photobiomodulation of the brain-a comprehensive and systematic review. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2024; 21:53. [PMID: 38600582 PMCID: PMC11007916 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-024-01351-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A systematic review was conducted to determine the trends in devices and parameters used for brain photobiomodulation (PBM). The revised studies included clinical and cadaveric approaches, in which light stimuli were applied to the head and/or neck. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases were used for the systematic search. A total of 2133 records were screened, from which 97 were included in this review. The parameters that were extracted and analysed in each article were the device design, actuation area, actuation site, wavelength, mode of operation, power density, energy density, power output, energy per session and treatment time. To organize device information, 11 categories of devices were defined, according to their characteristics. The most used category of devices was laser handpieces, which relate to 21% of all devices, while 28% of the devices were not described. Studies for cognitive function and physiological characterisation are the most well defined ones and with more tangible results. There is a lack of consistency when reporting PBM studies, with several articles under defining the stimulation protocol, and a wide variety of parameters used for the same health conditions (e.g., Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease) resulting in positive outcomes. Standardization for the report of these studies is warranted, as well as sham-controlled comparative studies to determine which parameters have the greatest effect on PBM treatments for different neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Fernandes
- Center for Micro-ElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Sofia Oliveira
- Center for Micro-ElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Francisca Monteiro
- Center for Micro-ElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Michael Gasik
- Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University Foundation, Espoo, Finland
| | - Filipe S Silva
- Center for Micro-ElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3BS, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- 2CA-Braga, CVS/3BS, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Óscar Carvalho
- Center for Micro-ElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Susana O Catarino
- Center for Micro-ElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
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Lin H, Li D, Zhu J, Liu S, Li J, Yu T, Tuchin VV, Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya O, Zhu D. Transcranial photobiomodulation for brain diseases: review of animal and human studies including mechanisms and emerging trends. NEUROPHOTONICS 2024; 11:010601. [PMID: 38317779 PMCID: PMC10840571 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.11.1.010601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The brain diseases account for 30% of all known diseases. Pharmacological treatment is hampered by the blood-brain barrier, limiting drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS). Transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) is a promising technology for treating brain diseases, due to its effectiveness, non-invasiveness, and affordability. tPBM has been widely used in pre-clinical experiments and clinical trials for treating brain diseases, such as stroke and Alzheimer's disease. This review provides a comprehensive overview of tPBM. We summarize emerging trends and new discoveries in tPBM based on over one hundred references published in the past 20 years. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of tPBM and highlight successful experimental and clinical protocols for treating various brain diseases. A better understanding of tPBM mechanisms, the development of guidelines for clinical practice, and the study of dose-dependent and personal effects hold great promise for progress in treating brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lin
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics – Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongyu Li
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics – Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Wuhan, China
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, School of Optical Electronic Information, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingtan Zhu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics – Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaojun Liu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics – Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingting Li
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, School of Engineering Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics – Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Wuhan, China
| | - Valery V. Tuchin
- Saratov State University, Science Medical Center, Saratov, Russia
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Tomsk State University, Laboratory of Laser Molecular Imaging and Machine Learning, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Oxana Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya
- Saratov State University, Science Medical Center, Saratov, Russia
- Humboldt University, Department of Physics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dan Zhu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics – Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Wuhan, China
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Pinto AP, Lemos SL, de Almeida Fagundes A, das Neves MF, Lopes-Martins RÁB, Lima FPS, Lima MO. Transcranial photobiomodulation therapy associated with cardiorespiratory rehabilitation in spastic subjects. Lasers Med Sci 2023; 38:249. [PMID: 37910318 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-023-03922-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of cardiorespiratory rehabilitation (CR) and transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) on exercise tolerance (ET), heart rate variability (HRV), and peripheral muscle activity in individuals with spasticity. Fifteen participants with spasticity were randomly assigned to two groups: the tPBM group (tPBMG) consisted of eight volunteers who underwent tPBM (on mode) and CR, while the control group (CG) consisted of seven volunteers who underwent simulated tPBM (off mode) and CR. The CR program included 12 weeks of treatment, twice a week for one hour, involving aerobic exercises and lower limb strengthening. For tPBM, a cluster with three lasers (λ = 680 nm, 808 nm), with a power of 100 mW/laser and energy of 36 J, applied to the F7, F8, and Fpz points. The following parameters were evaluated after 8 and 12 weeks: ET, HRV, and surface electromyography (EMG) of the rectus femoris muscle during orthostasis (ORT), isometric squatting (ISOM), and isotonic squatting (ISOT). Both groups showed a 40% increase in ET for the CG and a 30% increase for the tPBMG. The CG had more pronounced parasympathetic modulation alterations during post-exercise effort and recovery compared to the tPBMG. The EMG results showed that the tPBMG exhibited progressive improvement in muscle activity during ISOM and ISOT, as well as a decrease in the interlimb difference. In conclusion, both CR and tPBMG demonstrated improvements in ET. However, tPBMG specifically showed promising effects on HRV modulation and peripheral muscle electrical activity, providing additional benefits compared to CR alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Pinto
- Sensorimotor Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, Research and Development Institute, Paraiba Valley University - UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, São José Dos Campos, São Paulo, 2911, Brazil.
| | - Sérgio Luiz Lemos
- Sensorimotor Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, Research and Development Institute, Paraiba Valley University - UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, São José Dos Campos, São Paulo, 2911, Brazil
| | - Alessandra de Almeida Fagundes
- Sensorimotor Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, Research and Development Institute, Paraiba Valley University - UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, São José Dos Campos, São Paulo, 2911, Brazil
| | - Marcele Florêncio das Neves
- Sensorimotor Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, Research and Development Institute, Paraiba Valley University - UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, São José Dos Campos, São Paulo, 2911, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Álvaro Brandão Lopes-Martins
- Post-Graduate Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Research Group in Biophotonics and Experimental Therapeutics in Health and Esthetics, Universidade Evangélica de Goiás - UniEVANGÉLICA, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Pupio Silva Lima
- Sensorimotor Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, Research and Development Institute, Paraiba Valley University - UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, São José Dos Campos, São Paulo, 2911, Brazil
| | - Mário Oliveira Lima
- Sensorimotor Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, Research and Development Institute, Paraiba Valley University - UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, São José Dos Campos, São Paulo, 2911, Brazil
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Tang L, Jiang H, Sun M, Liu M. Pulsed transcranial photobiomodulation generates distinct beneficial neurocognitive effects compared with continuous wave transcranial light. Lasers Med Sci 2023; 38:203. [PMID: 37668791 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-023-03865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated the beneficial effect brought by transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM). The present study is a further investigation of pulsed transcranial light delivery, from the perspective of wavelength, operation mode, and pulse frequency. A total of 56 healthy young adults (28 males and 28 females) were included in this randomized, sham-controlled experimental study. The wavelength of tPBM was 660 nm and 850 nm, and under each wavelength, subjects were randomly assigned to one of the following four treatments: (1) sham control; (2) continuous-wave (CW) tPBM; (3) pulsed-wave (PW) tPBM (40 Hz); and (4) PW tPBM (100 Hz). The tPBM duration was 8 min and the mean power density was fixed at 250 mW/cm2. Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) questionnaire, psychomotor vigilance task (PVT), and delayed match-to-sample (DMS) task were completed by subjects before and after the intervention to test whether PW tPBM produced distinct beneficial effects with measures of sleepiness, attention, and memory. 32-channel electroencephalography (EEG) signals were obtained from subjects before, during and after receiving tPBM or sham intervention. Paired sample T test showed that the KSS score, the number of correct responses of PVT, and DMS rate correct score (RCS) of PW tPBM groups improved significantly after intervention (p < 0.05). With regard to EEG analysis, paired one-way repeated ANOVA test showed that during the intervention of PW tPBM, the average power within the Gamma band was higher than the baseline (p < 0.05). Our study presented that PW tPBM could generate better beneficial cognitive effects and change brain electrical activity under certain circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Tang
- Department of Light Sources and Illuminating Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Institute of Future Lighting, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Sun
- Department of Light Sources and Illuminating Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Muqing Liu
- Department of Light Sources and Illuminating Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Zhongshan Fudan Joint Innovation Center, Zhongshan, China.
