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Cui AX, Kraeutner SN, Motamed Yeganeh N, Hermiston N, Werker JF, Boyd LA. Resting-state brain connectivity correlates of musical sophistication. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1195996. [PMID: 37841073 PMCID: PMC10570446 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1195996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A growing body of research has investigated how performing arts training, and more specifically, music training, impacts the brain. Recent meta-analytic work has identified multiple brain areas where activity varies as a function of levels of musical expertise gained through music training. However, research has also shown that musical sophistication may be high even without music training. Thus, we aim to extend previous work by investigating whether the functional connectivity of these areas relates to interindividual differences in musical sophistication, and to characterize differences in connectivity attributed to performing arts training. Methods We analyzed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging from n = 74 participants, of whom 37 received performing arts training, that is, including a musical instrument, singing, and/or acting, at university level. We used a validated, continuous measure of musical sophistication to further characterize our sample. Following standard pre-processing, fifteen brain areas were identified a priori based on meta-analytic work and used as seeds in separate seed-to-voxel analyses to examine the effect of musical sophistication across the sample, and between-group analyses to examine the effects of performing arts training. Results Connectivity of bilateral superior temporal gyrus, bilateral precentral gyrus and cerebellum, and bilateral putamen, left insula, and left thalamus varied with different aspects of musical sophistication. By including these measures of these aspects as covariates in post hoc analyses, we found that connectivity of the right superior temporal gyrus and left precentral gyrus relate to effects of performing arts training beyond effects of individual musical sophistication. Discussion Our results highlight the potential role of sensory areas in active engagement with music, the potential role of motor areas in emotion processing, and the potential role of connectivity between putamen and lingual gyrus in general musical sophistication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja-Xiaoxing Cui
- Department of Musicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah N. Kraeutner
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | | | - Nancy Hermiston
- School of Music, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Janet F. Werker
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lara A. Boyd
- Brain Behaviour Lab, Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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2
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Zilverstand A, Parvaz MA, Moeller SJ, Kalayci S, Kundu P, Malaker P, Alia-Klein N, Gümüş ZH, Goldstein RZ. Whole-brain resting-state connectivity underlying impaired inhibitory control during early versus longer-term abstinence in cocaine addiction. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3355-3364. [PMID: 37528227 PMCID: PMC10731999 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Lapses in inhibitory control have been linked to relapse in human drug addiction. Evidence suggests differences in inhibitory control depending on abstinence duration, but the underlying neural mechanisms remain unknown. We hypothesized that early abstinence (2-5 days) would be characterized by the strongest impairments of inhibitory control and most wide-spread deviations in resting-state functional connectivity of brain networks, while longer-term abstinence (>30 days) would be characterized by weaker impairments as compared to healthy controls. In this laboratory-based cross-sectional study, we compared individuals with Cocaine Use Disorder (iCUD) during early (cocaine urine-positive: N = 19, iCUD+; 32% female; mean age: 46.8 years) and longer-term abstinence (cocaine urine-negative: N = 29, iCUD-; 15% female; mean age: 46.6 years) to healthy controls (N = 33; 24% female; mean age: 40.9 years). We compared the groups on inhibitory control performance (Stop-Signal Task) and, using a whole-brain graph theory analysis (638 region parcellation) of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, we tested for group differences in resting-state brain function (local/global efficiency). We characterized how resting-state brain function was associated with inhibitory control performance within iCUD. Inhibitory control performance was worst in the early abstinence group, and intermediate in the longer-term abstinence group, as compared to the healthy control group (P < 0.01). More recent use of cocaine (CUD+ > CUD- > healthy controls) was characterized by decreased efficiency in fronto-temporal and subcortical networks (primarily in the salience, semantic, and basal ganglia networks) and increased efficiency in visual networks. Importantly, a similar functional connectivity pattern characterized impaired inhibitory control performance within iCUD (all brain analyses P < 0.05, FWE-corrected). Together, we demonstrated that a similar pattern of systematic and widespread deviations in resting-state brain efficiency, extending beyond the networks commonly investigated in human drug addiction, is linked to both abstinence duration and inhibitory control deficits in iCUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zilverstand
