1
|
Turan A, Tarique M, Zhang L, Kazmi S, Ulker V, Tedla MG, Badal D, Yolcu ES, Shirwan H. Engineering Pancreatic Islets to Transiently Codisplay on Their Surface Thrombomodulin and CD47 Immunomodulatory Proteins as a Means of Mitigating Instant Blood-Mediated Inflammatory Reaction following Intraportal Transplantation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1971-1980. [PMID: 38709159 PMCID: PMC11160431 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Most pancreatic islets are destroyed immediately after intraportal transplantation by an instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR) generated through activation of coagulation, complement, and proinflammatory pathways. Thus, effective mitigation of IBMIR may be contingent on the combined use of agents targeting these pathways for modulation. CD47 and thrombomodulin (TM) are two molecules with distinct functions in regulating coagulation and proinflammatory responses. We previously reported that the islet surface can be modified with biotin for transient display of novel forms of these two molecules chimeric with streptavidin (SA), that is, thrombomodulin chimeric with SA (SA-TM) and CD47 chimeric with SA (SA-CD47), as single agents with improved engraftment following intraportal transplantation. This study aimed to test whether islets can be coengineered with SA-TM and SA-CD47 molecules as a combinatorial approach to improve engraftment by inhibiting IBMIR. Mouse islets were effectively coengineered with both molecules without a detectable negative impact on their viability and metabolic function. Coengineered islets were refractory to destruction by IBMIR ex vivo and showed enhanced engraftment and sustained function in a marginal mass syngeneic intraportal transplantation model. Improved engraftment correlated with a reduction in intragraft innate immune infiltrates, particularly neutrophils and M1 macrophages. Moreover, transcripts for various intragraft procoagulatory and proinflammatory agents, including tissue factor, HMGB1 (high-mobility group box-1), IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and MIP-1α, were significantly reduced in coengineered islets. These data demonstrate that the transient codisplay of SA-TM and SA-CD47 proteins on the islet surface is a facile and effective platform to modulate procoagulatory and inflammatory responses with implications for both autologous and allogeneic islet transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Turan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, NextGen Precision Health Institute, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Mohammad Tarique
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, NextGen Precision Health Institute, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, NextGen Precision Health Institute, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Shadab Kazmi
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, NextGen Precision Health Institute, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Vahap Ulker
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, NextGen Precision Health Institute, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Mebrahtu G Tedla
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, NextGen Precision Health Institute, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Darshan Badal
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, NextGen Precision Health Institute, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Esma S Yolcu
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, NextGen Precision Health Institute, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Haval Shirwan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, NextGen Precision Health Institute, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ma C, Cao H, Sun Z, Deng Q, Liu W, Xin Y, Qiao S, Cen J, Shu Y, Qi K, Han L, Zhang L, Pan G. CD47 and PD-L1 overexpression in proliferating human hepatocytes attenuated immune responses and ameliorated acute liver injury in mice. Am J Transplant 2023; 23:1832-1844. [PMID: 37532180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2023.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte transplantation has the potential to treat acute liver failure and correct liver-based metabolic disorders. Proliferating human hepatocytes (ProliHHs) provide a large-scale source as an alternative to primary human hepatocytes. However, host rejection led to inefficient graft survival and function, which hindered the clinical application of cell therapy. Herein, we employed the lentiviral system to overexpress immunomodulatory factors programmed death-ligand 1 (cluster of differentiation 274) (CD274) and cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47) in ProliHHs. CD47+274 overexpression inhibited macrophage and T cell responses in vitro. After transplantation into mice via the spleen without immunosuppression, CD47+274 ProliHHs accumulation in the liver significantly increased for 48 hours compared with ProliHHs. Consistent with the in vitro results, CD47+274 ProliHHs were less aggregated and infiltrated by macrophages and also recruited fewer T cells in the liver. Seven days after transplantation, the human albumin level of engineered ProliHHs doubled compared with control group. CD47+274 ProliHHs further ameliorated the liver injury induced using concanavalin A. Overall, our results suggested CD47+274 overexpression reduced innate and adaptive immune responses during hepatocyte transplantation, and the survival rate and graft function of transplanted hepatocyte-like cells were all significantly improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huiying Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiangqiang Deng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Yingying Xin
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shida Qiao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yajing Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Qi
- Shanghai Hexaell Biotech Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Han
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ludi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.