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Chaudhari A, Wang X, Wu A, Liu H. Repeated Transcranial Photobiomodulation with Light-Emitting Diodes Improves Psychomotor Vigilance and EEG Networks of the Human Brain. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1043. [PMID: 37760145 PMCID: PMC10525861 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10091043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) has been suggested as a non-invasive neuromodulation tool. The repetitive administration of light-emitting diode (LED)-based tPBM for several weeks significantly improves human cognition. To understand the electrophysiological effects of LED-tPBM on the human brain, we investigated alterations by repeated tPBM in vigilance performance and brain networks using electroencephalography (EEG) in healthy participants. Active and sham LED-based tPBM were administered to the right forehead of young participants twice a week for four weeks. The participants performed a psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) during each tPBM/sham experiment. A 64-electrode EEG system recorded electrophysiological signals from each participant during the first and last visits in a 4-week study. Topographical maps of the EEG power enhanced by tPBM were statistically compared for the repeated tPBM effect. A new data processing framework combining the group's singular value decomposition (gSVD) with eLORETA was implemented to identify EEG brain networks. The reaction time of the PVT in the tPBM-treated group was significantly improved over four weeks compared to that in the sham group. We observed acute increases in EEG delta and alpha powers during a 10 min LED-tPBM while the participants performed the PVT task. We also found that the theta, beta, and gamma EEG powers significantly increased overall after four weeks of LED-tPBM. Combining gSVD with eLORETA enabled us to identify EEG brain networks and the corresponding network power changes by repeated 4-week tPBM. This study clearly demonstrated that a 4-week prefrontal LED-tPBM can neuromodulate several key EEG networks, implying a possible causal effect between modulated brain networks and improved psychomotor vigilance outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hanli Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, 500 UTA Blvd, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; (A.C.); (X.W.); (A.W.)
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Lee TL, Chan AS. Photobiomodulation may enhance cognitive efficiency in older adults: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1096361. [PMID: 37547747 PMCID: PMC10397517 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1096361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The relative oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has been considered as an index for cognitive loading, with the more difficult the task, the higher the level. A previous study reported that young adults who received transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) showed a reduced HbO of a difficult task, suggesting that tPBM may enhance cognitive efficiency. The present study further investigated the effect of tPBM on cognitive efficiency in older adults. Methods Thirty participants received a single tPBM on the forehead for 350 s. Before and after tPBM, their HbO in the visual span task with various difficulties was measured with fNIRS. Results After tPBM, participants exhibited significantly lower HbO in a harder (span 7) but not an easier level (span 2) of the task, but their behavioral performance remained unchanged. In addition, factors affecting the reduction of HbO were examined, and the results showed that individuals with better memory (as measured by a 30-min delayed recall test) showed more reduction of HbO. Discussion The results suggest that tPBM may enhance cognitive efficiency, with individuals with better memory tend to benefit more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz-lok Lee
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Agnes S. Chan
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Centre for Neuropsychological Well-Being, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya O, Penzel T, Poluektov M, Fedosov I, Tzoy M, Terskov A, Blokhina I, Sidorov V, Kurths J. Phototherapy of Alzheimer's Disease: Photostimulation of Brain Lymphatics during Sleep: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10946. [PMID: 37446135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The global number of people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) doubles every 5 years. It has been established that unless an effective treatment for AD is found, the incidence of AD will triple by 2060. However, pharmacological therapies for AD have failed to show effectiveness and safety. Therefore, the search for alternative methods for treating AD is an urgent problem in medicine. The lymphatic drainage and removal system of the brain (LDRSB) plays an important role in resistance to the progression of AD. The development of methods for augmentation of the LDRSB functions may contribute to progress in AD therapy. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is considered to be a non-pharmacological and safe approach for AD therapy. Here, we highlight the most recent and relevant studies of PBM for AD. We focus on emerging evidence that indicates the potential benefits of PBM during sleep for modulation of natural activation of the LDRSB at nighttime, providing effective removal of metabolites, including amyloid-β, from the brain, leading to reduced progression of AD. Our review creates a new niche in the therapy of brain diseases during sleep and sheds light on the development of smart sleep technologies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya
- Department of Physics, Humboldt University, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 82, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Thomas Penzel
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 82, 410012 Saratov, Russia
- Interdisziplinäres Schlafmedizinisches Zentrum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mikhail Poluektov
- Department of Nervous Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 2, Building 4, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Fedosov
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 82, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Maria Tzoy
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 82, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Andrey Terskov
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 82, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Inna Blokhina
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 82, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Viktor Sidorov
- Company "Lazma" for Research and Production Enterprise of Laser Medical Equipment, Kuusinena Str. 11, 123308 Moscow, Russia
| | - Jürgen Kurths
- Department of Physics, Humboldt University, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 82, 410012 Saratov, Russia
- Department of Complexity Science, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegrafenberg A31, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
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Lech JC, Halma MT, Obajuluwa AO, Baker M, Hamblin MR. Fiat Lux: Light and Pedagogy for the 21st Century. Ann Neurosci 2023; 30:133-142. [PMID: 37706102 PMCID: PMC10496794 DOI: 10.1177/09727531221136646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between the quality of the learning environment and student outcomes is receiving more serious attention from educational psychologists, neurologists, ophthalmologists, orthopedists, surgeons, oncologists, architects, ergonomists, nutritionists, and Michelin star chefs. There is a role for ergonomic office and school design to positively impact worker and student productivity, and one design attribute drawing attention is the indoor lit environment. In this review, we expand upon the role that light plays in education, as it has enabled millions of pupils to read at late hours, which were previously too dark. However, still unappreciated is the biological effects of artificial light on circadian rhythm and its subsequent impacts on health and learning outcomes. Summary This review describes the current state of light in the educational environment, its impact, and the effect of certain inexpensive and easy-to-implement adaptations to better support student growth, learning and development. We find that the current lighting environment for pupils is sub-optima based on biological mechanism and may be improved through cost effective interventions. These interventions can achieve greater biological harmonization and improve learner outcomes. Key Message The impact of the lighting environment in educational institutions on pupil biology has received minimal attention thus far. The current lighting environment in schools is not conducive to student health and educational performance. Cost-effective approaches can have an outsized impact on student health and educational attainment. We strongly recommend educational institutions take the lit environment into account when designing educational programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Lech
- * These authors share joint first authorship
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam (UMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- National Research Foundation, South Africa
- International EMF Project & Optical Radiation, World Health Organization, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Matthew T.J. Halma
- * These authors share joint first authorship
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adejoke O. Obajuluwa
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Olusegun Obasanjo Way, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Malcolm Baker
- † Passed away June 16, 2021
- Department of Neurology, 1 Military Hospital, Pretoria, Department of Defence, South Africa Military Health Service Pretoria
- Department of Neurology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
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Dole M, Auboiroux V, Langar L, Mitrofanis J. A systematic review of the effects of transcranial photobiomodulation on brain activity in humans. Rev Neurosci 2023:revneuro-2023-0003. [PMID: 36927734 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) has been developing as a promising method to protect and repair brain tissues against damages. The aim of our systematic review is to examine the results available in the literature concerning the efficacy of tPBM in changing brain activity in humans, either in healthy individuals, or in patients with neurological diseases. Four databases were screened for references containing terms encompassing photobiomodulation, brain activity, brain imaging, and human. We also analysed the quality of the included studies using validated tools. Results in healthy subjects showed that even after a single session, tPBM can be effective in influencing brain activity. In particular, the different transcranial approaches - using a focal stimulation or helmet for global brain stimulation - seemed to act at both the vascular level by increasing regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and at the neural level by changing the activity of the neurons. In addition, studies also showed that even a focal stimulation was sufficient to induce a global change in functional connectivity across brain networks. Results in patients with neurological disease were sparser; nevertheless, they indicated that tPBM could improve rCBF and functional connectivity in several regions. Our systematic review also highlighted the heterogeneity in the methods and results generated, together with the need for more randomised controlled trials in patients with neurological diseases. In summary, tPBM could be a promising method to act on brain function, but more consistency is needed in order appreciate fully the underlying mechanisms and the precise outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Dole
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, FDD Clinatec, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Lilia Langar
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Clinatec, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - John Mitrofanis
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, FDD Clinatec, 38000 Grenoble, France.,Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Ailioaie LM, Ailioaie C, Litscher G. Photobiomodulation in Alzheimer's Disease-A Complementary Method to State-of-the-Art Pharmaceutical Formulations and Nanomedicine? Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:916. [PMID: 36986776 PMCID: PMC10054386 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), as a neurodegenerative disorder, usually develops slowly but gradually worsens. It accounts for approximately 70% of dementia cases worldwide, and is recognized by WHO as a public health priority. Being a multifactorial disease, the origins of AD are not satisfactorily understood. Despite huge medical expenditures and attempts to discover new pharmaceuticals or nanomedicines in recent years, there is no cure for AD and not many successful treatments are available. The current review supports introspection on the latest scientific results from the specialized literature regarding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of brain photobiomodulation, as a complementary method with implications in AD. State-of-the-art pharmaceutical formulations, development of new nanoscale materials, bionanoformulations in current applications and perspectives in AD are highlighted. Another goal of this review was to discover and to speed transition to completely new paradigms for the multi-target management of AD, to facilitate brain remodeling through new therapeutic models and high-tech medical applications with light or lasers in the integrative nanomedicine of the future. In conclusion, new insights from this interdisciplinary approach, including the latest results from photobiomodulation (PBM) applied in human clinical trials, combined with the latest nanoscale drug delivery systems to easily overcome protective brain barriers, could open new avenues to rejuvenate our central nervous system, the most fascinating and complex organ. Picosecond transcranial laser stimulation could be successfully used to cross the blood-brain barrier together with the latest nanotechnologies, nanomedicines and drug delivery systems in AD therapy. Original, smart and targeted multifunctional solutions and new nanodrugs may soon be developed to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marinela Ailioaie
- Department of Medical Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Carol I Boulevard, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Constantin Ailioaie
- Department of Medical Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Carol I Boulevard, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gerhard Litscher
- President of ISLA (International Society for Medical Laser Applications), Research Unit of Biomedical Engineering in Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Research Unit for Complementary and Integrative Laser Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Research Center Graz, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 39, 8036 Graz, Austria
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Pan WT, Liu PM, Ma D, Yang JJ. Advances in photobiomodulation for cognitive improvement by near-infrared derived multiple strategies. J Transl Med 2023; 21:135. [PMID: 36814278 PMCID: PMC9945713 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03988-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive function is an important ability of the brain, but cognitive dysfunction can easily develop once the brain is injured in various neuropathological conditions or diseases. Photobiomodulation therapy is a type of noninvasive physical therapy that is gradually emerging in the field of neuroscience. Transcranial photobiomodulation has been commonly used to regulate neural activity in the superficial cortex. To stimulate deeper brain activity, advanced photobiomodulation techniques in conjunction with photosensitive nanoparticles have been developed. This review addresses the mechanisms of photobiomodulation on neurons and neural networks and discusses the advantages, disadvantages and potential applications of photobiomodulation alone or in combination with photosensitive nanoparticles. Photobiomodulation and its associated strategies may provide new breakthrough treatments for cognitive improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-tong Pan
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China ,grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052 China ,Henan Province International Joint Laboratory of Pain, Cognition and Emotion, Zhengzhou, 450000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Pan-miao Liu
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China ,grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052 China ,Henan Province International Joint Laboratory of Pain, Cognition and Emotion, Zhengzhou, 450000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Daqing Ma
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine & Intensive Care, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, UK. .,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, China.