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Muhammad A Parvaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott J Moeller
- Department of Psychiatry, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Selim Kalayci
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prantik Kundu
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ceretype Neuromedicine, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pias Malaker
- Tom and Anne Smith MD-PhD Program, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Nelly Alia-Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zeynep H Gümüş
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rita Z Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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The effect of masks on cognitive performance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2206528119. [PMID: 36442112 PMCID: PMC9894166 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2206528119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of face masks has been a key response to the COVID-19 pandemic in almost every country. However, despite widespread use of masks in classrooms and offices around the world, almost nothing is known about their effects on cognitive performance. Using a natural experiment, I show that mandatory mask wearing has a negative causal effect on the cognitive performance of competitive chess players. I analyzed the quality of almost 3 million chess moves played by 8,531 individuals (ages 5-98 y) in 18 countries before and during the pandemic. Wearing a mask decreased the quality of players' decisions-a measure of their cognitive performance-by approximately one-third of an SD. However, the disruptive effect of masks is relatively short-lived, gradually weakening such that there is no measurable disadvantage from wearing a mask after roughly 4 h of play. The mask effect is driven by a large, negative effect for experts, with minimal change in performance at lower levels, and is stronger in high-incentive competitions. I provide support for a distraction mechanism whereby masks interfere with performance when working memory load is high.
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Vartanian O, Replete V, Saint SA, Lam Q, Forbes S, Beaudoin ME, Brunyé TT, Bryant DJ, Feltman KA, Heaton KJ, McKinley RA, Van Erp JBF, Vergin A, Whittaker A. What Is Targeted When We Train Working Memory? Evidence From a Meta-Analysis of the Neural Correlates of Working Memory Training Using Activation Likelihood Estimation. Front Psychol 2022; 13:868001. [PMID: 35432071 PMCID: PMC9005969 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.868001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) is the system responsible for maintaining and manipulating information, in the face of ongoing distraction. In turn, WM span is perceived to be an individual-differences construct reflecting the limited capacity of this system. Recently, however, there has been some evidence to suggest that WM capacity can increase through training, raising the possibility that training can functionally alter the neural structures supporting WM. To address the hypothesis that the neural substrates underlying WM are targeted by training, we conducted a meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of WM training using Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE). Our results demonstrate that WM training is associated exclusively with decreases in blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses in clusters within the fronto-parietal system that underlie WM, including the bilateral inferior parietal lobule (BA 39/40), middle (BA 9) and superior (BA 6) frontal gyri, and medial frontal gyrus bordering on the cingulate gyrus (BA 8/32). We discuss the various psychological and physiological mechanisms that could be responsible for the observed reductions in the BOLD signal in relation to WM training, and consider their implications for the construct of WM span as a limited resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshin Vartanian
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vladyslava Replete
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Sidney Ann Saint
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Quan Lam
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Forbes
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Monique E. Beaudoin
- Applied Research Laboratory for Intelligence and Security, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Tad T. Brunyé
- U.S. Army DEVCOM Soldier Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - David J. Bryant
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kathryn A. Feltman
- U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, Fort Rucker, AL, United States
| | - Kristin J. Heaton
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Richard A. McKinley
- U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Jan B. F. Van Erp
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Soesterberg, Netherlands
- Department of Human Media Interaction, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Annika Vergin
- Bundeswehr Office for Defence Planning, Federal Ministry of Defence, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annalise Whittaker