| | - Guoyu Pan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shrestha P, Batra L, Tariq Malik M, Tan M, Yolcu ES, Shirwan H. Immune checkpoint CD47 molecule engineered islets mitigate instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction and show improved engraftment following intraportal transplantation. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:2703-2714. [PMID: 32342638 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR) causes significant destruction of islets transplanted intraportally. Myeloid cells are a major culprit of IBMIR. Given the critical role of CD47 as a negative checkpoint for myeloid cells, we hypothesized that the presence of CD47 on islets will minimize graft loss by mitigating IBMIR. We herein report the generation of a chimeric construct, SA-CD47, encompassing the extracellular domain of CD47 modified to include core streptavidin (SA). SA-CD47 protein was expressed in insect cells and efficiently displayed on biotin-modified mouse islet surface without a negative impact on their viability and function. Rat cells engineered with SA-CD47 were refractory to phagocytosis by mouse macrophages. SA-CD47-engineered islets showed intact structure and minimal infiltration by CD11b+ granulocytes/macrophages as compared with SA-engineered controls in an in vitro loop assay mitigating IBMIR. In a syngeneic marginal mass model of intraportal transplantation, SA-CD47-engineered islets showed better engraftment and function as compared with the SA-control group (87.5% vs 14.3%). Engraftment was associated with low levels of intrahepatic inflammatory cells and mediators of islet destruction, including high-mobility group box-1, tissue factor, and IL-1β. These findings support the use of CD47 as an innate immune checkpoint to mitigate IBMIR for enhanced islet engraftment with translational potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Shrestha
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Lalit Batra
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Mohammad Tariq Malik
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Min Tan
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Esma S Yolcu
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Haval Shirwan
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Q, Zhang P, Li Z, Feng X, Lv C, Zhang H, Xiao H, Ding J, Chen X. Evaluation of Polymer Nanoformulations in Hepatoma Therapy by Established Rodent Models. Theranostics 2019; 9:1426-1452. [PMID: 30867842 PMCID: PMC6401493 DOI: 10.7150/thno.31683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatoma is one of the most severe malignancies usually with poor prognosis, and many patients are insensitive to the existing therapeutic agents, including the drugs for chemotherapy and molecular targeted therapy. Currently, researchers are committed to developing the advanced formulations with controlled drug delivery to improve the efficacy of hepatoma therapy. Numerous inoculated, induced, and genetically engineered hepatoma rodent models are now available for formulation screening. However, animal models of hepatoma cannot accurately represent human hepatoma in terms of histological characteristics, metastatic pathways, and post-treatment responses. Therefore, advanced animal hepatoma models with comparable pathogenesis and pathological features are in urgent need in the further studies. Moreover, the development of nanomedicines has renewed hope for chemotherapy and molecular targeted therapy of advanced hepatoma. As one kind of advanced formulations, the polymer-based nanoformulated drugs have many advantages over the traditional ones, such as improved tumor selectivity and treatment efficacy, and reduced systemic side effects. In this article, the construction of rodent hepatoma model and much information about the current development of polymer nanomedicines were reviewed in order to provide a basis for the development of advanced formulations with clinical therapeutic potential for hepatoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qilong Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Zhongmin Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, P. R. China
| | - Xiangru Feng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Chengyue Lv
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, P. R. China
| | - Haihua Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Flies AS, Blackburn NB, Lyons AB, Hayball JD, Woods GM. Comparative Analysis of Immune Checkpoint Molecules and Their Potential Role in the Transmissible Tasmanian Devil Facial Tumor Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:513. [PMID: 28515726 PMCID: PMC5413580 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint molecules function as a system of checks and balances that enhance or inhibit immune responses to infectious agents, foreign tissues, and cancerous cells. Immunotherapies that target immune checkpoint molecules, particularly the inhibitory molecules programmed cell death 1 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), have revolutionized human oncology in recent years, yet little is known about these key immune signaling molecules in species other than primates and rodents. The Tasmanian devil facial tumor disease is caused by transmissible cancers that have resulted in a massive decline in the wild Tasmanian devil population. We have recently demonstrated that the inhibitory checkpoint molecule PD-L1 is upregulated on Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) facial tumor cells in response to the interferon-gamma cytokine. As this could play a role in immune evasion by tumor cells, we performed a thorough comparative analysis of checkpoint molecule protein sequences among Tasmanian devils and eight other species. We report that many of the key signaling motifs and ligand-binding sites in the checkpoint molecules are highly conserved across the estimated 162 million years of evolution since the last common ancestor of placental and non-placental mammals. Specifically, we discovered that the CTLA-4 (MYPPPY) ligand-binding motif and the CTLA-4 (GVYVKM) inhibitory domain are completely conserved across all nine species used in our comparative analysis, suggesting that the function of CTLA-4 is likely conserved in these species. We also found that cysteine residues for intra- and intermolecular disulfide bonds were also highly conserved. For instance, all 20 cysteine residues involved in disulfide bonds in the human 4-1BB molecule were also present in devil 4-1BB. Although many key sequences were conserved, we have also identified immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motifs (ITSMs) in genes and protein domains that have not been previously reported in any species. This checkpoint molecule analysis and review of salient features for each of the molecules presented here can serve as road map for the development of a Tasmanian devil facial tumor disease immunotherapy. Finally, the strategies can be used as a guide for veterinarians, ecologists, and other researchers willing to venture into the nascent field of wild immunology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Flies