| | - Jian-jun Yang
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China ,grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052 China ,Henan Province International Joint Laboratory of Pain, Cognition and Emotion, Zhengzhou, 450000 People’s Republic of China
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Cheung MC, Lee TL, Sze SL, Chan AS. Photobiomodulation improves frontal lobe cognitive functions and mental health of older adults with non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Case studies. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1095111. [PMID: 36704674 PMCID: PMC9871821 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1095111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study investigated the effects of transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) on improving the frontal lobe cognitive functions and mental health of older adults. Methods Three older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) of the non-amnestic type received 18-session tPBM stimulation for 9 weeks and were assessed with neuropsychological tests of memory and executive functions and standardized questionnaires on depressive and anxiety symptoms, global cognitive functions, and daily functioning abilities before and after tPBM stimulation. Results At baseline, their intrusion and/or perseveration errors in a verbal memory test and a fluency test, as measures of the frontal lobe cognitive functions, were in the borderline to severely impaired range at baseline. After tPBM stimulation, the three older adults showed various levels of improvement in their frontal lobe cognitive functions. One older adult's intrusion and perseveration errors improved from the <1st-2nd percentile (moderately to severely impaired range) to the 41st-69th percentile (average range), another older adult's intrusion errors improved from the 11th percentile to the 83rd percentile, and the third older adult's intrusion errors improved from the 5th percentile to the 56th percentile. Moreover, improvements in their anxiety and/or depressive symptoms were also observed. One older adult's depressive and anxiety symptoms improved from the severe range at baseline to the mild range after the intervention. The other two older adults' depressive symptoms improved from the mild range at baseline to the normal range after the intervention. Discussion These findings provide preliminary support for the potential of tPBM to improve the frontal lobe cognitive functions and mental health of older adults with MCI. Given the small sample size of only three older adults and the absence of a placebo control group, larger randomized controlled studies are needed to confirm its potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chun Cheung
- Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China,Research Center for Neuropsychological Well-Being, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tsz-Lok Lee
- Research Center for Neuropsychological Well-Being, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China,Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sophia L. Sze
- Research Center for Neuropsychological Well-Being, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China,Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Agnes S. Chan
- Research Center for Neuropsychological Well-Being, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China,Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China,*Correspondence: Agnes S. Chan, ✉
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Lee TL, Ding Z, Chan AS. Can transcranial photobiomodulation improve cognitive function? A systematic review of human studies. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 83:101786. [PMID: 36371017 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) has been studied for over a decade as a possible cognitive intervention. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of tPBM for enhancing human cognitive function in healthy adults and remediating impaired cognitive function in adults with cognitive disorders. METHODS A systematic literature search from three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) was conducted from 1987 to May 2022. The cognitive function being evaluated included learning and memory, attention, executive function, language, and global cognitive function. RESULTS Of the 35 studies identified, 29 (82.9 %) studies reported positive improvement in cognitive functions after tPBM. All nine studies on participants with subjective memory complaints, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia, showed positive outcomes. Seven (87.5 %) studies on traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients also showed positive results. A series of clinical trials on stroke patients showed positive trends on improved neurological deficit at first, but was prematurely terminated later at phase III due to the lack of statistical significance. One of the most common protocols for clinical populations employed devices delivering near-infrared light (810 nm), the irradiance of 20-25 mW/cm2, and fluence of 1-10 J/cm2. While this was common, the reviewed protocols also included other wavelengths of light ranging from visible, red (630-635 nm) to invisible near-infrared maximum wavelengths of 1060-1068 nm. CONCLUSIONS tPBM seems to improve cognitive function. However, only half of the reviewed clinical trials were randomized control trials, further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz-Lok Lee
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zihan Ding
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Agnes S Chan
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for Neuropsychological Well-Being, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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[Epidural photobiomodulation accelerates the drainage of brain interstitial fluid and its mechanism]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [PMID: 36241244 PMCID: PMC9568398 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2022.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) on the drainage of brain interstitial fluid (ISF) and to investigate the possible mechanism of the positive effect of PBM on Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS Twenty-four SD male rats were randomly divided into PBM group (n=12), sham PBM group (n=6), and negative control group (n=6). According to the injection site of tracer, the PBM group was further divided into PBM-ipsilateral traced group (n=6) and PBM-contralateral traced group (n=6). Rats in the PBM group and the sham PBM group were exposed to the dura minimally invasively on the skull corresponding to the frontal cortical area reached by ISF drainage from caudate nucleus region. The PBM group was irradiated by using 630 nm red light (5-6 mW/cm2), following an irradiation of 5 min with a 2 min pause, and a total of 5 times; the sham PBM group was kept in the same position for the same time using the light without power. The negative control group was kept without any measure. After PBM, tracer was injected into caudate nucleus of each group. The changes of ISF drainage in caudate nucleus were observed according to the diffusion and distribution of tracer molecule by tracer-based magnetic resonance imaging, and the structural changes of brain extracellular space (ECS) were analyzed by diffusion rate in ECS-mapping (DECS-mapping) technique. Finally, parameters reflecting the structure of brain ECS and the drainage of ISF were obtained: volume fraction (α), tortuo-sity (λ), half-life (T1/2), and DECS. The differences of parameters among different groups were compared to analyze the effect of PBM on brain ECS and ISF. One-Way ANOVA post hoc tests and independent sample t test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The parameters including T1/2, DECS, and λ were significantly different among the PBM-ipsilateral traced group, the PBM-contralateral traced group, and the sham PBM group (F=79.286, P < 0.001; F=13.458, P < 0.001; F=10.948, P=0.001), while there was no difference in the parameter α of brain ECS among the three groups (F=1.217, P=0.324). Compared with the sham PBM group and the PBM-contralateral traced group, the PBM-ipsilateral traced group had a significant decrease in the parameter T1/2 [(45.45±6.76) min vs. (76.01±3.44) min, P < 0.001; (45.45±6.76) min vs. (78.07±4.27) min, P < 0.001], representing a significant acceleration of ISF drainage; the PBM-ipsilateral traced group had a significant increase in the parameter DECS [(4.51±0.77)×10-4 mm2/s vs. (3.15±0.44)×10-4 mm2/s, P < 0.001; (4.51±0.77)×10-4 mm2/s vs. (3.01±0.38)×10-4 mm2/s, P < 0.001], representing a significantly increased molecular diffusion rate of in the brain ECS; the PBM-ipsilateral traced group had a significant decrease in the parameter λ (1.51±0.21 vs. 1.85±0.12, P=0.001; 1.51±0.21 vs. 1.89±0.11, P=0.001), representing a significant decrease in the degree of tortuosity in the brain ECS. CONCLUSION PBM can regulate the brain ISF drainage actively, which may be one of the potential mechanisms of the effect of PBM therapy on AD. This study provides a new method for enhancing the brain function via ECS pathway.