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, UK Ministry of Defence, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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Lin S, Xu Z, Sheng Y, Chen L, Chen J. AT-NeuroEAE: A Joint Extraction Model of Events With Attributes for Research Sharing-Oriented Neuroimaging Provenance Construction. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:739535. [PMID: 35321479 PMCID: PMC8936590 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.739535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Provenances are a research focus of neuroimaging resources sharing. An amount of work has been done to construct high-quality neuroimaging provenances in a standardized and convenient way. However, besides existing processed-based provenance extraction methods, open research sharing in computational neuroscience still needs one way to extract provenance information from rapidly growing published resources. This paper proposes a literature mining-based approach for research sharing-oriented neuroimaging provenance construction. A group of neuroimaging event-containing attributes are defined to model the whole process of neuroimaging researches, and a joint extraction model based on deep adversarial learning, called AT-NeuroEAE, is proposed to realize the event extraction in a few-shot learning scenario. Finally, a group of experiments were performed on the real data set from the journal PLOS ONE. Experimental results show that the proposed method provides a practical approach to quickly collect research information for neuroimaging provenance construction oriented to open research sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofu Lin
- Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Smart City, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Sheng
- Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lihong Chen
- Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Digital Community, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhui Chen
- Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Brain Informatics, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing International Collaboration Base on Brain Informatics and Wisdom Services, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jianhui Chen,
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He Y, Hu Y. Functional Connectivity Signatures Underlying Simultaneous Language Translation in Interpreters and Non-Interpreters of Mandarin and English: An fNIRS Study. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020273. [PMID: 35204036 PMCID: PMC8870181 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent neuroimaging research has suggested that interpreters and non-interpreters elicit different brain activation patterns during simultaneous language translation. However, whether these two groups have different functional connectivity during such a task, and how the neural coupling is among brain subregions, are still not well understood. In this study, we recruited Mandarin (L1)/English (L2) interpreters and non-interpreter bilinguals, whom we asked to perform simultaneous language translation and reading tasks. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to collect cortical brain data for participants during each task, using 68 channels that covered the prefrontal cortex and the bilateral perisylvian regions. Our findings revealed both interpreter and non-interpreter groups recruited the right dorsolateral prefrontal hub when completing the simultaneous language translation tasks. We also found different functional connectivity between the groups. The interpreter group was characterized by information exchange between the frontal cortex and Wernicke’s area. In comparison, the non-interpreter group revealed neural coupling between the frontal cortex and Broca’s area. These findings indicate expertise modulates functional connectivity, possibly because of more developed cognitive skills associated with executive functions in interpreters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- College of Foreign Languages and Literatures, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Yinying Hu
- Institute of Brain and Education Innovation, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
- Correspondence:
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Ono K, Hashimoto J, Sasaoka T. Intertap interval dependence of the subdivision effect in auditory-synchronised tapping. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:3391-3401. [PMID: 34766383 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Precise temporal synchronisation between action and perception is crucial in daily life. Interestingly, synchronised tapping for every other tone or more (1:n tapping) is more precise than that for each tone (1:1 tapping), and this phenomenon is called 'subdivision benefit'. One hypothesis to explain this phenomenon is that there is a tendency to underestimate an empty interval, but the subdivision is used as an additional temporal reference and causes an illusionary longer intertap interval (ITI). The other hypothesis is based on strong/weak beats in a tone sequence made by subdivision. Because the strong beat improves the sensitivity of duration perception, synchronisation with strong beats should be better compared with other beats. Instead, the first hypothesis suggests that the subdivision benefit occurs irrespective of beat strength. The present study aimed to clarify this discrepancy using a 1:3 tapping task for a sequence of three-tone patterns and a 1:1 tapping task for a sequence of a single tone repetition. A further aim was to clarify the effect of musical experience. When the ITI was 900 ms or more, the variability of tapping showed the subdivision benefit, irrespective of beat strength. This result supports the first hypothesis, and musicians obtained more benefits than non-musicians. Instead, the timing of tap did not shorten by subdivision, except for the ITI of 900 ms. The findings implicate that the subdivision benefit is due to the additional temporal reference by the subdivided tones, and the benefit is dependent on the ITI length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ono