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nicholas B. Blackburn
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- School of Medicine, South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Alan Bruce Lyons
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - John D. Hayball
- Department of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gregory M. Woods
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Iwase H, Liu H, Schmelzer E, Ezzelarab M, Wijkstrom M, Hara H, Lee W, Singh J, Long C, Lagasse E, Gerlach JC, Cooper DKC, Gridelli B. Transplantation of hepatocytes from genetically engineered pigs into baboons. Xenotransplantation 2017; 24. [PMID: 28130881 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some patients with acute or acute-on-chronic hepatic failure die before a suitable human liver allograft becomes available. Encouraging results have been achieved in such patients by the transplantation of human hepatocyte progenitor cells from fetal liver tissue. The aim of the study was to explore survival of hepatocytes from genetically engineered pigs after direct injection into the spleen and other selected sites in immunosuppressed baboons to monitor the immune response and the metabolic function and survival of the transplanted hepatocytes. METHODS Baboons (n=3) were recipients of GTKO/hCD46 pig hepatocytes. All three baboons received anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) induction and tapering methylprednisolone. Baboon 1 received maintenance immunosuppressive therapy with tacrolimus and rapamycin. Baboons 2 and 3 received an anti-CD40mAb/rapamycin-based regimen that prevents sensitization to pig solid organ grafts. The baboons were euthanized 4 or 5 weeks after hepatocyte transplantation. The baboon immune response was monitored by the measurement of anti-non-Gal IgM and IgG antibodies (by flow cytometry) and CFSE-mixed lymphocyte reaction. Monitoring for hepatocyte survival and function was by (i) real-time PCR detection of porcine DNA, (ii) real-time PCR for porcine gene expression, and (iii) pig serum albumin levels (by ELISA). The sites of hepatocyte injection were examined microscopically. RESULTS Detection of porcine DNA and porcine gene expression was minimal at all sites of hepatocyte injection. Serum levels of porcine albumen were very low-500-1000-fold lower than in baboons with orthotopic pig liver grafts, and approximately 5000-fold lower than in healthy pigs. No hepatocytes or infiltrating immune cells were seen at any of the injection sites. Two baboons (Baboons 1 and 3) demonstrated a significant increase in anti-pig IgM and an even greater increase in IgG, indicating sensitization to pig antigens. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS As a result of this disappointing experience, the following points need to be considered. (i) Were the isolated pig hepatocytes functionally viable? (ii) Are pig hepatocytes more immunogenic than pig hearts, kidneys, artery patch grafts, or islets? (iii) Does injection of pig cells (antigens) into the spleen and/or lymph nodes stimulate a greater immune response than when pig tissues are grafted at other sites? (iv) Did the presence of the recipient's intact liver prevent survival and proliferation of pig hepatocytes? (v) Is pig CD47-primate SIRP-α compatibility essential? In conclusion, the transplantation of genetically engineered pig hepatocytes into multiple sites in immunosuppressed baboons was associated with very early graft failure. Considerable further study is required before clinical trials should be undertaken.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Iwase
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hong Liu
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Eva Schmelzer
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mohamed Ezzelarab
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Martin Wijkstrom
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hidetaka Hara
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Whayoung Lee
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jagjit Singh
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cassandra Long
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eric Lagasse
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jörg C Gerlach
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David K C Cooper
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bruno Gridelli
- Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (ISMETT), Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Theocharides APA, Rongvaux A, Fritsch K, Flavell RA, Manz MG. Humanized hemato-lymphoid system mice. Haematologica 2016; 101:5-19. [PMID: 26721800 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.115212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, incrementally improved xenograft mouse models, supporting the engraftment and development of a human hemato-lymphoid system, have been developed and now represent an important research tool in the field. The most significant contributions made by means of humanized mice are the identification of normal and leukemic hematopoietic stem cells, the characterization of the human hematopoietic hierarchy, and their use as preclinical therapy models for malignant hematopoietic disorders. Successful xenotransplantation depends on three major factors: tolerance by the mouse host, correct spatial location, and