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Zawadzki JA, Girard TA, Samsom J, Foussias G, Siddiqui I, Lerch JP, Grady C, Wong AHC. Excessive left anterior hippocampal and caudate activation in schizophrenia underlie cognitive underperformance in a virtual navigation task. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2024; 341:111826. [PMID: 38735228 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
We used a virtual navigation paradigm in a city environment to assess neuroanatomical correlates of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). We studied a total of N = 36 subjects: 18 with SSD and 18 matched unaffected controls. Participants completed 10 rapid, single-trial navigation tasks within the virtual city while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). All trials tested ability to find different targets seen earlier, during the passive viewing of a path around different city blocks. SSD patients had difficulty finding previously-encountered targets, were less likely to find novel shortcuts to targets, and more likely to attempt retracing of the path observed during passive viewing. Based on a priori region-of-interest analyses, SSD participants had hyperactivation of the left hippocampus when passively viewing turns, hyperactivation of the left caudate when finding targets, and hypoactivation of a focal area of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex when targets were initially shown during passive viewing. We propose that these brain-behaviour relations may bias or reinforce stimulus-response navigation approaches in SSD and underlie impaired performance when allocentric spatial memory is required, such as when forming efficient shortcuts. This pattern may extend to more general cognitive impairments in SSD that could be used to design remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Zawadzki
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Todd A Girard
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James Samsom
- Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - George Foussias
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ishraq Siddiqui
- Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason P Lerch
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl Grady
- Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Albert H C Wong
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Wiebe A, Kannen K, Selaskowski B, Mehren A, Thöne AK, Pramme L, Blumenthal N, Li M, Asché L, Jonas S, Bey K, Schulze M, Steffens M, Pensel MC, Guth M, Rohlfsen F, Ekhlas M, Lügering H, Fileccia H, Pakos J, Lux S, Philipsen A, Braun N. Virtual reality in the diagnostic and therapy for mental disorders: A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2022; 98:102213. [PMID: 36356351 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virtual reality (VR) technologies are playing an increasingly important role in the diagnostics and treatment of mental disorders. OBJECTIVE To systematically review the current evidence regarding the use of VR in the diagnostics and treatment of mental disorders. DATA SOURCE Systematic literature searches via PubMed (last literature update: 9th of May 2022) were conducted for the following areas of psychopathology: Specific phobias, panic disorder and agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorders, dementia disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, depression, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and addiction disorders. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA To be eligible, studies had to be published in English, to be peer-reviewed, to report original research data, to be VR-related, and to deal with one of the above-mentioned areas of psychopathology. STUDY EVALUATION For each study included, various study characteristics (including interventions and conditions, comparators, major outcomes and study designs) were retrieved and a risk of bias score was calculated based on predefined study quality criteria. RESULTS Across all areas of psychopathology, k = 9315 studies were inspected, of which k = 721 studies met the eligibility criteria. From these studies, 43.97% were considered assessment-related, 55.48% therapy-related, and 0.55% were mixed. The highest research activity was found for VR exposure therapy in anxiety disorders, PTSD and addiction disorders, where the most convincing evidence was found, as well as for cognitive trainings in dementia and social skill trainings in autism spectrum disorder. CONCLUSION While VR exposure therapy will likely find its way successively into regular patient care, there are also many other promising approaches, but most are not yet mature enough for clinical application. REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO register CRD42020188436. FUNDING The review was funded by budgets from the University of Bonn. No third party funding was involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Wiebe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kyra Kannen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Benjamin Selaskowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Aylin Mehren
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Thöne
- School of Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AKiP), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa Pramme
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nike Blumenthal
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mengtong Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Asché
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephan Jonas
- Institute for Digital Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Bey
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel Schulze
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maria Steffens