- Center for Brain, Mind, and KANSEI Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Junya Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sasaoka
- Center for Brain, Mind, and KANSEI Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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8
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Wang Y, Jin C, Yin Z, Wang H, Ji M, Dong M, Liang J. Visual experience modulates whole-brain connectivity dynamics: A resting-state fMRI study using the model of radiologists. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:4538-4554. [PMID: 34156138 PMCID: PMC8410580 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual expertise refers to proficiency in visual recognition. It is attributed to accumulated visual experience in a specific domain and manifests in widespread neural activities that extend well beyond the visual cortex to multiple high‐level brain areas. An extensive body of studies has centered on the neural mechanisms underlying a distinctive domain of visual expertise, while few studies elucidated how visual experience modulates resting‐state whole‐brain connectivity dynamics. The current study bridged this gap by modeling the subtle alterations in interregional spontaneous connectivity patterns with a group of superior radiological interns. Functional connectivity analysis was based on functional brain segmentation, which was derived from a data‐driven clustering approach to discriminate subtle changes in connectivity dynamics. Our results showed there was radiographic visual experience accompanied with integration within brain circuits supporting visual processing and decision making, integration across brain circuits supporting high‐order functions, and segregation between high‐order and low‐order brain functions. Also, most of these alterations were significantly correlated with individual nodule identification performance. Our results implied that visual expertise is a controlled, interactive process that develops from reciprocal interactions between the visual system and multiple top‐down factors, including semantic knowledge, top‐down attentional control, and task relevance, which may enhance participants' local brain functional integration to promote their acquisition of specific visual information and modulate the activity of some regions for lower‐order visual feature processing to filter out nonrelevant visual details. The current findings may provide new ideas for understanding the central mechanism underlying the formation of visual expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chenwang Jin
- Department of Medical Imaging, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhongliang Yin
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ming Ji
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Minghao Dong
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jimin Liang
- School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Shaanxi, China
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Weber S, Hausmann M, Kane P, Weis S. The relationship between language ability and brain activity across language processes and modalities. Neuropsychologia 2020; 146:107536. [PMID: 32590019 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Existing neuroimaging studies on the relationship between language ability and brain activity have found contradictory evidence: On the one hand, increased activity with higher language ability has been interpreted as deeper or more adaptive language processing. On the other hand, decreased activity with higher language ability has been interpreted as more efficient language processing. In contrast to previous studies, the current study investigated the relationship between language ability and neural activity across different language processes and modalities while keeping non-linguistic cognitive task demands to a minimum. fMRI data were collected from 22 healthy adults performing a sentence listening task, a sentence reading task and a phonological production task. Outside the MRI scanner, language ability was assessed with the verbal scale of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI-II) and a verbal fluency task. As expected, sentence comprehension activated the left anterior temporal lobe while phonological processing activated the left inferior frontal gyrus. Higher language ability was associated with increased activity in the left temporal lobe during auditory sentence processing and with increased activity in the left frontal lobe during phonological processing, reflected in both, higher intensity and greater extent of activations. Evidence for decreased activity with higher language ability was less consistent and restricted to verbal fluency. Together, the results predominantly support the hypothesis of deeper language processing in individuals with higher language ability. The consistency of results across language processes, modalities, and brain regions suggests a general positive link between language abilities and brain activity within the core language network. However, a negative relationship seems to exist for non-linguistic cognitive functions located outside the language network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Weber
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, UK; Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway.