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Effects of Caffeine on Performances of Simulated Match, Wingate Anaerobic Test, and Cognitive Function Test of Elite Taekwondo Athletes in Hong Kong. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14163398. [PMID: 36014906 PMCID: PMC9414007 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of caffeine on performances of simulated match, Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT), and cognitive function test of elite taekwondo athletes. Ten elite taekwondo athletes in Hong Kong volunteered to participate in two main trials in a randomized double-blinded crossover design. In each main trial, 1 h after consuming a drink with caffeine (CAF) or a placebo drink without caffeine (PLA), the participants completed two simulated taekwondo match sessions followed by the WAnT. The participants were instructed to complete three cognitive function tests, namely the Eriksen Flanker Test (EFT), Stroop Test, and Rapid Visual Information Processing Test, at baseline, before exercise, and immediately after the simulated matches. They were also required to wear functional near-infrared spectroscopy equipment during these tests. Before exercise, the reaction time in the EFT was shorter in the CAF trial than in the PLA trial (PLA: 494.9 ± 49.2 ms vs. CAF: 467.9 ± 38.0 ms, p = 0.035). In the WAnT, caffeine intake increased the peak power and mean power per unit of body weight (by approximately 13% and 6%, respectively, p = 0.018 & 0.042). The performance in the simulated matches was not affected by caffeine intake (p = 0.168). In conclusion, caffeine intake enhances anaerobic power and may improve certain cognitive functions of elite taekwondo athletes in Hong Kong. However, this may not be enough to improve the simulated match performance.
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Qu X, Li L, Zhou X, Dong Q, Liu H, Liu H, Yang Q, Han Y, Niu H. Repeated transcranial photobiomodulation improves working memory of healthy older adults: behavioral outcomes of poststimulation including a three-week follow-up. NEUROPHOTONICS 2022; 9:035005. [PMID: 36177151 PMCID: PMC9514540 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.9.3.035005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Decline in cognitive ability is a significant issue associated with healthy aging. Transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) is an emerging non-invasive neuromodulation technique and has shown promise to overcome this challenge. AIM This study aimed to investigate the effects of seven-day repeated tPBM, compared to those of single tPBM and baseline, on improving N -back working memory in healthy older adults and to evaluate the persistent efficacy of repeated tPBM. APPROACH In a sham-controlled and within-subject design, 61 healthy older adults were recruited to participate in a longitudinal study involving an experimental baseline, seven days of tPBM treatment (12 min daily, 1064-nm laser, 250 mW / cm 2 ) in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and three weeks of follow-ups. Behavioral performance in the N -back ( N = 1,2 , 3 ) was recorded poststimulation during the baseline, the first and seventh days of the tPBM session, and the three weekly follow-ups. A control group with 25 participants was included in this study to rule out the practice and placebo effects. The accuracy rate and response time were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS Repeated and single tPBM significantly improved accuracy rate in 1- and 3-back tasks and decreased response time in 3-back compared to the baseline. Moreover, the repeated tPBM resulted in a significantly higher improvement in accuracy rate than the single tPBM. These improvements in accuracy rate and response time lasted at least three weeks following repeated tPBM. In contrast, the control group showed no significant improvement in behavioral performance. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that seven-day repeated tPBM improved the working memory of healthy older adults more efficiently, with the beneficial effect lasting at least three weeks. These findings provide fundamental evidence that repeated tPBM may be a potential intervention for older individuals with memory decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Qu
- Beijing Normal University, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing, China
| | - Lexuan Li
- Beijing Normal University, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhou
- Beijing Normal University, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Dong
- Beijing Normal University, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing, China
| | - Hanli Liu
- University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Bioengineering, Arlington, Texas, United States
| | - Hesheng Liu
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Neuroscience, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Qin Yang
- Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Department of Neurology, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Han
- Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Department of Neurology, Beijing, China
- Hainan University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Haikou, China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Center of Alzheimer’s Disease, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Haijing Niu
- Beijing Normal University, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing, China
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Near-infrared light reduces glia activation and modulates neuroinflammation in the brains of diet-induced obese mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10848. [PMID: 35761012 PMCID: PMC9237037 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14812-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a key event in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and characterizes metabolic pathologies like obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Growing evidence in humans shows that obesity increases the risk of developing AD by threefold. Hippocampal neuroinflammation in rodents correlates with poor memory performance, suggesting that it contributes to cognitive decline. Here we propose that reducing obesity/T2D-driven neuroinflammation may prevent the progression of cognitive decline associated with AD-like neurodegenerative states. Near-infrared light (NIR) has attracted increasing attention as it was shown to improve learning and memory in both humans and animal models. We previously reported that transcranial NIR delivery reduced amyloid beta and Tau pathology and improved memory function in mouse models of AD. Here, we report the effects of NIR in preventing obesity-induced neuroinflammation in a diet-induced obese mouse model. Five-week-old wild-type mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 13 weeks to induce obesity prior to transcranial delivery of NIR for 4 weeks during 90-s sessions given 5 days a week. After sacrifice, brain slices were subjected to free-floating immunofluorescence for microglia and astrocyte markers to evaluate glial activation and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to evaluate expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The hippocampal and cortical regions of the HFD group had increased expression of the activated microglial marker CD68 and the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein. NIR-treated HFD groups showed decreased levels of these markers. PCR revealed that hippocampal tissue from the HFD group had increased levels of pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α. Interestingly, the same samples showed increased levels of the anti-inflammatory IL-10. All these changes were attenuated by NIR treatment. Lastly, hippocampal levels of the neurotrophic factor BDNF were increased in NIR-treated HFD mice, compared to untreated HFD mice. The marked reductions in glial activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines along with elevated BDNF provide insights into how NIR could reduce neuroinflammation. These results support the use of NIR as a potential non-invasive and preventive therapeutic approach against chronic obesity-induced deficits that are known to occur with AD neuropathology.