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Max Christian Pensel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Guth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Felicia Rohlfsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mogda Ekhlas
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Helena Lügering
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Helena Fileccia
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julian Pakos
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Silke Lux
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Niclas Braun
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Menjivar Quijano SA, Ryczek CA, Horne MR. The effect of schizotypy on spatial learning in an environment with a distinctive shape. Front Psychol 2022; 13:929653. [PMID: 35967704 PMCID: PMC9373985 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.929653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In two experiments, participants completed the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences measuring schizotypal traits across four dimensions (unusual experiences, cognitive disorganization, introvertive anhedonia, and impulsive non-conformity). They then took part in a virtual navigation task where they were required to learn about the position of a hidden goal with reference to geometric cues of a rectangular arena or rely on colored wall panels to find the hidden goal in a square-shaped arena. Unusual experience and cognitive disorganization were significant predictors of the use of geometric cues, but no significant predictors were found for the use of wall panels. Implications to hippocampal function and the clinical domain are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cameron A. Ryczek
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Murray R. Horne
- Department of Psychology, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Murray R. Horne,
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Application of Real and Virtual Radial Arm Maze Task in Human. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12040468. [PMID: 35447999 PMCID: PMC9027137 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtual Reality (VR) emerges as a promising technology capable of creating different scenarios in which the body, environment, and brain are closely related, proving enhancements in the diagnosis and treatment of several spatial memory deficits. In recent years, human spatial navigation has increasingly been studied in interactive virtual environments. However, navigational tasks are still not completely adapted in immersive 3D VR systems. We stipulate that an immersive Radial Arm Maze (RAM) is an excellent instrument, allowing the participants to be physically active within the maze exactly as in the walking RAM version in reality modality. RAM is a behavioral ecological task that allows the analyses of different facets of spatial memory, distinguishing declarative components from procedural ones. In addition to describing the characteristics of RAM, we will also analyze studies in which RAM has been used in virtual modality to provide suggestions into RAM building in immersive modality.
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Wilkins LK, Girard TA, Christensen BK, King J, Kiang M, Bohbot VD. Spontaneous spatial navigation circuitry in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Psychiatry Res 2019; 278:125-128. [PMID: 31174032 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spatial memory is core to wayfinding and everyday memory. Interestingly, individuals with schizophrenia using spatial navigation strategies (cognitive mapping) are impaired, whereas those using response-based (e.g., single-landmark) strategies show relatively intact memory performance. We observed abnormal brain communication in schizophrenia participants who used a spatial strategy during a virtual-reality navigation task, particularly between temporal and frontal brain regions. In contrast, schizophrenia participants using a response strategy recruited similar brain systems to healthy participants, but to a greater extent to support memory performance. These findings highlight that strategy use is an important consideration for understanding memory systems and navigation in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne K Wilkins
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada.
| | - Todd A Girard
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada.
| | - Bruce K Christensen
- St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Jelena King
- St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Michael Kiang
- St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Veronique D Bohbot
- Douglas Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Kargar M, Askari S, Khoshaman A, Mohammadi A. Differential diagnosis of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder from normal subjects using virtual reality. Psychiatry Res 2019; 273:378-386. [PMID: 30682560 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of allocentric and egocentric memories is one of the core features of psychiatric disorders. There are a few navigational studies on these memories in schizophrenia and bipolar disorders, but studies in schizoaffective disorder are lacking. Here, we aim to explore allocentric and egocentric navigation deficits in these subjects using our advanced recently developed virtual reality navigation task (VRNT). Twenty patients with schizophrenia and 20 with schizoaffective disorder were compared with 20 normal volunteer subjects on VRNTs consisting of a virtual neighbourhood (allocentric memory) and a virtual maze (egocentric memory). Compared with schizoaffective disorder and control subjects, patients with schizophrenia had the worst performance on both virtual neighbourhood and