| | | | | | - Susanne Weis
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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Brechmann A, Angenstein N. The impact of task difficulty on the lateralization of processing in the human auditory cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:5341-5353. [PMID: 31460688 PMCID: PMC6865217 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception of complex auditory stimuli like speech requires the simultaneous processing of different fundamental acoustic parameters. The contribution of left and right auditory cortex (AC) in the processing of these parameters differs. In addition, activity within the AC can vary positively or negatively with task performance depending on the type of task. This might affect the allocation of processing to the left and right AC. Here we studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging the impact of task difficulty on the degree of involvement of the left and right AC in two tasks that have previously been shown to differ in hemispheric involvement: categorization and sequential comparison of the direction of frequency modulations (FM). Task difficulty was manipulated by changing the speed of modulation and by that the frequency range covered by the FM. To study the impact of task‐difficulty despite covarying the stimulus parameters, we utilized the contralateral noise procedure that allows comparing AC activation unconfounded by bottom‐up driven activity. The easiest conditions confirmed the known right AC involvement during the categorization task and the left AC involvement during the comparison task. The involvement of the right AC increased with increasing task difficulty for both tasks presumably due to the common task component of categorizing FM direction. The involvement of left AC varied with task difficulty depending on the task. Thus, task difficulty has a strong impact on lateralized processing in AC. This connection must be taken into account when interpreting future results on lateralized processing in the AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Brechmann
- Special Lab Non-Invasive Brain Imaging, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Angenstein
- Special Lab Non-Invasive Brain Imaging, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
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Simonet M, Roten FCV, Spierer L, Barral J. Executive control training does not generalize, even when associated with plastic changes in domain-general prefrontal areas. Neuroimage 2019; 197:457-469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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12
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Sala G, Gobet F. Cognitive Training Does Not Enhance General Cognition. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 23:9-20. [PMID: 30471868 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to potential theoretical and societal implications, cognitive training has been one of the most influential topics in psychology and neuroscience. The assumption behind cognitive training is that one's general cognitive ability can be enhanced by practicing cognitive tasks or intellectually demanding activities. The hundreds of studies published so far have provided mixed findings and systematic reviews have reached inconsistent conclusions. To resolve these discrepancies, we carried out several meta-analytic reviews. The results are highly consistent across all the reviewed domains: minimal effect on domain-general cognitive skills. Crucially, the observed between-study variability is accounted for by design quality and statistical artefacts. The cognitive-training program of research has showed no appreciable benefits, and other more plausible practices to enhance cognitive performance should be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Sala
- Osaka University, 1-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka Prefecture 565-0871, Japan; JSPS International Research Fellow
| | - Fernand Gobet
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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Chauvigné LAS, Brown S. Role-Specific Brain Activations in Leaders and Followers During Joint Action. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:401. [PMID: 30349467 PMCID: PMC6186800 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of social interaction in human life requires that individuals perform different roles during joint actions, the most basic distinction being that between a leader and a follower. A number of neuroimaging studies have examined the brain networks for leading and following, but none have examined what effect prior expertise at these roles has on brain activations during joint motor tasks. Couple dancers (e.g., dancers of Tango, Salsa, and swing) are an ideal population in which examine such effects, since leaders and followers of partnered dances have similar overall levels of motor expertise at dancing, but can differ strikingly in their role-specific skill sets. To explore role-specific expertise effects on brain activations for the first time, we recruited nine skilled leaders and nine skilled followers of couple dances for a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. We employed a two-person scanning arrangement that allowed a more naturalistic interaction between two individuals. The dancers interacted physically with an experimenter standing next to the bore of the magnet so as to permit bimanual partnered movements. Together, they alternated between leading and following the joint movements. The results demonstrated that the brain activations during the acts of leading and following were enhanced by prior expertise at being a leader or follower, and that activity in task-specific brain areas tended to be positively correlated with the level of expertise at the corresponding role. These findings provide preliminary evidence that training at one role of a joint motor task can selectively enhance role-related brain activations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa A S Chauvigné
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Steven Brown
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Jung WH, Lee TY, Yoon YB, Choi CH, Kwon JS. Beyond Domain-Specific Expertise: Neural Signatures of Face and Spatial Working Memory in Baduk (Go Game) Experts. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:319. [PMID: 30131686 PMCID: PMC6090201 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances of neuroimaging methodology and artificial intelligence have resulted in renewed interest in board games like chess and Baduk (called Go game in the West) and have provided clues as to the mechanisms behind the games. However, an interesting question that remains to be answered is whether the board game expertise as one of cognitive skills goes beyond just being good at the trained game and how it maps on networks associated with cognitive abilities that are not directly trained. To address this issue, we examined functional activity and connectivity in Baduk experts, compared to novices, while performing a visual n-back working memory (WM) task. We found that experts, compared to novices, had greater activation in superior parietal cortex during face WM, though there were no group differences in behavioral performances. Using a data-driven, whole-brain multivariate approach, we also found significant group differences in the multivariate pattern of connectivity in frontal pole and inferior parietal cortex, further showing greater connectivity between frontal and parietal regions and between frontal and temporal regions in experts. Our findings suggest that long-term trained Baduk experts have the reorganization of functional interactions between brain regions even for untrained cognitive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wi Hoon Jung