appropriately cross-reactive support and interaction factors such as cytokines and major histocompatibility complex molecules. Each of these can be modified. Experimental approaches include the genetic modification of mice to faithfully express human support factors as non-cross-reactive cytokines, to create free niche space, the co-transplantation of human mesenchymal stem cells, the implantation of humanized ossicles or other stroma, and the implantation of human thymic tissue. Besides the source of hematopoietic cells, the conditioning regimen and the route of transplantation also significantly affect human hematopoietic development in vivo. We review here the achievements, most recent developments, and the remaining challenges in the generation of pre-clinically-predictive systems for human hematology and immunology, closely resembling the human situation in a xenogeneic mouse environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony Rongvaux
- Department of Immunobiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kristin Fritsch
- Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Markus G Manz
- Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rezvani M, Grimm A, Willenbring H. Assessing the therapeutic potential of lab-made hepatocytes. Hepatology 2016; 64:287-94. [PMID: 27014802 PMCID: PMC5316561 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte transplantation has potential as a bridge or even alternative to whole-organ liver transplantation. Because donor livers are scarce, realizing this potential requires the development of alternative cell sources. To be therapeutically effective, surrogate hepatocytes must replicate the complex function and ability to proliferate of primary human hepatocytes. Ideally, they are also autologous to eliminate the need for immune suppression, which can have severe side effects and may not be sufficient to prevent rejection long term. In the past decade, several methods have been developed to generate hepatocytes from other readily and safely accessible somatic cells. These lab-made hepatocytes show promise in animal models of liver diseases, supporting the feasibility of autologous liver cell therapies. Here, we review recent preclinical studies exemplifying different types of lab-made hepatocytes that can potentially be used in autologous liver cell therapies. To define the therapeutic efficacy of current lab-made hepatocytes, we compare them to primary human hepatocytes, focusing on engraftment efficiency and posttransplant proliferation and function. In addition to summarizing published results, we discuss animal models and assays effective in assessing therapeutic efficacy. This analysis underscores the therapeutic potential of current lab-made hepatocytes, but also highlights deficiencies and uncertainties that need to be addressed in future studies aimed at developing liver cell therapies with lab-made hepatocytes. (Hepatology 2016;64:287-294).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milad Rezvani
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Andrew Grimm
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Holger Willenbring
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA,Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA,Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The availability of cells, tissues and organs from a non-human species such as the pig could, at least in theory, meet the demand of organs necessary for clinical transplantation. At this stage, the important goal of getting over the first year of survival has been reported for both cellular and solid organ xenotransplantation in relevant preclinical primate models. In addition, xenotransplantation is already in the clinic as shown by the broad use of animal-derived medical devices, such as bioprosthetic heart valves and biological materials used for surgical tissue repair. At this stage, however, prior to starting a wide-scale clinical application of xenotransplantation of viable cells and organs, the important obstacle represented by the humoral immune response will need to be overcome. Likewise, the barriers posed by the activation of the innate immune system and coagulative pathway will have to be controlled. As far as xenogeneic nonviable xenografts, increasing evidence suggests that considerable immune reactions, mediated by both innate and adaptive immunity, take place and influence the long-term outcome of xenogeneic materials in patients, possibly precluding the use of bioprosthetic heart valves in young individuals. In this context, the present article provides an overview of current knowledge on the immune processes following xenotransplantation and on the possible therapeutic interventions to overcome the immunological drawbacks involved in xenotransplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Vadori
- CORIT (Consortium for Research in Organ Transplantation), Via dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - E Cozzi
- CORIT (Consortium for Research in Organ Transplantation), Via dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.,Transplant Immunology Unit, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Padua University Hospital, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128 Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Meier RPH, Navarro-Alvarez N, Morel P, Schuurman HJ, Strom S, Bühler LH. Current status of hepatocyte xenotransplantation. Int J Surg 2015; 23:273-279. [PMID: 26361861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of acute liver failure, a condition with high mortality, comprises optimal clinical care, and in severe cases liver transplantation. However, there are limitations in availability of organ donors. Hepatocyte transplantation is a promising alternative that could fill the medical need, in particular as the bridge to liver transplantation. Encapsulated porcine hepatocytes represent an unlimited source that could function as a bioreactor requiring minimal immunosuppression. Besides patients with acute liver failure, patients with alcoholic hepatitis who are unresponsive to a short course of corticosteroids are a target for hepatocyte transplantation. In this review we present an overview of the innate immune barriers in hepatocyte xenotransplantation, including the role of complement and natural antibodies; the role of phagocytic cells and ligands like CD47 in the regulation of phagocytic cells; and the role of Natural Killer cells. We present also some illustrations of physiological species incompatibilities in hepatocyte xenotransplantation, such as incompatibilities in the coagulation system. An overview of the methodology for cell microencapsulation is presented, followed by proof-of-concept studies in rodent and nonhuman primate models of fulminant liver failure: these studies document the efficacy of microencapsulated porcine hepatocytes which warrants progress towards clinical application. Lastly, we present an outline of a provisional clinical trial, that upon completion of preclinical work could start within the upcoming 2-3 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael P H Meier
- Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Nalu Navarro-Alvarez
- Center for Transplantation Sciences (CTS), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philippe Morel
- Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Henk-Jan Schuurman
- Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Strom
- Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leo H Bühler
- Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Douglas DN, Kneteman NM. Generation of improved mouse models for the study of hepatitis C virus. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:313-25. [PMID: 25814250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 3% of the world׳s population suffers from chronic infections with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Although current treatment regimes are capable of effectively eradicating HCV infection from these patients, the cost of these combinations of direct-acting antivirals are prohibitive. Approximately 80% of untreated chronic HCV carriers will be at high risk for developing severe liver disease, including fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. A vaccine is urgently needed to lessen this global burden. Besides humans, HCV infection can be experimentally transmitted to chimpanzees, and this is the best model for studies of HCV infection and related innate and adaptive immune responses. Although the chimpanzee model yielded valuable insight, limited availability, high cost and ethical considerations limit their utility. The only small animal models of robust HCV infection are highly immunodeficient mice with human chimeric livers. However, these mice cannot be used to study adaptive immune responses and therefore a more relevant animal model is needed to assist in vaccine development. Novel strains of immunodeficient mice have been developed that allow for the engraftment of human hepatopoietic stem cells, as well as functional human lymphoid cells and tissues, effectively creating human immune systems in otherwise immunodeficient mice. These humanized mice are rapidly emerging as pre-clinical bridges for numerous pathogens that, like HCV, only cause infectious disease in humans. This review highlights the potential these new models have for changing the current landscape for HCV research and vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donna N Douglas
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1; Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.
| | - Norman M Kneteman
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1; Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1; KMT Hepatech Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2M9
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Barclay AN, van den Berg TK. The Interaction Between Signal Regulatory Protein Alpha (SIRPα) and CD47: Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Target. Annu Rev Immunol 2014; 32:25-50. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Neil Barclay
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK;
| | - Timo K. van den Berg
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Brehm MA, Wiles MV, Greiner DL, Shultz LD. Generation of improved humanized mouse models for human infectious diseases. J Immunol Methods 2014; 410:3-17. [PMID: 24607601 PMCID: PMC4155027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The study of human-specific infectious agents has been hindered by the lack of optimal small animal models. More recently development of novel strains of immunodeficient mice has begun to provide the opportunity to utilize small animal models for the study of many human-specific infectious agents. The introduction of a targeted mutation in the IL2 receptor common gamma chain gene (IL2rgnull) in mice already deficient in T and B cells led to a breakthrough in the ability to engraft hematopoietic stem cells, as well as functional human lymphoid cells and tissues, effectively creating human immune systems in immunodeficient mice. These humanized mice are becoming increasingly important as pre-clinical models for the study of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and other human-specific infectious agents. However, there remain a number of opportunities to further improve humanized mouse models for the study of human-specific infectious agents. This is being done by the implementation of innovative technologies, which collectively will accelerate the development of new models of genetically modified mice, including; i) modifications of the host to reduce innate immunity, which impedes human cell engraftment; ii) genetic modification to provide human-specific growth factors and cytokines required for optimal human cell growth and function; iii) and new cell and tissue engraftment protocols. The development of “next generation” humanized mouse models continues to provide exciting opportunities for the establishment of robust small animal models to study the pathogenesis of human-specific infectious agents, as well as for testing the efficacy of therapeutic agents and experimental vaccines. Humanized mice support pre-clinical analyses of human-specific infectious agents. Novel technologies are generating new humanized mouse models. Innovations to improve human immune responses in humanized mice are becoming available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Brehm
- The University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, United States.