virtual maze tasks. The allocentric memory in both patients with schizophrenia and those with schizoaffective disorder was more impaired than the egocentric memory (p ˂ 0.001). However, the patients with schizoaffective disorder performed better in egocentric memory than those with schizophrenia, as they had fewer errors in the virtual maze. It was concluded that allocentric memory is more impaired than egocentric in both schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia patients, whereas patients with schizoaffective disorder performed better in egocentric memory than patients with schizophrenia. It was also concluded that allocentric memory deficits can help differentiate patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder from healthy participants, whereas egocentric memory deficits can be used to distinguish them from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Kargar
- Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Askari
- Department of Urban Planning, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Mohammadi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Association between mismatch negativity and voxel-based brain volume in schizophrenia. Clin Neurophysiol 2018; 129:1899-1906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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8
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Rus-Calafell M, Garety P, Sason E, Craig TJK, Valmaggia LR. Virtual reality in the assessment and treatment of psychosis: a systematic review of its utility, acceptability and effectiveness. Psychol Med 2018; 48:362-391. [PMID: 28735593 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717001945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, there has been a rapid increase of studies testing the efficacy and acceptability of virtual reality in the assessment and treatment of mental health problems. This systematic review was carried out to investigate the use of virtual reality in the assessment and the treatment of psychosis. Web of Science, PsychInfo, EMBASE, Scopus, ProQuest and PubMed databases were searched, resulting in the identification of 638 articles potentially eligible for inclusion; of these, 50 studies were included in the review. The main fields of research in virtual reality and psychosis are: safety and acceptability of the technology; neurocognitive evaluation; functional capacity and performance evaluation; assessment of paranoid ideation and auditory hallucinations; and interventions. The studies reviewed indicate that virtual reality offers a valuable method of assessing the presence of symptoms in ecologically valid environments, with the potential to facilitate learning new emotional and behavioural responses. Virtual reality is a promising method to be used in the assessment of neurocognitive deficits and the study of relevant clinical symptoms. Furthermore, preliminary findings suggest that it can be applied to the delivery of cognitive rehabilitation, social skills training interventions and virtual reality-assisted therapies for psychosis. The potential benefits for enhancing treatment are highlighted. Recommendations for future research include demonstrating generalisability to real-life settings, examining potential negative effects, larger sample sizes and long-term follow-up studies. The present review has been registered in the PROSPERO register: CDR 4201507776.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rus-Calafell
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,London,UK
| | - P Garety
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,London,UK
| | - E Sason
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,London,UK
| | - T J K Craig
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,London,UK
| | - L R Valmaggia
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,London,UK
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Wilkins LK, Girard TA, Herdman KA, Christensen BK, King J, Kiang M, Bohbot VD. Hippocampal activation and memory performance in schizophrenia depend on strategy use in a virtual maze. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2017; 268:1-8. [PMID: 28780430 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Different strategies may be spontaneously adopted to solve most navigation tasks. These strategies are associated with dissociable brain systems. Here, we use brain-imaging and cognitive tasks to test the hypothesis that individuals living with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (SSD) have selective impairment using a hippocampal-dependent spatial navigation strategy. Brain activation and memory performance were examined using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during the 4-on-8 virtual maze (4/8VM) task, a human analog of the rodent radial-arm maze that is amenable to both response-based (egocentric or landmark-based) and spatial (allocentric, cognitive mapping) strategies to remember and navigate to target objects. SSD (schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder) participants who adopted a spatial strategy performed more poorly on the 4/8VM task and had less hippocampal activation than healthy comparison participants using either strategy as well as SSD participants using a response strategy. This study highlights the importance of strategy use in relation to spatial cognitive functioning in SSD. Consistent with a selective-hippocampal dependent deficit in SSD, these results support the further development of protocols to train impaired hippocampal-dependent abilities or harness non-hippocampal dependent intact abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne K Wilkins
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON, Canada M5B 2K3
| | - Todd A Girard
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON, Canada M5B 2K3.