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Tsai CM, Chang SF, Chang H. Transcranial photobiomodulation add-on therapy to valproic acid for pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in peripubertal rats. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:81. [PMID: 35313886 PMCID: PMC8935768 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03562-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) prevention is critical for pediatric patients with epilepsy. Immediate intervention before CSE reduce severity. Despite its wide usage as an anticonvulsant, valproic acid (VPA) results in harmful side effects such as dose-dependent hepatotoxicity. Hence, reducing VPA dosage to minimize side effects while maintaining its efficacy is necessary, and transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) add-on therapy could facilitate this. We recently demonstrated for the first time that tPBM at a wavelength of 808 nm attenuated CSE in peripubertal rats. However, the effects of VPA with the add-on therapy of tPBM prior to seizures have not yet been explored. This study investigated whether adding tPBM to VPA exerts synergistic effect for CSE prevention in peripubertal rats. Methods A gallium-aluminum-arsenide laser (wavelength of 808 nm with an exposure duration of 100 s and irradiance of 1.333 W/cm2 at the target) was applied transcranially 30 min after VPA injection in Sprague Dawley rats. All the rats received 90 mg/kg of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). Except for the saline (n = 3), tPBM + saline (n = 3), and PTZ group (n = 6), all the rats received a PTZ injection 30 min after VPA injection. The rats received add-on tPBM with PTZ immediately after tPBM. In the VPA + PTZ group, the rats received low-dose (100 mg/kg, n = 6), medium-dose (200 mg/kg, n = 6), and high-dose (400 mg/kg, n = 7) VPA. In the VPA + tPBM + PTZ group, the rats received low (100 mg/kg, n = 5), medium (200 mg/kg, n = 6), and high (400 mg/kg, n = 3) doses of VPA. Seizures were evaluated according to the revised Racine’s scale in a non-blinded manner. Results Adding tPBM to low-dose VPA reduced the incidence of severe status epilepticus and significantly delayed the latency to stage 2 seizures. However, adding tPBM to high-dose VPA increased the maximum seizure stage, prolonged the duration of stage 4–7 seizures, and shortened the latency to stage 6 seizures. Conclusions Adding tPBM to low-dose VPA exerted a synergistic prevention effect on PTZ-induced seizures, whereas adding tPBM to high-dose VPA offset the attenuation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Min Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shwu-Fen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsi Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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Liebert A, Pang V, Bicknell B, McLachlan C, Mitrofanis J, Kiat H. A Perspective on the Potential of Opsins as an Integral Mechanism of Photobiomodulation: It's Not Just the Eyes. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 2022; 40:123-135. [PMID: 34935507 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2021.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the potential relationship between opsins and photobiomodulation. Background: Opsins and other photoreceptors occur in all phyla and are important in light-activated signaling and organism homeostasis. In addition to the visual opsin systems of the retina (OPN1 and OPN2), there are several non-visual opsins found throughout the body tissues, including encephalopsin/panopsin (OPN3), melanopsin (OPN4), and neuropsin (OPN5), as well as other structures that have light-sensitive properties, such as enzymes, ion channels, particularly those located in cell membranes, lysosomes, and neuronal structures such as the nodes of Ranvier. The influence of these structures on exposure to light, including self-generated light within the body (autofluorescence), on circadian oscillators, and circadian and ultradian rhythms have become increasingly reported. The visual and non-visual phototransduction cascade originating from opsins and other structures has potential significant mechanistic effects on tissues and health. Methods: A PubMed and Google Scholar search was made using the search terms "photobiomodulation", "light", "neuron", "opsins", "neuropsin", "melanopsin", "encephalopsin", "rhodopsin", and "chromophore". Results: This review was examined the influence of neuropsin (also known as kallikrein 8), encephalopsin, and melanopsin specifically on ion channel function, and more broadly on the central and peripheral nervous systems. The relationship between opsins 3, 4, and 5 and photobiomodulation mechanisms was evaluated, along with a proposed role of photobiomodulation through opsins and light-sensitive organelles as potential alleviators of symptoms and accelerators of beneficial regenerative processes. The potential clinical implications of this in musculoskeletal conditions, wounds, and in the symptomatic management of neurodegenerative disease was also examined. Conclusions: Systematic research into the pleotropic therapeutic role of photobiomodulation, mediated through its action on opsins and other light-sensitive organelles may assist in the future execution of safe, low-risk precision medicine for a variety of chronic and complex disease conditions, and for health maintenance in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Liebert
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Office of Governance and Research, San Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Brian Bicknell
- Faculty of Health Science, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, Australia
| | | | - John Mitrofanis
- Clinatec, Fonds de Dotation-CEA, Universitè Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Hosen Kiat
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.,Cardiac Health Institute, Sydney, Australia
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Photobiomodulation at Different Wavelengths Boosts Mitochondrial Redox Metabolism and Hemoglobin Oxygenation: Lasers vs. Light-Emitting Diodes In Vivo. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12020103. [PMID: 35208178 PMCID: PMC8880116 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our group previously examined 8 min photobiomodulation (PBM) by 1064 nm laser on the human forearm in vivo to determine its significant effects on vascular hemodynamics and cytochrome c oxidase redox activity. Since PBM uses a wide array of wavelengths, in this paper, we investigated (i) whether different wavelengths of lasers induced different PBM effects, and (ii) if a light-emitting diode (LED) at a similar wavelength to a laser could induce similar PBM effects. A broadband near-infrared spectroscopy (bbNIRS) system was utilized to assess concentration changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (Δ[HbO]) and oxidized cytochrome c oxidase (Δ[oxCCO]) during and after PBM with lasers at 800 nm, 850 nm, and 1064 nm, as well as a LED at 810 nm. Two groups of 10 healthy participants were measured before, during, and after active and sham PBM on their forearms. All results were tested for significance using repeated measures ANOVA. Our results showed that (i) lasers at all three wavelengths enabled significant increases in Δ[HbO] and Δ[oxCCO] of the human forearm while the 1064 nm laser sustained the increases longer, and that (ii) the 810-nm LED with a moderate irradiance (≈135 mW/cm2) induced measurable and significant rises in Δ[HbO] and Δ[oxCCO] with respect to the sham stimulation on the human forearm.
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Monteiro F, Carvalho Ó, Sousa N, Silva FS, Sotiropoulos I. Photobiomodulation and visual stimulation against cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease pathology: A systematic review. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2022; 8:e12249. [DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Monteiro
- Center for Microelectromechanical Systems (CMEMS) Campus Azurém University of Minho Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's ‐ PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory University of Minho Guimarães Portugal
| | - Óscar Carvalho
- Center for Microelectromechanical Systems (CMEMS) Campus Azurém University of Minho Guimarães Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory University of Minho Guimarães Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- ICVS/3B's ‐ PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS) School of Medicine University of Minho Campus de Gualtar Braga Portugal
| | - Filipe S. Silva
- Center for Microelectromechanical Systems (CMEMS) Campus Azurém University of Minho Guimarães Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory University of Minho Guimarães Portugal
| | - Ioannis Sotiropoulos
- ICVS/3B's ‐ PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS) School of Medicine University of Minho Campus de Gualtar Braga Portugal
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications NCSR Demokritos Athens Greece
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22
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Hosseini L, Farazi N, Erfani M, Mahmoudi J, Akbari M, Hosseini SH, Sadigh-Eteghad S. Effect of transcranial near-infrared photobiomodulation on cognitive outcomes in D-galactose/AlCl 3 induced brain aging in BALB/c mice. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 37:1787-1798. [PMID: 34596786 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03433-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy (PBMT) modulates various biological and cognitive processes in senescence rodent models. This study was designed to investigate the effects of transcranial near-infrared (NIR) laser treatment on D-galactose (D-gal)/aluminum chloride (AlCl3) induced inflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and cognitive impairment in mice. The aged mouse model was induced by subcutaneously injecting D-gal (60 mg/kg/day) followed by intragastrically administering AlCl3 (200 mg/kg/day) for 2 months. NIR PBM (810 nm laser, 32, 16, and 8 J/cm2) was administered transcranially every other day (3 days/week) for 2 months. Social, contextual, and spatial memories were assessed by social interaction test, passive avoidance test, and Lashley III maze, respectively. Then, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and synaptic markers including growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43), post-synaptic density-95 (PSD-95), and synaptophysin (SYN) levels were measured in the hippocampus using western blot method. Behavioral results revealed that NIR PBM at fluencies of 16 and 8 J/cm2 could reduce D-gal/AlCl3 impaired social and spatial memories. Treatment with NIR attenuated neuroinflammation through down-regulation of TNF-α and IL-6. Additionally, NIR significantly inhibited the down-regulation of GAP-43 and SYN. The results indicate that transcranial PBM at the fluencies 16 and 8 J/cm2 effectively prevents cognitive impairment in mice model of aging by inhibiting the production of the inflammatory cytokines and enhancing synaptic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Hosseini
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51666-14756, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Narmin Farazi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51666-14756, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marjan Erfani
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51666-14756, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51666-14756, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Akbari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Hojjat Hosseini
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Metabolic Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51666-14756, Tabriz, Iran.
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23
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Cardoso FDS, Mansur FCB, Lopes-Martins RÁB, Gonzalez-Lima F, Gomes da Silva S. Transcranial Laser Photobiomodulation Improves Intracellular Signaling Linked to Cell Survival, Memory and Glucose Metabolism in the Aged Brain: A Preliminary Study. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:683127. [PMID: 34539346 PMCID: PMC8446546 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.683127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is often accompanied by exacerbated activation of cell death-related signaling pathways and decreased energy metabolism. We hypothesized that transcranial near-infrared laser may increase intracellular signaling pathways beneficial to aging brains, such as those that regulate brain cell proliferation, apoptosis, and energy metabolism. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the expression and activation of intracellular signaling proteins in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of aged rats (20 months old) treated with the transcranial near-infrared laser for 58 consecutive days. As compared to sham controls, transcranial laser treatment increased intracellular signaling proteins related to cell proliferation and cell survival, such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) and protein kinase B (PKB), also known as Akt that is linked to glucose metabolism. In addition, ERK is linked to memory, while ERK and JNK signaling pathways regulate glucose metabolism. Specifically, the laser treatment caused the activation of STAT3, ERK, and JNK signaling proteins in the cerebral cortex. In the hippocampus, the laser treatment increased the expression of p70S6K and STAT3 and the activation of Akt. Taken together, the data support the hypothesis that transcranial laser photobiomodulation improves intracellular signaling pathways linked to cell survival, memory, and glucose metabolism in the brain of aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrízio Dos Santos Cardoso
- Núcleo de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil.,Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Francisco Gonzalez-Lima
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Sérgio Gomes da Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil.,Centro Universitário UNIFAMINAS (UNIFAMINAS), Muriaé, Brazil.,Hospital do Câncer de Muriaé, Fundação Cristiano Varella (FCV), Muriaé, Brazil
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24
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Cardoso FDS, Gonzalez-Lima F, Gomes da Silva S. Photobiomodulation for the aging brain. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101415. [PMID: 34325071 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Longevity is one of the great triumphs of humanity. Worldwide, the elderly is the fastest growing segment of the population. As a consequence, the number of cases of age-related cognitive decline and neurological diseases associated with aging, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, has been increasing. Among the non-pharmacological interventions studied for the treatment or prevention of age-related neurocognitive impairment, photobiomodulation (PBM) has gained prominence for its beneficial effects on brain functions relevant to aging brains. In animal models, the neuroprotective and neuromodulatory capacity of PBM has been observed. Studies using both animals and humans have shown promising metabolic and hemodynamic effects of PBM on the brain, such as improved mitochondrial and vascular functions. Studies in humans have shown that PBM can improve electrophysiological activity and cognitive functions such as attention, learning, memory and mood in older people. In this paper we will review the main brain effects of PBM during aging, discuss its mechanisms of action relevant to the aging brain, and call for more controlled studies in older populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrízio Dos Santos Cardoso
- Núcleo de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil; Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - F Gonzalez-Lima
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Sérgio Gomes da Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil; Centro Universitário UNIFAMINAS (UNIFAMINAS), Muriaé, MG, Brazil; Hospital do Câncer de Muriaé, Fundação Cristiano Varella (FCV), Muriaé, MG, Brazil.