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Young Lee
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngwoo B. Yoon
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Chi-Hoon Choi
- Department of Radiology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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15
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Jeon HA, Friederici AD. What Does "Being an Expert" Mean to the Brain? Functional Specificity and Connectivity in Expertise. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:5603-5615. [PMID: 27797834 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To what extent is varying cognitive expertise reflected in the brain's functional specificity and connectivity? We addressed this question by examining expertise in mathematics based on the fact that mathematical skills are one of the most critical cognitive abilities known to be a good predictor of academic achievement. We investigated processing of hierarchical structures, which is a fundamental process for building complex cognitive architecture. Experts and nonexperts in mathematics participated in processing hierarchical structures using algebraic expressions. Results showed that a modulating effect depending on expertise was observed specifically in nonexperts in the left inferior frontal gyrus around pars triangularis and frontal sulcus, the left intraparietal sulcus, and the right inferior parietal lobule. This expertise-dependent pattern of activation led to a crucial dissociation within the left prefrontal cortex. More interestingly, task-related functional networks were also modulated differently in the frontoparietal network for relatively good performance and in the frontostriatal network for poor performance. The present study indicates that a high level of expertise is evident in a small number of specific brain regions, whereas a low level of expertise is reflected by broadly distributed brain areas, along with divergent functional connectivity between experts and nonexperts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Ae Jeon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea.,Partner Group of the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences at the Department for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Angela D Friederici
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103Leipzig, Germany
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16
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Neumann N, Domin M, Erhard K, Lotze M. Voxel-based morphometry in creative writers: Grey matter increase in a prefronto-thalamic-cerebellar network. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 48:1647-1653. [PMID: 29776018 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Continuous practice modulates those features of brain anatomy specifically associated with requirements of the respective training task. This study aimed to highlight brain structural changes going along with long-term experience in creative writing. To this end, we investigated the grey matter volume of 23 expert writers with voxel-based morphometry and compared it to 28 matched nonexpert controls. Expert writers had higher grey matter volume in the right superior frontal and middle frontal gyri (BA 9,10) as well as left middle frontal gyrus (BA 9, 10, 46), the bilateral medial dorsal nuclei of the thalamus and left posterior cerebellum. A regression analysis confirmed the association of enhanced grey matter volume in the right superior frontal gyrus (BA 10) with practice index of writing. In region-of-interest based regression analyses, we found associations of grey matter volume in the right Broca's analogue (BA 44) and right primary visual cortex (BA 17) with creativity ratings of the texts written during scanning, but not with a standardised verbal creativity test. Creative writing thus seems to be strongly connected to a prefronto-thalamic-cerebellar network that supports the continuous generation, organisation and revision of ideas that is necessary to write literary texts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Neumann
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, Functional Imaging Unit, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Domin
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, Functional Imaging Unit, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katharina Erhard
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, Functional Imaging Unit, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Lotze
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, Functional Imaging Unit, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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17
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Tanaka S, Kirino E. The parietal opercular auditory-sensorimotor network in musicians: A resting-state fMRI study. Brain Cogn 2017; 120:43-47. [PMID: 29122368 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Auditory-sensorimotor coupling is critical for musical performance, during which auditory and somatosensory feedback signals are used to ensure desired outputs. Previous studies reported opercular activation in subjects performing or listening to music. A functional connectivity analysis suggested the parietal operculum (PO) as a connector hub that links auditory, somatosensory, and motor cortical areas. We therefore examined whether this PO network differs between musicians and non-musicians. We analyzed resting-state PO functional connectivity with Heschl's gyrus (HG), the planum temporale (PT), the precentral gyrus (preCG), and the postcentral gyrus (postCG) in 35 musicians and 35 non-musicians. In musicians, the left PO exhibited increased functional connectivity with the ipsilateral HG, PT, preCG, and postCG, whereas the right PO exhibited enhanced functional connectivity with the contralateral HG, preCG, and postCG and the ipsilateral postCG. Direct functional connectivity between an auditory area (the HG or PT) and a sensorimotor area (the preCG or postCG) did not significantly differ between the groups. The PO's functional connectivity with auditory and sensorimotor areas is enhanced in musicians relative to non-musicians. We propose that the PO network facilitates musical performance by mediating multimodal integration for modulating auditory-sensorimotor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Tanaka
- Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-0081, Japan.