| | - Michael V Wiles
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, United States.
| | - Dale L Greiner
- The University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, United States.
| | - Leonard D Shultz
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tager AM, Pensiero M, Allen TM. Recent advances in humanized mice: accelerating the development of an HIV vaccine. J Infect Dis 2013; 208 Suppl 2:S121-4. [PMID: 24151317 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the development of humanized mice hold great promise to advance our understanding of protective immunity to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and to aid in the design of an effective HIV vaccine. This supplement of the Journal of Infectious Diseases summarizes work in the humanized mouse model presented at an HIV Humanized Mouse workshop in Boston, Massachusetts, in November 2012, including recent advances in the development of humanized mice, the trafficking of human immune cells following mucosal HIV transmission, the role of immune activation and Toll-like receptor agonists in the control of HIV, the induction and efficacy of HIV-specific cellular and humoral immune responses, and the preclinical modeling of novel anti-HIV therapeutics. Many gaps remain in our understanding of how to design an effective HIV vaccine and novel therapeutics to eliminate the viral reservoir. Promising early results from studies in humanized mice suggest great potential and enthusiasm for this model to accelerate these critical areas of HIV research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Tager
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Billerbeck E, de Jong Y, Dorner M, de la Fuente C, Ploss A. Animal models for hepatitis C. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013; 369:49-86. [PMID: 23463197 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-27340-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C remains a global epidemic. Approximately 3 % of the world's population suffers from chronic hepatitis C, which is caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV)-a positive sense, single-stranded RNA virus of the Flaviviridae family. HCV has a high propensity for establishing a chronic infection. If untreated chronic HCV carriers can develop severe liver disease including fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Antiviral treatment is only partially effective, costly, and poorly tolerated. A prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine for HCV does not exist. Mechanistic studies of virus-host interactions, HCV immunity, and pathogenesis as well as the development of more effective therapies have been hampered by the lack of a suitable small animal model. Besides humans, chimpanzees are the only species that is naturally susceptible to HCV infection. While experimentation in these large primates has yielded valuable insights, ethical considerations, limited availability, genetic heterogeneity, and cost limit their utility. In search for more tractable small animal models, numerous experimental approaches have been taken to recapitulate parts of the viral life cycle and/or aspects of viral pathogenesis that will be discussed in this review. Exciting new models and improvements in established models hold promise to further elucidate our understanding of chronic HCV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Billerbeck
- Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Teraoka Y, Ide K, Morimoto H, Tahara H, Ohdan H. Expression of recipient CD47 on rat insulinoma cell xenografts prevents macrophage-mediated rejection through SIRPα inhibitory signaling in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58359. [PMID: 23472187 PMCID: PMC3589424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously proven that the interspecies incompatibility of CD47 is responsible for in vitro phagocytosis of xenogeneic cells by host macrophages. Utilizing an in vivo model in the present study, we investigated whether genetically engineered expression of mouse CD47 in rat insulinoma cells (INS-1E) could inhibit macrophage-mediated xenograft rejection. INS-1E cells transfected with the pRc/CMV-mouse CD47 vector (mCD47-INS-1E) induced SIRPα-tyrosine phosphorylation in mouse macrophages in vitro, whereas cells transfected with the control vector (cont-INS-1E) did not. When these cells were injected into the peritoneal cavity of streptozotocin-induced diabetic Rag2−/−γ chain −/− mice, which lack T, B, and NK cells, the expression of mouse CD47 on the INS-1E cells markedly reduced the susceptibility of these cells to phagocytosis by macrophages. Moreover, these mice became normoglycemic after receiving mCD47-INS-1E, whereas the mice that received cont-INS-1E failed to achieve normoglycemia. Furthermore, injection of an anti-mouse SIRPα blocking monoclonal antibody into the mouse recipients of mCD47-INS-1E cells prevented achievement of normoglycemia. These results demonstrate that interspecies incompatibility of CD47 significantly contributes to in vivo rejection of xenogeneic cells by macrophages. Thus, genetic induction of the expression of recipient CD47 on xenogeneic donor cells could provide inhibitory signals to recipient macrophages via SIPRα; this constitutes a novel approach for preventing macrophage-mediated xenograft rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Teraoka
- Department of Surgery, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ide
- Department of Surgery, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail: (KI); (HO)
| | - Hiroshi Morimoto
- Department of Surgery, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tahara
- Department of Surgery, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideki Ohdan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail: (KI); (HO)
| |
Collapse
|