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25
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Salehpour F, Gholipour-Khalili S, Farajdokht F, Kamari F, Walski T, Hamblin MR, DiDuro JO, Cassano P. Therapeutic potential of intranasal photobiomodulation therapy for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders: a narrative review. Rev Neurosci 2021; 31:269-286. [PMID: 31812948 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2019-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The application of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) for neuronal stimulation is studied in different animal models and in humans, and has shown to improve cerebral metabolic activity and blood flow, and provide neuroprotection via anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways. Recently, intranasal PBMT (i-PBMT) has become an attractive and potential method for the treatment of brain conditions. Herein, we provide a summary of different intranasal light delivery approaches including a nostril-based portable method and implanted deep-nasal methods for the effective systemic or direct irradiation of the brain. Nostril-based i-PBMT devices are available, using either lasers or light emitting diodes (LEDs), and can be applied either alone or in combination to transcranial devices (the latter applied directly to the scalp) to treat a wide range of brain conditions such as mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cerebrovascular diseases, depression and anxiety as well as insomnia. Evidence shows that nostril-based i-PBMT improves blood rheology and cerebral blood flow, so that, without needing to puncture blood vessels, i-PBMT may have equivalent results to a peripheral intravenous laser irradiation procedure. Up to now, no studies were conducted to implant PBMT light sources deep within the nose in a clinical setting, but simulation studies suggest that deep-nasal PBMT via cribriform plate and sphenoid sinus might be an effective method to deliver light to the ventromedial part of the prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex. Home-based i-PBMT, using inexpensive LED applicators, has potential as a novel approach for neurorehabilitation; comparative studies also testing sham, and transcranial PBMT are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Salehpour
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614756, Iran.,NiraxxLight Therapeutics, Irvine, CA 92617, USA.,ProNeuroLIGHT LLC, 3504 W Buckhorn Trail, Phoenix, AZ 85083, USA
| | - Sevda Gholipour-Khalili
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614756, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Farajdokht
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614756, Iran
| | - Farzin Kamari
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614756, Iran
| | - Tomasz Walski
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław 50-370, Poland
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom St, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Joseph O DiDuro
- ProNeuroLIGHT LLC, 3504 W Buckhorn Trail, Phoenix, AZ 85083, USA.,Neuropathy Treatment Centers of America LLC, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Paolo Cassano
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Bowdoin Square, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Center for Anxiety and Traumatic Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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26
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Liebert A, Bicknell B, Laakso EL, Heller G, Jalilitabaei P, Tilley S, Mitrofanis J, Kiat H. Improvements in clinical signs of Parkinson's disease using photobiomodulation: a prospective proof-of-concept study. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:256. [PMID: 34215216 PMCID: PMC8249215 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with no cure and few treatment options. Its incidence is increasing due to aging populations, longer disease duration and potentially as a COVID-19 sequela. Photobiomodulation (PBM) has been successfully used in animal models to reduce the signs of PD and to protect dopaminergic neurons. Objective To assess the effectiveness of PBM to mitigate clinical signs of PD in a prospective proof-of-concept study, using a combination of transcranial and remote treatment, in order to inform on best practice for a larger randomized placebo-controlled trial (RCT). Methods Twelve participants with idiopathic PD were recruited. Six were randomly chosen to begin 12 weeks of transcranial, intranasal, neck and abdominal PBM. The remaining 6 were waitlisted for 14 weeks before commencing the same treatment. After the 12-week treatment period, all participants were supplied with PBM devices to continue home treatment. Participants were assessed for mobility, fine motor skills, balance and cognition before treatment began, after 4 weeks of treatment, after 12 weeks of treatment and the end of the home treatment period. A Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was used to assess treatment effectiveness at a significance level of 5%. Results Measures of mobility, cognition, dynamic balance and fine motor skill were significantly improved (p < 0.05) with PBM treatment for 12 weeks and up to one year. Many individual improvements were above the minimal clinically important difference, the threshold judged to be meaningful for participants. Individual improvements varied but many continued for up to one year with sustained home treatment. There was a demonstrable Hawthorne Effect that was below the treatment effect. No side effects of the treatment were observed. Conclusions PBM was shown to be a safe and potentially effective treatment for a range of clinical signs and symptoms of PD. Improvements were maintained for as long as treatment continued, for up to one year in a neurodegenerative disease where decline is typically expected. Home treatment of PD by the person themselves or with the help of a carer might be an effective therapy option. The results of this study indicate that a large RCT is warranted. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, registration number: ACTRN12618000038291p, registered on 12/01/2018. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12883-021-02248-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Liebert
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia. .,Governance and Research Department, Sydney Adventist Hospital, Wahroonga, Australia.