| | - Eiji Kirino
- Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan; Juntendo Shizuoka Hospital, Shizuoka 410-2211, Japan
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18
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Cerasa A, Sarica A, Martino I, Fabbricatore C, Tomaiuolo F, Rocca F, Caracciolo M, Quattrone A. Increased cerebellar gray matter volume in head chefs. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171457. [PMID: 28182712 PMCID: PMC5300254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chefs exert expert motor and cognitive performances on a daily basis. Neuroimaging has clearly shown that that long-term skill learning (i.e., athletes, musicians, chess player or sommeliers) induces plastic changes in the brain thus enabling tasks to be performed faster and more accurately. How a chef's expertise is embodied in a specific neural network has never been investigated. METHODS Eleven Italian head chefs with long-term brigade management expertise and 11 demographically-/ psychologically- matched non-experts underwent morphological evaluations. RESULTS Voxel-based analysis performed with SUIT, as well as, automated volumetric measurement assessed with Freesurfer, revealed increased gray matter volume in the cerebellum in chefs compared to non-experts. The most significant changes were detected in the anterior vermis and the posterior cerebellar lobule. The magnitude of the brigade staff and the higher performance in the Tower of London test correlated with these specific gray matter increases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We found that chefs are characterized by an anatomical variability involving the cerebellum. This confirms the role of this region in the development of similar expert brains characterized by learning dexterous skills, such as pianists, rock climbers and basketball players. However, the nature of the cellular events underlying the detected morphological differences remains an open question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cerasa
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessia Sarica
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Iolanda Martino
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carmelo Fabbricatore
- Istituto Istruzione Superiore “Mancini”, Cosenza, Italy
- Federazione Italiana Cuochi, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Tomaiuolo
- Fondazione Volterra Ricerche “Auxilium Vitae”, Volterra, Italy
- Unità Operativa di Psicologia Clinica, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Rocca
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Manuela Caracciolo
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Aldo Quattrone
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Catanzaro, Italy
- Istituto di Neurologia, Università "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
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19
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Kahn AE, Mattar MG, Vettel JM, Wymbs NF, Grafton ST, Bassett DS. Structural Pathways Supporting Swift Acquisition of New Visuomotor Skills. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:173-184. [PMID: 27920096 PMCID: PMC5939211 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human skill learning requires fine-scale coordination of distributed networks of brain regions linked by white matter tracts to allow for effective information transmission. Yet how individual differences in these anatomical pathways may impact individual differences in learning remains far from understood. Here, we test the hypothesis that individual differences in structural organization of networks supporting task performance predict individual differences in the rate at which humans learn a visuomotor skill. Over the course of 6 weeks, 20 healthy adult subjects practiced a discrete sequence production task, learning a sequence of finger movements based on discrete visual cues. We collected structural imaging data, and using deterministic tractography generated structural networks for each participant to identify streamlines connecting cortical and subcortical brain regions. We observed that increased white matter connectivity linking early visual regions was associated with a faster learning rate. Moreover, the strength of multiedge paths between motor and visual modules was also correlated with learning rate, supporting the potential role of extended sets of polysynaptic connections in successful skill acquisition. Our results demonstrate that estimates of anatomical connectivity from white matter microstructure can be used to predict future individual differences in the capacity to learn a new motor-visual skill, and that these predictions are supported both by direct connectivity in visual cortex and indirect connectivity between visual cortex and motor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari E. Kahn
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Human Research and Engineering Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen, MD 21001, USA
| | - Marcelo G. Mattar
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jean M. Vettel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Human Research and Engineering Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen, MD 21001, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Nicholas F. Wymbs
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Scott T. Grafton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Danielle S. Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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