| | | | - Bruce K Christensen
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jelena King
- St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Kiang
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Veronique D Bohbot
- Douglas Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Mohammadi A, Hesami E, Kargar M, Shams J. Detecting allocentric and egocentric navigation deficits in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder using virtual reality. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2017; 28:398-415. [DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2017.1369888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mohammadi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Hesami
- Department of Speech Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Kargar
- Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamal Shams
- Behavioral Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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Virtual shopping: A viable alternative to direct assessment of real life function? Schizophr Res 2016; 172:206-10. [PMID: 26961185 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Real-life function is markedly impaired in schizophrenia and is an important outcome for interventions, but direct assessment is time consuming and resource intensive. Virtual reality (VR) enables assessment using simulation, akin to real life (RL), but allowing greater experimental control, reliability, and a more timely assessment. This study explores whether VR simulation predicts RL performance in supermarket shopping and how both relate to underlying cognitive abilities. METHOD Forty three people with DSM-IV schizophrenia were included in the study. Participants were required to shop for items using a self-directed search in both RL and VR. In each task, accuracy (number of correct items) and efficiency (time taken and number of aisles entered) were measured. IQ, executive function, working memory, spatial memory and social cognition were also assessed. RESULTS Specific correlations were found between RL accuracy and VR accuracy, and between RL and VR efficiency measures. Multiple regression analyses indicated that VR efficiency measures contributed significant unique variance to RL efficiency outcomes, in addition to that explained by background cognitive measures, with a final model predicting 58% of variance in RL efficiency. CONCLUSIONS VR functional shopping measures may enhance predictions of real life performance, over and above existing cognitive test procedures, and provide a more time-efficient method for evaluating real life outcomes.
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Malt EA, Juhasz K, Malt UF, Naumann T. A Role for the Transcription Factor Nk2 Homeobox 1 in Schizophrenia: Convergent Evidence from Animal and Human Studies. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:59. [PMID: 27064909 PMCID: PMC4811959 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly heritable disorder with diverse mental and somatic symptoms. The molecular mechanisms leading from genes to disease pathology in schizophrenia remain largely unknown. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have shown that common single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with specific diseases are enriched in the recognition sequences of transcription factors that regulate physiological processes relevant to the disease. We have used a “bottom-up” approach and tracked a developmental trajectory from embryology to physiological processes and behavior and recognized that the transcription factor NK2 homeobox 1 (NKX2-1) possesses properties of particular interest for schizophrenia. NKX2-1 is selectively expressed from prenatal development to adulthood in the brain, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, lungs, skin, and enteric ganglia, and has key functions at the interface of the brain, the endocrine-, and the immune system. In the developing brain, NKX2-1-expressing progenitor cells differentiate into distinct subclasses of forebrain GABAergic and cholinergic neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The transcription factor is highly expressed in mature limbic circuits related to context-dependent goal-directed patterns of behavior, social interaction and reproduction, fear responses, responses to light, and other homeostatic processes. It is essential for development and mature function of the thyroid gland and the respiratory system, and is involved in calcium metabolism and immune responses. NKX2-1 interacts with a number of genes identified as susceptibility genes for schizophrenia. We suggest that NKX2-1 may lie at the core of several dose dependent pathways that are dysregulated in schizophrenia. We correlate the symptoms seen in schizophrenia with the temporal and spatial activities of NKX2-1 in order to highlight promising future research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva A Malt
- Department of Adult Habilitation, Akershus University HospitalLørenskog, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Ahus Campus University of OsloOslo, Norway
| | - Katalin Juhasz
- Department of Adult Habilitation, Akershus University Hospital Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Ulrik F Malt
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of OsloOslo, Norway; Department of Research and Education, Institution of Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Naumann
- Centre of Anatomy, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
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Cogné M, Taillade M, N'Kaoua B, Tarruella A, Klinger E, Larrue F, Sauzéon H, Joseph PA, Sorita E. The contribution of virtual reality to the diagnosis of spatial navigation disorders and to the study of the role of navigational aids: A systematic literature review. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2016; 60:164-176. [PMID: 27017533 DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spatial navigation, which involves higher cognitive functions, is frequently implemented in daily activities, and is critical to the participation of human beings in mainstream environments. Virtual reality is an expanding tool, which enables on one hand the assessment of the cognitive functions involved in spatial navigation, and on the other the rehabilitation of patients with spatial navigation difficulties. Topographical disorientation is a frequent deficit among patients suffering from neurological diseases. The use of virtual environments enables the information incorporated into the virtual environment to be manipulated empirically. But the impact of manipulations seems differ according to their nature (quantity, occurrence, and characteristics of the stimuli) and the target population. METHODS We performed a systematic review of research on virtual spatial navigation covering the period from 2005 to 2015. We focused first on the contribution of virtual spatial navigation for patients with brain injury or schizophrenia, or in the context of ageing and dementia, and then on the impact of visual or auditory stimuli on virtual spatial navigation. RESULTS On the basis of 6521 abstracts identified in 2 databases (Pubmed and Scopus) with the keywords « navigation » and « virtual », 1103 abstracts were selected by adding the keywords "ageing", "dementia", "brain injury", "stroke", "schizophrenia", "aid", "help", "stimulus" and "cue"; Among these, 63 articles were included in the present qualitative analysis. CONCLUSION Unlike pencil-and-paper tests, virtual reality is useful to assess large-scale navigation strategies in patients with brain injury or schizophrenia, or in the context of ageing and dementia. Better knowledge about both the impact of the different aids and the cognitive processes involved is essential for the use of aids in neurorehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cogné
- EA4136 handicap et système nerveux, université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Service de médecine physique et de réadaptation, centre hospitalier universitaire, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
| | - M Taillade
- EA4136 handicap et système nerveux, université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - B N'Kaoua
- EA4136 handicap et système nerveux, université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Institut national de recherche en informatique et automatique (INRIA), 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - A Tarruella
- EA4136 handicap et système nerveux, université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Institut de formation en ergothérapie, centre hospitalier universitaire, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - E Klinger
- Laboratoire interactions numériques santé handicap, ESIEA, 53000 Laval, France
| | - F Larrue
- Laboratoire Bordelais de recherche en informatique (LaBRI), université de Bordeaux, 33045 Bordeaux, France
| | - H Sauzéon
- EA4136 handicap et système nerveux, université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Institut national de recherche en informatique et automatique (INRIA), 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - P-A Joseph
- EA4136 handicap et système nerveux, université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Service de médecine physique et de réadaptation, centre hospitalier universitaire, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - E Sorita
- EA4136 handicap et système nerveux, université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Institut de formation en ergothérapie, centre hospitalier universitaire, 33076 Bordeaux, France
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14
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Bertholet L, Escobar MT, Depré M, Chavan CF, Giuliani F, Gisquet-Verrier P, Preissmann D, Schenk F. Spatial radial maze procedures and setups to dissociate local and distal relational spatial frameworks in humans. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 253:126-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Squire LR, Dede AJO. Conscious and unconscious memory systems. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:a021667. [PMID: 25731765 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The idea that memory is not a single mental faculty has a long and interesting history but became a topic of experimental and biologic inquiry only in the mid-20th century. It is now clear that there are different kinds of memory, which are supported by different brain systems. One major distinction can be drawn between working memory and long-term memory. Long-term memory can be separated into declarative (explicit) memory and a collection of nondeclarative (implicit) forms of memory that include habits, skills, priming, and simple forms of conditioning. These memory systems depend variously on the hippocampus and related structures in the parahippocampal gyrus, as well as on the amygdala, the striatum, cerebellum, and the neocortex. This work recounts the discovery of declarative and nondeclarative memory and then describes the nature of declarative memory, working memory, nondeclarative memory, and the relationship between memory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry R Squire
- Veterans Affairs, San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92161 Departments of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Adam J O Dede
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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16
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Veling W, Moritz S, van der Gaag M. Brave new worlds--review and update on virtual reality assessment and treatment in psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:1194-7. [PMID: 25193975 PMCID: PMC4193729 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, virtual reality (VR) research on psychotic disorders has been initiated. Several studies showed that VR can elicit paranoid thoughts about virtual characters (avatars), both in patients with psychotic disorders and healthy individuals. Real life symptoms and VR experiences were correlated, lending further support to its validity. Neurocognitive deficits and difficulties in social behavior were found in schizophrenia patients, not only in abstract tasks but also using naturalistic virtual environments that are more relevant to daily life, such as a city or encounters with avatars. VR treatments are conceivable for most dimensions of psychotic disorders. There is a small but expanding literature on interventions for delusions, hallucinations, neurocognition, social cognition, and social skills; preliminary results are promising. VR applications for assessment and treatment of psychotic disorders are in their infancy, but appear to have a great potential for increasing our understanding of psychosis and expanding the therapeutic toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Veling
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Steffen Moritz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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