| | - Brian Bicknell
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Cathlic University, North Sydney, Australia
| | - E-Liisa Laakso
- Mater Research Institute, South Brisbane, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Gillian Heller
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, Australia
| | | | | | - John Mitrofanis
- Department of Anatomy, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Hosen Kiat
- Faculty of medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Kensington, Australia.,Cardiac Health Institute, Sydney, Australia
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27
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Chan AS, Lee TL, Hamblin MR, Cheung MC. Photoneuromodulation makes a difficult cognitive task less arduous. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13688. [PMID: 34211101 PMCID: PMC8249594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A positive effect of photoneuromodulation (PNM) has been found on cognitive and emotional functions in healthy populations. However, the hemodynamic changes associated with improved cognitive functions (i.e., memory and executive functions) are unexplored. Therefore, the present study investigated the hemodynamic changes associated with PNM using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). In this experiment, 33 young healthy adults were recruited and randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. A single PNM stimulation was applied to the forehead in the experimental group, while a sham stimulation (same procedure without machine activation) was performed for the control group. Before and after the stimulation, all participants performed an n-back task with 0-and 3-back conditions to assess their working memory function, and their hemodynamic responses during the tasks were measured by fNIRS. A significant group (experimental vs. control) × time (before vs. after PNM) interaction in memory-related frontal activation was found. Specifically, only the experimental group had a significant reduction in frontal hemodynamic levels during the difficult task. Additionally, the memory-related frontal activation was significantly correlated with the immediate and delayed recall of the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test assessed at baseline. Therefore, PNM may reduce the cognitive efforts needed to complete tasks with high memory loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes S Chan
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China. .,Research Center for Neuropsychological Well-Being, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Tsz-Lok Lee
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa.,Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mei-Chun Cheung
- Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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28
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Enengl J, Hamblin MR, Dungel P. Photobiomodulation for Alzheimer's Disease: Translating Basic Research to Clinical Application. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 75:1073-1082. [PMID: 32390621 PMCID: PMC7369090 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the challenges in translating new therapeutic approaches to the patient bedside lies in bridging the gap between scientists who are conducting basic laboratory research and medical practitioners who are not exposed to highly specialized journals. This review covers the literature on photobiomodulation therapy as a novel approach to prevent and treat Alzheimer’s disease, aiming to bridge that gap by gathering together the terms and technical specifications into a single concise suggestion for a treatment protocol. In light of the predicted doubling in the number of people affected by dementia and Alzheimer’s disease within the next 30 years, a treatment option which has already shown promising results in cell culture studies and animal models, and whose safety has already been proven in humans, must not be left in the dark. This review covers the mechanistic action of photobiomodulation therapy against Alzheimer’s disease at a cellular level. Safe and effective doses have been found in animal models, and the first human case studies have provided reasons to undertake large-scale clinical trials. A brief discussion of the minimally effective and maximum tolerated dose concludes this review, and provides the basis for a successful translation from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Peter Dungel
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
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29
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Chan AS, Lee TL, Hamblin MR, Cheung MC. Photobiomodulation Enhances Memory Processing in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:1471-1480. [PMID: 33998541 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies of photobiomodulation (PBM) in patients with cognitive or psychological disorders (including traumatic brain injury, stroke, and dementia) have yielded some encouraging results. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of a single stimulation on memory in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS After PBM, hemodynamic changes, as a measure of functional brain activity, were evaluated using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Eighteen subjects who met the criteria of MCI were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. A single real or sham PBM session was administered to the forehead of each patient in the experimental and control groups, respectively. All subjects performed a visual memory span test before and after the stimulation, and their hemodynamic responses during the tasks were measured using fNIRS. RESULTS The results showed that among the MCI subjects, only those who received PBM, but not those who received the sham stimulation, demonstrated significant improvement in the visual memory performance and a reduction in the hemodynamic response during the tasks. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that PBM may reduce the cognitive efforts needed to complete tasks that require high memory loads, and thus improve the cognitive performance of individuals with MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes S Chan
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Research Centre for Neuropsychological Well-Being, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz-Lok Lee
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Mei-Chun Cheung
- Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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30
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Photobiomodulation Therapy Ameliorates Glutamatergic Dysfunction in Mice with Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Depression. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6678276. [PMID: 33859781 PMCID: PMC8024102 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6678276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that dysfunction of the glutamatergic neurotransmission has been widely involved in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has been demonstrated to regulate neuronal function both in vitro and in vivo. Herein, we aim to investigate whether the antidepressant phenotype of PBMT is associated with the improvement of glutamatergic dysfunction and to explore the mechanisms involved. Results showed that PBMT decreased extracellular glutamate levels via upregulation of glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) and rescued astrocyte loss in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, which also alleviated dendritic atrophy and upregulated the expression of AMPA receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, ultimately exhibiting behaviorally significant antidepressant effects in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Notably, PBMT also obtained similar antidepressant effects in a depressive mouse model subcutaneously injected with corticosterone (CORT). Evidence from in vitro mechanistic experiments demonstrated that PBMT treatment significantly increased both the GLT-1 mRNA and protein levels via the Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway. NF-κB-regulated transcription was in an Akt-dependent manner, while inhibition of Akt attenuated the DNA-binding efficiency of NF-κB to the GLT-1 promoter. Importantly, in vitro, we further found that PKA activation was responsible for phosphorylation and surface levels of AMPA receptors induced by PBMT, which is likely to rescue excitatory synaptic transmission. Taken together, our research suggests that PBMT as a feasible therapeutic approach has great potential value to control the progression of depression.
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31
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Transcranial laser stimulation: Mitochondrial and cerebrovascular effects in younger and older healthy adults. Brain Stimul 2021; 14:440-449. [PMID: 33636401 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial laser stimulation is a novel method of noninvasive brain stimulation found safe and effective for improving prefrontal cortex neurocognitive functions in healthy young adults. This method is different from electric and magnetic stimulation because it causes the photonic oxidation of cytochrome-c-oxidase, the rate-limiting enzyme for oxygen consumption and the major intracellular acceptor of photons from near-infrared light. This photobiomodulation effect promotes mitochondrial respiration, cerebrovascular oxygenation and neurocognitive function. Pilot studies suggest that transcranial photobiomodulation may also induce beneficial effects in aging individuals. OBJECTIVES Randomized, sham-controlled study to test photobiomodulation effects caused by laser stimulation on cytochrome-c-oxidase oxidation and hemoglobin oxygenation in the prefrontal cortex of 68 healthy younger and older adults, ages 18-85. METHODS Broadband near-infrared spectroscopy was used for the noninvasive quantification of bilateral cortical changes in oxidized cytochrome-c-oxidase and hemoglobin oxygenation before, during and after 1064-nm wavelength laser (IR-A laser, area: 13.6 cm2, power density: 250 mW/cm2) or sham stimulation of the right anterior prefrontal cortex (Brodmann Area 10). RESULTS As compared to sham control, there was a significant laser-induced increase in oxidized cytochrome-c-oxidase during laser stimulation, followed by a significant post-stimulation increase in oxygenated hemoglobin and a decrease in deoxygenated hemoglobin. Furthermore, there was a greater laser-induced effect on cytochrome-c-oxidase with increasing age, while laser-induced effects on cerebral hemodynamics decreased with increasing age. No adverse laser effects were found. CONCLUSION The findings support the use of transcranial photobiomodulation for cerebral oxygenation and alleviation of age-related decline in mitochondrial respiration. They justify further research on its therapeutic potential in neurologic and psychiatric diseases.
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32
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Nagy EN, Ali AY, Behiry ME, Naguib MM, Elsayed MM. Impact of Combined Photo-Biomodulation and Aerobic Exercise on Cognitive Function and Quality-of-Life in Elderly Alzheimer Patients with Anemia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:141-152. [PMID: 33469351 PMCID: PMC7813463 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s280559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Few data are available on the positive impact of photo-biomodulation (PBM) using low-level laser therapy as a complementary treatment for improving the cognitive function and optimizing the hemoglobin (Hb) level and oxygen carrying capacity in anemic elderly patients and consequently improving the quality-of-life. The present study aimed to evaluate a new, safe, and easy therapeutic approach to improve Alzheimer’s disease-related symptoms that interfere with the whole life activities and social interaction of elderly patients. Patients and Methods In this placebo-controlled clinical trial, 60 elderly patients suffering from anemia and mild cognitive dysfunction were randomly assigned into two equal groups to receive active or placebo low-level laser in addition to a moderate-intensity aerobic exercise over a 12-week period. Hb level as well as cognitive and functional tests were reassessed for any change after 12 weeks of intervention. Results By the end of this study, both groups showed significant improvements in Hb level, Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCa – B basic), Quality-of-Life for Alzheimer’s Disease scale, and Berg Balance scale scores along with significant reduction in body mass index (BMI) and waist–hip ratio (WHR) (P<0.0001). The experimental group which received active low-level laser in addition to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise showed more significant results compared to the control group which received placebo low-level laser in addition to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in all the measured outcomes (P<0.001). Conclusion Combined low-level laser therapy and moderate-intensity aerobic exercises are more effective in improving the cognitive function and quality-of-life of Alzheimer’s disease patients. Clinical Trial Registration www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT04496778.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtesam N Nagy
- Physical Therapy for Cardiovascular/Respiratory Disorder and Geriatrics Department, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Y Ali
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.,Internal Medicine Department, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mervat E Behiry
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.,Internal Medicine Department, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mervat M Naguib
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Elsayed
- Physical Therapy for Cardiovascular/Respiratory Disorder and Geriatrics Department, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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33
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Photobiomodulation as a promising new tool in the management of psychological disorders: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:242-254. [PMID: 33069687 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation is a brain modulation technique that has become a promising treatment for multiple pathologies. This systematic review collects studies up to 2019 about the beneficial effects of photobiomodulation as a therapy for treating psychological disorders and a tool for modulating cognitive processes. This technique is mostly used for the treatment of depression and stress, as well as to study its effects on psychological variables in healthy subjects. Despite the lack of parameters used, photobiomodulation seems to achieve enough brain penetration to produce beneficial effects in healthy subjects and patients with multiple pathologies. The best parameters are the wavelengths of 810 nm for the treatment of depression and 1064 nm for cognitive enhancement, along with a scalp irradiance of 250 mW/cm2 and a scalp yield of 60 J/cm2. It weekly application on the bilateral prefrontal area and the default mode network seems to be ideal for the maintenance of the effects. Photobiomodulation could be used as an effective and safe therapy for the treatment of multiple psychological pathologies.
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Liang Z, Lei T, Wang S, Zuo X, Li K, Song J, Sun J, Zhang J, Zheng Q, Kang X, Ma Y, Hu X, Ding T, Wang Z. Photobiomodulation by diffusing optical fiber on spinal cord: A feasibility study in piglet model. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960022. [PMID: 31670897 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies on spinal cord injury (SCI) have confirmed that percutaneous photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy can ameliorate immunoinflammatory responses at sites of injury, accelerate nerve regeneration, suppress glial scar formation and promote the subsequent recovery of locomotor function. The current study was performed to evaluate a large-animal model employing implanted optical fibers to accurately irradiate targeted spinal segments. The method's feasibility and irradiation parameters that do not cause phototoxic reaction were determined, and the methodology of irradiating the spinal cord with near-infrared light was investigated in detail. A diffusing optical fiber was implanted above the T9 spinal cord of Bama miniature pigs and used to transfer near-infrared light (810 nm) onto the spinal cord surface. After daily irradiation with 200, 300, 500 or 1000 mW for 14 days, both sides of the irradiated area of the spinal cord were assessed for temperature changes. The condition of the spinal cord and the position of optical fiber were investigated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and different parameters indicating temperature increases or phototoxicity were measured on the normal spinal cord surface due to light irradiation (ie, heat shock responses, inflammatory reactions and neuronal apoptosis), and the animals' lower-limb neurological function and gait were assessed during the irradiation process. The implanted device was stable inside the freely moving animals, and light energy could be directly projected onto the spinal cord surface. The screening of different irradiation parameters preliminary showed that direct irradiation onto the spinal cord surface at 200 and 300 mW did not significantly increase the temperature, stress responses, inflammatory reactions and neural apoptosis, whereas irradiation at 500 mW slightly increased these parameters, and irradiation at 1000 mW induced a significant temperature increase, heat shock, inflammation and apoptosis responses. HE staining of spinal cord tissue sections did not reveal any significant structural changes of the tissues compared to the control group, and the neurological function and gait of all irradiated animals were normal. In this study, we established an in-vivo optical fiber implantation method, which might be safe and stable and could be used to directly project light energy onto the spinal cord surface. This study might provide a new perspective for clinical applications of PBM in acute SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuowen Liang
- Xijing Orthopaedics Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tao Lei
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zuo
- Xijing Orthopaedics Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun Li
- Xijing Orthopaedics Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiwei Song
- Xijing Orthopaedics Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiakai Sun
- Xijing Orthopaedics Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Xijing Orthopaedics Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiao Zheng
- Xijing Orthopaedics Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaowei Kang
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yangguang Ma
- Xijing Orthopaedics Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xueyu Hu
- Xijing Orthopaedics Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tan Ding
- Xijing Orthopaedics Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Xijing Orthopaedics Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Chang B, Qiu H, Zhao H, Yang X, Wang Y, Ji T, Zhang Y, Quan Q, Li Y, Zeng J, Meng H, Gu Y. The Effects of Photobiomodulation on MC3T3-E1 Cells via 630 nm and 810 nm Light-Emitting Diode. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:8744-8752. [PMID: 31743330 PMCID: PMC6880645 DOI: 10.12659/msm.920396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photobiomodulation (PBM) has been explored as a promising therapeutic strategy to regulate bone cell growth; however, the effects of PBM on osteoblast cell lines remains poorly understood. In addition, as a light source of PBM, the light uniformity of light-emitting diode (LED) devices has not been given enough attention. MATERIAL AND METHODS Here, we sought to investigate the effects of PBM on MC3T3-E1 cells via 630 nm and 810 nm light from a newly designed LED with high uniformity of light. Cell proliferation, flow cytometric analysis, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, ALP activity, Alizarin Red S staining, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were carried out to assess treatment response. MC3T3-E1 cells were irradiated with LED devices (630±5 nm and 810±10 nm, continuous wave) for 200 seconds at a power density of 5 mW/cm² once daily. RESULTS Increases in cell proliferation and decreases in cell apoptosis were evident following irradiation. ALP staining intensity and activity were also significantly increased following irradiation. Level of mineralization was obviously enhanced in irradiated groups compared with non-irradiated controls. qRT-PCR also showed significant increases in mRNA expression of osteocalcin (OCN) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the irradiated groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that LED PBM could promote the proliferation, ALP staining intensity and activity, level of mineralization, gene expression of OCN and OPG of MC3T3-E1 cells, with no significant difference between the 630 nm- and 810 nm-irradiated groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chang
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Haixia Qiu
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hongyou Zhao
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, P.R. China
- General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Command, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Tengda Ji
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Beijing, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries, People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qi Quan
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Beijing, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries, People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yunqi Li
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Haoye Meng
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Beijing, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries, People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
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Merigo E, Rocca JP, Pinheiro ALB, Fornaini C. Photobiomodulation Therapy in Oral Medicine: A Guide for the Practitioner with Focus on New Possible Protocols. PHOTOBIOMODULATION PHOTOMEDICINE AND LASER SURGERY 2019; 37:669-680. [PMID: 31589560 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2019.4624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) is the term to define the wide range of laser applications using low-energy densities and based on photochemical mechanisms where the energy is transferred to the intracellular mitochondrial chromophores and respiratory chain components. In literature, a great number of works are reported showing the advantages of PBM use in many oral diseases such as recurrent aphthous stomatitis, herpes infections, mucositis, and burning mouth syndrome. Different factors may explain the increasing reported use of PBM in oral medicine: the absence of side effects, the possibility of safely treating compromised patients such as oncologic patients, the possibility of a noninvasive approach not associated with pain or discomfort, and the possibility of performing short sessions. The review's aim is to describe the possible applications of PBM in oral medicine, giving practitioners simple guide for practice together with the information of a new treatment possibility "at home" performed by the patient himself under supervision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Merigo
- Micoralis Research Laboratory EA 7354, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Dentistry, Special Needs and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Unit, Hospital Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Jean-Paul Rocca
- Micoralis Research Laboratory EA 7354, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | | | - Carlo Fornaini
- Micoralis Research Laboratory EA 7354, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Dentistry, Special Needs and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Unit, Hospital Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza, Italy.,GAEM, Group of Applied ElectroMagnetics, Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Salehpour F, Majdi A, Pazhuhi M, Ghasemi F, Khademi M, Pashazadeh F, Hamblin MR, Cassano P. Transcranial Photobiomodulation Improves Cognitive Performance in Young Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 2019; 37:635-643. [PMID: 31549906 PMCID: PMC6818490 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2019.4673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Transcranial photobiomodulation (t-PBM) is a noninvasive modality that may improve cognitive function in both healthy and diseased subjects. Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis addresses the question of whether t-PBM improves cognitive function in healthy adults. Methods: We searched MEDLINE using PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library up to March 2019. We also searched ProQuest and Google Scholar databases for unpublished material. The search was limited to articles on the procognitive effects of t-PBM in healthy adults. The initial search resulted in 871 studies, of which nine publications met our criteria for inclusion and exclusion. Seven studies were performed on young, healthy subjects (17-35 years), and two studies were conducted on older (≥49 years), normal subjects. A meta-analysis was performed on six full-text publications whose subjects were young adults. Results: t-PBM administration improved cognition-related outcomes by an 0.833 standardized mean difference (SMD; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.458-1.209, 14 comparisons) in young, healthy participants. Funnel plotting revealed asymmetry, which was validated using Egger's (p = 0.030) and Begg's regression (p = 0.006) tests. However after reanalysis, this asymmetry disappeared in the attention subgroup, but not in the memory subgroup. The trim-and-fill analysis indicated two studies were lacking required data. Thus, the effect size was adjusted from an SMD of 0.761 (95% CI: 0.573-0.949) to 0.949 (0.779-1.120). The overall quality score of the studies was modest. Conclusions: We demonstrated a significant, beneficial effect of t-PBM on cognitive performance of young, healthy individuals; however, the heterogeneity of the data was high. This could be due to the modest quality or to the low number of included studies, or to the differences between the various subdomains assessed. These shortcomings should be meticulously addressed before concluding that t-PBM is a cognitive-enhancing intervention in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Salehpour
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Niraxx Light Therapeutics, Inc., Irvine, California
- ProNeuroLIGHT LLC, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Alireza Majdi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Faranak Ghasemi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Khademi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fariba Pashazadeh
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Iranian EBM Center: A Joanna Briggs Institute Affiliated Group, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Paolo Cassano
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Anxiety and Traumatic Stress Disorders, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Litscher G. Brain Photobiomodulation-Preliminary Results from Regional Cerebral Oximetry and Thermal Imaging. MEDICINES 2019; 6:medicines6010011. [PMID: 30654508 PMCID: PMC6473852 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new piece of equipment for LED (light emitting diode) brain photobiomodulation is introduced. Preliminary results from regional cerebral oxygen saturation and from thermography are shown before, during and after stimulation. The procedure offers a new way to quantify the biological effects of a possible innovative therapeutic method. However further measurements are absolutely necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Litscher
- Research Unit for Complementary and Integrative Laser Medicine, Research Unit of Biomedical Engineering in Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, and TCM Research Center Graz, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 39, EG19, 8036 Graz, Austria.
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